Noteson AddingPrincipalComp onentstoAXIS RobertA.Stine

合集下载

法律英语答案1

法律英语答案1Section I Blank FillingRead the following business letter and fill in each blank with appropriate word available in the glossary given below and mark the corresponding number on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points).To whom it may :With regards to the involved, We, SEC Co., LTD, as the consignee [收货⼈] under the captioned [所列] contract of carriage and/or legitimate [合法的,正当的] holder of the captioned Bill of Lading,do certify that we have agreed to assign and transferred to SVT Co., LTD ( referred to asSVT) all ourrights, title [权利] and interest rendered in the captioned cargo which suffered damage/loss during the voyage, and all our rights in the captioned insurance policy [保险单]. SVT has the rights to claim against all concerned parties for the cargo damage/loss, and the insurer(s) who have obligation to pay the proceeds [款项], and has the right to receive the insurance proceeds and/or anypayment of compensation.on the 1st day of Dec,2008.1. executed2. concern3. said4. rendered5. hereinafter6. issues7. liable8. relevant9. hereby 10. wherefromSection II Monomial Choice QuestionsDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word for each underlined blank and mark A, B, C or D onthe ANSWER SHEET (20 points)1. Please find enclosed a copy of circular [n.函件、通知] no. No. IT-G (2)-6/2005 dated 16.11.2005(amended up to 18.11.2005) issued by this department on the aforesaid subject.[A] hereof [B] hereby[C] herewith [D] hereto2. The plaintiff lost the case as there was no evidence in support of his complaints.［A］adequate ［B］enough［C］sufficient ［D］full3. Some contractual provisions protect information contained in the contract as confidential.［A］specific ［B］typical［C］particular ［D］unique4. In case the minor’s age exceeds 15 years, the extra average insurance premium [保险费] thus incurredshall beby the Seller.［A］made ［B］rendered［C］donated ［D］borne5. anything to the contrary herein，Licensee [被许可⼈] shall not manufacture，sell or dispose ofany articles covered by this license after its expiration.［A］although ［B］except［C］notwithstanding ［D］despite6. The Seller shall not be liable for failure or delay in delivery of the entire lot or a portion of thegoods under this Sales Contract in consequence of any Force Majeure [不可抗⼒] incidents.［A］regarded ［B］held. ［C］considered ［D］thought7. There are two forms of the right of silence, one is right, the other is implied.［A］obvious ［B］distinct［C］outspoken ［D］express8. The jury was that the defendant was guilty and therefore reached a unanimous verdict.［A］assured ［B］convinced［C］ensured ［D］affirmed9. In its most general sense, the of law involves giving legal advice to clients [当事⼈,客户] , drafting legal documents for clients, and representing clients in legal negotiations and court proceedings［诉讼］such as lawsuits, and is applied to the professional services of a lawyer or attorney at law, barrister［⼤律师，出庭律师］, solicitor［⼩律师，事务律师］, or civil law notary［民事公证⼈］.［A］conduct ［B］engage［C］exercise ［D］practice10. When a promise is entirely with the promisor [要约⼈], it is said to be illusory [虚幻的，随意的，不确定的] and, therefore, lacking consideration and unenforceable.［A］choice ［B］optional［C］selective ［D］alternativeSection III Translation from English into ChineseDirections:Read the following passages. Translate them into Chinese. Write your answers on ANSWERSHEET (30 points).Passage 1In witness whereof the Company has duly signed and executed this Agreement by its officers authorizedon its behalf.Passage 2In case of any discrepancy in the meaning of wording between the English text and the Chinese text, theChinese text shall prevail.Passage 3All quotations (报价) are subject to our final confirmation unless otherwise stated.Passage 4This Agreement shall be deemed to be made under and shall be construed [解释] in accordance with the laws of the People’s Republic of China without regard to principles of conflicts of law.Passage 5The waiver [弃权] by either party of a breach by the other party of any provision of this agreement shall not operate or be construed as a waiver of any subsequent [后来的] breach. No waiver, modification or amendment of any of the terms of this agreement shall be effective unless made in writing and signed bythe contract parties.Passage 6If any terms hereof or the application thereof to any person or circumstance shall be determined to be null and void, ineffectual, invalid or unenforceable by any competent［有权限的］tribunal [裁判机构], the remaining terms hereof or the application of such term to Persons or circumstances other than to thosewhich were determined to be invalid or unenforceable shall not be affected thereby and shall continue infull force and effect.Section IV Translation from Chinese into EnglishDirections:Read the following two passages. Translate them into English. Write your answers on ANSWERSHEET (40 points).1．仲裁费⽤，除本合同另有规定外，由败诉⼀⽅负担。

课文ButWhatisaDictionaryFor

But What's a Dictionary For?Bergen EvansThe storm of abuse in the popular press that greeted the appearance of Webster's ThirdNew International Dictionary is a curious phenomenon. Never has a scholarly work of thisstature been attacked with such unbridled fury and contempt. An article in the Atlanticviewed it as a "disappointment," a "shock," a " calamity ," "a scandal and a disaster. " TheNew York Times, in a special editorial, felt that the work would " accelerate thedeterioration " of the language and sternly accused the editors of betraying a public trust.The Journal of the American Bar Association saw the publication as " deplorable ," "aflagrant example of lexicographic irresponsibility," "a serious blow to the cause of good English." Life called it "a non-word deluge " monstrous ", " abominable ," and "a cause for dismay." They doubted that "Lincoln could have modelled his Gettysburg Address" on it –a concept of how things get written that throws very little light on Lincoln but a great dealon Life.What underlies all this sound and fury? Is the claim of the G. R C. Merriam Company, probably the world's greatest dictionary maker, that the preparation of the work cost $3.5million, that it required the efforts of three hundred scholar s over a period of twenty –seven years, working on the largest collection of citations ever assembled in any language-- is all this a fraud, a hoax ?So monstrous a discrepancy in evaluation requires us to examine basic principles.Just what's a dictionary for? What does it propose to do? What does the common readergo to a dictionary to find? What has the purchaser of a dictionary a right to expect for hismoney?Before we look at basic principles, it is necessary to interpose two brief statements.The first of these is that a dictionary is concerned with words. Some dictionaries givevarious kinds of other useful information. Some have tables of weights and measures onthe flyleaves . Some list historical events and some, home remedies . And there’s nothing wrong with their so doing. But the great increase in our vocabulary in the past threedecades compels all dictionaries to make more efficient use of their space. And ifsomething must be eliminated , it is sensible to throw out these extraneous things andstick to words.The second brief statement is that there has been even more progress in the makingof dictionaries in the past thirty years than there has been in the making of automobilesThe difference, for example, between the much-touted Second International (1934) andthe much-clouted Third International (1961) is not like the difference between yearlymodels but like the difference between the horse and buggy and the automobile. Betweenthe appearance of these two editions a whole new science related to the making ofdictionaries, the science of descriptive linguistics, has come into being.Modern linguistics gets its charter from Leonard Bloomfield's Language (1933).Bloomfield's for thirteen years professor of Germanic philology at the University ofChicago and for nine years professor of linguistics at Yale, was one of those inseminatingscholars who can’ t be relegated to any department and don't dream of acceptingestablished categories and procedures just because they're established. He was as muchan anthropologist as a linguist, and his concepts of language were shaped not by Strunk'sElements of Style but by his knowledge of Cree Indian dialects.The broad general findings of the new science are:1. All languages are systems of human conventions , not systems of natural laws.The first -- and essential – step in the study of any language is observing and setting down precisely what happens when native speakers speak it.2. Each language is unique in its pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary. It cannotbe described in terms of logic or of some theoretical, ideal language. It cannot bedescribed in terms of any other language, or even in terms of its own past.3. All languages are dynamic rather than static, and hence a "rule" in any language canonly be a statement of contemporary practice. Change is constant -- and normal4. "Correctness" can rest only upon usage, for the simple reason that there is nothing else for it to rest on. And all usage is relative.From these propositions it follows that a dictionary is good only insofar as it is a comprehensive and accurate description of current usage. And to be comprehensive itmust include some indication of social and regional associations.New dictionaries are needed because English changed more in the past two generations than at any other time in its history. It has had to adapt to extraordinarycultural and technological changes, two world wars, unparalleled changes intransportation and communication, and unprecedented movements of populations.More subtly , but pervasively, it has changed under the influence of mass education and the growth of democracy. As written English is used by increasing millions and f-ormore reasons than ever before, the language has become more utilitarian and moreinformal. Every publication in America today includes pages that would appear, to the purist of forty years ago, unbuttoned gibberish . Not that they are; they simply show that you can't hold the language of one generation up as a model for the next.It's not that you mustn't. You can't. For example, in the issue in which Life stated editorially that it would folly the Second International, there were over forty words constructions, and meanings which are in the Third International but not in the Second. The issue of the New York Times which hailed the Second International as the authority to which it would adhere and the Third International as a scandal and a betrayal which it would reject used one hundred and fifty-three separate words, phrases, and constructions which are listed in the Third International but not g the Second and nineteen others which are condemned in the Second. Many of them are used many times, more than three hundred such uses in all. The Washington Post, in an editorial captioned "Keep Your Old Webster's, " says, in the first sentence, "don't throw it away," and in the second, "hang on to it." But the old Webster's labels don't "colloquial" and doesn't include "hang on to," in this sense, at all.In short, all of these publications are written in the language that the Third International describes, even the very editorials which scorn it. And this is no coincidence , because the Third International isn't setting up any new standards at all; it is simply describing what Life, the Washing-ton Post, and the New York Times are doing. Much of the dictionary's material comes from these very publications, the Times, in particular, furnishing more of its illustrative quotations than any other newspaper.And the papers have no choice. No journal or periodical could sell a single issuetoday if it restricted itself to the American language of twenty-eight years ago. It couldn't discuss halt the things we are inter ester in, and its style would seem stiff and cumbrous .If the editorials were serious, the public -- and the stockholders -- have reason to begrateful that the writers on these publications are more literate than the editors.And so back to our questions: what's a dictionary for, and how, in 1962, can it best dowhat it ought to do? The demands are simple. The common reader turns to a dictionaryfor information about the spelling, pronunciation, meaning, and proper use of words. Hewants to know what is current and respectable. But he wants – and has a right to – the truth, the full truth. And the full truth about any language, and especially about American English today, is that there are many areas in which certainty is impossible andsimplification is misleading.Even in so settled a matter as spelling, a dictionary cannot always be absolute.Theater is correct, but so is theatre. And so are traveled and travelled, plow and plough, catalog and catalogue, and scores of other variants The reader may want a singlecertainty. He may have taken an unyielding position in an argument, he may havewagered in support of his conviction and may demand that the dictionary "settle" thematter. But neither his vanity nor his purse is any concern of the dictionary's; it mustrecord the facts. And the fact here is that there are many words in our language whichmay be spelled, with equal correctness, in either of two ways.So with pronunciation. A citizen listening to his radio might notice that James B.Conant, Bernard Baruch, and Dwight D. Eisenhower pronounce economics as ECKuhnomiks, while A. Whitney Griswold, Adlai Stevenson, and Herbert Hooverpronounce it EEKuhnomiks. He turns to the dictionary to see which of the twopronunciations is "right" and finds that they are both acceptable.Has he been betrayed‘? Has the dictionary abdicated its responsibility? Should it say that one must speak like the president of Harvard or like the president of Yale, like thethirty-first President of the United States or like the thirty-fourth? Surely it's none of its business to make a choice. Not because of the distinction of these particular speakers; lexicography, like God, is no respecter of persons. But because so wide-spread and conspicuous a use of two pronunciations among people of this elevation shows that thereare two pronunciations. Their speaking establishes the fact which the dictionary mustrecord.The average purchaser of a dictionary uses it most often, probably, to find out what a word "means." As a reader, he wants to know what an author intended to convey. As a speaker or writer, he wants to know what a word will convey to his auditor s. And this, too,is complex, subtle, and for ever changing.An illustration is furnished by an editorial in the Washington Post (January 17, 1962). After a ringing appeal to those who "love truth and accuracy" and the usual bombinations about "abdication of authority" and " barbarism ," the editorial charges the ThirdInternational with " pretentious and obscure verbosity " and specifically instances itsdefinition of "so simple an object as a door.” The definition reads:a movable piece of firm material or a structure supported usu. along one side and swinging on pivots or hinges , sliding along a groove , roiling up and down, revolving asone of four leaves, or folding like an accordion by means of which an opening may beclosed or kept open for passage into or out of a building, room, or other covered enclosureor a car, airplane, elevator, or other vehicle. Then follows a series of special meanings,each particularity defined and, where necessary, illustrated by a quotation Since, asidefrom roaring and admonishing the "gentle men from Springfield" that "accuracy andbrevity are virtues,” the Post's editorial tails to explain what is wrong with the definition, we can only infer from "so simple" a thing that the writer takes the plain, downright,man-in-the street attitude that a door is a door and any damn fool knows that.But if so, he has walked into one of lexicography's biggest booby traps: the belief thatthe obvious is easy to define. Whereas the opposite is true. Anyone can give a fairdescription of the strange, the new, or the unique. It's the commonplace, the habitual, that challenges definition, for its very commonness compels us to define it in uncommon terms.Dr. Johnson was ridiculed on just this score when his dictionary appeared in 1755. For two hundred years his definition of a network as "any thing reticulated or decussated , at equal distances, with interstices between the inter sec tions” has been good for a laugh. But in the merriment one thing is always overlooked: no one has yet come up with a betterdefinition! Subsequent dictionaries defined it as a mesh and then defined a mesh as anetwork. That's simple, all right.Anyone who attempts sincerely to state what the were door means in the UnitedStates of America today can't take refuge in a log cabin. There has been an enormous proliferation of closing and demarking devices and structure in the past twenty years, andanyone who tries to thread his way through the many meanings now included under doormay have to sacrifice brevity to accuracy and even have to employ words that a limitedvocabulary may find obscure.Is the entrance to a tent a door, for instance? And What of the thing that seals the exitof an air plane‘? Is this a door? Or what of those sheets and jets of air that are now being used, in place of old-fashioned oak and hinges, to screen entrances and exists? Are they doors? And what of that accordion-like things that set off various sections of many modern apartments? The fine print in the lease takes it for granted that they are door s and thatspaces demarked by them are rooms -- and the rent is computed on the number of rooms.Was I gypped by the landlord when he called the folding contraption that shuts off my kitchen a door? I go to the Second Inter national, which the editor of the Post urges me touse in preference to the Third International. Here I find that a door isThe movable frame or barrier of boards, or other material, usually turning on hingesor pivots or sliding, by which an entranceway into a house or apartment is closed and opened; also, a similar part of a piece of furniture, as in a cabinet or book case. This isonly forty-six words, but though it includes the cellar it excludes the barn door and the accordion-like thingSo I go on to the Third International. I see at once that. the new definition is longer.But I'm looking for accuracy,and if I must sacrifice brevity. to get it, then I must. And sure enough, in the definition which raised the Post's blood pressure, I find the words "foldinglike an accordion.” The thing is a door, and my landlord is using the word in one of its currently accepted meanings.The new dictionary may have many faults. Nothing that tries to meet anever-changing situation over a terrain as vast as contemporary English can hope to befree of them and much in it is open to honest and informed, disagreement. There can belinguistic objection to the eradication of proper names. The removal of guides topronunciation from the toot of every page may not have been worth the valuable space itsaved. The new method of defining words of many meanings has disadvantages as wellas advantages. And of the half million or more definitions, hundreds, possibly thousands,may seem inadequate or imprecise. To some (of whom I am one) the omission of the label "colloquial" will seem meritorious ; to others it will seem a loss.But one thing is certain: anyone who solemnly announces in the year 1962 that he willbe guided in matter s of English usage by a dictionary published in 1934 is talking ignorantand pretentious nonsense.(from The Play of Language, 1971)NOTES1) Abraham Lincoln (1809 –1865): 16th President of the United States in office from 1861-1865; died from an assassin's bullet at the end of the Civil War. Once regarded asthe "Great Emancipator" for his forward strides in freeing the slaves, he was criticized a century later, when the Civil Rights Movement gained momentum, for his caution in moving to-ward equal rights.2) Gettysburg Address: the memorable words by President Abraham Lincoln at theNational Cemetry at Gettysbrug, Pennsylvania, on Nov. 19, dedication of the soldiers’　18633) G & C Merriam Company: the company in Springfield, Massachusetts,publishing the Webster dictionaries4) Leonard Bloomfield ( 1887- 1949): American linguist. He published Language (1933), which became a standard work on the science of linguistics. An American school of linguistics developed in the 1920's and 1930's under the leadership of Edward Sapir and Leonard Bloomfield.5) Cree Indian: An Algonkin-speaking North American Indian tribe, whose territory covered a vast area of north central Canada from Hudson Bay on the east almost to Lake Athabaska on the west6) James Bryant Conant (1893 - 1978): American chemist and educator; President of Harvard University (1933 - 53), Emeritus President (1953- 1978)7) Bernard Baruch (1870 - 1965): American financier. Philanthropist and public official. Asa public official, a self-made multimillionaire, and adviser to several presidents, Baruch reflected the temper of the American.scene for half a century.8) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890 - 1969): The 34th President of the United States in officefrom 1953 - 1961. Before being elected President he was supreme commander of the Allied F.xpeditionary Forces (1944 - 45),commander of U. S. occupation lorces in Europe( 1945), U. S. Arm Chief of Staff (1945 - 48), and supreme commander of NATO force(1950- 52).9) A Whitney Griswold ( 1906 - 1963 ): American educationist. In July-1950 he becamethe 16th president of Yale University.10) Adlai Stevenson (1900 - 65): American political leader. His y chiefly inhis efforts to raise the level of political debate in the United States. Unsuccessful in two presidential campaigns, Stevenson never dominated United States politics, but he did effect the ways in which Americans looked at and discussed public affairs.11) Herbert Hoover ( 1874 - 1964): The 31st President of the United States in office from 1929 to 193312) usu: abbreviated form of 'usually'13)'gentlemen from Springfield': referring to the makers of Webster's Third New International Dictionary (see note 3)。

GENERAL NOTES

GENERAL NOTES1.THE PROPERTIES OF A SECURE GROUNDING BOND ARE:A. A PAINT FREE SURFACE AREA . AREA NOT MORE THAN SLIGHTL Y LARGERTHAN THE MOUNTING HARDW ARE SURFACE AREA .B.CLEAN BOLT OR SCREW THREADSC.WELD STUDS. ALTHOUGH A FLAT WASHER MAY ALSO BE NEEDEDBECAUSE OF THE WELD STUD SHOULDER.D.APPROVED PAINT PENETRATING HARDW ARE.2.THE PROPERTIES OF A SECURE GROUND CURRENT PATH ARE:A. A. USE OF A PAINT FREE. AREA NOT MORE THAN SLIGHL Y LARGER THANTHE MOUNTING HARDW ARE SURFACE AREA .E OF CLEAN BOLT OR SCREW THREADS.E OF WELD STUDS. ALTHOUGH A FLAT WASHER MAY ALSO BE NEEDEDBECAUSE OF THE WELD STUD SHOULDER.E OF COPPER CONDUCTORS.E.APPROVED PAINT PENETRATING HARDW ARE.E OF THE ENCLOSURE SHEET STEEL.3.WHERE EVER PRACTICL, THE SUB PANEL OR ENCLOSURE SHEET STEEL IS USEDFOR THE CONDUCTION OF GROUND CURRENT. THE STEEL IS BONDED TO THE “PE”GROUND BUS BY MEANS OF A SOLID MECHANICAL CONNECTION OR A COPPER COMDUCTOR.4.IF A PAINT FREE AREA IS EMPLOYED ( MASKED OR GROUND OFF ) USEMOUNTING BOLT 105159. COAT THE PAINT FREE AREA WITH A CONTACT LUBRICANT BEFORE INSTALLING HARDW ARE. AFTER THE BOND IS SECURE WIPE AW AY ANY EXCESS CONTACT LUBRICANT AND COAT EXPOSED METAL AREA WITH A SEALANT.5.IF A PAINT FREE AREA IS EMPLOYED ( MASKED OR GROUND OFF ) USEMOUNTING BOLT 103179. COAT THE PAINT FREE AREA WITH A CONTACT LUBRICANT BEFORE INSTALLING HARDW ARE. AFTER THE BOND IS SECURE WIPE AW AY ANY EXCESS CONTACT LUBRICANT AND COAT EXPOSED METAL AREA WITH A SEALANT.6.IF PAINT PENETRA TING HARDW ARE IS EMPLOYED USE MOUNTING BOLT 157867.A WASHER CANNOT BE USED.7.IF PAINT PENETRA TING HARDW ARE IS EMPLOYED USE MOUNTING BOLT 157868.A WASHER CANNOT BE USED.8.WHERE BARE METAL IS EXPOSED, TO SECURE THE GROUND BOND A SEALANTNEEDS TO BE APPLIED OVER THE EXPOSED METAL TO MINIMIZE RUSTING AT THE BOND JOINT OVER THE LIFE OF THE PRODUCT.9.IF THE WIRE IS A #14GA. TO #4GA, CLAMP MAY BE USED IF ON BOM ( METHOD“B” ). IF THE WIRE IS A #2 GA, AND LARGER, CLAMP MUST BE USED ( METHOD “A” ). IF UNABLE TO TAP BUS, DRILL THROUGH HOLE.FIGURE 1NOTE: ON THE BOTTOM OF THE FULL LENGH PANELS AND C-CHANNELS REPLACE THE EXISTING VENDER HARDW ARE WITH PAINT PENETRATING HARDW ARE AS SHOWN BY THE FIGURE. (REPLACE A TOTAL OF FOUR BOLTS ).IF THE BAY HAS AN OPTIONAL BREAKER PANEL REPLACE THE EXISTING VENDER HARDW ARE, IN THE BOTTOM RIGHT HAND CORNER, WITH PAINT PENETRA TING HARDW ARE AS SHOWN BY THE FIGURE. (REPLACE A TOTAL OF TWO BOLTS ).FIGURE 3NOTE: USE GREEN WIRE AS INDICA TED PER THE WIRE CHART. LOCK WASHER IS NOT NEEDED IF NUT/SCREW IS SELF LOCKING. COMPONENT TERMINAL MAY BE A STUD OR A COMPRESSION TYPE. WHERE A COMPONENT DOES NOT HA VE A CJASSIS GROUND CONNECTION ( I.E. TRANSFORMER, CHOKES ) MOUNT IT WITH PAINT PENETRATING HARDW ARE.FIGURE 4NOTE: USE WIRE AS INDICATED PER THE WIRE CHART. LOCK WASHER IS NOT NEEDED IF NUT/SCREW IS SELF LOCKING.FIGURE 5NOTE: USE GREEN #10 GA. CONDUCTOR ( 118318 ), UNLESS INDICATED DIFFERENTL Y ON THE WIRE TABLE.LOCK WASHER IN NOT NEEDED IF NUT/SCREW IS SELF LOCKING.SEE DRAWING 139382-15 OR NEC TABLE 250-95 FOR MINIMUM WIRE SIZE FOR GROUNDING FLOOR PAN COMPONENTS. PICK WIRE SIZE BY ADDING AMPS OF COMPONENTS AND USING CHART FOR MINIMUM WAIRE SIZE.FIGURE 6NOTE: THE PAINT FREE METHOD IS SHOWN. EITHER THE PAINT FREE METHOD OR THE PAINT PENETRA TING METHOD OF SECURING THE GROUND BOND MAY BE EMPLOYED.FIGURE 7NOTE: USE WIRE AS INDICATED PER THE WIRE CHART. IF ONE IS CALLED OUT, MOUNT ON THE RIGHT C CHANNEL, IF A V AILABLE. IF TWO ARE CALLED OUT, MOUNT ONE ON EACH C CHANNEL.。

international instructions

XInstructions for International ApplicantsThe College of Engineering offers pro-grams leading to the Master of Science (MS), the Master of Engineering (MEng) and the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degrees in the ﬁelds of study listed on the Program Information Sheet. Applicants should refer to this sheet before ﬁllingout the application form. Please be sureto check everything carefully, especially the application instructions and applica-tion deadlines, before submitting your application.PLEASE NOTE: The applicant’s name on the application form must appear exactly the same as on the applicant’s passport. Also, if the applicant’s name on any supporting documents/creden-tials appears differently than on the application form, the applicant must notify the Admissions Ofﬁce of the discrepancy to ensure that all docu-ments can be successfully matched to the appropriate application. Materials Required for Paper Application for Admission to the College of Engineering Graduate Programs1. An application fee of $70 payable by check or international money order in U.S. dollars. Checks must be drawn ona U.S. bank. The fee cannot be refunded or waived. Applications submitted with-out the fee will not be considered. Please write the name and date of birth of the applicant on the check.2. A completed Application for Admission form (3 pages) indicating major ﬁeld of study and degree program desired, and area of specialization if known.3. A personal statement.4. A résumé, if available.5. T wo sealed letters of recommendation,in English, from faculty members in your proposed ﬁeld of study who are familiar with the U.S. system of higher education. Please refer to the “Credentials Required”section on the ﬁrst page of this applica-tion for additional information.6. A certiﬁed ofﬁcial copy (not photocopy)and certiﬁed English translations of allacademic records from every college oruniversity you have attended, submittedin an envelope sealed and signed by theregistrar.7. General Record Examination (GRE)Graduate T est scores. Please use code3105 to submit ofﬁcial scores (nodepartment code is required). A GREscore is valid for six years. The six-yearexpiration date is based on January forfall applicants and October for springapplicants. For example, if an applicantis applying for Fall 2010, a GRE testtaken prior to January 2004 is expired. T oreceive registration materials or informa-tion, contact GRE, Educational T estingService, P.O. Box 6000, Princeton, NJ08541-6000, USA; tel: 609-771-7670; fax:609-771-7906; e-mail: GREinfo@;Internet: .8. A completed International StudentData Form (ISDF). Please submit twopages along with a copy of your pass-port. Y ou must attach documentation ofall sources of ﬁnancial support as statedin the Financial Declaration portion ofthe ISDF. Please see the “Estimate ofExpenses” for help in ﬁnancial plan-ning. The expenses generally increaseby approximately 4 percent each year.This should be taken into account whenpreparing ﬁnancial documentation. Ifyou are currently in the United States,it is essential to include a photocopy ofyour current visa, passport, and other visadocuments.9. If your native language is not English,you must submit results for the Interna-tional English Language T esting System(IELTS) or T est of English as a ForeignLanguage (TOEFL). An IELTS score of6.0 or higher is required for admission.A TOEFL score of 550 or higher on thewritten exam or 213 or higher on thecomputer-based exam is required foradmission. If a student takes the Inter-net-Based T est (iBT), a total score of84 is the required minimum total. Thescores on the individual sections shouldbe, at a minimum: Reading—21, Lis-tening—18, Speaking—23, and W rit-ing—22. The IELTS score will be sentdirectly to Boston University. Please usecode 3105 to submit ofﬁcial TOEFLscores (no department code is required).Both exams are valid for two years. Thetwo-year expiration date is based onJanuary for fall applicants and Octoberfor spring applicants. For example, if anapplicant is applying for September 2010,a language test taken prior to January2008 is expired. The IELTS and TOEFLexams are administered in major centersaround the world. T o obtain registrationinformation, go to the IELTS website at or the TOEFL website at/toeﬂ.10. Financial Aid Application Form to applyfor ﬁnancial assistance. Please also checkthe “yes” box following the questionsabout ﬁnancial aid on the Application forAdmission to be considered for BostonUniversity sources of ﬁnancial aid avail-able to all applicants.The Biomedical Engineering Departmentdoes not accept applications for the spring/January semester. Financial aid such as fel-lowships, scholarships, and assistantshipsare available to international students, butawards are made on the basis of meritinstead of ﬁnancial need. If you wish tobe considered for any of these forms ofﬁnancial aid, please return the FinancialAid Application Form with your applica-tion. International applicants who want tobe considered for admission and ﬁnancialaid must submit their application no laterthan December 15 for the fall semesterand October 1 for the spring semester. Foradmission to the Biomedical Department(with or without ﬁnancial aid consideration)international applications must be submitted by December 15 for the fall semester.All credentials are to be mailed directly to the College of Engineering Graduate Programs Ofﬁce. International students must make arrangements for travel to and from Boston and have adequate ﬁnan-cial resources (including tuition and living expenses) for at least one year at Boston University.A limited number of appointments to teaching fellowships and assistantships are available to qualiﬁed international students with superior ﬂuency in English. Interna-tional students will be considered for gradu-ate teaching fellowships only if their IELTS score is 6.5 or higher or their TOEFL scoreis 600 or higher on the written exam or250 or higher on the computer-based exam,or 100 on the iBT exam and their verbalscore on the general GRE is at least 450.Information and assistance regarding gov-ernmental and other University regula-tions may be obtained by writing to theInternational Students & Scholars Ofﬁce,888 Commonwealth A venue, Boston, MA02215, U.S.A. E-mail: isso@. For fur-ther advice and assistance in seeking admis-sion, international students are advised toconsult the nearest United States Embassy,Consulate, or information center.Instructions for International Applicants XI。

NotesOnFinancialExpressions-A(10)金融专业术语注解_英语题库

NotesOnFinancialExpressions-A(10)金融专业术语注解_英语题库英语词汇中文释义详细注解adjustment price at swap center外汇调剂价格指在外汇调剂市场形成的买卖外汇的价格。

外汇调剂价格根据外汇供求状况实行浮动，必要时国家外汇管理局规定最高限价。

为了防止外汇调剂价格大起大落，除公开的外汇市场外，主要有以下做法：1公布全国各地和本地区外汇调剂价格表，供买卖双方参考。

2外汇调剂中心公布指导价格，允许在一定范围内上下浮动。

3国家外汇管理局代中央银行进行外汇买卖，以平抑价格。

administrative systems管理系统Internal office and accounting functions.administrator管理人行政官 1.An individual appointed by a probate court to handle the estate of a person who died intestate. They have the same duties as an executor.2.More generally,an individual who carries out the policies of an organization. admission by investment接受（新）投资指合伙企业接受新的合伙人，以便对企业贡献现金投入、增加资产和扩充股东人数。

admitted carrier被接纳承办人（保险公司）An insurance company authorized to sell insurance in a given state. adoption credit选定贷款An available tax credit for expenses associated with the adoption of a child.A larger credit is available for the adoption of a child with special needs.ADV form ADV（注册投资顾问）表格A form filed with the SEC that contains information about a Registered Investment Advisor.Advance 向前放款垫款预支款上升股 1.指证券价格上涨。

Revision Note

Dear Editor,We thank the reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions. According to their comments, a revised version has been presented. Some main revisions are summarized as following.1.Editor in ChiefThe linguistic quality needs improvement. It is essential to make sure that the manuscript reads smoothly- this definitely helps the reader fully appreciate your research findings.Consult a professional. Show all changes made to the revised manuscript.It is important that your study carefully refers to the most recent and highly relevant research results reported in the literature. Consider expanding the list of references by adding more recent journal papers (published after 2011) including those published in INFORMATION SCIENCES. Provide full names of conferences, not only abbreviations.We added more recent journal papers (published after 2011) including those published in INFORMATION SCIENCES.We provided the full names of conferences.2.Reviewer #1: In this paper, the authors proposed a generic computation outsourcing schemefor inverting homomorphic functions with computation disequilibrium. They used the intrinsic property of such functions to construct a concise and secure generic computation outsourcing scheme. There are no public key operations in the proposed scheme. This is an interesting work.If the authors can gave more concrete examples, it would be better.We added new concrete example for our scheme: decoding computations for error-correct coding .3.Reviewer #2: This paper formally covers certain sort of outsourced computations, namelythose which concern the calculation of an unbalanced homomorphism (meaning that this homomorphic map is much less efficiently computable in one direction than in the other). If a client wants to delegate such a computation to an untrusted server, it requires security guarantees, namely verifiability (the client has to know whether the server did the correct computation) and privacy (the server does not learn any information on the input of the computation, nor on the result).To solve this specific problem, the authors use the homomorphic property to randomly mask the input of the function to be computed, and to finally remove the additional part which hides the result.In the technical aspect, the paper is sound and the contribution is quite interesting.Reviewer #3: Computation Outsourcing is a hot topic in cloud computing. In this paper, the authors give a generic construction of outsourcing computation scheme for inverting a class of homomorphic functions with computation disequilibrium, and present formal security proofs to show that the scheme satisfies verifiability, input and output privacy ininformation-theoretic sense. The construction takes the advantage of the intrinsic property of the computation task being outsourced, and no public key operations are used in the scheme, thus the proposed solution clearly outperforms the existing schemes in terms of efficiency. The authors also give an extensive analysis to show that many cryptographic computations fall into this category, and instantiate the generic construction with concrete examples, and the experimental result testifies the efficiency of the construction.The result of this paper is interesting, and the formal security analysis is sound. With well presentation, the paper deserves publication in the journal.Some typos:-- p.20, Cryp- tology should be "Cryptology"-- p.21, to appear in TCC 2012-- page numbers missing in Ref.[9] and Ref.[25]We corrected some typos and grammar mistakes in the original paper.。

note writing

Note Writing●ObjectiveLearn to write a variety of notes●Important PointsA variety of notesThe technique of imitationMain points of note writing for attention●Time AllocationFour 50-minute class periods and out-of-class writing●Teaching RecoursesChalkboardHandout materialOverhead projector and supplies●Actual ProceduresLearn the format of a noteLearn the main points of note writing for attentionLearn the procedure of note writingLearn the genre of note writing●AssignmentsStudents’ assignment is to imitate or create different genres of notes.I. The format of note writingEvery note is made up of five essential parts, including heading, salutation, body, closing and signature. They comprise the structure or framework of your note. You should follow the general form if you want to produce a correct and acceptable note.Salutation(use colon or comma)BodyClosingSignatureII. The main points of note writing for attentionThe important points of note writing for attention are clearness, conciseness, coherence, correctness, completeness, and courtesy.A. ClearnessNote writing should be unambiguous and clear enough for addressees to catch its meaning but not to misunderstand it. With the proper expression and simplicity of phrases and sentence structure, you can make your note writing well understood. Unclearness: Mr. White wrote to Mr. Lee that he had accepted his proposal. Clearness: Mr. White wrote to Mr. Lee t hat he had accepted Mr. Lee’s proposal.B. ConcisenessA good writing can make addressees obtain more information from your notes within less time. Writing should be read fluently and be concise so that it can catch addressees’ attention.Redundancy: In your previous letter, you enquired about our experience with Mr. John Jefferson. We are happy to tell you about his work for us. He was a loyal and faithful worker during the four years he kept books for us.Conciseness: Mr. John Jefferson about whom you enquired in your previous letter had been a loyal bookkeeper here for four years.C. CoherenceCoherence of writing is very important. You can express the complete meaning of a note with logic connection between sentences. When writing a note, you should pay attention to the coherence of subject, voice, tense, and tone.Incoherence: Your organization had been more than just a business house. It was an institution in the minds of the American public. It has a reputation for fair play and honesty with both employees and customers.Coherence: Your organization is more than just a business house. It is an institution in the minds of the American public. It has a reputation for fair play and honesty with both employees and customers.D. CorrectnessIn your writing, you should give definite and correct information so as not to make it misunderstood. If your information is not given correctly, the addressee will feel puzzled about what he is going to do.Incorrectness: I’d like to invite you to my birthday party this Sunday, at 9 o’clock. Correctness: I’d like to invite you to my birthday party on this Sunday evening, April 10, at 9 o’clock.E. CompletenessThe content of your writing should be complete. If you ignore some necessary details, your writing will affect social activities and make addressees disappointed. If you beat about the bush in your writing, addressees will be bored and confused. However, if the writing is too simple and brief, it can not achieve the purpose for communication and business dealings.Incompleteness: Here is the time, date, and plane information for your trip to New York: You will fly Eastern Air Lines on next Monday.Completeness: Your reservation are for next Monday, April 11th, on Eastern Airlines Flight #125, leaving Los Angeles at 9:10 a.m. for New York.F. CourtesyLast but not least, courtesy is necessary. Although courtesy can not help you achieve the purpose of writing, it can express your politeness and show your respect to addressees.Discourtesy: Interview me whenever you want.Courtesy: If you desire an interview, I shall be most happy to call in person, on any day and at any time you may appoint.III. The procedure of note writingEnglish writing style is quite different from Chinese writing style in note writing. Generally speaking, Chinese writing style is more ambiguous and indirect, but English writing style is more unambiguous and definite.A note writing always begins with direct expression for the definite purpose; then, reasons are stated and presented one after another; finally, the whole writing ends with polite formula as usual. Even the purpose of note writing varies, the procedure almost changes little even without the independent paragraphs.The direct purpose forcongratulationsExplanation of congratulationsGood wishesThe direct purpose for thanksExplanation of thanksGood wishesIV. The genre of note writingA variety of note writing style includes:A. Notes of apologiesB. Notes of appointmentC. Notes of congratulationsD. Notes of invitations & invitation responseE. Notes of messagesF. Notes of request and inquiryG. Notes of sympathyH. Thank you notes。

Assessing_Patent_Value

including claims at different levels of abstraction and breadth as fallback positions.Another issue is whether the claims include all of the invention’s parallel and alternative forms. Typically, patents should include a combination of method claims (a sequence of steps, such as a process, algorithm or business method), system claims (an apparatus, functional architecture or machine) and computer program product claims (software encoded on a medium, such as a disk).The company also should examine whether the claims specify steps to be performed by more than one party, entity, person or machine. For patents involving multiple entities (such as client/server architectures), it is important to include separate claims for the steps performed by each entity. For example, one set of claims may cover steps performed by the client, and another set may cover steps performed by the server. A competitor then could be liable for infringement by operating or selling just the server or just the client.In general, any invention involving communication or interaction between nodes, entities, components or users should include separate claims for as many of these entities as is practicable. This avoids any requirement that the infringer sell or operate all entities.One also should note whether the claims include “means plus function” language, such as “means for encrypting the received signal.” Such claims attempt to deﬁne an element of a system according to the function that it performs, rather than its structure. However, the scope of such claims is narrower than it would appear, due to statutory language speciﬁcally limiting such claims to the description in the speciﬁcation, plus equivalents. 35 U.S.C. Section 112. Although there is nothing wrong with including “means plus function” claims, it is important to also include other claim formats.SpeciﬁcationA patent’s speciﬁcation can have a signiﬁcant effect on its scope and validity. Courts will read the claims in light of the speciﬁcation and use the speciﬁcation for guidance about the terminology used in the claims and what the applicant intended the claims to protect. If the speciﬁcation contains limiting language, a court may read those limitations into the claims, even though the claims do not recite those limitations.One should review the speciﬁcation for completeness. A patent must describe the “best mode” of practicing the invention known to the applicant at the time of ﬁling. It must describe the invention at a level of detail sufﬁcient to allow an individual having ordinary skill in the art to recreate the invention. If doubt exists as to whether the description is sufﬁcient, then the patent’s value is questionable; a defective speciﬁcation can lead to invalidation of the claims.Prosecution HistoryThe prosecution history of an issued patent provides information as to the claims that the patent holder originally ﬁled, the number of ofﬁce actions, responses and interviews that took place and the rejections, arguments and amendments that were made.This information can have a dramatic impact on the value of a patent and can reveal vulnerabilities that are not always visible from the face of the patent itself.Amendments made during patent prosecution can disqualify a claim (or a claim element) from having its scope expanded by the doctrine of equivalents, which otherwise can extend a claim’s coverage beyond its literal language. Graver Tank & Mfg. Co. v. Linde Air Prods., 339 U.S. 605 (1950); Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co., 535 U.S. 722 (2002).An infringement defendant can use the prosecution record as a basis for construing the claims narrowly, arguing that such statements in the record indicate what the applicant intended to patent (and the examiner intended to allow) and that the court should read the claims in light of such statements. In general, excessive amounts of arguments, characterizations and assertions during prosecution increase the risk that a patent’s scope may be thrown into doubt at some point.Priority Date and Prior ArtPatents with earlier priority dates are more valuable than later-ﬁled patents because the earlier ﬁling date means that less prior art is available to defeat the patent.In considering the priority date, one should investigate what prior art existed at the time, as well as what products may have been launched before the application was ﬁled. In the United States, an inventor must ﬁle a patent application within one year of any public disclosure of the invention. Therefore, it is important to consider what disclosures mayhave been made more than one year before the application’s ﬁling date (or priority date).If relevant prior art does exist, one should investigate whether the applicant properly cited the art to the examiner in the course of the patent’s prosecution. Art that was considered by the examiner may make the patent stronger, because there is a presumption that the patent is validover art that was considered, although the presumptionis rebuttable. 35 U.S.C. Section 282. If the applicant knewof relevant art but failed to cite it, then the patent may be invalidated due to the applicant’s failure to fulﬁll the duty of candor, which requires an applicant to disclose any relevant art of which he or she is aware in the course of prosecution.37 C.F.R. Section 1.56.Patents that claim priority from other patents or applications are subject to additional avenues of attack. If a patent claims priority from an earlier provisional application, and the provisional application fails to fully support the claims, then the priority claim can be defeated. Similarly, a patent that claims priority as a continuation or continuation-in-part can lose the beneﬁt of the earlier priority date if the speciﬁcation of the parent application does not adequately supportits claims. Therefore, for any patent that claims priority from another patent or application, one should review the speciﬁcation of any parent application.ConclusionEvaluation of a patent is a multifaceted exercise that often requires the skill and expertise of an experienced patent practitioner. However, these basic principles are the cornerstones of such analysis and a good starting point in any attempt to ascertain the overall value of a patent.Amir H. Raubvogel is an attorney in the intellectual property group of Fenwick & West LLP, focusing on patent prosecution and strategic intellectual property counseling.© Amir H. Raubvogel, 2003-2004。

Points to Note

Points to Note(1) The management contract for Hoi Tai and Sui Fai Factory Estates is let for a term of two yearsfrom 1.1.2009 to 31.12.2010 which may be renewed for another term of two years, subject to satisfactory performance of the Property Management Company (the Company) and the provisions for termination mentioned in the sample management contract at Appendix XVI.(2) The total number of factory units involved in this management contract is 3,352. To bequalified for award of contract, the Company must already have in hand contract(s) for management of not less than 1,676 domestic and/or factory units (i.e. 50% of 3,352).Furthermore, only one group of factory estates (i.e. Group A or B) can be awarded to any one company.(3) Tenders received, other than those disqualified for one reason or another, will be assessed inaccordance with the following Performance-related Procurement System:The financial capacity and current workload and available capacity of the tenderer are also considered by the Hong Kong Housing Authority (HKHA) in the evaluation of any tender.(4) A set of tightened measures effective from 1.5.2006 include the following –(a) Tender EvaluationA tenderer’s offer will not be considered if for the period from 1.5.2006 up to the tenderclosing date and the period between the tender closing date up to the tender approval datethe tenderer has committed –(i) One conviction under the Employment Ordinance(Cap 57), Employees’Compensation Ordinance(Cap 282), Immigration Ordinance(Cap115), or therelevant sections of the Mandatory Provident Fund Schemes Ordinance(Cap485) in government or private contracts; or(ii) A total of three demerit points received from one or more government departments for breach of contractual obligations as regards (a) wages, (b) workers’maximumworking hours, (c) signing of Standard Employment Contract or (d) wage paymentby means of autopay.Conviction/demerit point of a tenderer will be deemed as subsisting and counted for tenderevaluation purposes even if the conviction/demerit point in question is under appeal.(b) Contract AdministrationWhen the Company has attracted three or more demerit points or has one or moreconviction records under the above ordinances for a service contract, the service contractconcerned will be terminated forthwith.(c) Contractor List ManagementWhen the Company has accumulated a total of three or more demerit points under one ormore government contracts over a three year rolling period, or one or more convictionsunder the relevant ordinances from any government and/or private contracts after theimplementation of the new measures, it will be removed from the HKHA Lists ofContractors. The period of removal will be of a maximum of five years from the date ofconviction or from the date on which the third demerit point is awarded.(5) The protection of non-skilled workers mainly concentrates on four aspects :(a) Committed WagesThe monthly wages offered by the Company or its sub-contractor to cleansing staff andsecurity guards to be employed for the carrying out of contracts shall not be less than theaverage monthly wages for the relevant industry/occupation as published in the latestCensus and Statistics Department’s Quarterly Report of Wage and Payroll Statistics(March 2008 Edition). The Company or its sub-contractor shall not reduce the wages(i.e. the Committed Wages) during the entire term of the contract.(b) Working Hours(i) For cleansing service contracts, the maximum daily working hours (excluding mealbreak) of cleansing staff on average over a period of ten days stated in the contractscannot be exceeded.(ii) For security service contracts, the working hours of security guard is eight hours, excluding meal break. No shift of security guard should be longer than eighthours in any 24-hour period except in special and/or emergency situations such astyphoon, calamity and breakdown of public utility supplies etc. Contract Managercan give prior or covering approval to allow guards to work in excess of eight hoursas necessary in any 24-hour period.(c) Signing of Standard Employment Contract(i) The Company or its sub-contractor shall enter into written employment contractswith cleansing staff/security guards specifying the major terms of employmentincluding wages, working hours, rest days, place(s) of work etc. StandardEmployment Contract (SEC)should be used for signing up with non-skilledworkers if the employment period exceeds seven days during each service contractterm. Contract Manager should use the SEC version specified in the currentservice agreement of the estate or may compromise with the Company to use themost updated one depending on circumstances. The latest version of the SEC andthe accompanying guidance notes are posted under “Other Useful Information” onthe Central Cyber Government Office (CCGO) intranet address athttps://go.hksarg/index.jsp.(ii) SEC copies should be forwarded to the Contract Manager for retention within two weeks from commencement of contract and fresh copies of SEC should also besubmitted within three days for new recruits or change of employment conditions ofexisting employees.(d) Wages Payment by AutopayThe Company or its sub-contractor should use autopay for wage payment to facilitatepayroll checking by the Contract Manager.(6) If the Company is confirmed to have breached the contractual obligation(s) with regard to (a)wages, (b) working hours, (c) signing of SECs or (d) wage payment by means of autopay, one Default Notice (DN) will be issued to him in respect of each of the four types of breaches, irrespective of the number of workers the breaches relate to. A maximum of four DNs may be issued to the Company if he has breached all four types of contractual obligations during a single checking. For breaches of other terms and conditions in the SEC not covered above,e.g. cross-region working, collection of charges such as fee for uniform, training,administration, equipment etc., one DN that attracts no demerit point should be issued to the contractor. Although the DN does not attract any demerit point, it will be taken into account when the Company concerned bid for tenders for relevant service contracts and in the evaluation for the best tenderers’ award.(7) The Company shall at his own cost and expense, when so required by the Authority to obtainthe guarantee of a bank or an insurance company (to be approved by the Director of Housing) to be jointly and severally bound with the Company to the Authority in the sum which is equivalent to one month’s rent, inclu sive of rates, receivable from the factory estates for the due performance of the contracts, under the terms of the bond to be approved in the first place by the Director of Housing and afterwards to be deposited with him for safe custody.(8) The Company shall, at his own cost and expense and prior to the Commencement Date,procure and furnish to the Authority, a bank guarantee in a sum equivalent to three months’ staff costs of staff employed for the operation and management of the factory estates as determined by the Authority as sufficient to provide adequate funding for the continuous management and operation of the factory estates should the contracts be terminated for whatever reasons in the middle of the term.(9) The Company shall prior to the Commencement Date furnish to the Authority a letter ofguarantee from his holding company to ensure the due performance of the contracts.(10) The Company shall enter into joint names of the Authority and the Company such policies ofinsurance, including public liability of HK$20 million per claim with unlimited claim, money-on-premises, money-in-transit, fidelity guarantee etc., with approved insurance companies against any liabilities hereunder at an amount stipulated by the Authority and keep such policies in force during the continuance of the Agreement and produce the same to the Authority on demand. And excess, if any under policies requested under this Clause, shall be fully borne by the Company.(11) A tender shall not be considered if the monthly wages offered by the bidder to the securityguards and cleaning workers to be employed by him for the carrying out of the contract are less than the average monthly wages for the relevant industry/occupation as published in the latest Census and Sta tistics Department’s Quarterly Report of Wage and Payroll Statistics (March 2008 Edition), which are reproduced as follows for reference:-Security guards$6,616.00 for 8 hrs/shift for 26 days in a monthCleaner (general)$5,283.00 for 8 hrs/day for 26 days in a monthFor the Supervisory grade of both security staff and cleansing staff, their monthly wages (excluding on-cost) shall not be less than those of security guard and cleaner (general) respectively, otherwise the tender will not be considered.For cleansing staff whose working hours are more or less than those mentioned above, pro rate adjustment should be made to their wages on the basis of the aforesaid rate.(12) If the Company fails to meet the requirements by providing less than the no. of staff andworking hours for each factory estate as specified in the tender documents, his tender shall also not be considered.(13) The HKHA does not bind itself to accept the lowest or any tender and reserves the right tonegotiate with any tenderer about the terms of the offer.(14) Any sub-contractor engaged on the Services, at any tier, shall be considered in the same way asthough the Services were being executed by the Company. The Company shall be solely responsible for the actions of any sub-contractor engaged in the Services. The Company shall ensure that any sub-contractor engaged in the Services is representing the Company only in all contacts with either the HKHA or members of the public. Default Notices will be issued to the Company and attract Demerit Point even though the breaches are committed by his sub-contractors. At most, only one tier of sub-contracting on cleansing and security services will be allowed, and the direct sub-contractors must have at least two years’ experience in the respective field of services. The appointed direct sub-contractors must be on HKHA list of approval contractors for cleansing and security services. The Company has to declare that the appointed sub-contractors are on the HKHA List. Any appointed sub-contractor not fulfilling the requirements of this Clause will not be accepted by the Contract Manager. Where in the opinion of the Contract Manager a sub-contractor including but not limited to a sub-contractor for cleansing or security services has performed unsatisfactorily or has failed to comply with any requirements under the Contract in particular those relating to unskilled workers’ wages or working hours, the Contract Manager may at his absolute discretion require the Contractor to remove the sub-contractor from the Contract. Should the appointed sub-contractors has one or more conviction records under the relevant ordinances as stipulated in the Notes of Statement of Convictions, the Contract Manager may at his absolute discretion require the Company to remove the sub-contractor from the Contract.(15) Revenue Collection service may be terminated as required by the HKHA during the contractperiod.(16) The Company may be obliged to procure, install and maintain the Automatic Carpark ControlSystem (ACCS) with OCTOPUS function as required by the HKHA during the contract period.(17) In the event that the contract or any part of the services is terminated under Clause 27 or Clause28 of the sample management contract at Appendix XVI by the HKHA,(i) the Company shall not be obliged to perform the obligations under the contract or suchpart of the services that are terminated by the HKHA;(ii) the HKHA shall not be obliged to pay or reimburse the Company such part of the Manager’s Remuneration and the Headquarters Staff/Administration Cost and staff costthat are attributable to such part of the terminated services and also such item asspecifically stipulated in the Management Proposal relating to the terminated services;(iii) for the avoidance of doubt, in case where part of the services is terminated, the other services which are not terminated shall remain unchanged and the Company shallcontinue to comply with the obligations of the contract not being terminated.(18) In compiling the budgets for renewal of the management contract, the Company is requiredto refer to the relevant Quarterly Wage Statistics and the Consumer Price Indices. The Nominal Wage Indices should be adhered to reflect the market trend in the Staff Cost, Security, MR & HD Cost. In any case, the proposed MR & HD Cost for all types of properties should make realistically and consistently. For the remaining reimbursement items, the Consumer Price Indices should be followed. Justification should be provided for any items with increasing rate or else, they would not be accepted.(19) The Company shall notify the HKHA in writing its intention for renewal at least six monthsprior to contract expiry. The HKHA shall confirm the renewal to the Company at least 30 days prior to expiry of current contract. The option for renewal clause will be deleted in the renewed contract.(20) The tenderer should not reply on any unofficial information for the preparation of his tender.。

NotesOnFinancialExpressions-A(1)金融专业术语注解_英语题库

NotesOnFinancialExpressions-A(1)金融专业术语注解_英语题库英文词汇中文释义详细注解a basket of currencies“一篮子”货币又称为“一篮子”货币或合成货币，由各国货币所组成的一个大的货币篮子。

每种货币在“货币篮子”里所占比例，是按照各国在世界贸易中所占比重来确定的。

这种合成货币一般不能直接用于国际贸易和非贸易支付。

如“欧洲货币单位”、“特别提款权”等都是合成货币。

ABA transit number美国银行家协会交换号码分配给一家金融机构例如一家银行的编号，该编号在美国支票右上角的支票分区号码上方注明。

Abandonment弃权 1.指资产所有权人自动放弃其权利。

例如：选择权的买方在选择权利期间结束时，不予以执行交易特定资产的权利，而任其权利作废。

股票持有人于除权除息日之前，将持股出售而无法享有发行公司所分配股息等。

2.To choose not to exercise or sell an option.Abandonment occurs when the option is out of the money on the expiration date.3.To voluntarily relinquish the rights of property ownership,usually real estate. abandonment option放弃选择权The option to close out an investment prior to the fulfillment of the original conditions for termination.abatement减少减免冲销 1.减免：指对一项税收的减免。

2.冲销：指一项临时性收益从成本中冲销。

3.A reduction in or reprieve from a tax,debt or any other payment obligation. An abatement is sometimes included in a contract,for example abatement of rent in the event that a building is destroyed by fire,flood or other accident.ABC agreement ABC协议 1.证券商以员工名义取得纽约证券交易会员席位，而与该员工之间约定公司权益的协议。

策略4 Note-taking

Note-taking in English Class1. A questionnaire on note-taking in English Class2. Need of note-takingNote-taking is a learning strategy and a way of language learning in English class. As an important classroom activity, it reflects the effectiveness of classroom teaching and learning and influences students’ language learning. Taking notes is a complex activity, involving combing the different skills of listening, selecting, summarizing and writing. Most students acknowledge that note-taking is an effective and indispensable activity in English learning in classroom. But from the questionnaire and observation, it can’t be denied that most of them fail in using note-taking fully in language learning. For this reason, you are required to learn how to take notes in class. In this lesson, I am going to focus on note-taking.3. Functions of note-takingNote-taking has many functions. First, it can draw one’s attention. Insufficient attention to the teacher may lead to failure in comprehension of texts. Advanced students tend to take notes for fear of distraction.Secondly, it is beneficial for understanding. To get main ideas and key points can promote understanding of the learning. Understanding before writing may ensure the validity of note-taking.Thirdly, taking notes enhances active listening, as students have to listen carefully and critically to what is being said so as to take notes.Fourthly, it improves one’s memory. Memory is a factor of learning a language. Note-taking is an eternal record. The eternal record helps us get over the limitation of our memory. It is convenient for one’s review. No wonder, Chinese sayings tell us, “好记性不如－烂笔头”and“眼过十遍－不如手过一遍”.Finally, it facilities the processing of information, as note-taking can bring our organs such as ear, eye, hand, and heart to work together. This not only increases one’s input, but also strengthens retention in the brain.4. Methods of note-takingApart from the introduction of need and functions of note-taking, it is necessary for me to show you some methods of taking notes.1) PreparationPreparation is a psychological factor that influences note-taking in class. At first, please have notebooks handy before a new course. Then, read or skims the texts prior to attending the lecture so that you may get the general overview of main ideas, secondary points, identify new words and look them up before class, and determine what is relevant and irrelevant. So please ask yourselves before new lessons: What is this lesson about? What is the most difficult?2) 3 dos and 2 don’tsDo get down the main points; do get down difficult points; do make outline notes, i.e. the necessary information or data in a clear form. Don’t get every word; don’t write down the headline only without any further information.3) Using markersSuch markers as underlining, circling, coloring or signs like triangles, crosses, and bracket and some codes like: ? – not clear at time of lecture, ! – important, Q – question, which may leave remarkable clues for their memory; ∵(because), ∴(therefore), &(and), %(percentage), ＜(more than), ＞(less than), ＝(equal), ≠(not equal), ＋(plus), －(minus), and web words.Figures, letters and dashes are very useful. The first form is main section (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.), sub-section (a, b, c, d, etc.), and sub-sub-section (I, ii, iii, iv, etc.). Another form is like this: main section (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.), sub-section (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, etc.) and sub-sub-section (1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.1.3, 1.1.4, etc.)4) Using abbreviation(1) Using capitalized initial letters, e.g. UN, IBM; (2) using the first few letters of a word (if plural, add an “s”), e.g. pts (points), divs (divisions); (3) using incomplete words, e.g. gov’t (government), int’l (international), sb and sth, stm (sometime), swh (somewhere), nob (nobody), evb (everybody); (4) using incomplete sentences, e.g. there is a table in…. Attention, the main information cannot be omitted. For example, the in out of the question cannot be canceled, or else it will become out of question; a in a few, a in a little.5) Distribute your attention (kill two birds with one stone)(1) Pay 50% of one’s attention to listening to the teacher, and pay 50% of one’s attention to note-taking. Thus learners can understand nearly what they learn. (2) Devote 90% of one’s attention to listening to the teacher and thinking, and only 10% of one’s attention to taking notes. This kind of note-taking is not just the record, but the processing of knowledge. In this way learners can not only grasp the learned knowledge, but also produce creative findings.5. Steps of note-takingHere, five steps of note-taking are suggested, that is, record, reduce, recite, reflect and review(the five “Rs”). The first step is to record useful information in class. The second step is to reduce the amount of notes. I’ve showed you some methods of how to reduce notes. The third one is to recite the notes you take, as recitation of notes means to catch main ideas of texts. The next step is to reflect the learning after class. For example, what is important, what is useful and what should be reviewed or gone over before class. The last step is to review notes after class. Frequent reviews provide repetition, keep information fresh and decrease the chances of forgetting what’s been learnt. Some experiments have showed that three quarters is forgotten in a week, and four fifths in a month. In general, students who review notes achieve more than those who don’t. It is reported that unless on reviews within 24 hours after a lecture or at least before the next lecture, retention drops sharply and one is relearning rather than reviewing. Therefore, students should go over the notes, check for errors and fill in missing information as soon as possible.6. Types of note-takingThere are two types of note-taking. One is a general note; the other is margin note. Normally, we take general notes on notebooks. This type is beneficial for recitation, reflection and review. And we often take margin notes in the margin of a book. Margin notes are not so convenient for review but they can facilitate the speedy location of specific information.7. Some suggestions for note-takingA different between advanced students ad low level students in note-taking does exists, which accords Rubin’s findings that in class excellent students can attend lectures activelyand can regulate their psychological factors such as motivation, emotion and interest proportionally with learning efficiently. Therefore, as college English students, you should establish an awareness of taking notes in class, and try to apply it into your learning practice. Here I’d like to give you some advice on how to take notes.1) Try not to take notes in books, but in notebooks, except for paraphrasing.2) Attention to both techniques and practice.3) Exchange notes after class. Try to learn from each other.4) Do not copy other’s notes. It is useless for one’s learning.5) Develop the habit of thinking after note taking.8. AssignmentNext week, you are required to show me a general note for a lecture. I am going to choose some best notes as models from all your notes.An Anonymous Questionnaire on English Note-taking1. In your opinion, note-taking in English class is .a. very importantb. importantc. averaged. of no use2. Which of the following do you think note-taking most facilitate?a. avoiding distractionb. developing the ability to responsec. remembering the reaching contentd. reviewing before exam3. In class when the teacher explains the text, she usually explains the words and phrases and gives some examples as well as the structures and the main ideas of the text. What do you choose to take down?a. words and phrases usage and examplesb. structures and main ideasc. both, but mainly words and phrased. both, but mainly the structures and mainideas4. During the lecture, you like to take down .a. all the teacher’s words as many as possibleb. those you feel unclear and those emphasized by the teacherc. those things that remind you of certain known knowledged. those you are interest in5. Usually you take notes on .a. a special notebookb. the notes of words and phrase are taken on the notebook and the notes of structures aretaken on the margins of the textbookc. all on the textbooks near the relevant contextd. on loose leaves6. You review your notes.a. usuallyb. sometimesc. seldomd. never7. How much do you think you can take down during a lecture?a. above 90%b. 70% -- 90%c. 50% -- 70%d. below 30%8. If you take less notes what do you think is the main reason?a. you don’t understand themb. you are lazy to writec. you are lazy to writed. other reasons9. Do you think taking notes interferes with listening to the lecture?a. Yes, a lotb. Yes, a bitc. No10. If you think taking notes interferes with listening, what is the reason?a. the teacher speaks fastb. you write slowlyc. No11. If your opinion, how dose your teacher handle the important and the secondary points?a. very wellb. just so soc. not well12. How do you think yourself handle the important and the secondary points?a. very wellb. just so soc. not well。

新世纪高等院校综合教程第一册教师用书笔记 unit 12 Gender Bias in Language

Unit 12 Gender Bias in LanguageSection One Pre-reading Activities (2)I. Reading aloud (2)II.Cultural information (2)III. Audiovisual supplements (3)Section Two Global Reading (4)I. Text analysis (4)II. Structural analysis (4)Section Three Detailed Reading (5)Text I (5)Section Four Consolidation Activities (16)I. Vocabulary Analysis (16)II. Grammar Exercises (20)III Translation exercises (23)V. Oral activities (25)VI. Writing Practice (26)VII. Listening Exercises (28)Section Five Further Enhancement (31)I. Text II (31)II. Memorable Quotes (34)Section One Pre-reading ActivitiesI. Reading aloudRead the following sentences aloud, paying special attention to incomplete plosives and liaison. A plosive which has no audible release is put in brackets.1. Yet it is often misunderstood and misinterpreted, for language is a very complicated mechanism with a grea(t) deal of nuance.2. This is an example of the gender bias that exists in the English language.3. It is at this point that Nilsen argues tha(t) the gender bias comes into play.4. It is up to us to decide wha(t) we will allow to be used and ma(d)e proper in the area of language.II.Cultural information1. Why We Need an Equal Rights Amendment:Why We Need an ERA; The Gender Gap Runs Deep in American LawMartha Burk and Eleanor Smeal Why is the amendment needed? Twenty-three countries —including Sri Lanka and Moldova—have smaller gender gaps in education, politics and health than the United States, according to the World Economic Forum. We are 68th in the world in women's participation in national legislatures. On average, a woman working full time and year-round still makes only 77 cents to a man's dollar. Women hold 98 percent of the low-paying "women's" jobs and fewer than 15 percent of the board seats at major corporations. Because their private pensions—if they have them at all —are lower and because Social Security puts working women at a disadvantage and grants no credit for years spent at home caring for children or aging parents, three-quarters of the elderly in poverty are women. And in every state except Montana, women still pay higher rates than similarly situated men for almost all kinds of insurance. All that could change if we put equal rights for women in our Constitution.2. Gender bias in educationGender bias in education is an insidious problem that causes very few people to stand up and take notice. The victims of this bias have been trained through years of schooling to be silent and passive, and are therefore unwilling to stand up and make noise about the unfair treatment they are receiving. Girls and boys today are receiving separate and unequal educations due to the gender socialization that takes place in our schools and due to the sexist hidden curriculum students are faced with every day. Unless teachers are made aware of the gender-role socialization and the biased messages they are unintentionally imparting to students everyday, and until teachers are provided with the methods and resources necessary to eliminate gender-bias in their classrooms,girls will continue to receive an inequitable education.Sadker, D., Sadker, M. (1994) "Failing at Fairness: How Our Schools Cheat Girls". Toronto, ON: Simon & Schuster Inc.III. Audiovisual supplementsWatch a video clip and answer the following questions.1. What happened to the woman?2. What does the defense counsel mean in the last sentence?Answers to the Questions:1. She was hit by a male doctor when she was slowly pulling out and got severely injured in her neck. But she doesn’t have insurance, so she’s in debt now.2. He is trying to convince the jury that a male ER (emergency room) doctor is not possible to lose control of his car, but a woman facing a lot of problems in her life like Erin is quite dangerous when she is driving. The defence counsel’s words obviously show his gender discrimination.Video Script:Erin: I was pulling out real slow and out of nowhere his Jaguar comes racing around the corner like a bat out of hell ... They took some bone from my hip and put it in my neck. I don’t have insurance, so I’m about $17,000 in debt right now ... I couldn’t take painkillers ‘cause they made me too groggy to care for my kids ... Matthew’s eight, and Katie’s almost six ... and Beth’s just nine months ... I just wanna be a good mom, a nice person, a decent citizen (I)just wanna take good care of my kids, you know?Ed (Prosecuting Counsel): Yeah. I know.Defence Counsel: Seventeen thousand in debt? Is your ex-husband helping you?Erin: Which one?Defence Counsel: There’s more than one?Erin:Yeah. There’re two. Why?Defence Counsel: So, you must have been feeling pretty desperate that afternoon.Erin:What’s your point?Defence Counsel: Broke, three kids, no job. A doctor in Jaguar? Must be a pretty good meal ticket.Ed: Objection!Erin: What? He hit me!Defence Counsel: So you say.Erin: He came tearing around the corner out of control.Defence Counsel: An ER doctor who spend his days saving lives was the one out of control?Section Two Global ReadingI. Text analysis1. Which two opinions are presented in the first paragraph?There are those who believe that the language that we use everyday is biased in and of itself. Then there are those who feel that language is a reflection of the prejudices that people have within themselves.2. Which sentences in the conclusion show the writer’s attitude?In the last p aragraph, we find these sentences: “It is necessary for people to make the proper adjustments internally to use appropriate language to effectively include both genders. We qualify language. It is up to us to decide what we will allow to be used and made proper in the area of language.” Evidently, they denote the writer’s attitude toward what we should do about gender bias in language.II. Structural analysis1. What type of writing is the text?This text is an expositive essay with reference to gender bias in language.2. What’s the main strategy to develop this expositive essay?The text is mainly developed by means of exemplification. Examples are abundantly used in Paragraphs 2-6.Section Three Detailed ReadingText IGender Bias in Languagenguage is a very powerful element. It is the most common method of communication.Yet it is often misunderstood and misinterpreted, for language is a very complicated mechanism with a great deal of nuance. There are times when in conversation with another individual, that we must take into account the person’s linguistic genea logy. There are people who use language that would be considered prejudicia l or biased in use. But the question that is raised is in regard to language usage: Is language the cause of the bias or is it reflective of the preexisting bias that the user holds? There are those who believe that the language that we use in day-to-day conversation is biased in and of itself. They feel that the term "mailman", for example, is one that excludes women mail carriers. Then there are those who feel that language is a reflection of the prejudices that people have within themselves. That is to say, the words that people choose to use in conversation denote the bias that they harbor within their own existence.2.There are words in the English language that are existing or have existed (some of themhave changed with the new wave of “political correctness” coming about) that havei nherently been sexually biased against women. For example, the person who investigatesreported complaints (as from consumers or students), reports findings, and helps to achieve fair and impartial settlements is ombudsman (Merriam-Webster Dictionary), but ombudsperson here at Indiana State University. This is an example of the gender bias that exists in the English language. The language is arranged so that men are identified with exalted positions, and women are identified with more service-oriented positions in which they are being dominated and instructed by men. So the language used to convey this type of male supremacy is generally reflecting the honored position of the male and the subservience of the female. Even in relationships, the male in the home is often referred to as the “man of the house,” even if it is a 4-year-old child. It is highly insulting to say that a 4-year-old male, based solely on his gender, is more qualified and capable of conducting the business and affairs of the home than his possibly well-educated, highly intellectual mother. There is a definite disparity in that situation.3.In American culture, a woman is valued for the attractiveness of her body, while a manis valued for his physical strength and his achievements. Even in the example of word pairs the bias is evident. The masculine word is put before the feminine word, as in the examples of Mr. and Mrs., his and hers, boys and girls, men and women, kings and queens, brothers and sisters, guys and dolls, and host and hostess. This shows that the usage of many of the English words is also what contributes to the bias present in the English language.4.Alleen Pace Nilsenn notes that there are instances when women are seen as passivewhile men are active and bring things into being. She uses the example of the wedding ceremony. In the beginning of the ceremony, the father is asked who gives the bride away andhe answ ers, “I do.” It is at this point that Nilsen argues that the gender bias comes into play.The traditional concept of the bride as something to be handed from one man (the father) to another man (the husband-to-be) is perpetuated. Another example is in the instance of sexual relationships. The women become brides while men wed women. The man takes away a woman’s virginity and a woman loses her virginity. This denotes her inability, apparently due to her gender, to hold on to something that is a part of her, thus enforcing the man’s ability and right to claim something that is not his.5.To be a man, according to some linguistic differences, would be considered an honor. Tobe endowed by genetics with the encoding of a male would be as having been shown grace, unmerited favor. There are far greater positive connotations connected with being a man than with being a woman. Nilsen yields the example of “shrew” and “shrewd.” The word “shrew”is taken from the name of a small but especially vicious animal; however in Nilsen’s dictionary, a “shrew” was identified as an “ill-tempered, scolding woman.” However, the word “shrewd,” which comes from the same root, was defined as “marked by clever discerning awareness.” It was noted in her dictionary as a shrewd businessm an. It is also commonplace not to scold little girls for being “tomboys” but to scoff at little boys who play with dolls or ride girls’ bicycles.6.In the conversations that come up between friends, you sometimes hear the words“babe,” “broad,” and “chick.” These are words that are used in reference to or directed toward women. It is certainly the person’s right to use these words to reflect women, but why use them when there are so many more to choose from? Language is the most powerful tool of communication and the most effective tool of communication. It is also the most effective weapon of destruction.7.Although there are biases that exist in the English language, there has been considerablechange toward recognizing these biases and making the necessary changes formally so that they will be implemented socially. It is necessary for people to make the proper adjustments internally to use appropriate language to effectively include both genders. We qualify language. It is up to us to decide what we will allow to be used and made proper in the area of language.Paragraph 1Questions：1. What does the writer think of language?The author thinks that language is very powerful and the most common method of communication, but is often misunderstood and misinterpreted, for it is a very complicated system of symbols with plenty of subtle differences.Words and ExpressionsCollocation:1. bias:1) n. an opinion or feeling that strongly favors one side in an argument or an item in a group or series; predisposition; prejudicee.g. This university has a bias towards the sciences.Students were evaluated without bias.2) vt. to unfairly influence attitudes, choices, or decisionse.g. Several factors could have biased the results of the study.Collocation:bias against/towards/in favor ofe.g. It's clear that the company has a bias against women and minorities.Phrase:gender bias: sex prejudice; having bias towards the male and against the femalee.g. Gender bias is still quite common in work and payment.2. nuance: adj. slight, delicate or subtle difference in color, appearance, meaning, feeling, etc.e.g. Language teachers should be able to react to nuances of meaning of common words.He was aware of every nuance in her voice.Synonym:subtletyCollocation:nuance of3. prejudicial: adj.causing harm to sb’s rights, interests, etc.; havin g a bad effect on sth.e.g. These developments are prejudicial to the company’s future.What she said and did was prejudicial to her own rights and interests.Synonyms:damaging, detrimental, prejudiciousDerivation:prejudice: n.4. in/with regard to: in connection with; concerninge.g. I have nothing to say in regard to your complaints.She is very sensitive in regard to her family background.I refuted him in regard to his injustice.5. reflective: adj. (of a person, mood, etc.) thoughtful; (of a surface) reflecting lighte.g. She is in a reflective mood.These are reflective number plates.Derivation:reflectiveness: n.6. denote:vt. be the name, sign or symbol of; refer to; represent or be a sign of somethinge.g. What does the word "curriculum"denote that "course" does not?Crosses on the map denote villages.Derivations:denotative: adj.denotation: n.Synonyms:connoteindicate7. harbor: vt.1) keep bad thoughts, fears, or hopes in your mind for a long timee.g. She began to harbor doubts over the wisdom of their journey.2) contain something, especially something hidden and dangerouse.g. Sinks and draining boards can harbor germs.3) protect and hide criminals that the police are searching fore.g. You may be punished if you harbor an escaped criminal or a spy.Derivation:harbor: n.Sentences1. ... language is a very complicated mechanism with a great deal of nuance. (Paragraph 1) Explanation: … language is a very complicated system of communication. Even slight variations in the pitch, tone, and intensity of the voice and in the choice of words, etc. can express a great deal of subtle shades of meaning.2.… we must take into account the person’s linguistic genealogy. (Paragraph 1): Paraphrase: we must consider the person’s long-standing conventions in language use. Translation: 我们必须将这人的语言谱系学考虑在内。

TheEssaysofWarrenBuffett.LessonsforInvestors…

BrochureMore information from /reports/2673299/The Essays of Warren Buffett. Lessons for Investors and Managers. 4th EditionDescription: A gold mine of investing advice from the most successful investor in historyWhen Warren Buffett speaks, people around the world listen. And with good reason: Buffett, or "The Sage ofOmaha" as he is popularly known, is arguably, the most successful investor in history. How successful? Inaddition to being one of the wealthiest people in the world, with a personal fortune currently estimated atUS$60 billion, he was named the "Top Money Manager of the Twentieth Century" by the prestigious CarsonGroup, and he was listed among Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People in the world.Through three successive editions, The Essays of Warren Buffett has maintained its stature as the definitiveguide to Buffett's investment philosophy, and this Fourth Edition of that international bestseller is noexception. Fully revised and updated to include Buffett's views on recent events, both within the financialarena and beyond, this edition, like its predecessors, features commentaries by internationally recognizedWarren Buffett expert, Lawrence Cunningham. As reviewers including Warren Buffett himself have noted,Professor Cunningham's commentaries are a priceless source of insight and sound advice for all seriousinvestors."The book on Buffett. A superb job."Forbes"Extraordinary."Money"A classic on value investing and the definitive source on Buffett."Financial TimesOne of "the smartest books we know."FortuneContents:Foreword to the Third Edition xiPreface xiiiPrologue: Owner–Related Business Principles 1Introduction 13Corporate Governance 15Finance and Investing 20Investment Alternatives 26Common Stock 28Mergers and Acquisitions 31Valuation and Accounting 33Accounting Shenanigans 37Accounting Policy 37Tax Matters 38I. Corporate Governance 39A. Full and Fair Disclosure 40B. Boards and Managers 43C. The Anxieties of Business Change 56D. Social Compacts 63E. An Owner–Based Approach to Corporate Charity 65F. A Principled Approach to Executive Pay 72G. Risk, Reputation and Oversight 82II. Finance and Investing 87A. Mr. Market 88B. Arbitrage 92C. Debunking Standard Dogma 98D. Value Investing: A Redundancy 110E. Intelligent Investing 117F. Cigar Butts and the Institutional Imperative 124G. Life and Debt 128III. Investment Alternatives 133A. Surveying the Field 134B. Junk Bonds 138C. Zero–Coupon Bonds 145D. Preferred Stock 152E. Derivatives 162F. Foreign Currencies and Equities 172G. Home Ownership: Practice and Policy 179IV. Common Stock 183A. The Bane of Trading: Transaction Costs 184B. Attracting the Right Sort of Investor 189C. Dividend Policy and Share Repurchases 191D. Stock Splits and Trading Activity 202E. Shareholder Strategies 204F. Berkshire s Recapitalization 205V. Mergers and Acquisitions 211A. Bad Motives and High Prices 212B. Sensible Share Repurchases Versus Greenmail 223C. Leveraged Buyouts 223D. Sound Acquisition Policies 226E. On Selling One s Business 230F. The Buyer of Choice 234VI. Valuation and Accounting 239A. Aesop and Inefficient Bush Theory 240B. Intrinsic Value, Book Value, and Market Price 243C. Look–Through Earnings 249D. Economic versus Accounting Goodwill 255E. Owner Earnings and the Cash Flow Fallacy 264F. Option Valuation 271VII. Accounting Shenanigans 275A. A Satire on Accounting Shenanigans 276B. Standard Setting 284C. Stock Options 285D. Restructuring Charges 290E. Pension Estimates 294F. Realization Events 296VIII. Accounting Policy 297A. Mergers 297B. Segment Data and Consolidation 299C. Deferred Taxes 300D. Retiree Benefits 303IX. Tax Matters 305A. Distribution of the Corporate Tax Burden 305B. Taxation and Investment Philosophy 311 Epilogue 315Concept Glossary 323Disposition Summary 325Index 327Ordering:Order Online - /reports/2673299/ Order by Fax - using the form belowOrder by Post - print the order form below and send toResearch and Markets,Guinness Centre,Taylors Lane,Dublin 8,Ireland.Fax Order FormTo place an order via fax simply print this form, fill in the information below and fax the completed form to 646-607-1907 (from USA) or +353-1-481-1716 (from Rest of World). If you have any questions please visit/contact/Order Information Please verify that the product information is correct.Product Format Please select the product format and quantity you require:* Shipping/Handling is only charged once per order.Contact InformationPlease enter all the information below in BLOCK CAPITALSProduct Name:The Essays of Warren Buffett. Lessons for Investors and Managers. 4th Edition Web Address:/reports/2673299/Office Code:SCT9CE2Y QuantityHard Copy(Paper back):USD 113 + USD 28 Shipping/HandlingTitle:MrMrsDrMissMsProf First Name:Last Name:Email Address: *Job Title:Organisation:Address:City:Postal / Zip Code:Country:Phone Number:Fax Number:* Please refrain from using free email accounts when ordering (e.g. Yahoo, Hotmail, AOL)Payment InformationPlease indicate the payment method you would like to use by selecting the appropriate box.Please fax this form to:(646) 607-1907 or (646) 964-6609 - From USA+353-1-481-1716 or +353-1-653-1571 - From Rest of World Pay by credit card:You will receive an email with a link to a secure webpage to enter yourcredit card details.Pay by check:Please post the check, accompanied by this form, to:Research and Markets,Guinness Center,Taylors Lane,Dublin 8,Ireland.Pay by wire transfer:Please transfer funds to:Account number833 130 83Sort code98-53-30Swift codeULSBIE2D IBAN numberIE78ULSB98533083313083Bank Address Ulster Bank,27-35 Main Street,Blackrock,Co. Dublin,Ireland.If you have a Marketing Code please enter it below:Marketing Code:Please note that by ordering from Research and Markets you are agreeing to our Terms and Conditions at /info/terms.asp。

2015 TA集合与补充条款说明书

Notes Concerning this collection of TAs rolled into the Agreement1)Many of these agreements were reached in the final hours of negotiation around May20,2015and documents in proposal format were initialed.a.Some of the proposal format headings don’t necessarily match the Article andSection provisions being amended;but the agreement was on the language not onthe headings.b.Some items have a“draft”watermark because the language was only proposed.Nonetheless it was agreed and initialed with the watermark still in place.2)The“Status of MOUs and Letters of Intent”on pages51-58was the status on May20,2015.At that time,the status of eleven memoranda was still undetermined.However,all of those memoranda have now been dealt with as follows:PSE Memo[Appendix A]Changed as ordered in the Award,pages19,22,25-29.PSE Memo[Attachment A]Continues Unchanged.No Layoff Updated-See Award Attachment2,p41.NTFT – offices ≤ Level 20 Continues unchanged.NTFT Replacement MOU–See Award Attachment7,p48NTFT-OT Rules Continues with a change to paragraph1 See Award Attachment7,paragraph7.Minimizing Excessing See TAs page50.Purge of LOWs See TAs,p44Clerk Jobs Memo Continues unchangedMaintenance Jobs Memo Terminated.See Award page19,number5.MVS Jobs Memo Only Paragraph2retained–See Award page22, numbers1and5.3)The“flimsy”edition of the CBA which will be available shortly should prove useful;but it isnot the“official”version to be jointly published by USPS and APWU.The“official”edition may not be available for several months.If management challenges the“flimsy”edition,you will need the2010CBA,the July8,2016Award,and these TAs to confirm the contract terms now in effect.Page # Tentative Agreement As Identified by Arbitrator Goldberg1 JCIM Article 12 (Area/Regional Notification)2 Article 14.3.A Safety and Ergonomics Committee Expenditures3 Article 15.3 Mediation4 Article 28.4.C Collection Procedures5-6 Article 37.5.D PSE Career Opportunity7 Articles 12.5.C.b(6) and 37.3.B.18-9 JCIM Article 38.5.A PER (Re: Article 38.5.B)10-11 JCIM Article 38.I.1 Excess Employees (Re: Article 38.3.K)12-15 Article 38.3.K.2, 3, 4 Excess Employees16 Article 38.7 ET-1117 Article 38.3.K.6 Excess Employees18 Article 38.3.K.2 Excess Employees19 Article 38.2.E Service Seniority20 JCIM Article 38.5.A Preferred Assignment Registers21-22 Article 38.3.K Retreat Rights23-25 JCIM 38.5.B.7 Order for Filling Vacant Maintenance Positions26 Article 39.1.H Multi-Craft Positions27 Article 39.2.A.9 Non-Bargaining Unit Detail28 Article 39.1.I Vacation Scheduling29 Article 39.1.C Occupational Group30 Article 39.2.A NTFT Duty Assignment31 Article 39.3 VMAs32 PSE SSDA Uniforms33 MOU re: Excessing Clerk Craft Without Regard to Levels34 MOU re: Assignment of PTF Hub Clerks35 MOU re: Electronics Technician PS-1136 MOU re: District Safety Committees Pilot Program37 MOU re: Leave Sharing38 MOU re: eReassign Task Force39-40 MOU re: Article 1941-43 MOU re: Residual Vacancies, Clerk Craft44 MOU re: Purge of Warning Letters45 MOU re: Enhanced and Expanded Services46 MOU re: Bereavement Leave47 MOU re: Discipline Task Force48-49 MOU re: PSE MOU - Health Benefits50 Continuation of MOU re: Minimizing Excessing51-58 Status of MOUs and Letters of Intent59 MOU re: Peak Season Exception Periods60 MOU re: Article 21.189101112131415161728293031323334353637383940414243MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDINGBETWEEN THEUNITED STATES POSTAL SERVICEAND THEAMERICAN POSTAL WORKERS UNION, AFL-CIORe: Purge of Warning LettersThe parties agree that there will be a one-time purge of Official Disciplinary Letters of Warningfrom the personnel folders of all employees represented by the American Postal Workers Union, AFL-CIO. To qualify to be purged, a Letter of Warning must meet the following conditions:1. An issue date prior to the effective date of the 2015 National Agreement between theparties;2. The Letter of Warning has been in effect for 6 months and has not been cited as anelement of prior discipline in any subsequent disciplinary action;3. The Letter of Warning was not issued in lieu of a suspension or a removal action;4. All grievances associated with any discipline purged as a result of this Memorandumshall be withdrawn.44454647。

高三英语3月模拟考试[最新版]

注：尊敬的各位读者，本文是笔者教育资料系列文章的一篇，由于时间关系，如有相关问题，望各位雅正。

希望本文能对有需要的朋友有所帮助。

如果您需要其它类型的教育资料，可以关注笔者知识店铺。

由于部分内容来源网络，如有部分内容侵权请联系笔者。

高三英语3月模拟考试注意事项：1．答卷前，考生务必用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔将自己的校名、姓名、考号填写在答题卡的密封线内。

2．选择题每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑；如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其它答案；不能答在试卷上。

3．非选择题必须用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔作答，答案必须写在另发的答题卷各题目指定区域内的相应位置上；如需改动，先划掉原来的答案，然后再写上新的答案；不准使用铅笔和涂改液.不按以上要求作答的答案无效。

4．考生必须保持答题卡的整洁，考试结束后，将答题卷和答题卡一并收回。

I．听力（共两节，满分35分）做题时，先将答案划在试卷上。

录音结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷的答案转涂到答题卡上。

第一节：听独白或对话(共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分)请听下面5段对话或独白。

每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

在听完每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。

每段对话或独白读两遍。

听第1段对话，回答1—3题。

1.What did the woman do on Friday?A.She prepared for the exam.B.She attended a class activity.C.She had a history lesson.2.What is the weather in the desert like at night?A.Hot and dry.B.Hot and wet.C.Cool and dry.3.Why is it easy to see different rocks in the desert?A.There are very few plants.B.There are too many rocks.C.There are different colors of rocks.听第2段对话，回答4—5题。

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY

JOURNAL OF THEAMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETYVolume21,Number2,April2008,Pages563–596S0894-0347(07)00558-9Article electronically published on February2,2007GROUPS,MEASURES,AND THE NIPEHUD HRUSHOVSKI,YA’ACOV PETERZIL,AND ANAND PILLAY1.IntroductionOne of the occasions for writing this paper is the completion of the proof of the“o-minimal group conjectures”of the third author,from[23].Among the new ingredients are(i)the use of invariant measures on deﬁnable sets in the presence of the NIP(failure of the independence property)and(ii)the identiﬁcation of a certain property(ﬁnitely satisﬁable generics)which can be used in an inductive proof and is of interest in its own right.The measures appear in Keisler’s paper[13]which is a strong inﬂuence on our work.In Keisler’s work,the theory of forking is in a sense extended from stable theories to theories without the independence property,but replacing complete types by measures(on the Boolean algebra of deﬁnable sets).It is somewhat amusing to note that Keisler’s work was roughly contemporaneous with early work on o-minimality which was also motivated by the attempt to generalize stability to suitable ordered structures.Our work may also overlap to some extent with recent papers of Shelah on theories without the independence property(for example[26],[27]).In any case,we take the opportunity in this paper to expand on and develop some theory,not all of which is directed towards the proof of the o-minimal group conjectures.Stability and stable group theory are at the core of“pure”or“abstract”model theory.Recall Shelah’s result that T is stable iﬀT does not have the strict order property and does not have the independence property(see[26]).There has been considerable work on generalizing stability to particularly nice theories without the strict order property,namely the simple theories.So part of this paper surrounds developing some theory in an“orthogonal”direction,namely for certain theories T without the independence property.Another aspect of this paper is the“model theory of the standard part map”.In Section2,we recall and elaborate on some of Keisler’s notions from[13].In particular we discuss smooth,deﬁnable,andﬁnitely satisﬁable measures.In Section 3,we discuss some consequences of NIP,sometimes in the presence of measures. Included here is a“Borel deﬁnability”of coheirs assuming NIP.In Section4,we Received by the editors July16,2006.2000Mathematics Subject Classiﬁcation.Primary03C68,03C45,22C05,28E05.Key words and phrases.o-minimal,independence property,compact Lie group,Keisler measure.Theﬁrst author was supported by the Israel Science Foundation grant no.244/03.The last author was supported by NSF grants DMS-0300639and FRG DMS-0100979,as well as a Marie Curie chair.c 2007American Mathematical SocietyReverts to public domain28years from publication563564EHUD HRUSHOVSKI,YA’ACOV PETERZIL,AND ANAND PILLAYintroduce the“ﬁnitely satisﬁable generics”property for deﬁnable groups G,statingwhich aspects of stable group theory are valid in this situation.In Section5wediscuss in general“deﬁnably amenable groups”,namely groups with a left invariantmeasure on the deﬁnable sets.In Section6we prove various results surroundingexistence of G00and existence of invariant measures under the NIP assumption.InSection7we take a short diversion to explain how our results can generalize to theclass of“inductively deﬁnable”groups.In Section8we prove the full conjecturefrom[23]:(*)If G is a deﬁnably compact group deﬁnable in a saturated o-minimal expansionof a real closedﬁeld,then the quotient G/G00of G by its smallest type-deﬁnablesubgroup of bounded index G00is,when equipped with the logic topology,a com-pact Lie group whose dimension(as a Lie group)equals the dimension of G(as adeﬁnable set in an o-minimal structure).The proof rests on and continues a number of earlier papers[23],[2],[4],[19],and[7].We will give below a guide for the reader who is interested in a fast pathto the proof of(*).In Section9and10,we isolate a new notion,of“compact domination”,andconjecture that in fact a deﬁnably compact group G in an o-minimal structure iscompactly dominated by G/G00.We then prove this in several special cases. Guide to the proof of(*).The proof is carried out in Section8.Globally it proceedsby induction on dim(G).The two extreme cases are when(a)G is commutativeand(b)G is deﬁnably simple.The“new”ingredient for case(a)is use of theamenability of G(namely the existence of an invariantﬁnitely additive measure onall subsets of G)together with the NIP.The key sequence of preliminary results isLemma2.8,Proposition3.3,Corollary3.4and Proposition6.3.Case(a)is provedin Lemma8.2.Case(b)was proved in[19]under the weaker hypothesis that“G hasvery good reduction”.This is discussed in Lemma8.3of the current paper.For theinduction step,one may assume G has a normal commutative deﬁnable subgroupN.But we need to know more than simply that(*)holds for G/N and lywe require that both G/N and N have the“ﬁnitely satisﬁable generics”property.The fsg is introduced in Section4,and Proposition4.2is crucial.In Cases(a)and(b)we actually prove in addition that the relevant groups have the fsg property.Proposition4.5shows that from the fsg for G/N and N we can conclude the fsgfor G.An argument using Corollary4.3shows that(*)holds for G.Our notation is standard.We work in a large saturated model¯M of a completeﬁrst order,possibly many-sorted theory T in a language L.If we assume that |¯M|=¯κ,then by a“small”or“bounded”set we mean a set of cardinality<¯κ. We let x,y denoteﬁnite sequences of variables unless we say otherwise.A,B,...denote small subsets of¯M,and M,N,...denote small elementary substructures of ¯M.“Type-deﬁnable”means the intersection of a small collection of deﬁnable sets, and a“bounded type-deﬁnable equivalence relation”is a type-deﬁnable equivalence relation with a bounded number of classes.We refer to[24]for any background on stability.T is said to have the NIP(for“not the independence property”)if there is noformulaφ(x,y)∈L and a i:i<ω and b w:w⊆ω such that|=φ(a i,b w)iﬀi∈ω.Stable and o-minimal theories,as well as the theory of the p-adicﬁeld,are all examples of theories with NIP,while simple unstable theories all have theindependence property.GROUPS,MEASURES,AND THE NIP565 If G is a group deﬁnable in¯M,then G00is the smallest type-deﬁnable subgroup of bounded index in G,if there is such.If E is a type-deﬁnable equivalence relation on a deﬁnable set X with a bounded number of classes,then the logic topology on X/E is given by:C⊆X/E is closed if the pre-image of C in X is type-deﬁnable.In various parts of the paper we will make use of standard facts and techniques regarding indiscernibles,which the referee has asked us to explain.One of these facts is that given a complete theory T and cardinalµthere is a cardinalλsuch that if{aα:α<λ}is a set ofµ-tuples in some saturated model of T,then there is an indiscernible sequence(b i:i<ω)ofµ-tuples,such that for everyn,tp(b0,...,b n−1)=tp(aα0,...,aαn−1)for someα0<...<αn−1<λ.Thisis an application of the Erd¨o s-Rado Theorem.A statement and proof appear in[10](Theorem1.13)for example.When using this fact,we will just say“by Erd¨o s-Rado”.Another method is“stretching”indiscernibles:namely,given an in-discernible sequence(a i:i<ω),we can,for any totally ordered set I,ﬁnd an indiscernible sequence(b i:i∈I)such that for each n and i0<...<i n in I,tp(b i0,...,b in−1)=tp(a0,...,a n−1).This is of course just by compactness.2.Definable functions and measuresWe consider here functions of one kind or another from sorts,or deﬁnable sets in¯M,to compact Hausdorﬀspaces C,such as the closed interval[0,1].Deﬁnition2.1.Let X be an A-deﬁnable set in¯M,C some compact Hausdorﬀspace of bounded size,and f a map from X to C.We will say that f is deﬁnable over A if for any closed subset C1of C,f−1(C1)⊆X is type-deﬁnable over A in M.Example2.2.(i)The tautological map s from X to its Stone space S X(A):s(b)= tp(b/A).Note that a map f from X to a compact Hausdorﬀspace C will be deﬁnable over A just if f=g◦s with g a continuous map from S X(A)to C.So the tautological deﬁnable map s is also universal.(ii)Let A be a small subset of sort X in¯M,and letφ(x,y)be a formula with x of sort X and y of sort Y.Identify the power set of A with the compact space 2|A|.Let f:Y→2|A|be given by f(b)={a∈A:|=φ(a,b)}.Then,as is easy to verify,f is deﬁnable over A.In Deﬁnition2.1,note that if f:X→C is deﬁnable,then f(X)⊆C is closed (because as in Example2.2(i),f can be identiﬁed with a continuous map between compact spaces;hence its image is closed).So we may assume f to be onto.In fact deﬁnable maps as in Deﬁnition2.1amount to the same thing as quoti-enting by bounded type-deﬁnable equivalence relations:Remark2.3.Let X be deﬁnable over A in¯M.(i)Let f be a deﬁnable(over A)map from X onto the compact Hausdorﬀspace C in the sense of Deﬁnition2.1.Let E={(x,y)∈X×X:f(x)=f(y)}.Then E is an A-type-deﬁnable equivalence relation of bounded index,and f induces a homeomorphism between X/E with the logic topology and the space C.(ii)Conversely,if E is a bounded A-type-deﬁnable equivalence relation on X, X/E is equipped with the logic topology,and M0is a small model containing A and a representative for each E-class,then the quotient map f:X→X/E is an M0-deﬁnable map from X onto the compact Hausdorﬀspace X/E.566EHUD HRUSHOVSKI,YA’ACOV PETERZIL,AND ANAND PILLAYProof.(i)For each pair C1,C2of closed subsets of C such that C1∪C2=C,letE C1,C2={(x,y)∈X×X such that either f(x)∈C1and f(y)∈C1or f(x)∈C2and f(y)∈C2}.So E C1,C2is type-deﬁnable over A.As X is Hausdorﬀ,E is theintersection of all E C1,C2and hence is also type-deﬁnable.Identifying X/E withC,we see that the logic topology on C reﬁnes the original topology on C.As bothtopologies are compact Hausdorﬀ,they agree.E is of bounded index since the pre-image of each singleton in C is type-deﬁnable over aﬁxed set A.(ii)If C⊆X/E is closed,then by deﬁnition f−1(C)is type-deﬁnable.But f−1(C)is also M0-invariant;hence it is type-deﬁnable over M0.So Deﬁnition2.1is cosmetic.However it enables some uniﬁcation of various notions,as well as some clean statements.For example the conjecture from[23] can now be restated:If G is a deﬁnably connected deﬁnably compact group in a saturated o-minimal structure M,then there is a deﬁnable surjective homomorphism f from G to a com-pact Lie group G1where dim(G1)equals the o-minimal dimension of G.Moreover any other deﬁnable homomorphism from G into a compact group factors through f.We now recall the probability measures on deﬁnable sets considered by Keisler [13].We will call these Keisler measures.Let usﬁx again a sort or deﬁnable set X in¯M which we assume to be∅-deﬁnable.Def(X)will denote the subsets of X deﬁnable(with parameters)in¯M,and Def A(X)those sets deﬁned over A.(So we identify Def(X)with Def¯M(X).)Deﬁnition2.4.(i)A Keisler measureµon X over A is aﬁnitely additive prob-ability measure on Def A(X);namely a mapµfrom Def A(X)to the interval [0,1]such thatµ(∅)=0,µ(X)=1and for Y,Z∈Def A(X),µ(Y∪Z)=µ(Y)+µ(Z)−µ(Y∩Z).(ii)A(global)Keisler measure on X is aﬁnitely additive probability measure on Def(X).(iii)Ifµis a Keisler measure on Def B(X)and A⊆B,we writeµ|A for the restriction ofµto Def A(X).Note that a complete type(of an element of X)over A is precisely a0-1valued Keisler measure on X over A.For each L-formulaφ(x,y)with x a variable of sort X,let Sφbe the sort whose elements are the subsets of X deﬁned by instances ofφ.So a global Keisler measure on X is given through a family{µφ:φ(x,y)∈L}of mapsµφ:Sφ→[0,1].Keisler observes that any Keisler measure on X over A extends to a global Keisler measure on X.Moreover any Keisler measure on X over A extends to a unique countably additive measure on theσ-algebra generated by the A-deﬁnable subsets of X such that the measure of an open set U is the supremum of the measures of the subsets of U which are deﬁnable(over A)(see Theorem1.2in[13]).In fact this Borel measure will be regular.We will point out now a way of extending a Keisler measure over a model to a global Keisler measure,as the construction will be useful later on.Construction(*).Letµbe a Keisler measure on X over a model M0,viewed as a map from deﬁnable in M0subsets of X(M0)to[0,1].Consider the structure M0,[0,1],+,<,µφ φconsisting of M eq0,the real unit interval[0,1],and for each φ,the mapµφ:Sφ(M0)→[0,1]as well as the ordering and addition(modulo1)on[0,1].Take a saturated elementary extension M 0,[0,1] ,+,<,µφφ.Then theGROUPS,MEASURES,AND THE NIP567 composition ofµ with the standard part map st:[0,1] →[0,1]is a Keisler measure on X over M 0extendingµ.We may identify¯M with M 0.One point of this construction is that the structure¯M,equipped with the con-structed measure,has some obvious“saturation”properties.We have observed that a Keisler measure on X is(among other things)a sequence of maps from sorts Sφto[0,1].It would be natural to callµdeﬁnable if each µφ:Sφ→[0,1]is deﬁnable in the sense of Deﬁnition2.1.This is precisely(i)in the next deﬁnition.Deﬁnition2.5.Letµbe a(global)Keisler measure on X.(i)Thenµis deﬁnable over A iﬀfor each L-formulaφ(x,y)and closed subset C of[0,1],{b∈M:µ(φ(x,b))∈C}is type-deﬁnable over A.Let M0be a small submodel of¯M.(ii)We say thatµisﬁnitely satisﬁable in M0if whenever Y⊆X is deﬁnable andµ(Y)>0,then Y∩M0=∅.(iii)We say thatµis smooth over M0ifµis the unique(global)extension of µ|M0to a measure on X.In this situation we also say thatµ|M0is smooth.The notion of a smooth measure was also introduced by Keisler([13])although his deﬁnition is weaker than the above,for certain technical reasons.In any case, ifµis a0-1measure given by a complete type,then it is smooth if and only if the type is algebraic.Here is a“nonalgebraic”example of a smooth Keisler measure:Let¯M be a saturated real closedﬁeld,and take X to be the interval[0,1]in the sense of¯M. Theﬁeld of reals R is an elementary substructure of¯M.The standard measure on the real unit interval[0,1]R gives a Keisler measure on X over R which is easily seen to have a unique extension over¯M.(This will be subsequently generalized in the last section.)Lemma2.6.Letµbe a(global)Keisler measure on X.Suppose thatµis smooth over M0.Thenµis bothﬁnitely satisﬁable in M0and deﬁnable over M0. Proof.Finite satisﬁability is immediate from[13],Lemma2.2(which is itself based on Lemma1.6there),but for the sake of completeness we repeat the argument here.It is clearly suﬃcient to prove that if X is a deﬁnable set in¯M withµ(X)>0, then it contains an M0-deﬁnable Y withµ(Y)>0.Assume not,namely that all M0-deﬁnable subsets of X haveµ-measure zero.By the smoothness assumption, it is suﬃcient to show that there is someﬁnitely additive Keisler measureµ on ¯M,extendingµ|M,withµ (X)=0.By compactness,this amounts to showing,givenﬁnitely many M0-deﬁnable sets Y1,...,Y k,that there is aﬁnitely additive probability measureµ on the Boolean algebra generated by Y1,...,Y k,X,which agrees withµon the Y i’s.Let B0be the Boolean algebra generated by the Y i’s. Without loss of generality,the Y i’s are atoms in B0and hence each Y i∩X is an atom in the Boolean algebra generated by B0and X.We now letµ (Y)=µ(Y)for all Y∈B0andµ (Y i∩X)=0.This gives the desired measureµ and proves that µisﬁnitely satisﬁable.The deﬁnability ofµover M0is more or less explained by a“Beth’s Theorem for continuous logic”.But we will be more direct.We make use of Construction(*) above.Consider the structure M0,[0,1],+,<,µφ|M0 φfrom there,equipped with constants for all elements(of M0and of the unit interval).Let T1be its theory.568EHUD HRUSHOVSKI,YA’ACOV PETERZIL,AND ANAND PILLAYWe saw that in a saturated model¯M1of T1,{st◦µφ:φ∈L}gives rise to a Keisler measureµ extendingµ|M0.We may assume that¯M1is an expansion of¯M,and by the smoothness assumption,thatµ =µ.Fix an L-formulaφ(x,y)where x is of sort X.Given a closed set C⊆[0,1],we want to show that the set X1={b:µ(φ(x,b))∈C}is type-deﬁnable in¯M over M0.Note that the standard part map st:[0,1] →[0,1](where[0,1] is the unit interval in¯M1)is deﬁnable in¯M1(over the empty set)in the sense of Deﬁnition 2.1,and by the deﬁnability ofµin¯M1,the set X1is type-deﬁnable over M0in¯M1, via a typeΣ(y).Now,the smoothness assumption implies thatΣ(y)does not depend on the particular expansion¯M1of¯M.We can now apply the classical Beth Theorem (for types rather than formulas)and conclude that X1is type-deﬁnable in¯M,over M0. Remark2.7.Letµbe a global Keisler measure on X.Let us deﬁneµto be an heir of µ|M0if for each L-formulaφ(x,y)and r∈[0,1),if for some b∈¯M,µ(φ(x,b))>r, then for some b∈M0,µ(φ(x,b))>r.Then the proof above shows thatµis the unique heir ofµ|M0over¯M if and only ifµis deﬁnable over M0.The following relationship between Keisler measures and indiscernibles will be useful.It also appears in[14].Lemma2.8.Letµbe a Keisler measure on X.Let x be a variable of sort X,let φ(x,y)∈L,and let b i:i<ω be an indiscernible sequence such that for some >0,µ(φ(x,b i))≥ for all i.Then{φ(x,b i):i<ω}is consistent.Proof.Let Y bi denote the set deﬁned byφ(x,b i).By Construction(*)above andRamsey’s theorem,we may assume that the sequence b i:i<ω is also indis-cernible with respect to the mapµ,in particular that for each i1<...<i n<ωand j1<...<j n<ω,µ(Y bi1∩...∩Y bi n)=µ(Y bj1∩...∩Y bj n)=r n say.So byassumption,r1>0.Suppose for a contradiction that someﬁnite intersection of the Y bi ’s is empty.Choose maximal k such that r k>0.For j≥0let Z j=Y b1∩Y b2∩...∩Y bk−1∩Y bk+j.Then each Z j has measure r k>0and their pairwise intersections have measure0,a contradiction.3.NIP and some consequencesThe deﬁnition of NIP(failure of independence property)was given in the Intro-duction.A well-known equivalence(see Theorem12.17of[25])isLemma3.1.T has the NIP if and only if for any sequence b i:i<ω which is indiscernible over∅and formulaφ(y),possibly with parameters,there is an i such that|=φ(b j)for all j>i,or|=¬φ(b j)for all j<i.Notation:Ifφ(x),ψ(x)are formulas,letφ(x)∆ψ(x)denote the symmetric dif-ference(φ(x)∧¬ψ(x))∨(¬φ(x)∧ψ(x))ofφandψ.Corollary3.2.Suppose T has NIP.Letφ(x,y)be an L-formula and b i:i<ω an indiscernible sequence.Then the set{φ(x,b2j)∆φ(x,b2j+1):j<ω}is inconsistent. Proof.Otherwise,let c realize{φ(x,b2j)∆φ(x,b2j+1):j<ω}and the formula φ(c,y)contradicts Lemma3.1.GROUPS,MEASURES,AND THE NIP 569We now give some consequences of the NIP for Keisler measures.The main insight is due to Keisler ([13],Theorem 3.14).We are back to the context of ¯M a saturated model of T and X a sort or ∅-deﬁnable set in ¯M.Proposition 3.3.Assume T has the NIP.Let µbe a (global)Keisler measure on X .Let φ(x,y )be a formula with x of sort X ,and let >0.Then there do not exist b i :i <ω such that i =j implies µ(φ(x,b i )∆φ(x,b j ))≥ .Proof.Suppose otherwise.Then by Construction (*)from Section 2and Ramsey’s theorem,we may assume in addition that b i :i <ω is indiscernible.By Lemma2.8,{φ(x,b 2j )∆φ(x,b 2j +1):j <ω}is consistent,contradicting Corollary3.2.Corollary 3.4.Assume T has NIP and let µbe a global Keisler measure on X .For deﬁnable subsets Y,Z of X ,deﬁne Y ∼µZ if µ(Y ∆Z )=0.Then there are only boundedly many ∼µ-classes of deﬁnable subsets of X .In particular there is a small model M 0such that every deﬁnable subset Y of X is ∼µto some M 0-deﬁnable subset of X .Proof.If there are unboundedly many deﬁnable subsets of X modulo ∼µ,then we can clearly ﬁnd a formula φ(x,y )and large set b i :i ∈I such that the measures of the pairwise symmetric diﬀerences of the φ(x,b i )are >0.By Construction (*)from Section 2,we may assume that b i :i ∈I is an indiscernible sequence with respect to µas well,whereby µ(φ(x,b i )∆φ(x,b j ))≥ for some ﬁxed >0and all i =j .This contradicts Proposition 3.3.Our next result is in a somewhat diﬀerent spirit.Theorem 3.5.Suppose T is countable with NIP.Let M 0be a countable elementary substructure of ¯M.Let p (x )be a complete 1-type over ¯M which is ﬁnitely satisﬁable in M 0.Let U ={X ∩M 0:X ∈p }.Then U is a Borel (in fact an F σ)subset of the Polish space 2M 0.Before going into the proof,we give an easy example to illustrate the technique.Remark 3.6.Let T be countable,and let M 0be a countable model.Then the following hold.(i)The set {X ∩M 0:X a deﬁnable subset of ¯M }is an F σ(as a subset of 2M 0).(ii)Let p (x )∈S 1(¯M)be deﬁnable.Then {X ∩M 0:X ∈p }is an F σ.Proof.(i)Fix an L -formula φ(x,y ),and let n <ω.Let U φ={X ∩M 0:X is deﬁned by φ(x,c )for some c }.By Example 2.2(ii),U φis closed.Then U = φU φis Borel and coincides with {X ∩M 0:X a deﬁnable subset of ¯M}.(ii)Suppose again φ(x,y )∈L and let ψ(y,d )be a formula deﬁning p |φ.Thendeﬁne U φjust as above but requiring also that c realizes ψ(y,d ).The proof of Theorem 3.5will go through several lemmas.For now let T be an arbitrary complete theory with NIP.Lemma 3.7.For any φ(x,y )∈L ,there is some N =N φ,such that for any indiscernible sequence a i :i <ω and c ,there do not exists i 0<i 1<...<i N such that for each j <N ,|=φ(a i j ,c )↔¬φ(a i j +1,c ).Proof.Otherwise,by compactness we ﬁnd an indiscernible sequence a i :i <ω and c such that for each i <ω,|=φ(a i ,c )iﬀ|=¬φ(a i +1,c ),contradicting Lemma3.1.570EHUD HRUSHOVSKI,YA’ACOV PETERZIL,AND ANAND PILLAYRecall that a type p(x)∈S(¯M)is calledﬁnitely satisﬁable in a model M0⊆¯M if every formula in p(x)is satisﬁable in M0.If p(x)∈S(¯M)isﬁnitely satisﬁable in a small model M0,then we can build an indiscernible sequence I= a0,a1,... over M0by letting a0realize p|M0and a i+1realize p|(M0∪{a0,...,a i}).Although the sequence I is not unique,its type tp( a i:i<ω /M0)IS unique,and we callthis type Q p,M0.Let us nowﬁx a type p(x)∈S(¯M)which isﬁnitely satisﬁable in M0,and letQ=Q p,M0.(So Q is a complete type over M0in variables(x i:i<ω)).Let Q nbe the restriction of Q to the variables(x0,...,x n).Fix an L-formulaφ(x,y)and some c from¯M.We will say that a realization(a0,...,a n)of Q n is good forφ(x,c), if(i)|=φ(a i,c)↔¬φ(a i+1,c)for all i<n,and(ii)there does not exist a n+1such that(a0,...,a n,a n+1)realizes Q n+1and|=φ(a n,c)↔¬φ(a n+1,c).With this notation,we have the following:Lemma3.8.For p as above,the following are equivalent:(i)φ(x,c)∈p,(ii)there is k≤Nφand there is a realization(a0,...,a k)of Q k which is good forφ(x,c)such that|=φ(a k,c),Proof.Noteﬁrst that by Lemma3.7,for any c there is k≤Nφand realization (a0,...,a k)of Q k which is good forφ(x,c).Now suppose(a0,...,a k)realizes Q k and is good forφ(x,c).Let M1be a small model containing M0∪{a0,...,a k,c}and let a realize p|M1.Note that (a0,...,a k,a)realizes Q k+1.By the“goodness”of(a0,...,a k)forφ(x,c),it follows that|=φ(a k,c)↔φ(a,c).But|=φ(a,c)iﬀφ(x,c)∈p.This is enough to prove the lemma.Let us now assume T and M0to be countable.We introduce some more nota-tion:Fix k,and let(Q ik :i<ω)be an enumeration of the formulas in Q k.Letψi k (x0,...,x k,y)be the formula“Q ik(x0,...,x k)∧j<k(φ(x j,y)↔¬φ(x j+1,y))”.Letχj,ik(y)be“∃x0,...,x k(ψjk(x0,...,x k,y)∧(¬∃x k+1(ψi k+1(x0,...,x k+1)))∧φ(x k+1,y))”. Corollary3.9.For any c∈¯M,φ(x,c)∈p if and only if there is k≤Nφandthere is i<ωsuch that c satisﬁes the formulaχj,ik(y)for all j<ω.Proof.By Lemma3.8and the notation.Note that Corollary3.9gives us an Fσ-deﬁnition for p over M0.In any case Theorem3.5follows from Corollary3.9as in the proofs of Remark 3.6.Note that the only real assumption on p we need is that it isﬁnitely satisﬁable in some small model(not necessarily M0).4.Groups with finitely satisfiable genericsHere we introduce a certain desirable property of deﬁnable groups which we call fsg(standing for“ﬁnitely satisﬁable generics”).In Section7of the paper we prove that deﬁnably compact groups deﬁnable in o-minimal expansions of real closed ﬁelds have fsg.GROUPS,MEASURES,AND THE NIP571 Again weﬁx a saturated model¯M of T,and G will denote a group,deﬁnable in ¯M over∅.Deﬁnition4.1.G has fsg(ﬁnitely satisﬁable generics)if there is some global type p(x)and some small model M0such that p(x)|=“x∈G”,and every left translate gp={φ(x):φ(g−1x)∈p}of p with g∈G isﬁnitely satisﬁable in M0.The basic example of such a group is a stable group.(If G is stable,then there exists a global generic type p of G in the sense of stable group theory,namely every translate of p does not fork over∅.But then by the characterization of forking in the stable context,every translate of p isﬁnitely satisﬁable in any submodel M0.) In simple theories,however,deﬁnable groups will not,as a rule,have fsg.Also, the ordered group R,<,+ does not have fsg.On the other hand the generically metastable groups from[12]which were introduced in connection with deﬁnability in algebraically closed-valuedﬁelds do have fsg.For the remainder of this paper we call a deﬁnable subset X of G(or the formula deﬁning it)left generic ifﬁnitely many left translates of X cover G and likewise with right generic.X is generic if it is both left and right generic.A partial type Σ(x)implying x∈G is left(right)generic if every formula inΣ(x)is.Although this is in accordance with established vocabulary in the case of stable theories,one should be aware that there is a discrepancy in the case of simple theories.Notice that if p is a global type in G and if X is a deﬁnable left generic subset of G,then some left translate of X(i.e.of the formula“x∈X”)is in p.Proposition4.2.Suppose that G has fsg,witnessed by p and M0,and let X⊆G be deﬁnable.Then the following hold.(i)X is left generic iﬀX is right generic(so we just say generic).(ii)X is generic if and only if every left(right)translate of X meets M0.(iii)p is a generic type,as is any left or right translate of p.(iv)If X is generic and X=X1∪X2where the X i are deﬁnable,then one of X1,X2is generic.Proof.Before we start,let us note that(*)p−1={φ(x):φ(x−1)∈p}has the property that every right translate of it isﬁnitely satisﬁable in M0(i)Suppose X to be left generic.Then for any c∈G,cX is also left generic, so some left translate of cX is contained in p whereby cX is contained in some left translate gp of p.By the assumption(on p,M0),cX meets M0,namely there is b∈G(M0)such that b∈cX,so c−1∈Xb−1.We have shown that every element of G lies in Xb for some b∈G(M0).Compactness implies thatﬁnitely many right translates of X cover G;namely X is right generic.The other direction(right generic implies left generic)follows from(*)in this proof and symmetry.(ii)follows from the proof of(i).(iii)If X is in p,then every left translate of X is in a left translate of p and so meets M0,whereby X is generic by(ii).(iv)If X is generic,then X is in a translate of p.Thus one of X1,X2is in the same translate of p.By(iii)one of X1,X2is generic.Notice that Proposition4.2implies that G has fsg,witnessed by M0,if and only if every deﬁnable generic subset of G meets M0and the complement of every nongeneric set is generic(the latter implies the existence of a generic type,while theﬁrst implies that a generic type isﬁnitely satisﬁable).。

PrincipalProtectedNotes-StateTreasurer

CALIFORNIA DEBT AND INVESTMENT ADVISORY COMMISSION915 CAPITOL MALL, ROOM 400 | SACRAMENTO, CA 95814 | (916) 653-3269 | /CDIACCDIAC No. 13-10OTHER NAMES FOR PPNs INCLUDE:Capital Guarantee Notes, Absolute Return Notes, Minimum Return Notes, Equity Linked Notes (ELN), Market Linked Guaranteed Investment Certificates (market-lined GICs) and other similar names.PrincipalProtected NotesGenti Droboniku CDIAC Research UnitINTRODUCTIONThe low interest rate environment expe-rienced in the last decade has spurred a demand among some local agencies for products which can provide the safety and liquidity of a fixed income instrument with the opportunity for above market returns. Principal Protected Notes (PPNs) and simi-larly structured instruments are being pro-moted to satisfy this demand.California Government Code Section 53601.6(b) prohibits local agencies from investing in products which have a prob-ability of returning zero interest at maturity. PPNs are complex products typically struc-tured with two components: 1) a zero cou-pon bond 1 designed to return 100 percentof principal at maturity, and 2) an option or derivative component, which allows the in-vestor to participate in the appreciated value, if any, of an underlying index, such as the S&P 500, Russell 2000, and Nikkei 225, LI-BOR, specialized ETFs, or foreign currency. This derivative component will result in zero interest if the underlying indices depreciate.Although the zero coupon component may be a qualified investment under Sec-tion 53601, the derivative component is not. The investment authority provided to California local agencies by Section 53601 is “prescriptive.” If an investment is not in-cluded in that section it is not an authorized investment. Investment instruments based on a derivative are not specifically men-tioned in Section 53601 and are considered prohibited investments.2Realizing that PPNs are being marketed to California public agencies as an alterna-tive to low yielding medium term notes,CDIAC published this issue brief to provide public agencies with a description of the in-strument and outline the relevant state regu-lations governing their use. In addition, we include as an appendix a discussion of the reg-ulations pertaining to the brokering of PPNs.HOW DO PPNs WORK?PPNs are debt instruments which guaran-tee 100 percent of the principal (maturity value) if held to maturity.3 It is important to note that the guarantee is only as reliable as the issuer’s ability to pay. PPN structures vary and can often be complex and difficult to evaluate in terms of risk. For the pur-pose of this issue brief we will discuss PPNs structured as a zero coupon bond with a derivative component. Figure 1 illustrates the allocation of funds of a simple $10 mil-lion PPN. As indicated in Figure 1, the $101 Zero coupon bonds and similar investments that start at a level below the face value are qualified investments because their value does increase to par at maturity.2U.S. government sponsored enterprise (GSEs) derivative products offer traditional fixed-income securities (notes and bonds) as well as other more complex, often customized products. The California Code places no restrictions on these types of investments other than the prohibitions against inverse floaters, range notes, interest-only strips derived from mortgage pools, and securities that could result in zero-interest accrual if held to maturity. 3Depending on the structure some PPNs can have high fees and hidden costs.C O M P O N E N T S O F A S I M P L E $10M P P NISSUANCE DATE MATURITY DATE2FIGURE 2SCENARIO #1: CALCULATION OF THE PAYMENT AMOUNT WHEN THE PERCENTAGE CHANGE OF UNDERLYING INDEX PORTFOLIO IS POSITIVEINITIAL INDEX LEVEL (START YEAR 1)FINAL INDEX LEVEL (END OF YEAR 5)PERCENTAGE CHANGECOMPONENT WEIGHT WEIGHTEDCOMPONENT CHANGEDow Jones Industrial Average Index 15,191.70 17,765.00 16.94%25.00% 4.235%Nikkei 225 Index 14,484.72 15,010.00 3.6320.000.725S&P 500 Index 1,695.00 1,945.00 14.7520.00 2.950FTSE 100 Index 6,460.01 7,773.40 20.3325.00 5.083Russell 2000 Index1,087.431,334.0022.67%10.00%2.267%15.260%PERCENTAGE CHANGE = 15.260%INDEX INTEREST = $10,000,000 X 15.260% =$1,526,008.17TOTAL PAYMENT AMOUNT AT MATURITY = $10,000,000 + $1,526,008.17 = $11,526,008.17SCENARIO # 2: CALCULATION OF THE PAYMENT AMOUNT WHEN THE PERCENTAGE CHANGE OF UNDERLYING INDEX PORTFOLIO IS NEGATIVEINITIAL INDEX LEVEL (START YEAR 1)FINAL INDEX LEVEL (END OF YEAR 5)PERCENTAGE CHANGECOMPONENT WEIGHT WEIGHTEDCOMPONENT CHANGEDow Jones Industrial Average Index 15,191.70 14,234.00 -6.30%25.00%-1.576%Nikkei 225 Index 14,484.72 10,465.00 -27.7520.00-5.550S&P 500 Index 1,695.00 1,945.00 14.7520.00 2.950FTSE 100 Index 6,460.01 5,351.00-17.1725.00-4.292Russell 2000 Index1,087.431,120.003.00%10.00%0.300%-8.169%PERCENTAGE CHANGE = 0.00% (if the sum of weighted component changes is negative then the percentage change is deemed to be zero)INDEX INTEREST = 10,000,000 X 0.00% =$0.00TOTAL PAYMENT AMOUNT AT MATURITY = $10,000,000 + $0.00 = $10,000,000million issue is structured such that $7 mil-lion is allocated to purchase a zero coupon bond while the remaining $3 million (mi-nus fees, commissions, and other costs) is used to hedge the issuer’s obligation under the agreement, thus the issuer may use the note proceeds to purchase futures and op-tions related to an underlying index. As shown, the zero-coupon bond component will grow to its par (maturity) value of $10million, while the derivative component’s return will vary based on the performance of the underlying index over the investment period. Based on this structure, the PPN can claim to “guarantee”4 no loss of principal be-cause the investor is essentially trading the accreted interest on the zero-coupon bond component for the opportunity to bet on the derivative component of the instrument. The example below illustrates the structure and performance of a PPN including linkedindices along with a calculation of payment amounts under different scenarios.5EXAMPLE: Investor A invests $10 mil-lion in a PPN issued by ABC bank. The note is linked to the weighted value of five indices: the Dow Jones Industrial Av-erage, Nikkei 225 S&P 500, FTSE 100, and Russell 2000. It is a five year note with each index having a specified weight (component weight). Figure 2 summa-4Often the guarantee is only for the principal at maturity. Investors should be aware that they can lose the guarantee on their principal and be charged a fee if they sell early. In addition, the guarantee is only as good as the issuer’s ability to pay. Therefore, it is important that before purchasing such notes investors evaluate the issuer’s credit risk. 5The dollar amounts and indices used in the example are hypothetical but the structure of the note is similar to a PPN issued by a major global financial institution.rizes payment calculations for a positive and negative derivative index change. As Figure 2 indicates the performance of the note is determined by the performance of unrelated underlying indices. ADDITIONAL STRUCTURING FACTORSAs with most derivative related products, the complexity of the design, payout op-tions, and structures can make it chal-lenging for investors to determine pay-ments and assess the risk and potential for growth of a PPN. In addition, a PPN can be structured in a way that limits payments to a certain percentage even if the values of underlying indices increase at a higher rate. For instance, the note in the example above (Scenario 1) could be structured to pay no more than 10 percent, although the underlying indices increased by 15 percent. Under this scenario, the investor would get $11 million instead of $11.5 million at maturity [$10M + ($10M*10%)]. Another factor determining the return on the investment is the participation rate. The participation rate determines how much of the gain in the underlying index is credited to the PPN. The PPN may be structured in a way that has a participa-tion rate of less than 100 percent. For in-stance, a participation rate of 75 percent would return only 75 percent of the gains in the underlying index, thereby reducing the potential earnings. If we used a par-ticipation rate of 75 percent in the above example (Scenario 1), the total weighted index gains would not be 15.26 percent but 11.45 percent (15.2*.75), reducing the earnings by nearly $400,000.Some PPNs are structured to meet the re-quirements of Section 53601.6(b) by of-fering an additional investment return. For example, a PPN with 100 percent princi-pal protection may offer an additional 1.5 percent interest over the principal, pay-ing 101.5 percent of initial investment at maturity, irrespective of the performance of the derivative component. These struc-tures may be marketed to local agenciesas permissible medium-term notes. How-ever, the derivative component of a PPN isbased on securities which, by themselves,are not permissible investments for localagencies, thereby making the note a pro-hibited investment.SUMMARYThe marketing efforts by issuers and bro-kers, coupled with the low interest rateenvironment and the declining supply oftraditional fixed income debt investments,has stimulated interest among local agen-cies in PPNs and similarly structuredproducts. PPNs are complex products interms of both structure and risk, with asignificant probability of returning zerointerest on the initial investment whenheld to maturity. The derivative compo-nent of PPNs is linked to indices based oncomponents (often equity and commodityindices) which are prohibited investmentsfor California local agencies. In addition,California Government Code Section53601.6(b) prohibits local agencies frompurchasing securities which can result inzero interest accrual if held to maturity.As the examples above illustrate, thereare circumstances in which a PPNs willreturn zero interest accrual on the initialinvestment. Given these facts, CDIAC isof the opinion that—no matter how theyare structured—as long as PPNs’ deriva-tive components are based on unauthor-ized investments and there is a probabilityof zero interest accrual at maturity, PPNsare prohibited investments for Californialocal agencies.Appendix A:REGULATIONS CONCERNINGTHE BROKERING OF PPNsOfferings of structured products, such asPPNs, generally are conducted as publicofferings of securities. As such, these prod-ucts are governed by the Securities Act of1933 and Securities Exchange Act of 1934.The Securities Act of 1933 requires that(a) investors receive financial and othersignificant information concerning securi-ties being offered for public sale; and (b)prohibits deceit, misrepresentations, andother fraud in the sale of securities.6 TheSecurities Exchange Act of 1934 createdthe Securities and Exchange Commissionwhich has broad authority over all aspectsof securities laws. Nonetheless, there isnot a single regulation or body of regula-tions applicable to the issuance, marketing,and sale of PPNs and similarly structurednotes. Below we have outlined several rel-evant regulations issued by the FinancialIndustry Regulatory Agency (FINRA). Al-though these regulations govern the issuersand brokers of structured products such asPPNs, investors should review these regu-lations and ensure that issuers and brokersare providing full disclosure and comply-ing with relevant regulations.• Financial Industry Regulatory Authority(FINRA) Rule 2110 (Standards of Com-mercial Honor and Principles of T rade)states that materials and presentationsrelated to the sales of structured productssuch as PPNs must present a balancedapproach regarding risks and benefits.For instance, firms cannot present suchproducts as “conservative investments”unless these statements are accurate.Further, presentations and sales materi-als which present PPNs as ordinary debtsecurity and omit descriptions and risksrelated to the derivative portion of thenote would violate Rule 2210. Also,in compliance with this Rule, the Na-6Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) Rule 2110, /about/laws.shtml#secact1933.3tional Association of Securities Dealers(NASD) reminds its members that “dis-closure in a prospectus supplement doesnot cure otherwise deficient disclosurein sales material, even if such sales mate-rial is accompanied or preceded by theprospectus supplement.”• FINRA Rule 2210 (Communication with the Public) related to the NationalAssociation of Securities Dealers (NASD)requires that “all communications with the public, including advertisements and public appearances regarding PPNs,must present a fair and balanced pictureregarding both their risks and potentialbenefits. Rule 2210 also prohibits exag-gerated, unwarranted or misleading state-ments and the omission of any materialfact or qualification that would cause acommunication to be misleading.”7• FINRA Rule 2310 notes that beforedetermining whether structured prod-ucts such as PPNs are suitable for aspecific investor, the dealer must ex-amine: “(1) the customer’s financialstatus, (2) the customer’s tax status,(3) the customer’s investment objec-tives, and (4) such other informationused or considered to be reasonable bysuch member or registered representa-tive in making recommendations tothe customer.” FINRA notes that “ [t]he derivative component of structuredproducts and the potential loss of theprincipal for many such products maymake them unsuitable for investorsseeking alternatives to debt securi-ties... The profit and loss potential ofmany structured products is more akinto an option contract.”8• FINRA’s Regulatory Notice 09-73 is-sued on December 2009 states that:“Firms must ensure that their promo-tional materials or communications tothe public regarding these products arefair and balanced, and do not overstateeither the level of protection offered oran investment’s potential returns. Firmsalso have a duty to ensure that their reg-istered representatives understand therisks, terms and costs associated withthese products, and that they performan adequate suitability analysis beforerecommending them to a customer.”97FINRA Rule 2210, /en/display/display_main.html?rbid=2403&element_id=106488FINRA Rule 2310, /web/groups/industry/@ip/@reg/@notice/documents/notices/p014997.pdf9FINRA’s Regulatory Notice 09-73, /web/groups/industry/@ip/@reg/@notice/documents/notices/p120596.pdf4。

Science Has Spoiled My Suppe1

Science Has Spoiled My SupperI am a fan for science. My education is scientific and I have, in one field, contributed a monograph to a scientific journal. Science, to my mind, is applied honesty, the one reliable means we have to find out truth. That is why, when error is committed in the name of Science, I feel the way a man would if his favorite uncle had taken to drink.Over the years, I have come to feel that way about what science has done to food. I agree that America can set as good a table as any nation in the world. I agree that our food is nutritious and that the diet of most of us is well-balanced. What America eats is handsomely packaged; it is usually clean and pure; it is excellently preserved. The only trouble with it is this: year by year it grows less good to eat. It appeals increasingly to the eye. But who eats with his eyes? Almost everything used to taste better when I was a kid. For quite a long time I thought that observation was merely another index of advancing age. But some years ago, I married a girl whose mother is an expert cook of the kind called ―old-fashioned‖. This gifted woman’s daughter(my wife) was taught her mother’s venerable skills. She still buys dairy products from the neighbors and, in so far as possible, she uses the same materials her mother and grandmother did—to prepare meals that are superior. They are just as good as I recall them from my courtship. After eating for a while at the table of my mother-in-law, it is sad to go back to eating with my friends—even the alleged ―good cooks‖ among them. And it is a gruesome experience to have meals at the best bit-city restaurants.Take cheese, for instance. Here and there, in big cities, small stores and delicatessens specialize in cheese. At such places, one can buy at least some of the first-rate cheeses that we used to eat-such as those we had with pie and macaroni. The latter were sharp but not too sharp. They were a little crumbly. We called them American cheeses; actually they were Cheddars. Long ago, this cheese began to be supplanted by a material called ―cheese foods‖. Some cheese foods are fairly edible; but no one comes within miles of the old kinds-for flavor.A grocer used to be very fussy about his cheese. Cheddar was made and sold by hundreds of little factories. Representatives of the factories had particular customers, and cheese was prepared by hand to suit the grocers, who knew precisely what their patrons wanted. Some liked them sharper; some liked them yellower; some liked anise seed in cheese, or caraway.What happened? Science—or what is called science—stepped in. the old-fashioned cheese didn’t ship well enough. They crumbled, became moldy, dried out. ―Scientific marketing‖ then took ef fect. Its motto is: ―Give the people the least quality they’ll stand for.‖ In food, as in many other things, the ―scientific marketers‖ regard quality as secondary as long as they can sell most persons anyhow.It is not possible to make the very best chees e in vast quantities at a low average cost. ―Scientific samplings‖ got in its statistically nasty work. It was found that the largest number of people will buy something that is bland and rather tasteless. Those who prefer a product of a pronounced and individualistic flavor have a variety of preferences. Nobody is altogether pleased by bland foodstuff, in other words; but nobody is very violently put off. The result is that a ―reason‖ has been found for turning out zillions of packages of something that wi ll ―do‖ for nearly all and isn’t even imagined to be superlatively good by a single soul.Economics entered. It is possible to turn out in quantity a bland, impersonal, practically imperishable substance more or less resembling, say cheese—at lower cost than cheese. Chain groceries shut out the independent stores and ―standardization‖ became a principal means of cutting cost.Imitations also came into the cheese business. There are American duplications of most of the celebrated European cheese, mass-produced and cheaper by far than the imports. They would cause European food-lovers to gag and guffaw—but generally, the imitations are all that’s available in the supermarkets. People buy them and eat them.For years, I couldn’t figure out what had happened to vegetables. I knew, of course, that most vegetables, to be enjoyed in their full deliciousness, must be picked fresh and cooked at once. I knew that vegetables cannot be overcooked and remain even edible, in the best sense. They cannot stand on the stove. That set of facts makes it impossible, of course, for any American restaurant—or, indeed, any city-dweller separated from supply by more than a few hours—to have decent fresh vegetables. The Parisians manage by getting their vegetables picked at dawn and rushed in farmers’ carts to market, where no middleman or market man delays produce on it’s way to the pot.Our vegetables, however, come to us through a long chain of command. There are merchants of several sorts—wholesalers before the retailers, commission men, and so on—with the result that what were once edible products become, in transit, mere wilted leaves and withered tubers.Homes and restaurants do what they can with this stuff—which my mother-in-law would discard on the spot. I have long thought that the famed blindfold test for cigarettes should be applied to city vegetables. For I am sure that if you pureed them blindfolded, you couldn’t tell the beans from the peas, the turnips from the squash.It is only lately that I have found how much science of genetics is involved. Agronomists and the like have taken to breeding all sorts of vegetables and fruits—changing their original nature. This sounds wonderful and often is insane. For the scientists have not as a rule taken any interest whatso ever in the taste of the things they’ve tampered with!What they have done is to develop ―improved‖ strains of things for every purpose but eating. They work out, say, peas that will ripen all at once. The farmers can then harvest his peas and thresh them and be done with them. It is extremely profitable because it is efficient. What matters if such peas taste like boiled paper wads?Geneticists have gone crazy over such ―opportunities‖. They’ve developed string beans that are straight instead of curved, and all one length. This makes them easier to pack in cans, even if, when eating them, you can’t tell them from tender string. Ripening time and identity of size and shape are, nowadays, more important in carrots than the fact that they taste like carrots. They are producing onions that only vaguely remind you of onions. We are getting some varieties, in fact, that have less flavor than the water of last week’s leeks. Yet, if people don’t eat onions because they taste like onions, what do they eat them for?The women’s magazines are about on third dedicated to clothes, one third to mild comment on sex, and the other third to recipes and pictures of handsome salads, desserts, and main courses. “Institutes‖ exist to experiment and tell housewives how to cook at tractive meals and how to turnleftovers into works of art. The food thus pictured looks like famous paintings of still life. The only trouble is it’s tasteless.I wonder if this blandness of our diet doesn’t explain why so many of us are overweight and ev en dangerously so. When things had flavor, we knew what we were eating all the while—and it satisfied us. A teaspoonful of my mother-in-law’s wild strawberry jam will entirely satisfy your jam desire. But, of the average tinned of glass-packed strawberry jam, you need half a cupful to get the idea of what you’re eating.That thought is worthy of genuine scientific investigation. It is merely a hypothesis, do far, and my own. But people have been eating according to flavor for upwards of a billion years. The need to satisfy the sense of taste may be innate and important. When food has the flavor of library paste, it may be the instinct of mankind to go on eating in the unconscious hope of finally satisfying the frustrated taste buds. In the days when good-tasting was the rule in the American home, obesity wasn’t such a national curse.It is, however, ―deep-freezing‖ that has really rung down the curtain on American cookery. Nothing is improved by the process. I have yet to taste a deep-frozen victual that measures up, in flavor, to the fresh, unfrosted original. And most foods, cooked or uncooked, are destroyed in the deep freeze for all people of sense and sensibility. Vegetables with crisp and cracking texture emerge as mush, slippery and stringy as hair nets simmered in Vaseline. The essential oils that make peas peas—and cabbage cabbage—must undergo fission and fusion in freezers. Anyhow, they vanish. Some meats turn to leather. Others to wood pulp.Of course, all this scientific ―food handling‖ tends to sav e money. It certainly preserves food longer. It reduces work at home. But these facts, and especially the last, imply that the first purpose of living is to avoid work—at home, anyhow.Without thinking, we are making an important confession about ourselves as a nation. We are abandoning quality—even, to some extent, the quality of people. The ―best‖ is becoming too good for us. We are suckling ourselves on machine-made mediocrity. It is bad for our souls, our minds, and our digestion. It is the way our wiser and calmer forebears fed, not people, but hogs: as much as possible and as fast as possible, with no standard of quality.The Germans say, ―Man is what he eats.‖ If this be true, the people of the U.S.A. are well on their way to becoming a faceless mob of mediocrities. And if we apply to other attributes the criteria we apply these days to appetite, that is what would happen! We would not want bright children any more; we’d merely want them to look bright—and get through school fast. We wouldn’t be inter ested in beautiful women—just a good paint job. And we’d be opposed to the most precious quality of man; his individuality, his differentness from the mob.There are some people—sociologists and psychologists among them—who say that is exactly what we Americans are doing, are becoming. Mass man, they say, is on the increase. Conformity, standardization, similarity—all on a cheap and vulgar level—are replacing the great American ideas of colorful liberty and dignified individualism. If this is so, the process may well begin, like most human behavior, in the home—in those homes where a good meal has been replaced by something-to–eat-in-a-hurry. By something mot very good to eat, prepared by a mother without very much to do, for a family that doesn’t feel it a mounts to much anyhow.I call, here, for rebellion.。

RCS书写格式

RSC Word Template (Version 3.0)Basic PrinciplesThe “.dot” file in this archive is a styles-based Microsoft Word template designed to mimic the look of a journal printed page. The fonts, font sizes, paragraph spacings and other formatting details have all been preset in the template, and you should not need to change them. In fact any alteration will mean that the manuscript is no longer an accurate reflection of how long the article would be when published. All the text in the manuscript should be formatted using one of the predefined styles, although it is permissible to add things like bold, italic, superscript, subscript and small caps manually.Do not use multiple paragraph marks or space characters to add space to your manuscript, all necessary spacing has already been included in the various paragraph styles. Single tab characters should be used at the beginning of text paragraphs other than those that follow a heading, or between the number and content of a reference.TIP: The formatting data for a paragraph is “stored” in the para-graph character (¶) at the end of the paragraph. If this is deleted or overtyped, the formatting is lost.PLEASE NOTE: the RSC does not use (or even refer to) your submitted Word file when creating the final printed page, as our workflow is based on XML automatically formatted by printer stylesheets. The layout of the published article, including graphic placement, is generated using the predefined page design. Authors should therefore not spend time on manual tweeking of the template layout (e.g. changing the character spacing) and detailed design work (e.g. hours spent re-arranging the placement of graphics to please the eye).To open a new documentInsert the template “.dot” file into your Word templates directory (in Word, look in Tools→Options on the File Locations tab to find the path to your User Templates directory, then copy the file into that directory). Then, from the File→New window, select the RSC template and open a new file. Depending on your security settings, a window may appear informing you that the template contains macros - you should enable the macros, they are there to help you and are not in any way dangerous.Further HelpFurther, more detailed help is available in the Help Window within the template. Click on the Help Window button on the RSC Toolbar at the bottom of the screen. If the toolbar is not visible when you open the template, go to View→Toolbars and make sure RSCTools is ticked.Using the templateThe template consists of a “dummy paper” with the correct layout but dummy text. The dummy text should be typed over as you write. If at any point the style is lost or incorrect, e.g. during the pasting of blocks of text from another document, the correct style can be re-imposed from the Styles... button on the toolbar at the bottom of the screen. Simply click inside the paragraph in question, then click on the button for the required style. Paper TitleThis can be broken into several parts with full stops; however, the whole title should appear in one paragraph, and not broken by carriage returns.Paper AuthorsFull author names rather than initials should be used. The last two author names should be separated by “and”, while other author names should be separated by commas. Corresponding authors should be indicated by placing an asterisk (*; not superscript) after their name (and possible comma). Next, affiliations should be indicated using superscript, italic, lowercase letters which corres-pond to the letters preceding the addresses (see below for address formatting). Multiple affiliations should be separated by commas. Finally, any footnote symbols relating to individual authors (e.g. giving a current address) should follow the affiliation indicators. Receipt/Acceptance, Publication and DOI linesDo not edit or change these lines in any way.AbstractFor communications, this should be a single sentence that sum-marises the content of the communication. For full articles and reports, the abstract should consist of a paragraph of text outlining the main points of the article.HeadingsThese my be used in full articles and in communications other than those submitted to Chemical Communications. The correct hierarchy should be maintained, i.e. B headings only after A headings, C headings only after B headings etc.Main TextThe main text of the communication should appear here, along with any illustrations, tables etc. For communications, introductory matter should be kept to a minimum.A tab stop has been set in the style to allow for easy indenting of text (although the first paragraph and paragraphs that follow headings should not be indented). Simply type a “tab” character before each paragraph.List TextThis is for text in list form. Lists can be numbered or bulleted, but remember to add a tab character after the symbol/number and before the text.“Notes and references” HeadingThis should not be changed. (Note: this is the only heading allowed in Chemical Communications articles.)Author AddressesThis section gives the addresses where the work detailed in the article was carried out. If there is only one address given, affiliation indicators are not required. For two or more addresses, superscript, italic, lowercase indicators should be used.Although the author addresses will appear in a footnote at the bottom of the first page of the article when it is printed in the journal, when using the template authors are asked to place the addresses at the beginning of the “Notes and references” section. This simplifies the process for both the author and the RSC, and doesn't affect article length.FootnotesThese might include comments relevant to but not central to the matter under discussion, limited experimental and spectral data, and crystallographic data.Although footnotes will appear in different places in the final printed article, when using the template authors are asked to place them in the Notes and references section, between the author addresses and the references. This simplifies the process for both the author and the RSC, and doesn't affect article length. ReferencesThese appear after the footnotes. It is permissible to use reference management software when creating your manuscript.TablesTables can contain almost anything - many forms of data benefit from using a tabular layout.To insert a table, place you cursor in the desired location and press the requisite button on the Graphics floating toolbar. Once a basic table has been inserted into the document, you will need to expand the single cell initially provided to produce a complete table. Tools for this are provided via the Tables floating toolbar. Simply select one or more cells and press the relevant button. You can change the width of the columns by dragging the dashed column outlines within the table with the cursor — don’t use the markers within the page rulers at the edge of the page, as this will destroy the table width pre-sets.IllustrationsTo insert an illustration, place you cursor in the desired location and press the requisite button on the Graphics floating toolbar. A “X” will appear as a placeholder for the graphic, and a dummy caption will be inserted beneath it if appropriate. Highlight the “X” (taking care not to select the paragraph mark that follows it) and use Insert→Picture→From file... to replace it with your graphic. It may be necessary to resize your image once it's in place; use Format→Picture to modify its settings. Finally, if necessary replace the dummy caption with your own text.Figures/SchemesThese are diagrams with captions. Typically, figures are photo-graphs, graphs, or spectra, while schemes usually show reaction schemes. If the caption is less than one line of text, the text is centred, otherwise the text for captions is justified (left and right aligned). Uncaptioned ImagesThese are diagrams that don’t have captions. They usually contain numbered chemical structures.EquationsEquations can contain mathematics, rate equations, or even chemical reactions in schematic form.Artwork PreparationThe artwork for your article should be prepared complete in an appropriate software package, then saved as an individual file in “.tif” format, and finally inserted into your Word document using the Insert→Picture→From file sequence.Do not edit the picture in any way once it has been inserted into the document. If further changes are necessary, edit the original version in the original software package, then save it and reinsert it into the Word document.The one exception to the guidelines given above is artwork prepared using ChemDraw. You can select the whole of your structure or scheme, copy it to the clipboard, and then paste it into your Word document (saving as a “.tif” file is not necessary in this case). You may need to reformat the ChemDraw image once it is inserted, as it is often distorted initially. Right click on the image, and select Format Picture or Format Object (whichever appears in the pop-up menu). On the Size tab, make sure that the Height and Width scales are set to 100%. If there is a Position tab present, make sure that Float over text is NOT selected, while if there is a Layout tab, make sure In line with text IS selected. Then click OK.Comprehensive guidelines for creating illustrations, as well as downloadable templates, can be obtained from the RSC website (/illustrations).Difficulties inserting imagesIn some versions of Word the default settings cause inserted graphics to behave in unexpected ways (frames disappearing, graphics floating over unexpected places etc.). Implementing the steps below can often help.1. FromtheTools menu, select Options.2. In the dialogue box that appears, click on the Edit tab.3. FindtheInsert/paste pictures as drop down menu, and select in line with text, then click OK.If you still have problems, put a space character after the “X” before selecting the “X” to insert the graphic.。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

Notes on AddingPrincipal Comp onen tsto AXISRobert A.StineDepartmen t ofStatisticsThe WhartonSc hooloftheUniv ersit y ofPennsylv aniaPhiladelphia,PA 19104-6302stine@stat.wharton.up July 22,19961In tro ductionThis note outlines mo diﬂcations that add a command to AXIS .The command performs a principal componen tsanalysis andoptionally returns theprincipal componen tscores tothe asso c iated dataset.The steps r equired toadd this command resem b le those used toadd a histogram com-mand asdescribed inStine (1995).T he discussion giv e n here assumes that you ha ve read this other pap er.The diﬁerences fromthesimpler histogram example are threefold.First,theprogramming is morecomplex sinceL isp-Stat do esnotha ve a function that performs principal componen ts.Second,t his command optionally returns componen t scores t othe dataset asnew v ariables.Finally ,the object c reated by the command dialog inthis e xample is nota plot,l ik e thehistogram,butrather i s a mo del object that represen tstheprincipal componen tsanalysis.The ﬂle princomp.lsp con tains t he co dethat implemen t s this e xample;this ﬂle is a v ail-able with those ﬂles distributed for AXIS .2Deﬂning the Principal Comp onentsOb jectA principal componen tsanalysis is basically an eigen v alue decomp osition ofa matrix.T his input matrix caneither be a co v ariance matrix ora correlation matrix deﬂned froma set1ofdata v ariables.This suggests that ourfunction ough t toha ve an option t hat determinesand theasso c iated c orrelationmatrix.F re-v ariableswhether we wan t tousestandardizedornot.componen t scores,be theystandardizedquen tly,onewan tstosa ve theprincipalHowev er,onewould not always wan t tosa ve thecomponen ts.Thus,ourfunction ough tcomponen tsdecomp ositionandlet the user subse-to,sa y,prin t a summaryofthe principalquen tly decide w hether tosa ve thecomponen tscores intheasso c iated dataset.called prin-comp, The righ t wa y toimplemen t these features istodeﬂnea function,This object becomes the\target" whic h returns an object that handles t hecomputations.oftheasso c iated AXIS commando dialog.Hereis thefunction:(defunprin-comp(vars&key variable-labels stan?)(sendprin-comp-proto:new vars:labelsvariable-labels:stan?stan?))The argumen t saretlist deﬂning t hedata for an input v ariable. vars:A list oflists,with eac h constituenwhic h serv e tolab eltheprin t ed :Optional t ext namesofthev ariablesvariable-labelssummary.v ariables stan?:An optional boolean indicatingwhether we should w orkwith standardizedmatrix)o rnot(co v ariance matrix).(correlation.Now we needtodeﬂne theprotot ype prin-comp-proto.When prin-comp sends the:new The work is doneinthe metho dsof prin-comp-protomessage totheprotot ype,it in vok estheasso c iated:isnew metho d deﬂned belo w: (defmeth prin-comp-proto:isnew(vars&key labels(stan?t)x))))(flet((stan(x)(/(-x(meanx))(standard-deviation(setf(slot-value’vars)(apply#’bind-columns(if stan?(mapcar#’stanvars)vars))) (setf(slot-value’labels)labels)(setf(slot-value’stan?)stan?)(sendself:calc-coefs)(sendself:display)))and eigen tocovariance-matrixfunctionsThe metho d:calc-coefs u ses the Lisp-Statobtain theeigen v alues and componen t co e–cien t s.After computing theco e–cien t s,themetho d:display prin t sa summaryinthe Lisp-StatListener windo w.All oftheco de for this object a pp ears intheﬂle princomp.lsp.ofthehandles t hecalculationsA separate metho d whic h is notcalled atinitializationcomponen tscores.This metho d:calc-components returns a list whic h holds theuncorre-are lated p rincipalcomponen tscores.Since these a re often n otcomputed,t hese c alculations dela y ed un til theuser requests them via a button implemen t edbelo w.Thisbutton sends theobject t he:calc-components message.is that wedonotneed touse it whenweare intheA useful feature of the AXIS in terfaceco de.Since thein terface simply calls a function whic h pro cess ofdev eloping theunderlyingbuilds a n object,we candebugthis program without concern f or in terface issues.Thus,wing we arefree to implemen t and test the prin-comp using\ra w"Lisp-Stat.The follooftheprincipalcomponen tsobject. commentedLisp co dec hec ksthecrucial features;---Definea small10x3collection of data(def test(mapcar#’normal-rand(repeat103)));---Computethe principal components(withor withoutstandarization) (def pc(prin-comp test:variable-labels’("V1""V2""V3""V4")))(def pc(prin-comp test:variable-labels’("V1""V2""V3""V4"):stan?t));---Calculate a new10x3systemof uncorrelated c omponent scores(def comp(sendpc:calc-components));---Checkthat the meansand covariances of pc’s are correct(mapcar#’meancomp)(covariance-matrix(apply#’bind-columns c omp))3Adding the Principal Comp onentsCommandNow that theunderlying co de isimplemen t edand tested,we canglue itin tothe AXIS As with adding thehistogram command(Stine1995),w eﬂrst deﬂne a new menuin terface..The deﬂnitionofthemenu item isitem in install-statistics-menu:new(pcItem(sendstat-menu-item-proto"Principal Components"pc-cmd-proto))Thisitemm ustalso be addedto thelist o fmenu items at theend ofthedeﬂnition of.install-statistics-menuMimic king thedeﬂnitionofthe Correlation c ommand(whic h also tak esasinput a listws.ofv ariables),therequired in terface co deis asfollo(defproto pc-cmd-proto’(sToggle)nil commando-proto)(defmeth pc-cmd-proto:ISNEW()(call-next-method"Principal Components"’prin-comp(list(list"Variables->"))))(defmeth pc-cmd-proto:COMMAND()(cons(slot-value’cmdForm)‘((list,@(first(sendself:form))):variable-labels’,(first(sendself:text)):stan?,(send(slot-value’sToggle):value))))The nested list i nthe:isnew metho d informs t heunderlying co de implemen t edinthetobe giv e n tothis dialog, metho ds of commando-proto that we exp ect a list o fv ariablesThe bac k-quoted f orminthe:command metho d builds t heactual nota single expression.sothat weﬂrst read the v ariable command whic h is executed.The command is constructedtheasso c iated v ariable namesassymbols,a nd thenﬂll thekey ed argumen t sby retrievingnamesastext andreading thestatus ofa toggle inthedialog.A c hec k bo x inthedialog d etermines thev alue ofthetoggle i tem.The toggle i temisis that eac h added tothe dialog inm uc h the samefashion asadding a button.A distinctionby a slot if we wan t torefer t oits v alue asdoneab o ve inthe toggle m ustbe referenced:command metho d.Hereis theco dethat deﬂnes thesingle toggle item.(defmeth pc-cmd-proto:TOGGLE-ITEMS()(let((toggle(sendtoggle-item-proto:new"Standardize":valuet)))(setf(slot-value’sToggle)toggle)(listtoggle)))the default selection,t or nil.Here the default is touse stan-The:value option d eterminesasa standard part ofits collection Toggle i tems are deﬂned in Lisp-Statdardized v ariables.dialogs.ofitems for constructingTheﬂnal piece o fthe in terface co deadds a button whic h builds the componen ts.Again, weo verride the deﬂnitiondeﬂnitionof a metho d whic h returns anempt y list inthe inherited.The new button itemisdeﬂnedby o verriding the:button-items of commando-protowing.metho d with thefollo(defmeth pc-cmd-proto:BUTTON-ITEMS()(list(sendbutton-item-proto:new"Savecomponents":action#’(lambda()(let((pc(send(sendself:target):calc-components)))(mapcar#’(lambda(n v)(send(sendself:dataset):add-variable n v))(mapcar#’(lambda(i)(with-input-from-string(s(formatnil"PC~d"i))(reads)))(iseq1(lengthpc)))pc))))))Part of the complexity issomeexplanation.The action function for this b utton item requiresthat the co dedeﬂnes namesfor eac h of the componen ts that are added tothe AXIS dataset. These datasets exp ect the namestobe giv e nassymbols,n ottext,andhence the con versionthe co deamoun ts toa lo op,with eac h iteration using w ith-input-from-string.Otherwise,adding a componen ttothedataset via themessage(send(sendself:dataset):add-variable n ame values)Theﬂnal dialog s ho wingthec hec k bo x and button app ears inFigure1.The output sho wn intheListener sho ws theformat oftheprin t edsummary ofthecommand.The messenger button is a standard b utton for all ofthe AXIS dialogs.If thetarget r esult of prin-comp were notanobject,this b utton would notop erate p rop erly s ince i ts target would notbe an object.4Referencesbased onin terface for statistics1.Stine,R.A.(1995).AXIS:an extensiblegraphical.To app earinFo x and Stine,E ds.,StatisticalComputing Envir o nments.Lisp-StatSage,NewburyPark,CA..Wiley,New York.2.Tierney,L.(1990).Lisp-Stat。