中国桥梁高性能材料技术进展及创新应用

Key Technique of Design for Special Shape Glass Floor Suspension Bridge over Zhangjiajie Grand Canyon
张家界大峡谷异形玻璃桥
设
计关键技术
Project participant parties
Project owner ：Zhangjiajie East-line Tour Development Company
Designer ：China Railway Major Bridge Reconnaissance & Design Institute Co., Ltd. (BRDI)
General contractor :China Construction Sixth Engineering Division Co., Ltd.
Others：Dotan Ltd. Architects & Urban Designers（Israel ）
本工程参建方
业主：张家界大峡谷旅游景区管理有限公司
设计：中铁大桥勘测设计院集团有限公司
总包：中国建筑第六工程局有限公司
其它：以色列渡堂海建筑与城市设计有限公司Haim Dotan
主要内容Content
1 工程概况Project Overview
2 建设条件Construction Conditions
技术标准Technical Standards
3 功能需求Functional Requirements
4 桥梁设计Bridge Design
5 技术特点Technical Features
6 实施效果Implementation Effect
In 1992, Zhangjiajie Scenic Spot was listed in 'World Natural Heritage List' by the United Nations with its unique quartz sandstone forest peak. In February 2004, it was approved to be the World Geological Park.
The landform of Zhangjiajie was known with its unique type of sandstone terrain. 1992年，张家界风景区因奇特的石英砂岩峰林地貌被联合国列入《世界自然遗产名录》，2004年2月被列入世界地质公园。

张家界地貌是砂岩地貌的一种独特类型，被
称为“张家界地貌”。

Zhangjiajie Grand Canyon is a newly developed tourist scenic spots in Zhangjiajie City.
张家界大峡谷位于慈利县，紧邻张家界核
心景区，是新近开发建设的旅游景区, 汇集了”
The characteristic glass floor bridge is located
in this scenic area.
山、水、洞、湖“于一体，自然风景优美。

张家界大峡谷玻璃桥位于该景区。

The bridge that serves tourism and spans over the canyon was constructed by the Grand Canyon Scenic Area Management Company.
1.
Project Overview 工程概况
大峡谷景区管理公司要求建设一座服务于
旅游、跨越峡谷的桥梁
The span length of the main cables of this
suspension bridge is 430m, and the span
of the stiffening girder is 375m ．The top
deck of the bridge is laminated glass.
该桥悬索桥主缆跨度430m、加劲梁跨度
375m，桥面板为夹胶玻璃
主要内容Content
1 工程概况Project Overview
2 建设条件Construction Conditions
技术标准Technical Standards
3 功能需求Functional Requirements
4 桥梁设计Bridge Design
5 技术特点Technical Features
6 实施效果Implementation Effect
2.1 Construction Conditions 建设条件
（1）Topography 地形地貌
The main pylon are located respectively
on both sides of the canyon.
The raw landforms is peak forest
landscape with karst topography.
两侧悬索桥主塔分别位于峡谷两岸，原
始地貌单元为岩溶（喀斯特）地貌的峰林
地形。

2.1Construction Conditions 建设条件
（2）The Adverse Geological 不良地质
The main unfavorable geology was karst
funnels, caves, dissolution chanels, and
collapses.
The geologic hazard mainly include ground
subsidence and perilous rock.
不良地质现象主要为岩溶漏斗、溶洞、溶
沟及崩塌，地质灾害主要为地面沉陷及危岩
2.2Main Technical Standards 主要技术标准
Design reference period ：50 years（Load criteria and durability On a 100-year basis ）Bridge usage ：Scenic pedestrian bridge
Safety level ：Level 1
Design load ：The upper limit of persons on bridge is 800.
设计基准期：50年（荷载标准和耐久性按100年考虑）
桥梁用途：景区人行桥
桥梁设计安全等级：一级
设计荷载：桥上总人数上限值为800人。

主要内容Content
1 工程概况Project Overview
2 建设条件Construction Conditions
技术标准Technical Standards
3 功能需求Functional Requirements
4 桥梁设计Bridge Design
5 技术特点Technical Features
6 实施效果Implementation Effect
3.1The Functional Requirements As Tourist Facility 作为旅游设施的功能要求3.Functional Requirements 功能要求
The investor of this bridge is responsible for the operation and management of the scenic spot, proposed the following functional requirements :①Structure should be fully transparent, section size and structure height should be small enough.
负责景区运营管理的企业是本桥的投资方，提出本桥功能要求如下：
①桥梁结构要充分通透，断面尺寸和结构高度足够小
②Gives visitors the feeling of deep integration into nature, transparent
downwards, widening upwards, and gradually
opening to both ends of the bridge .
3.1The Functional Requirements As Tourist Facility 作为旅游设施的功能要求
②给游客深度融入大自然的感觉，向
下透明、向上、向桥的两端逐渐敞开
③Extreme Experience:provides
platforms for bungee jumping and
zip line activities ，from brige deck
to valley bottom with height of 280
3.1The Functional Requirements As Tourist Facility 作为旅游设施的功能要求
meters.
③极限体验：设置蹦极与溜索平
台，平台到峡谷底高达280米
④A stage for performance show is set up on the bridge, with grandstand setting up at the
bridge ,head to display the special
culture and
folk of Zhangjiajie.
3.1The Functional Requirements As Tourist Facility 作为旅游设施的功能要求
④桥上设置演艺台，桥头设看台，
可用于举办展示张家界特色文化等活动
⑤Connect
two sides of
the canyon ,so that
tourists can reach the canyon plank road
directly
⑤沟通峡谷两岸，便于游客直接到达峡谷栈道
3.1The Functional Requirements As Tourist Facility 作为旅游设施的功能要求
⑥Features of Function : It is a
personalized, customized multi-
functional bridge!
This bridge serves tourism and meets the various requirements of tourists.
3.1The Functional Requirements As Tourist Facility 作为旅游设施的功能要求
⑥功能特点：是一座个性化的、订制的多
功能桥梁！本桥服务于旅游，满足游客多方面
个性化需求。

3.2Functional Requirements For Bridge Structure 功能对桥梁结构的要求According to functional requirements, the objects that the bridge structure needs to achieve as follows
①结构通透、建筑高度小：悬索桥加劲梁梁高仅0.6米、中间为玻璃桥面板。

The structure must have good permeability and small building height:
The height of the suspension bridge box-girder is limited to no more than 0.6m . For landscape needs, the middle girder is glass deck panels.
②The structural rigidity must much higher
than that of other suspension bridges.
3.2 Functional Requirements For Bridge Structure 功能对桥梁结构的要求②必须有远高于其他悬索桥的结构刚度——桥上密布游客，必须基于严格限制的结构尺寸，保障悬索桥的结构刚度，不出现游客可察觉的振动；
It is necessary to ensure the structural
rigidity based on strictly limited structural
dimensions ，without any noticeable
vibrations when covered densely with
tourists
3.2Functional Requirements For Bridge Structure 功能对桥梁结构的要求
②the top deck floor is transparent glass，it should provide sufficient
safety feeling,so that visitors are willing to stay on the bridge.
②桥面板为透明玻璃，需要为游客提供安全感，以便游客在桥上停留。

3.2Functional Requirements For Bridge Structure功能对桥梁结构的要求
③The structural shape should meets the psychological demand of tourists for safety-gradually widening toward both ends of the bridge
③结构外形满足游客对安全的心理需求——向桥梁的两端方向逐渐变宽
3.2Functional Requirements For Bridge Structure 功能对桥梁结构的要求④Adapt to topography, reduce excavation, become Special shape structure.④适应地形，减少开挖，成为异型结构
The bridge site area is the core area of
the scenic spot ，it is necessary to reduce
excavation , the foundations should be in accordance with the terrain.
桥址区为景区核心区，要求减少开挖、依地
The karst development in the site , the
foundations position are fully determined by
geological conditions, resulting in different
spans between main cable and girder ,also
different pylon column spacings
桥址区岩溶发育，桥梁基础位置由地质条件决
定，导致塔柱间距不相同，缆、梁跨度不同。

形建设桥梁基础；
3.2 Functional Requirements For Bridge Structure 功能对桥梁结构的要求
⑤Bungee jump and zip line make the structure become allotype
蹦极和溜索设备促使结构成为异型
Platform for zip line and bungee jump is set up on stiffening girder, leading to uneven distribution of dead load. As a landscape, the cross beams are not arranged for connecting the pylon columns．
梁上安装溜索、蹦极平台，悬索桥恒载分布不均匀；考虑景观因素塔顶不设横梁
主要内容Content
1 工程概况Project Overview
2 建设条件Construction Conditions
技术标准Technical Standards
3 功能需求Functional Requirements
4 桥梁设计Bridge Design
5 技术特点Technical Features
6 实施效果Implementation Effect
4.1Overall Design Of The Bridge 桥梁总体设计
（1）Plan Design 平面设计
As spatial cable suspension bridge , the cable span is 430m with the sag-to-span ratio of 1/10. The north cable arrangement is (55+430+51)m, the south cable arrangement is (80+430+82)m.
为空间索面悬索桥，主跨主缆跨度430 m，主缆矢跨比1/10，北侧主缆跨度布置为（55+430+51）m＝536 m，南侧主缆跨度布置为（80+430+82）m＝592 m。

（2）Profile Design
纵断面设计the bridge is set to one-way longitudinal
slope of 1.5% from east to west, in order to
reduce the excavation.
4.1Overall Design Of The Bridge 桥梁总体设计
依据桥位处两岸地形及高程情况，
为减少开挖，桥位纵断面从东向西设
1.5%单向纵坡。

（
3）Cross Section Design
横断面设计Width of bridge floor: 6 meters in the middle, gradually widening to 15
meters to both sides.
桥面宽度：中部宽6米，向两侧逐渐变宽为15米
4.1Overall Design Of The Bridge 桥梁总体设计
（4
）Span Arrangement
孔跨布置According to Pier and pylon position determine by terrain , the main cable span is 430m, and stiffening girder span is 375m.
主塔墩位及主跨跨度：主缆跨径430m，主梁长度375m
4.1Overall Design Of The Bridge 桥梁总体设计
The main cable is designed to form a spatial cable plane , Different side spans of
main cable were adopted to minimize excavation.
主缆为空间索面，为最大限度减少开挖，采用了不同的边跨跨度。

4.1Overall Design Of The Bridge 桥梁总体设计
（4）Span Arrangement 孔跨布置
（5
）Structural System
结构体系The stiffening girder is simple supported, lateral wind resistance bearings at both ends are set.
加劲梁为简支体系，加劲梁在两端设竖向拉压支座与侧向抗风支座。

4.1Overall Design Of The Bridge 桥梁总体设计
4.2 Structural Design 结构设计
（1）Main Cable 主缆
The spaceing of main cable at
the center is 8.2m.
The spaceing between pylon
columns at the west side and the
east side is 45m and 50m
respectively.
主缆跨中横向间距为8.2m，东、
西桥塔处横向间距分别为50m、
45m。

4.2 Structural Design 结构设计
（1）Main Cable 主缆
Each main cable consists of 19
strands ,each strand consists of 91
wires of galvanized high-strength
steel wire with diameter of 5.1 mm.
Cable diameter at cable clamp is
234mm.
每根主缆由19股索股组成，每根索股
由91丝直径为5.1mm的镀锌高强钢丝
组成。

索夹处主缆直径为234mm
4.2 Structural Design 结构设计
（2）Stiffening Girder 加劲梁
The stiffening girder is composed of longitudinal girders and crossbeams. The height both of the girder and crossbeam is 0.6 meters.
加劲梁为纵、横梁结构，横梁和纵梁梁高均为0.6米，横梁间距5m
On the hollow part among the longitudinal girder and crossbeam，the tempered laminated glasses are laid．
在纵、横梁围护形成的中空部位铺设钢化夹层玻璃，形成玻璃桥面
（
2）Stiffening Girder
加劲梁
The length of the standard segment of the stiffening girder is 10 m, and all segments are fully welded.
加劲梁标准节段长度为10 m，节段间采用全焊连接
4.2 Structural Design 结构设计
（3）Main Saddle 主鞍座
The saddles are 1800mm long, placed in
the direction of the main cable.
4.2 Structural Design 结构设计鞍座顺桥向长1800mm，横桥向宽1100mm。

鞍座顺主缆方向摆放。

4.2 Structural Design 结构设计
（4）Hanger rod 吊杆
The upper and lower ends of the hanger rod are equipped with pin hinges to meet the requirements of the spatial cable.
吊索上下两端设双销铰，以适应空间
索面要求。

（5
）Anchorage of suspension bridge 锚碇
Tunnel anchorages is chosen on the west side ，gravity anchorage is selected on the southeast side
西侧锚碇覆盖层薄，下伏微风化灰岩埋深浅，承载力较高，稳定性好，采用隧道锚。

东南侧锚碇采用重力式，锚碇基础采用明挖扩大基础。

4.2 Structural Design 结构设计
（6）Glass deck 玻璃桥面
The single glass plane
size is 3.05×4.4. The glass deck is high clean and high toughness.
4.2 Structural Design 结构设计单块玻璃平面尺寸为3.05X4.4，玻璃桥面板除了承载人群荷载以外，还必须具有高洁净度、高韧性。

（6）Glass deck 玻璃桥面
In order to maintain proper supporting, and keep good following performance between the glass deck and the steel girder , special connections have been designed.
为保持玻璃桥面板与钢梁处于四边支承状态、变形协调，设计了特殊连接
4.2 Structural Design 结构设计A full-scale model test was conducted on the glass deck, a 210 KN load was applied to a glass plate. The maximum elastic deformation was 21.4mm. No residual deformation was observed after unloading.
对玻璃桥面板进行了全模型试验，在一块玻璃板上施加210KN荷载，出现最大为21.4mm的弹性变形，卸载后未见残留变形。

主要内容Content
1 工程概况Project Overview
2 建设条件Construction Conditions
技术标准Technical Standards
3 功能需求Functional Requirements
4 桥梁设计Bridge Design
5 技术特点Technical Features
6 实施效果Implementation Effect
5.1Should Meet Multiple Function Requirements需要满足多项功能
This bridge is required to have such varied functions :sightseeing，bungee jump，zip line，and the stage for performance show.
The required functions are individualized ，therefor ，it is necessary to study the technical parameters that fulfil these requirements.
功能包括：沟通两岸、景观、蹦极、
溜索、演艺台。

要求的功能是个性化
的，为此需要研究满足这些功能要求
的技术参数。

多个功能对桥梁结构提出了不同的要求，并互相制约。

比如景观上要求结构要通透、轻巧，作为游客集中停留游览要求结构有足够的刚度。

Multiple functions put different requirements on the bridge structure and restrict each other .
Landscape requires that the structure be transparent and
，
，
5.2Functional Requirements Restricting Each Other On The Structure
功能对结构相互制约的要求
light, on the other hand a crowd of tourists staying on deck it should be rigid enough.
5.3Using Large-sag in the Planes Spatial Cable To Increase The Lateral And
Torsional Stiffness Of Suspension Bridges
采用平面上大矢度的空间索面提高悬索桥侧弯和扭转刚度
In order to achieve the requirements of simple shape, cancel the wind cable, use the large-sag plane of the main cable to increase the lateral and torsional stiffness of the structure.
为实现简洁的外形，不设抗风索，采用平面
上大矢度的空间主缆索面增加结构横向刚度和
抗扭转刚度,主跨主缆横桥向中心距由跨中的
8.19 m变化到主塔处的45 m、50 m .
5.4Using Peculiar shape Stiffening Girder And ballasting采用异型加劲梁并压重
The girder is 6.0m wide at the centre，varies to 15m at both end.
The variable width girder segment serves as the performing arts platform; a bungee jumping and a zip line platform are located near the centre.
加劲梁中部宽6.0m，两端渐变至15m，变宽段作为演艺台；跨中附近设蹦极、溜索平台。

5.4Using Peculiar shape Stiffening Girder And ballasting采用异型加劲梁并压重
The stiffening girder is allotype structure, reflected in both the size of the structure and the distribution of the dead load.
Girder ballasted to increase the mass so as to contain vibration.
加劲梁为异形结构，体现在结构尺寸和恒载分布两方面。

加劲梁内配重，以增加遏制振动的质量。

5.5The Main Cable pass pylon smoothly on the plane，without transverse beam connecting pylon column主缆在主塔处不转折匀顺通过，塔顶不设横梁
The upright pylons column are designed
as the “peak forest” shape unique to
Zhangjiajie, and the main cables of both
sides extend along the tangential direction to
the anchors.
直立的塔柱设计成张家界特有的“峰林”
形状，两侧边跨主缆沿切线方向延伸至锚碇。

5.6Comprehensive Use Of Multiple Vibration Control Measures To Fully suppress Human Induced Vibration And Ensure Comfort
综合采用多种振动控制措施全面遏制人致振动保障舒适度
Comprehensive use of TMD, TLD vibration damping measures to suppress human induced vibration to ensure bridge comfort and dynamic stability
综合采用TMD、TLD减振措施遏制人致振动，保障桥梁的舒适性及动力稳定性
5.7Using Eddy Current Dampers To Increase The Longitudinal Stiffness Of
The Structure 采用电涡流阻尼器提高结构纵向刚度
Four axial eddy-current dampers were installed between the stiffening girder and the abutment. The damper has a maximum damping force of 350 kN, a stroke of ±200 mm and a diameter of 265 mm.
在加劲梁与桥台之间安装了4台轴向电涡流阻尼器。

该阻尼器最大阻尼力为350kN，行程为±200mm，直径265mm。

High-purity, high-toughness glass plate has been selected, and special connections have been adopted to ensure deformation followability between the glass
plate and the stiffening girder .
选用了高洁净、高韧性的玻璃桥面板，采用特殊连接保障玻璃桥面板与加劲梁之间变形跟随性。

5.8 Oversized Glass Plate Is Adopted as Deck of Stiffening Girder 主梁采用超大尺寸玻璃作为承载的桥面板结构
5.9 Preferred Aerodynamic Shape of Girder To Ensure Wind Safety 优选加劲梁气动外形，保障抗风安全基于中间挖空的超薄加劲梁，综合采用结构措施、气动措施、减振措施，保障悬索桥结构的抗风安全。

Based on the ultra-thin stiffening girder that are hollowed out in the centre, structural measures, aerodynamic measure, and vibration reduction measures are adopted to ensure the wind-resistant safety for the suspension bridge.
Through trial and error , a reasonable girder
aerodynamic shape is obtained to effectively
control the vortex-induced vibration of the wind.
通过反复试验得到合理的加劲梁气动外形，
有效控制风的涡激振动。