英语写作第一章第一部分

Types of sentences
1) The Periodic Sentence(掉尾句) 2) The Short and Long Sentences(长短句) 3) Simple, Compound, Complex and Compound-Complex Sentences(简单句,并 列句,复合句,并列复合句)
modifying clauses or phrases
1.modifying clauses： 1) adverbial clause of condition (条件状语从句):if, unless（除非）, as (so) long as（只要）, etc. 2)adverbial clause of concession (让步状语从句):though, although, （尽管， 虽然）even if, even though,（即使，纵然） however（无论如何）, whatever（无论什么）, as（即使，尽管）, etc. 3)adverbial clause of time (时间状语从句):when, whenever, while, as, （然而） before, after, since（自从）, till（直到什么时候为止）, once（一旦）, as soon as（一…就…）, etc. 4) adverbial clause of place (地点状语从句):where, wherever, etc. 5)adverbial clause of reason(原因状语从句): because, since（既然，由于）, as（由于，因为）, for, now that（既然）, etc. 6) Adverbial clause of purpose (目的状语从句) :so that（以便）, such that, in order that（为了）, lest, in case（以防，免得）, for fear that（惟恐，害 怕）, etc. 7) Adverbial clause of Comparison (比较状语从句):as(修饰as/so), than(修饰 more/less), etc. 8) Adverbial clause of result (结果状语从句)：so…that…, such…that…, etc.
2)The short and Long Sentences
ing short sentences（使用短句） ing long sentences（使用长句） 3.Alternating short and long sentences（长 短句交替使用）
ing short sentences
1.Revise the sentences(重写句子)： 10* 1.5 points=15 points 2.Corrcet the errors(改写病名)： 5* 3 points=15 points
ⅡTheபைடு நூலகம்Paragraph
3. Figure out the topic sentence(标出主题句)： 3* 5 scores=15 points 4. Rearrange the paragraphs(重新组合段落)： 5* 1 scores=5 points 5.Cross out the irrelevant sentences(标出与 段落内容无关的句子):10 points
(2) Difference between the loose and periodic constructions A sentence with a periodic construction (掉 尾结构)is likely to be (很可能)more emphatic than that a sentence with a loose construction(松散结构), in which the main thought is given first, followed by one or more modifying clauses or phrases(修饰性 从句或短语).
5)The reasons for using subordinating conjunctions: (1) They allow the writer to express his meaning more accurately(准确地). (2) They allow more variety(多样化) in sentence structure. Example: I passed the examination because I studied hard. Because I studied hard, I passed the examination. (注意：because与so不能同时用，只能两者取其一 ； 类似于although或though与but，但当but改成yet时 可与although或though连用)
Ⅲ Precis and Practical Writing
6. Writing a letter(写信)：40 points
Part One The Sentence
Lecturer: 彭素
Outline
1.Types of sentences(句子种类) 2. Common errors(常见结构错误) 3.Sentence variety and brevity(句子 结构的灵活多样性和简洁性)
1)The Periodic Sentence(掉尾句)
(1) Definition(定义): A periodic sentence is one in which the main thought is not completed until the very end of the sentence.
Introduction to the Test Paper
Ⅰ.The Sentence(句子)：30 points Ⅱ.The Paragraph(段落)：30 points Ⅲ .Precis and Practical Writing(概要及应用 文写作)：40 points
Ⅰ.The Sentence
2.modifying phrases ： prepositional phrase(介词短语) participial phrase(分词短语) infinitive phrase (不定式短语) noun phrase(名词短语)
Examples: A. There have been many great discoveries made by scientists in the twentieth century. Scientists in the twentieth century have made many great discoveries.
C. She was offered a professional contract (职 业合同)after winning the Olympic gold medal for figure skating(花样滑冰)， according to newspaper reports(新闻报道). According to newspaper reports, after winning the Olympic gold medal for figure skating, she was offered a professional contract.
4)The ways to improve the disadvantage: (1)simply join the short sentences together with coordinating conjunctions(并列连词), such as and, but, or, yet and so on. (2) join the short sentences together with subordinating conjunctions(从属连词), such as(例如), as long as(只要), in so far as(至于, 就…), in case(以防), once(一旦…就…), in as much as(由于,既然), as if(好像,似乎), every time(任何时候,无论何时), provided (that) (如果, 假如), now that (既然),etc.
1)In contrast to (和…对比起来)short sentences, which usually could not express the thought presented by the sentences clearly, long sentences are particularly(特别地) useful for presenting a set of complex, interlocking(连结的) ideas. 2)Most of the long sentences are compound, complex and compound-complex sentences(并 列句，复合句，和并列复合句), but sometimes the simple sentences (简单句)are also long sentences.
Page 2(Practice)
Procedure（步骤）:
（1）寻找主句或句中所强调部分； （2）寻找并确定修饰从句或短语： 1.Athough….(让步状语从句) 2.When….(时间状语从句) 3.To do….(不定式短语) 4.As soon as….(时间状语从句) 5.To do….(不定式短语) 6. Doing ….(现在分词短语) 7.One of….(名词短语) 8.If ….(条件状语从句) 9. For….(介词短语) 10. Because….(原因状语从句) （3）把修饰性短语或从句移置句首，即将松散句变成掉尾句。
插入语
Page 7(practice 1)
Procedure: (1)把每个短句的意思弄清楚； (2)寻找中心句； (3) 分辨各种修饰性短语或从句； (4)将各个充当修饰语的短句融合成长句中的 修饰性短语或从句； (5)结合该修饰语部分与中心句，即为最终的 长句。
ing long sentences
outline1typescommonerrors常见结构错误3sentencevarietybrevity句子结构的灵活多样性和简洁性typesperiodicsentence掉尾句longsentences长短句simplecompoundcomplexcompoundcomplexsentences简单句并列句复合句并列复合句periodicsentence掉尾句periodicsentencemainthoughtcompleteduntilveryenddifferencebetweenperiodicconstructionsperiodicconstruction尾结构islikely很可能moreemphaticthanlooseconstruction松散结构mainthoughtgivenfirstfollowedmoremodifyingclausesphrases修饰性从句或短语
B. The history of English words is the history of our civilization (文明)in many ways. In many ways, the history of English words is the history of our civilization.
6)To combine the simple sentences together will make the thought of the simple sentences more complicated(复杂的), and make the final combined long sentence more complex(复杂的). Example: Bert is a certified accountant(注册会计师). Even Bert was stumped by (被…难倒)the fourth math problem. Even Bert, a certified accountant, was stumped by the fourth math problem.
1) Short sentences can be often more powerful than long sentences. 2) Advantages (优点): (1) easy to read and understand (2) clear and effective 3) Disadvantage(缺点): Too many short sentences will appear to be childish(幼稚) and exhaust (使…厌 烦)the reader.