考研英语(翻译)模拟试卷6(题后含答案及解析)

考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷6(题后含答案及解析)
全部题型 2. Reading Comprehension
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points)
1．Although numerous books have been written about American mothers, only recently has literature focused on the role of a father.
正确答案：虽然关于美国母亲的书不胜枚举，但直到最近才有以父亲这一角色为中心的作品问世。

解析：主句为only recently has literature focused on the role of a father；Although…引导让步状语从句：only放在句首后接状语引导倒装句，表示强调，主语为literature。

知识模块：翻译
2．Television, the most pervasive and persuasive modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth, is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world.
正确答案：电视，这项以更新变革快为标志的最普及和最有影响力的现代技术，正在步人一个新时代，一个极为先进尖端和多样化的时代，这将重塑我们的生活和我们的世界。

解析：主句为television is moving into a new era．其中the most…和marked by…为插入语作定语修饰television。

an era of是前面的new era的同位语；which 引导非限定性定语从句修饰era。

知识模块：翻译
3．But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their”expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.
正确答案：可是现在人们意识到，其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的，人们甚至还可以比较合理地估计出这些矿物质“预期寿命”，也就是说，经过若干年后，这些矿物的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。

解析：全句为并列复合句。

第一个it为形式主语，that引导着主语从句；第二个it也是形式主语代替后面的不定式；the time…是“expectation of life”的同位语，进一步解释其含义，而time后面的句子是它的定语从句。

句子的层次较多，翻译时需要作必要的调整。

知识模块：翻译
4．There is a general support for the argument Democrats are beginning to make that priority should be given to improving the ability of the government to prevent the smuggling of weapons of mass destruction into the entry and to respond effectively should such an attack occur.
正确答案：人们普遍支持民主党人开始提出的主张，即政府应当优先考虑提高其预防有人把大规模杀伤性武器走私到国内的能力。

同时，假如出现类似的袭击，还应当提高政府做出有效应对的能力。

解析：本句的结构为there be句型加上三个从句。

其中Democrats…为定语从句修饰argument；that…引导同位语从句说明argument的具体内容；should such an attack occur为虚拟语气，省略了引导词if，并引起句子倒装。

另外，to improving 为介词短语修饰priority；to prevent为不定式短语修饰ability。

知识模块：翻译
5．It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.
正确答案：因此，如果要使学生充分利用他们(上大学)的机会，就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息，作更多的指导。

总之，这个显得越来越重要了。

解析：句子主干为It becomes important…，it形式主语代替that从句；if引导条件状语从句作插入语，翻译时一般要将其提到句首。

知识模块：翻译
6．People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.
正确答案：尽管警察已接到命令，要做好准备以应付紧急情况，但人们不敢出门，因为警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。

解析：此句是由for引导的一个并列复合句，共有三层含义，但位置比较特殊。

其中结果在前，原因在后，让步从句在句中。

翻译时必须按照汉语习惯顺序作必要的调整。

知识模块：翻译
7．The change met the technical requirement of the new age and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.
正确答案：这一变化适应了新时代技术的要求，防止了效率下降，而效率下降已使许多老家族公司破产，因为第二、三代继承人已不像公司创立者那样精力充沛。

解析：该句主干为“The change met…and prevented…。

”“that”后边引导的是一定语从句，作后置定语，修饰“the decline in efficiency”；介词短语“in the second and third generation…，”作状语修饰“spoiled”。

知识模块：翻译
8．In the Middle Ages widespread use was made of arguments from analogy, on the belief that the universe formed an ordered structure that the macrocosmic pattern of the whole is reproduced in the mi-crocosmic pattern of parts so that it is possible to draw inferences by analogy from one to the other.
正确答案：在中世纪，广泛采用类推法的各种论点，这些论点基于下述观念，即宇宙形成一个有次序的结构，整体的宏观格局是部分微观格局的再现，因此，有可能通过类推法做出由此及彼的推断。

解析：句子的主干为use was made of arguments from analogy。

on the belief 是介词短语，作状语。

belief后面有两个以that引导的同位语从句：that the universe…structure和that the mi—crocosmic．．．of parts。

so that引导的是一个状语从句，表结果。

知识模块：翻译
9．And numerous experiments have shown once the concept of self is changed, other things consistent with the new concept of self are accomplished easily and without strain.
正确答案：而且大量事实证明，自我感观一旦改变，其他一些与新的自我感观相一致的事情就可以轻而易举且毫不费力地完成。

解析：主句为experiments have shown；动词shown后面是一个主从复合句。

连词once引导的是宾语从句中的状语从句。

宾语从句的主句是other things…strain。

consistent…of self是形容词短语作定语，修饰other things，它使宾语从句的主语和系动词分隔开。

without strain是介词短语作状语，意为“毫不费力地”，翻译时要根据汉语习惯将隔开的部分还原出来。

知识模块：翻译
10．In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined.
正确答案：一般说来，当要测定的特征能被十分精确地界定时，测试的效果就最佳；反之，如果所要测定和预测的东西得不到明确的界定，那么测试的效果就最差。

解析：本句是由and连接的并列结构，每个并列结构中各有一个when引导的时间状语从句。

在第二个时间状语从句中有一个what引导的主语从句。

知识模块：翻译
11．This is the world out of which grows the hope, for the first time in history, of a society where there will be freedom from want and freedom from fear.
正确答案：这是历史上首次出现的一个给人以希望的世界。

在这个世界上会诞生一个没有贫困、没有暴力的社会。

解析：句中的定语从句out of which grows the hope…是完全倒装句。

主语the hope of a society和定语where there will be…fear较长，置于动词grows之后。

由于限制性定语从句out of which grows thehope…of a society与主句关系紧密，所
以采用融合法将This is the world…of a society译成一个单句。

where引导的定语从句太长，可用后置法译成一个单句。

知识模块：翻译
12．Why does cream go bad faster than butter? Some researchers think they have the answer, and it comes down to the structure of the food, not its chemical composition—a finding that could help rid some processed foods of chemical preservatives.
正确答案：为什么奶酪会比黄油更容易变质?一些研究者认为他们已经找到了答案，并将其归结为食物的构成，不是化学成分——这一发现能使有些加工食品不再使用化学防腐剂。

解析：句子主干．．．．researchers think…and it comes down…；破折号后面的部分是answer的同位语；that could help…是finding的定语从句。

知识模块：翻译
13．Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived.
正确答案：儿童将与装有个性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视机前休闲，那时数字化时代就来到了。

解析：句子主干为：Children will play with dolls…，computers…will be regarded as work—mates…．relaxation will be in front of smell television，and digital age will have arrived。

其中equippedwith personality chips是作定语的分词短语，修饰dolls。

知识模块：翻译
14．And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can by no means be compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.
正确答案：许多人认为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维活动相比，这些思维活动必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。

解析：本句结构为形式主语it引导两个由that引导的并列主语。

知识模块：翻译
15．It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter(后者)is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former(前者).
正确答案：这并不是说面包师或卖肉者所用的磅秤和化学家所用的天平在构造原理和工作方法上存在多少差别，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种更为精密的仪器，因而在计量上必然比前者准确得多。

解析：本句为it引导的一表语从句，表语从句为not that…but that连接的并列复合句，句中后置修饰语较多。

知识模块：翻译
16．How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability , and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.
正确答案：这些预言在多大程度上被后来的表现所证实，取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适用性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。

解析：How…performance为主语从句，depends upon为谓语动词。

with which 引导一个定语从句，修饰skill and wisdom，which指skill and wisdom。

在本句中it指代information这一词。

知识模块：翻译
17．You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories.
正确答案：你们都多次听说过，科学家是用归纳法和演绎法工作的，而且从某种意义上来说，他们依靠这种方法力求从自然界归纳出某些自然规律，然后根据这些规律，用自己的某种专长，建立起他们的理论。

解析：本句是一个由三个that引导的宾语从句构成的主从复合句。

it为形式宾语，代替三个真正的宾语从句，句中有许多介词短语作状语。

知识模块：翻译
18．It seems to me that the time is ripe for the Department of Employment and the Department of Education to get together with the universities and produce a revised educational system which will make a more economic use of the wealth of talent, application and industry currently being wasted on certificates, diplomas and degrees that no one wants to know about.
正确答案：我认为时机已成熟。

就业部和教育部应同大学携起手来，修正我们的教育制度，合理有效地利用学生的才能、勤奋和刻苦。

而现在学生的这些才能和努力都浪费在无人感兴趣的证书、文凭和学位上。

解析：It seems to me that为主系表结构，that实际上引导一个宾语从句。

其中which引导定语从句修饰system；being为分词短语作定语修饰wealth；最后一个that引导的定语从句修饰前面的三个名词。

知识模块：翻译
19．Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.
正确答案：他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。

解析：本句属于比较结构，含有一个比较结构not so much…as“与其说…不
如说”。

they say为插入语。

through the insights of great men of genius和because of more ordinary things为两个状语。

like improved techniques and tools为介词短语作定语，修饰things。

知识模块：翻译
20．Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.
正确答案：这类极端主义者认为对待动物无须考虑道德问题，因为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同。

解析：现在分词短语Arguing…作原因状语，里面又有一个that从句作the view的同位语，逗号后面的that从句是一个宾语从句。

知识模块：翻译
21．There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.
正确答案：所谓方法论是指一般历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。

解析：本题属于复合结构。

句子框架是There is no agreement。

whether…or…引导的名词从句是agreement的同位语。

在这个同位语从句中，methodology后面跟着两个并列谓语，即refers to…or(refers)to。

peculiar to historical work和appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry都是形容词短语，分别修饰concepts和research techniques。

知识模块：翻译
22．In large part as a consequence of the feminist movement, historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods.
正确答案：在很大程度上由于女权主义运动的缘故，近年来史学家们将大量的注意力投向更为准确地确定妇女在各个历史时期的地位。

解析：本句结构为：介词短语+主句；主句中有一个局部倒装现象，即将more accurately提前。

知识模块：翻译
23．Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.
正确答案：由于人口猛增或因现代交通方式的便利而带来的大量人口流动引发的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。

解析：本题属于简单句。

句子框架是stresses may occur because of…or problems arising from…。

arising from“由…引起”，在句中作定语修饰problems。

Additional social stresses不必逐字翻译，可转译成“对社会造成新的压力”。

themselves指mass migration movements。

因此破折号后译成“使这种流动相对容
易”。

知识模块：翻译
24．Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive areas such as attention and memory.
正确答案：研究学者已经证实，当人们用脑时，大脑中会发生生化反应，使其在注意力和记忆力这样的认知领域运作效率更高。

解析：句子主干：Researchers have established that…；第一个that引导宾语从句，其中when引导时间状语从句；第二个that引导定语从句修饰changes，it 指代brain。

知识模块：翻译
25．It seems simple enough to distinguish between the organism and the surrounding environment and to separate forces acting on an organism into those that are internal and biological and those that are external and environmental.
正确答案：区分有机体与其周围环境，把作用于有机体的力分为内在的和生物的与外在的和环境的，这似乎非常简单。

解析：句子主干：It seems simple enough to…and to…；It为形式主语，两个并列的动词不定式短语作真正的主语；acting on an organism是分词短语作定语修饰forces；介词into后接两个并列成分those that…，that从句为定语从句；翻译时可以先译真正主语，后译形式主语部分。

知识模块：翻译
26．We thus easily get into great difficulties from the necessity of viewing culture, at one moment, as a part of the man and, at another moment, as a part of the environment.
正确答案：有时，我们必须把文化看作人类的一部分，有时，则把它看作环境的一部分，因此很容易陷入困境。

解析：句子主干：We get into difficulties from…；viewing后接两个并列的介词短语as…，as…知识模块：翻译
27．Since this concern about the decline and fall of the English language is not perceived as a generational phenomenon but rather as something new and peculiar to today’s young people, it naturally follows that today’s English teachers cannot be doing their jobs.
正确答案：既然对英语水平下降的关注并不被看成是每一代都有的现象，而被看成是现在年轻人特有的新现象，很自然，接下来就是责备今天的英语教师没有做好工作。

解析：句子主干：Since…(原因状语从句)，it follows that…(主句)；从句中not…but rather…意为“不是…而是…”；主句中that引导宾语从句。

知识模块：翻译
28．Should you break the rule against staring at a stranger on an elevator, you will make the other person exceedingly uncomfortable, and you are likely to feel a bit strange yourself.
正确答案：假如你违背常规，在电梯中盯着一个陌生人，你会令别人极不舒服，而你自己可能也觉得有点不自在。

解析：句子主句：you will make…and you are likely to feel…；从句是省略了if的条件状语从句Should you break the rule…，并导致主谓倒装。

知识模块：翻译
29．The quick adoption of the scheme may have indicated less about the state lawmakers’ respect for working people than about a fear of risking their anger.
正确答案：这一提议很快得到通过，(不是)与其说是出于国家立法者对劳动者的尊敬，(而是)不如说是因为害怕激起他们的愤怒。

解析：句子主干：The adoption may have indicated less about…than about…；句中比较结构less…than…作动词indicated的宾语。

知识模块：翻译
30．We were most impressed by the fact that even those patients who were not told of their serious illness were quite aware of its potential outcome.
正确答案：给我们留下印象最深的是：即便没有告诉那些病人他们的病情有多严重，他们也很清楚其可能的后果。

解析：句子主干：We were impressed by the fact that…；that从句为fact的同位语，其中who引导定语从句修饰patients。

知识模块：翻译
31．Consequently, most of the world’ s fridges are to be found, not in the tropics where they might prove useful, but in the wealthy countries with mild temperatures where they are climatically almost unnecessary.
正确答案：因此，世界上大多数冰箱并不在热带，虽然在那儿它们也许会被证明有用，而是在温度适宜、从气候上看几乎不需要冰箱的富裕国家。

解析：句子主干：most of the…fridges are to be found，not in…but in…；where they mightprove useful是定语从句修饰tropics，where they are climatically almost unnecessary是定语从句修饰wealthy countries，with mild temperatures是介词短语作定语修饰wealthy countries。

知识模块：翻译
32．As the intelligence of robots increases to match that of humans and as their cost declines through economies of scale we may use them to expand our frontiers, first on earth through their ability to withstand environments harmful to ourselves.
正确答案：随着机器人的智能提高到与人的智力匹敌的地步，再加上它们的制造费用随规模效益而下降，我们也许可以用机器人来开拓边远地区，其实首先是利用它们对环境的忍耐力，而那些环境对我们自己是有害的。

解析：句子主干：As…and as…we may use them to…；两个as引导的从句并列作状语；first on earth through their ability to…是介词短语作状语；harmful to ourselves形容词短语作定语修饰environments。

知识模块：翻译
33．In addition, changes made to the construction codes in Los Angeles during the last 20 years have strengthened the city’ s buildings and highways, making them more resistant to quakes.
正确答案：此外，在过去20年中对洛杉矶的建设规定所作的修改加强了该城建筑和公路的抗震能力，使其抗震性更强。

解析：句子主干．．．．changes…have strengthened the city’s building and highways，…；madeto the construction codes是过去分词短语作后置定语修饰changes；making them more resistant toquakes是现在分词短语作伴随状语，补充说明前面的句子。

知识模块：翻译
34．For all these reasons, reading newspapers efficiently, which means getting what you want from them without missing things you need but without wasting time, demands skill and selfawareness as you modify and apply the techniques of reading.
正确答案：因为所有这些原因，有效率地阅读报纸，也就是说从中得到你需要的信息而不浪费时间，这就要求你改进和应用阅读方法时既要有技巧又要有自觉性。

解析：句子主干：reading newspapers…demands skill and self-wareness…；which引导非限定性定语从句修饰前面的reading newspapers efficiently；as引导时间状语从句。

知识模块：翻译
35．But for many, the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well without government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory.
正确答案：但是对许多人来说，穷人们能够不依靠政府的帮助而养活自己，并且过得和依靠政府的救助时一样好，这本身就是伟大的胜利。

解析：句子主干：the fact that…is…a victory；that…with it从句是：fact的同位语，其中有一个比较结构as well…as，it指代government aid。

知识模块：翻译
36．Americans are proud of their variety and individuality, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform, whether it is the uniform of an elevator operator or the uniform of a five- star general.
正确答案：美国人为他们的多样化和个性而自豪，然而没有什么比制服更让他们喜爱与推崇的了——无论是电梯操作员的制服还是五星上将的制服。

解析：句子主干：Americans are proud of…，yet…，whether…；yet引导并列句，表转折，其中few表示否定，“很少的”，“不多的”；whether引导状语从句。

知识模块：翻译
37．Finally, other people may give us instrumental support—financial aid, material resources, and needed services—that reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems.
正确答案：最后，别人会给予我们重要的支持，即经济的帮助、物质资源和所需的服务——所有这些帮助我们解决和处理问题，从而减轻我们的压力。

解析：句子主干：other people may give us support…；破折号之间的部分是support的同位语；that引导定语从句修饰support。

知识模块：翻译
38．The reality that has blocked my path to become the typical successful student is that engineering and the liberal arts simply don’t mix as easily as I assumed in high school.
正确答案：我没有成为典型的成功学生，这是因为兼顾文科与工科并不像我在上高中时设想的那样容易。

解析：句子主干：The reality that…is that…；that has blocked…是定语从句修饰reality；thatengineering…是表语从句，其中包括as…as引导的比较状语从句。

知识模块：翻译
39．Recycling also stimulates the local economy by creating jobs and trims the pollution control and energy costs of industries that make recycled products by giving them a more refined raw material.
正确答案：回收利用也通过创造就业机会刺激地方经济的发展并减少某些企业的污染和能源成本问题，这些企业可以用从回收品中提炼的原材料生产再生产品。

解析：句子主干：Recycling stimulates…and trims…；that引导定语从句修饰industries。

两个by引导的介词短语作方式状语。

知识模块：翻译
40．Though unemployed longer when seeking work, older women job hunt harder, hold a job longer with less absenteeism, perform as well or better, are more reliable, and are more willing to learn than men or younger women.
正确答案：尽管老年妇女找工作用时较长，但是她们拥有一份工作后会干得更久而且缺勤率较低，工作表现无异于男性或年轻女性，甚至还要好，并且更值得信赖，更好学。

解析：句子主干：older women job hunt…，hold…，perform．．．，are…and are…；though引导让步状语，其中省略了they are；主句中谓语由五个部分并列组成。

知识模块：翻译
41．The key fact is that all three dictionaries can be seen to have a distinctly “cultural”as well as language learning content. That being said, the way in which they approach the cultural element is not i-dentical, making direct comparisons
between the three difficult.
正确答案：关键是这三本辞典都有独特的“文化”内容和语言学习内容，虽说如此，它们在处理文化因素的方式上却各不相同，这样，要想直截了当地对三者进行比较就不是容易的事情。

解析：第一句主干：the fact is that…；第二句主干：the way…is not，identical；that being said是分词独立主格结构，作让步状语；in which引导定语从句修饰the way；making…difficult是分词短语作状语，其中difficult作宾补，between the three 作状语，位置提前。

知识模块：翻译
42．It is the capacity of the computer for solving problems and making decisions that represents its greatest potential and that poses the greatest difficulties in predicting the impact on society.
正确答案：计算机解决问题和做出决策的能力显示了它的最大潜力，同时，这种能力也为人们预测它对社会的影响带来了最大的困难。

解析：句子主干：It is…that represents…and that poses…。

本句为强调句型，强调主语thecapacity of…making decisions。

知识模块：翻译
43．Unlike other lawbreakers, who must leave the country, commit suicide, or go to jail, computer criminals sometimes escape punishment, demanding not only that they not be charged but that they be given good recommendations and perhaps other benefits.
正确答案：与其他违法者不一样的是，计算机罪犯有时逃脱了惩罚，他们不但要求免于起诉，而且还要求给予好的推荐以及或许还有其他方面的好处。

其他形式的违法者要么必须逃离到国外，要么畏罪自杀或者进监狱。

解析：主句为computer criminals escape punishment,…其前面为介词短语带一个非限定性定语从句一起作状语，其后面为一分词短语作伴随状语。

其中not only that…but also that…引导两个并列句，作demand的宾语。

知识模块：翻译
44．It is important that they be looking at the speaker at the precise moment when the speaker reestablishes eye contact: if they are not looking, the speaker assumes that they are disinterested and either will pause until eye contact is resumed or will terminate the conversation.
正确答案：重要的是，当说话者想再次与听众进行目光交流时，听众此刻要注视着说话者，否则，说话者会以为听众对自己的话不感兴趣，因此他要么会停顿一下，直到目光重新再交流，要么就会结束谈话。

解析：句子主干：It is important that…：if they are…，the speak assumes that…and either…or…。

It为形式主语，that they be…为真正的主语；be looking at为虚拟语气；when the speaker…为定语从句修饰moment; if they are…为条件状语从句，主句为the speaker assumes that…。

知识模块：翻译
45．This eye on the consumer approach is known as the marketing concept, which simply means that instead of trying to sell whatever is easiest to produce or buy for resale, the makers and dealers first endeavor to find out what the consumer wants to buy and then go about making it available for purchase.
正确答案：这种着眼于顾客的方法就称之为营销概念，简单地说就是生产商和经销商不是旨在生产或出售最容易生产或转卖的产品，而是首先努力获悉顾客想买什么，然后再生产这些可用于购买的商品。

解析：句子主干：approach is known as…；which means…为非限定性定语从句修饰marketconcept；that…purchase为means的宾语从句，其中，从句中的主干为the makers and the dealers en—deavor to find out…知识模块：翻译
46．Expertise can be shared worldwide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and / or jobs to travel to a distant conference site.
正确答案：通过远程会议，专家知识可以在全世界范围内被分享，并且争论的问题能够得到解决，同时相关人员也不必离开他们的家庭或工作跑到一个遥远的开会地点。

解析：全句的主干为“Expertise can be shared…，and problems can be settled…，介词短语through作状语表方式；介词短语without作状语表伴随。

知识模块：翻译
47．Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
正确答案：社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。

解析：这是一个复合句。

Social science…enquiry为主句；后面which引导的是定语从句；从句中又有一个that引导的定语从句，修饰manner一词。

知识模块：翻译
48．As my own studies have advanced, I have been increasingly impressed with the functional similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem, at first glance, to constitute such an immense gulf between them.
正确答案：随着我的研究不断深入，我对昆虫和脊椎动物群落之间的功能类似性印象愈来愈深刻，而对结构上的差异印象愈发淡漠，虽然这些结构上的差异初看上去似乎构成了二者间一条无法逾越的鸿沟。

解析：本句为复合句，结构较为复杂。

主句为I have been impressed with…，和and less sowith构成并列结构。

主句前的as引导一个时间状语从句；and less so with其实是I have been increas—ingly less impressed with的省略形式，去掉了与。