阅读-写作修辞总结(包含中英对照及重点注释)
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simile 明喻
metaphor 隐喻, 暗喻
metonymy 转喻
personification 拟人
onomatopoeia 拟声
analogy 类比
antithesis 对照
sarcasm 讽刺
innuendo 暗讽
irony 反语
Pun / Wordplay 双关语
oxymoron 矛盾修饰
paradox 似非而是的论点, 悖论
epigram 警句, 隽语
alliteration 头韵(在一句话中采用连续几个词相同首字母或声韵的技巧)
apostrophe 顿呼(在文章或演说中用第二人称称呼在场或不在场的人或拟人的事物)
anti-climax / bathos 突降(在写作或说话中从庄重到平淡内容的突然转变)
climax 渐进/顶点(逐层加强词义的渐进法)
syllepsis 一语双叙
zeugma 轭式搭配
transferred Epithet 转类形容词
Understatement:低调的陈述
定义:A figure of speech which contains an understatement of emphasis, and therefore the opposite of hyperbole. Often used in everyday speech and usually with laconic or ironic intentions. 这种修辞格是故意使用有节制的措辞来陈述事实,故意轻描淡写,借低调与弱化语言形式来表示强调。
例子:1.I know he is honest, and I wish I could add he were capable.
我知道他是诚实的,我还希望我能说他是能干的。
此句也是用虚拟语气来体现understatement,I could add he were capable其实是在说“但他不够能干”。
2.The face wasn’t a bad one; it had what they called charm.
面孔不算难看,有一般人所称的妩媚。
此句不是冲淡她的魅力,而是采用低调渲染,意即The face was sweet; her charm conquered everybody. 明似贬抑,实则褒扬.
simile:明喻
定义:A figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared.
明喻是一种修辞手法,把两种基本不相像的东西进行比较.
例子:1.He is something of a political chameleon.他有点象政治上的变色龙
2.He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit. 他看上去好像刚从我的童话故事书中走出来,像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去。
metaphor:隐喻
定义:A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison.
用一个词来指代与该词所指事物有相似特点的另外一个事物
例子:1.He has a heart of stone. 他有一颗铁石心肠
2.The diamond department was the heart and center of the store.
钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。
Synecdoche:提喻
定义:又称举隅法,主要特点是局部代表全体,或以全体喻指部分,或以抽象代具体,或以具体代抽象。
例如:
1、The Great Wall was made not only of stones and earth, but of the flesh and blood of millions of men.
长城不仅是用石头和土建造的,而且是用几百万人的血和肉建成的。
句中的“the flesh and blood”喻为“the great sacrifice”(巨大的牺牲)
2、“...saying that it was the most beautiful tongue in the world,...”
⋯⋯他说这是世界上最美的语言。
这里用具体的“tongue”代替抽象的“language”。
4、Many eyes turned to a tall,20—year black girl on the U.S. team.
很多人将眼光投向美国队一个高高的20岁的黑姑娘。
这里的“many eyes”代替了“many persons”。
sarcasm:讽刺
定义:It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage ,ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked
例子:ws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies ,but let wasps break through
法律就像是蜘蛛网,只能抓住小飞虫,轻易让大黄蜂一冲即破。
2.Behind every successful man, there is a woman. And behind every ,unsuccessful man , there are two.
每个成功男人的背后,都有一个女人. 每个不成功男人的背后, 都有两个.
rhetorical question:反问句
定义:a statement that is formulated as a question but that is not supposed to be answered a question to which no answer is required: used it for dramatic or emphasis effect
设立一个不需要回答的问题,以起到戏剧或者强调的效果
例子:1.Did you help me when I needed help?
在我需要的时候,你帮助过我吗?
2.Did you once offer to intercede in my behalf?
你曾经理解支持过我吗?
Pun:双关语
定义:The use of a word in such a way as to suggest two or more meanings or different associations, or the use of two or more words of the same or nearly the same sound with different meanings, so as to produce a humorous effect.
用一个词去暗示两种或两种以上的意义或引起不同的联想,或者用两个或两个以上发音相同或相近而意义不同的词,以产生一种幽默效果。
)
例子:1.Mother: Your hair needs cutting badly.
Daughter: I think it needs cutting nicely, it was cut badly last time .
(badly: a. 非常;b. 坏)
2.Judge: Tell me why you parked there.
Driver: Because, Your Honor, it said “Fine for Parking”
(fine: a. 好的;b. 罚款)
oxymoron:矛盾的修辞
定义:A rhetorical figure in which incongruous or contradictory terms are combined
在修辞中使用不协调或前后矛盾的方法
例子:1.The coach had to be cruel to be kind to his trainees.
教练为了对他的受训者仁慈就要对他们残酷
2.She read the long-awaited letter with a tearful smile.
她带着含泪的微笑读那封盼望已久的信
hyperbole:夸张
定义:A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect
通过夸张的描述达到某种修辞效果,
例子:1.My heart almost stopped beating when I heard my girl friend’s voice on the phone.
从电话里听到我女朋友的声音,我的心几乎停止跳动。
2.She gave me the impression of having more teeth, white and large and even, than were necessary for any practical purpose.
她给我的印象是:她有一口洁白整齐的大牙,为数之多已超过任何实际需要Synesthesia:通感
定义:是指在某个感官所产生的感觉,转到另一个感官的心理感受。
例子:Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested.
有些书是应当尝尝滋味的,有些书是应吞下去的,有少数书是应当咀嚼和消化的。
理解:书是“尝”不出味道的,也是不能“吃”下去将其“消化”掉的。
这里把读书中的精
读和泛读,阅读欣赏与吸收知识的感受,用味觉功能和消化功能来表示,心理感受是如此逼真和奇特。
rhetorical repetition:重复
定义:在特定的语境中,将相同的结构,相同意义词组成句子重叠使用,以增强语气和力量。
例子:1、It must be created by the blood and the work of all of us who believe in the future, who believe in man and his glorious man—made destiny.
它必须用我们这些对于未来,对于人类以及人类自己创造的伟大命运具有信心的人的鲜血和汗水去创造。
2、Because good technique in medicine and surgery means more quickly—cured patients, less pain, less discomfort, less death, less disease and less deformity.
因为优良的医疗技术和外科手术意味着更快地治疗病人,更少痛苦,更少不安,更少死亡,更少疾病,和更少残废。
Metonymy:借代
定义:指两种不同事物并不相似,但又密不可分,因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。
例子:1、Several years later, word came that Napoleonyh himself was coming to inspect them. 几年以后,他们听说拿破仑要亲自来视察他们。
“word”在这里代替了“news, information”(消息、信息)
2、Al spoke with his eyes,“yes”. 艾尔用眼睛说,“是的”。
“说”应该是嘴的功能,这里实际上是用眼神表达了“说话的意思”。
Onomatcpocia:拟声
定义:是指摹仿自然界中非语言的声音,其发音和所描写的事物的声音很相似,使语言显得生动,富有表现力。
例子:1、On the root of the school house some pigeons were softly cooing.
在学校房屋的屋顶上一些鸽子正轻轻地咕咕叫着。
2、She brought me into touch with everything that could be reached or felt——sunlight, the rustling of silk, the noises of insects, the creaking of a door, the voice of a loved one.
她使我接触到所有够得着的或者感觉得到的东西,如阳光呀,丝绸摆动时的沙沙声呀,昆虫的叫声呀,开门的吱嗄声呀,亲人的说话声呀。
Alliteration:头韵法
定义:在文句中有两个以上连结在一起的词或词组,其开头的音节有同样的字母或声音,以增强语言的节奏感.
例子:How and why he had come to Princeton, New Jersey is a story of struggle, success, and sadness.
abstract words 抽象词acknowledgement 致谢active voice 主动语态affirmative sentence 肯定句agent 施动者alliteration 头韵ambiguity 歧义American English 美式英语analogy 类比analytic expression 分析型表达anastrophe 词语倒装法anticlimax order 突降法anti-rhetorical 反修辞antithesis 对照\对偶antonomasia 换称antonym 反义词apostrophe 撇号(即') appositive 同位语archaic words 古词argumentation 议论文argumentative writing 议论文写作article 冠词ascending order 递增法association 联想attitude 态度audience 听众awkwardness 拙劣balanced sentence 平衡句base 词根beginning 开头beginning paragraph 开头段落between sentences 句际bibliography 书目
big words 大词
block contrast 批对比法body 主体bookish verbs 学究式动词brainstorming 头脑风暴法brevity 简练British English 英式英语broken sentence 破碎句capitalization 用大写case study 案例分析casual style 非正式文体causal analysis 因果分析
cause-effect development 由因到果发展法central thought 中心思想
Chinese inteference 中文干扰
Chinglish 中国式英语
choice of words 选词
choppy sentence 断续句
circular and periodic structure 循环圆周结构circumlocutory 兜圈子的
clarity 明晰
classical rhetoric 古典修辞模式classification 分类发展法
clear reference of pronoun 代词前指明晰clear sentence 意义明晰句
cliché陈词滥调
climax order 递增顺序
clipped words 词省略拼法
closing paragraph 结尾段落
coherence 连贯
coherent 连贯的
cohesion 粘着性
cohesive device 粘着手段
collective noun 集体名词
collocation 搭配
colloquial 口语化的
colloquial context 口语语境colloquialism 口语化
colon 冒号
combination 句子合并组合法comma 逗号
common words 普通词
commonly-used expressions 常用语communication means 交际手段communicative principles of written English 书面语交际原则
comparison 比较法
Complete essay checklist 作品核查项目单complete sentence 完整句
complex sentence 复杂句complimentary close 结尾套语
compound sentence 复合句
compound-complex sentence 复杂复合句conceptual repetition 概念重复法
concise 简洁
conclusion 结论
concrete illustration 具体阐明
concrete words 实义词
confusing pronoun reference 代词前指混乱confusing sentence 意义混乱句
conjunction 连词
connective 联系词
connotation 内涵
connotative meaning 内涵意义
conscious logic 逻辑意识
consistency 一致性
consistent diction 选词一致性
consonant 辅音
consultative style 商谈体
content 内容
context 语境
contraction 省略
contrast 对比法
controlling idea 主要思想conventionality of collocation搭配习惯conversion 词性转换表达法
co-occurrence 共现
coordinating conjunction 复合句连词coordination 复合
correlation 相关性
corrupt English 迂腐英语
cross-cultural writing 跨文化写作
culture 文化
curriculum vitae 简历
dangling modifier 悬垂修饰语
dash 破折号
dateline 写信日期栏
declarative sentence 陈述句
deduction 演绎法
deductive 演绎逻辑的
deductive argumentation 演绎论证
definite article 定冠词
definition 定义法
degree of formality and familiarity 正式与熟悉程度denotation 外延
denotative meaning 外延意义
descending order 递降顺序
description 描写
descriptive 描述性的descriptive writing 描写文
development 发展
diagram 图表说明
diction 选词
differentiation 区别
digressive 跑题、离题的
direct method of impressionistic description 印象法描写的直接法
direct thinking pattern 直接了当的思维模式directions 题义指令
discouse pattern 篇章模式
distance from tone 语调产生距离
divert from the planned thesis 偏离计划主题division 分析分类法documenting the paper 论文引证domesticating strategy 归化战略domestication 归化法
drably 表达干巴
draft 草稿
effect-cause development 由果到因发展法effective paragraph 表述有力的段落effective sentence 表达有力的句子effective variety 表达有力的变化egalitarian (思维)平等化elaboration 进一步详尽阐述electronic news media 电子新闻媒体embedding structure 内嵌结构
emotional coloring 感情色彩
emphasis 强调
emphatic phrases 强调性短语
emphatic structure 强调性结构
emphatic words 强调性词语
ending 结尾
ending paragraph 结尾段落
English thinking 英语思维
English thinking characters 英语思维特征English thinking pattern 英语思维模式enumeration 列举法
epigrammatic effect 隽语效果
establish context 确立语境
establish rapport 建立沟通基础euphemism 委婉语
evaluating information 评估材料
evidence 证据
exclamation mark 感叹号
exclamatory sentence 感叹句
exemplification 举例法
expected functions (信件的)期望交际功能expletive 虚词\填充词
explicit language 明示的语言
explicitness 明示性
exposition 阐述文\议论文
expository writing 议论文写作
expounding 解释详细说明expressionism 表现主义
fallacy in argumentation 论证谬误
familiar 熟悉的
faulty parallelism 错误平行
feedback 反馈
fiery language 情绪激动的语言
figure of speech 修辞
filler words 填充词
first draft 第一稿
first-person point of view 第一人称flashback 倒叙
focus 中心
foreignization 外化法
foreignizing strategy 外化战略
formal 正式的
formal letter 正式信函
formal repetition 形式重复法
formal style 正式文体
formal words 正式体词语
formulating thesis statement 写作主题句
four-character expression (汉语)四字成语fragmental sentence 破碎句
free choice 自由选择
frequency of usage 使用频率
frozen expressions 极正式用语
frozen style 极正式文体
full spelling 完全拼法
full stop 句号
fullness (段落发展)充分性fundamental English thinking manners 英语思维基本模式
general connotation 普遍内涵意义
general pattern 常见形式
general words 一般词汇generalization 概括法
general-specific pattern 由概括到具体发展模式genres 风格、体裁gobbledygook 官样文章、冗长费解的语言
grammatical devices 语法技巧grammaticality 符合语法性
heading 信头
historical association 历史联想
hyperbole 夸张法
hyphen 分号
hyphenated words 用连字号连接的词hyponymy 下义关系
hyponym 下义词
ideographic synonym 相对近义词
idiom 成语
idiomatic usage 习惯用法
illustration 佐证
imperative sentence 祈使句
impersonal 非个性化的、客观的implicit language 含蓄语言
implicitness 含蓄
implied meaning 隐含意义impressionistic description 印象描写法indefinite article 不定冠词
indent 行缩进
in-depth analysis 深度分析
indirect method of impressionistic description
印象描写法的非直接法individual words 独立个体词individualistic 个性化
induction 归纳法
inductive 归纳法的
inductive argumentation 归纳法论证法inductive reasoning 归纳法论证
infinitive mark 不定式标记
inflexible and explicit logic 刚性显性逻辑informal 非正式的
informal letter 非正式信函information focus 信息中心
information missing 信息遗漏
informative 提供信息的、提供知识的innuendo 讽刺、暗指
inside address 信内地址
interpretation of examples 对例子的诠释interpretative reporting 诠释性报告interrogative sentence 疑问句
interrupting expressions 插入短语
intimate 亲密
intimate style 亲密体
introductory adverbial clause 引导性状语从句inverted pyramid form 倒金字塔形式
inverted word order 词序颠倒法
involved modifiers 复杂修饰语
involved sentence 意义复杂句
irony 反语
jargon 行话
journalese 新闻体
journalistic writing 新闻写作
justify the significance 论证意义
keep to the point 紧扣主题
key words 关键词
lack of inflection 缺少词形变化
language problem 语言问题
learned words 学术用词
lengthy passage 过长段落
letter 信函
levels of usage 用法层次
lexical reference 句法前指法
lexical stylistic devices 句法风格技巧
line shifting 换行
linear thinking pattern 线形思维模式
listing 列举
literal meaning 字面意义
literary context 文学性语境
literary works 文学作品
literature review 文献回顾
litotes 反语法、间接肯定法、曲言法
locating information 搜索定位材料
logical paragraphing 逻辑分段法
logical thinking modes 逻辑思维模式
logical words and expressions 逻辑词逻辑短语logicalness 逻辑性
long sentence 长句
loose sentence 松散句
loss of style 偏离一贯的风格
main body 主体main idea 主要思想
main point 要点
manuscript 手稿、原稿
margin 页边距
materials collecting 材料搜集
materials sorting 材料析选
maxim of manner 方式次则
maxim of quality 质量次则
maxim of quantity 数量次则
maxim of relevance 相关次则
meaning 意义
means 手段
mechanical English 缺乏灵活的英语message 信息
messy 混乱
metaphor 隐喻
metonymy 借代
midget words 小词、常用词
militant tone 态度强硬的语调misplaced modifier 错位修饰语
modifier 修饰语
monotony 单调
mood 语态
mood shifting 语态转换
mouth-filler 口头禅
narration 叙述体
narrative 叙述体的
narrative writing 叙述体写作
nature of English language 英语语言本质neat 整洁
negative meaning 负面意义
negative sentence 否定句
newly coined words 新撰词
news report 新闻报道
news report top-heavy 新闻报道的头重模式nominalization 名词化
non-literaray works 非文学作品nonrestrictive clause 非限制性从句nonrestrictive phrase 非限制性短语nonverbal language 非言语语言(手势、表情等)
noun-oriented sentence 倾向名词化的句子novel 小说
number 数
number shifting 数的转换
objective description 客观描写
obscurity 意义不明
on equal footing (写作风格)平等化
one-sentence paragraph 一句段落onomatopoeia 拟声词
opening paragraph 开头段落
organization 组织
outline 提纲
oxymoron 矛盾修饰法
padded expression 兜圈子的表达
parady 仿拟
paragraph 段落
paragraph as an independent entity 独立实体的段落paragraph development 段落发展法paragraphing 分段法
parallel structure 平行结构
parallelism 平行结构
parentheses 插入语\圆括弧parenthetical expressions 插入语
passive sentence 被动句
period 句号
periodic sentence 圆周句
person 人称
person shifting 人称转换
personal 个体化的
personal connotation 对个体而言的内涵意义personal letter 个人信函
personification 拟人化
persuasive writing 劝服性写作、以劝说为目的的写作
phonetic stylistic device 语音风格技巧
phrasal verbs 短语动词
plain sentence 相对修辞句的平白句plantification 拟物
point 意义点
point of view 观点
point-by-point contrast 逐点对比
polite 礼貌体的
poor English 英语表达力贫乏的positional relation 位置相关
positivist-empirical 经验实证性
power of communication 沟通力
practical writing 应用文写作precise word 表达精确的词汇precision 精确
prefix 前缀
preparatory reading 写作预备阅读preposition 介词
presenting ideas 阐述观点
prewriting 写作前
printed name of the sender 印刷体写信人姓名printed news media 印刷体新闻媒体problem-solution 提出问题-解决问题的模式
process 程序法
pronoun 代词
pronoun shifting 代词转换
pronoun-antecedent agreement 代词先行词一致
proofread 校对
proper names 专有名词
public (语篇系统特征)公开性pun 双关语
punctuation 标点
punctuation mark 标点符号purposefulness 目的性
Queen's English 标准英语
question mark 问号
quotation 引用
quotation mark 引号
quoted speech 引语
reader 读者
readers-oriented 读者为中心的
reader-responsible 读者文责的
reasoning 论证
redundant collocation 多余搭配
reference line 参考行
register 语域
relationship between sentences 句际关系relative noun 关系名词
relative synonym 相对近义词
repetition 重复
repetition of structure 结构重复法
report writing 报告写作representative unit of English thinking 英语思维代表单元
research parper writing 研究报告写作
restatement 重申法
resume 个人简历
return address 回信地址
returning to the beginning 照应开头法revise 修改
rhetoric 修辞
rhetoric of sentence 句子修辞rhetorical analogy 修辞类比rhetorical question 反问句
rhetorical words 华丽用语
round character 性格充分体现的人物roundabout style 迂回风格
run-on sentence “连环”句salutation 称呼语
sample 样本
sarcasm 讽刺
semicolon 分号
sentencing 组句
setting 场景
shades of meaning 隐含义
short preposition 短介词
short sentence 短句
short story 短篇故事signature 签名
simile 明喻
simple English 简明英语
simple sentence 简单句
simple words 简单词
sincerity 真诚性
singleness of purpose 目的唯一性situation 情景
situationally appropriate 于情景贴切的slang 俚语
social association 社会联想
special terms 特殊术语
specific words 具体词汇
speech 口头言语
spelling 拼写
stage 步骤法
statistics 数据法
strength of meaning 意义力度
strength of word 词语力度
stringy sentence “连环”句
structural behavior 结构行为style 风格、文体
style is the man 风格即人
style makes sense 风格即成意义stylistic coloring 文体色彩
stylistic label 文体标记
stylistic reference 文体照应
stylistic synonym 风格近义词stylistically appropriate 于文体贴切的sub-ideas 次思想
subject 主题
subject line 主题行
subject-oriented 以主题为中心的subject-verb agreement 主谓一致subordination 句子从属组合法subsidiary points 副观点
substantial verb 实义动词substitution 替代法
sub-topics 副主题
suffix 后缀
summary 摘要superordinate 上义词
suspense 悬念
syllable 音节
syllogism 三段论、演绎推理symbolic 符号的synaesthesia 通感
synecdoche 提喻
synonym 近义词
syntactical stylistic device 句法风格技巧synthetic expression 综合型表达systematic 系统性
tense shifting 时的转换
terse passage 简练的行文
test writing 应试写作
textual distribution 文稿布局
the right style 合适的风格
theme 主题
third-person point of view 第三人称timed writing 限时作文
title writing 标题写作
to preach 训导式、说教式
to reason 讲道理、逻辑论证tone 语调
tones of voice 语气
topic 话题
topic sentence 主题句transferred epithet/hypallage 移就transition 过渡
transitional mark 过渡标记transitional techniques 过渡技巧truthfulness 真实性
types of characters 人物性格类别ungrammaticality 不符合语法性unity 统一性unnatural shifting 不自然转换usage 用法
variation 趋势分析
variety 多样化
verbal language 言语语言verbalization 动词化
verb-oriented sentence 倾向动词化的句子vigor 力度
vividness 生动vocabulary 词汇
vogue slang 流行俚语
vowel 元音
vulgar words 平民词语
word class 词类
word division 断词法
word order 词序
word power 单词表达力wordiness 多话、罗嗦wordy 罗嗦的
writer-responsible 作者文责的writer's purpose 作者目的writing 写作
writing attitudes 写作态度writing process 写作过程writing purpose 写作目的
zero affix 零缀\词性转换法zero derivation 零缀\词性转换法。