汽车保险中英文对照外文翻译文献
汽车专业外文翻译(中英文翻译)
附录1外文翻译Automobile Brake SystemThe braking system is the most important system in cars. If the brakes fail, the result can be disastrous. Brakes are actually energy conversion devices, which convert the kinetic energy (momentum) of the vehicle into thermal energy (heat).When stepping on the brakes, the driver commands a stopping force ten times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion. The braking system can exert thousands of pounds of pressure on each of the four brakes.Two complete independent braking systems are used on the car. They are the service brake and the parking brake.The service brake acts to slow, stop, or hold the vehicle during normal driving. They are foot-operated by the driver depressing and releasing the brake pedal. The primary purpose of the brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by when a separate parking brake foot pedal or hand lever is set.The brake system is composed of the following basic components: the “master cylinder” which is located under the hood, and is directly connected to the brake pedal, converts driver foot’s mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure. Steel “brake lines” and flexible “brake hoses”connect the master cylinder to the “slave cylinders” located at each wheel. Brake fluid, specially designed to work in extreme conditions, fills the system. “Shoes” and “pads” are pushed by the slave cylinders to contact the “drums” and “rotors” thus causing drag, which (hopefully) slows the car.The typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brakes in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to the master cylinder (Figure).Basically, all car brakes are friction brakes. When the driver applies the brake, the control device forces brake shoes, or pads, against the rotating brake drum or disks at wheel. Frictionbetween the shoes or pads and the drums or disks then slows or stops the wheel so that the car is braked.In most modern brake systems (see Figure 15.1), there is a fluid-filled cylinder, called master cylinder, which contains two separate sections, there is a piston in each section and both pistons are connected to a brake pedal in the driver’s compartment. When the brake is pushed down, brake fluid is sent from the master cylinder to the wheels. At the wheels, the fluid pushes shoes, or pads, against revolving drums or disks. The friction between the stationary shoes, or pads, and the revolving drums or disks slows and stops them. This slows or stops the revolving wheels, which, in turn, slow or stop the car.The brake fluid reservoir is on top of the master cylinder. Most cars today have a transparent r reservoir so that you can see the level without opening the cover. The brake fluid level will drop slightly as the brake pads wear. This is a normal condition and no cause for concern. If the level drops noticeably over a short period of time or goes down to about two thirds full, have your brakes checked as soon as possible. Keep the reservoir covered except for the amount of time you need to fill it and never leave a cam of brake fluid uncovered. Brake fluid must maintain a very high boiling point. Exposure to air will cause the fluid to absorb moisture which will lower that boiling point.The brake fluid travels from the master cylinder to the wheels through a series of steel tubes and reinforced rubber hoses. Rubber hoses are only used in places that require flexibility, such as at the front wheels, which move up and down as well as steer. The rest of the system uses non-corrosive seamless steel tubing with special fittings at all attachment points. If a steel line requires a repair, the best procedure is to replace the compete line. If this is not practical, a line can be repaired using special splice fittings that are made for brake system repair. You must never use copper tubing to repair a brake system. They are dangerous and illegal.Drum brakes, it consists of the brake drum, an expander, pull back springs, a stationary back plate, two shoes with friction linings, and anchor pins. The stationary back plate is secured to the flange of the axle housing or to the steering knuckle. The brake drum is mounted on the wheel hub. There is a clearance between the inner surface of the drum and the shoe lining. To apply brakes, the driver pushes pedal, the expander expands the shoes and presses them to the drum. Friction between the brake drum and the friction linings brakes the wheels and the vehicle stops. To release brakes, the driver release the pedal, the pull back spring retracts the shoes thus permitting free rotation of the wheels.Disk brakes, it has a metal disk instead of a drum. A flat shoe, or disk-brake pad, is located on each side of the disk. The shoes squeeze the rotating disk to stop the car. Fluid from the master cylinder forces the pistons to move in, toward the disk. This action pushes the friction pads tightly against the disk. The friction between the shoes and disk slows and stops it. This provides the braking action. Pistons are made of either plastic or metal. There are three general types of disk brakes. They are the floating-caliper type, the fixed-caliper type, and the sliding-caliper type. Floating-caliper and sliding-caliper disk brakes use a single piston. Fixed-caliper disk brakes have either two or four pistons.The brake system assemblies are actuated by mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic devices. The mechanical leverage is used in the parking brakes fitted in all automobile. When the brake pedal is depressed, the rod pushes the piston of brake master cylinder which presses the fluid. The fluid flows through the pipelines to the power brake unit and then to the wheel cylinder. The fluidpressure expands the cylinder pistons thus pressing the shoes to the drum or disk. If the pedal is released, the piston returns to the initial position, the pull back springs retract the shoes, the fluid is forced back to the master cylinder and braking ceases.The primary purpose of the parking brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by the driver when a separate parking braking hand lever is set. The hand brake is normally used when the car has already stopped. A lever is pulled and the rear brakes are approached and locked in the “on” position. The car may now be left without fear of its rolling away. When the driver wants to move the car again, he must press a button before the lever can be released. The hand brake must also be able to stop the car in the event of the foot brake failing. For this reason, it is separate from the foot brake uses cable or rods instead of the hydraulic system.Anti-lock Brake SystemAnti-lock brake systems make braking safer and more convenient, Anti-lock brake systems modulate brake system hydraulic pressure to prevent the brakes from locking and the tires from skidding on slippery pavement or during a panic stop.Anti-lock brake systems have been used on aircraft for years, and some domestic car were offered with an early form of anti-lock braking in late 1990’s. Recently, several automakers have introduced more sophisticated anti-lock system. Investigations in Europe, where anti-lock braking systems have been available for a decade, have led one manufacture to state that the number of traffic accidents could be reduced by seven and a half percent if all cars had anti-lock brakes. So some sources predict that all cars will offer anti-lock brakes to improve the safety of the car.Anti-lock systems modulate brake application force several times per second to hold the tires at a controlled amount of slip; all systems accomplish this in basically the same way. One or more speed sensors generate alternating current signal whose frequency increases with the wheel rotational speed. An electronic control unit continuously monitors these signals and if the frequency of a signal drops too rapidly indicating that a wheel is about to lock, the control unit instructs a modulating device to reduce hydraulic pressure to the brake at the affected wheel. When sensor signals indicate the wheel is again rotating normally, the control unit allows increased hydraulic pressure to the brake. This release-apply cycle occurs several time per second to “pump” the b rakes like a driver might but at a much faster rate.In addition to their basic operation, anti-lock systems have two other things in common. First, they do not operate until the brakes are applied with enough force to lock or nearly lock a wheel. At all other times, the system stands ready to function but does not interfere with normal braking. Second, if the anti-lock system fail in any way, the brakes continue to operate without anti-lock capability. A warning light on the instrument panel alerts the driver when a problem exists in the anti-lock system.The current Bosch component Anti-lock Braking System (ABSⅡ), is a second generation design wildly used by European automakers such as BWM, Mercedes-Benz and Porsche. ABSⅡsystem consists of : four wheel speed sensor, electronic control unit and modulator assembly.A speed sensor is fitted at each wheel sends signals about wheel rotation to control unit. Each speed sensor consists of a sensor unit and a gear wheel. The front sensor mounts to the steering knuckle and its gear wheel is pressed onto the stub axle that rotates with the wheel. The rear sensor mounts the rear suspension member and its gear wheel is pressed onto the axle. The sensor itself is a winding with a magnetic core. The core creates a magnetic field around thewinding, and as the teeth of the gear wheel move through this field, an alternating current is induced in the winding. The control unit monitors the rate o change in this frequency to determine impending brake lockup.The cont rol unit’s function can be divided into three parts: signal processing, logic and safety circuitry. The signal processing section is the converter that receives the alternating current signals form the speed sensors and converts them into digital form for the logic section. The logic section then analyzes the digitized signals to calculate any brake pressure changes needed. If impending lockup is sensed, the logic section sends commands to the modulator assembly.Modulator assemblyThe hydraulic modulator assembly regulates pressure to the wheel brakes when it receives commands from the control utuit. The modulator assembly can maintain or reduce pressure over the level it receives from the master cylinder, it also can never apply the brakes by itself. The modulator assembly consists of three high-speed electric solenoid valves, two fluid reservoirs and a turn delivery pump equipped with inlet and outlet check valves. The modulator electrical connector and controlling relays are concealed under a plastic cover of the assembly.Each front wheel is served by electric solenoid valve modulated independently by the control unit. The rear brakes are served by a single solenoid valve and modulated together using the select-low principle. During anti-braking system operation, the control unit cycles the solenoid valves to either hold or release pressure the brake lines. When pressure is released from the brake lines during anti-braking operation, it is routed to a fluid reservoir. There is one reservoir for the front brake circuit. The reservoirs are low-pressure accumulators that store fluid under slight spring pressure until the return delivery pump can return the fluid through the brake lines to the master cylinder.译文汽车制动系统制动系统是汽车中最重要的系统。
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汽车外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 中英对照 汽车金融研究
Automobile finance researchAbstract:The automobile industry has hundred years history in overseas oneself. The people in carefully examine, savors these 100 year historical time, often saw is the automobile industry magnificent and the wheel nationality's abundance, but has neglected in this century hundred year, billowing automobile dust behind, some unknown hero - automobile finance service station plays vital role. If did not have at that time “the carapace insect” unsolvable with Germany Volkswagenwe rk famous “five Deutsche Mark credits” emerging, does not have today “the unparalleled in the world” automobile empire and world top level German automobile industry; If does not have the Ford automobile credit company to take the lead the automobile finance service to take the impetus auto sale the release lever, standard and gets down fixedly the automobile finance service with the corporate system way, and first uses the securitization in the world the way to allow temporary credit class of the continuously fund, also does not have today automobile industry mammoth and the common people lives the convenience to be quick. In a sense, had the automobile finance service, only then had today automobile industry, today aviation industry and now weather all mechanical manufacturing industries; Also had the automobile finance service, only then had human's radius of action hundred, thousand kilometer level spanning, had the humanity to benefit in the geography space and time expands the humanities spirit sublimation which, the movement speed enhanced brings.Automobile finance researchMust understand truly the automobile industry, must first read the automobile finance; must develop the automobile industry truly, must first develop the automobile finance. Domestic and foreign historical oneself after has made clear this point. China passes for several dozens years to attempt one to leave the automobile finance continuously, the independence develops the automobile industry pathway, the result it can be imagined. Is big until now, realized only then gradually, the automobile finance is the automobile industry ox muzzle, the automobile finance starts one of important keys which the society expends.Although automobile finance expends in the finance in the overseas society,after has become continues the real estate finance the second big finance, but in China whether needs to develop also has the very great dispute. In other words, whether does the automobile finance production and develop in a disorderly way may follow?On the one hand I according to Mr. Liu Fuyuan “the national economy space and time theory”, also “national economy development phase to economical thing and economic phenomena keeping in balance with guiding function” the viewpoint embarks, “deepens and “the consumption pattern has and the change rule” the angle from the finance”, had the development national economy stage space and time characteristic to the automobile finance service to carry on the analysis, proposed “the automobile finance was th e national economy develops the financial phenomenon which under the specific stage appeared inevitably” and “the consumption pattern operating law decided the automobile finance had the development” and so on the viewpoints.On the other hand I attempt through the automobile finance service to macroscopic economical and the microscopic economical function analysis, explained the automobile finance service enhanced the automobile production, the service, the expense domain fund use efficiency, strengthened the financial service superiority, thus further emphasized the automobile finance produces rationality: The automobile finance can adjust in the national economy movement three big contradictory: “Production and expense contradiction”, “turnover of capit al contradiction”, “credit (demand) and deposit (supplies) contradiction”;The automobile finance has “the high value transferability” to the automobile industry, has “the height dependence and the catalytic nature” to the tertiary industry, has “the high placement” to the employment;The automobile finance may play “the maintenance sale system to the automobile manufacturer, the conformity sale strategy, provides the market information the role”; the automobile finance may play to the car dealer “provide s goods in stock financing”, “transport business fund allows temporary credit”, “equipment financing” the role;The automobile finance may play to the automobile user “provides the expense credit”, “rents financing”, “service financing”, “the insurance business”the role;In brief, “the automobile finance can consummate socialized, the marketability financial service system”.Under the above analysis premise, I place the research and the writing key point the automobile finance concrete operation flow in several key questions, argues vigorously establishes a relative consummation the structure system.Because at present in domestic, but also does not have one special to discuss with the literature, even is one has the depth paper, studies the automobile finance question, I only then “look for a needle in a haystack”, seeks some fragmentarily, the dispersible material from the overseas university development facility and in the automobile finance service website.The innovation aspect, belongs in the rese arch area “runs the horse stable place”, the basically entire structure is new, but also is preliminary. According to “automobile finance historical development - - research system foundation; Automobile finance profit pattern - research system core; Automobile finance credit administration - - research system inner layer; Automobile finance financing mechanism - - research system outer layer: Automobile finance product development - research system surface layer” the order launches; In the research techniq ue, has mainly used “the comparison research” the method, in the Western economic, the finance study, the insurance study, the service management science, the financial engineering, consumer economics domain extensive cultivation and so on the marketing study, compatible and gathers, uses these theories to explain diligently the automobile finance the related question, and has formed some new viewpoints, mainly has “the automobile finance increment profit pattern” in the concrete content, “the credit reimburses ability management”, “the automobile finance multi-dimensional financing structure”, “the automobile finance financial product development”, “the automobile finance product achievements marketing” and so on.First, understands the automobile finance “the development history”.Has analyzed the automobile finance service company's general evolution history process and the current several kind of main existence form, including “bigautomobile manufacture enterprise attached”, “big bank financial group attached”, “independent type”; Has analyzed the automobile finance service company newly “the compound superiority”; Also analyzed “the economical globalization” in the process the automobile finance service to start to appear “the multi-dimensional strate gy”, “the deepened strategy” and “the hypothesized service” the trend of development.Specially has also analyzed the Chinese automobile finance special development experience and the advantages in this foundation. According to “the modern effective marke t hypothesis”, has analyzed “the interest rate control” in the situation, the Chinese automobile money market non-validity, has drawn some basic conclusions: Induces and the start huge individual deposit with the automobile finance service, supports the national economy high speed to grow continually: The automobile finance service is helpful “the automobile expends the leading” in the establishment the market pattern; The automobile finance service is helpful to the elimination “the automobile demand growt h regional characteristic incline” the question; The automobile finance service is helpful in the display uses the Chinese automobile storage quantity property. Also to develop the automobile finance service existence “the human vehicle to be contradictory”, “the road vehicle is contradictory” and so on the main restriction factor to carry on the appraisal, proposed specially: The automobile finance can “the creation supplies”, be the science solution above question “the key”.After the understanding automobile finance service historical present situation, has then analyzed the automobile finance service existence “the origin of life” - - the profit pattern. This also is further is proving the automobile finance existence “the rationality” the question.After the introduction automobile finance profit pattern basic meaning, I divide into it “the basic profit pattern” and “the increment profit pattern” two kinds, and from “service management theory”, “financial service theory” the angle, proved the automobil e finance service profit pattern “not to be possible to know touches the nature”, “the indivisibility”, “the different principle” and so on the characteristics, proposed “the automobile finance service profit pattern core factor was the customer loyal degr ee of satisfaction”, “the automobile finance serviceprofit pattern secondary factor is the automobile finance service transmission quality”. Also to “the market concentration degree”, “the market entered the barrier”, “the market mechanism” and so on the market parameters has carried on the description.I the Western economic “the market analysis” the theory introduction, will also analyze and obtain “the perfect competitive market to the automobile finance service profit pattern non-serviceability”, “hav e monopolized the market completely to the automobile finance service profit pattern non-serviceability”, “the monopoly struggled the market mechanism unexpectedly to the automobile finance service profit pattern serviceability”, “the oligopoly market to t he automobile finance service profit pattern serviceability” the conclusion, and has specifically analyzed under each kind of market condition, automobile finance service profit pattern running status.In this part, my another new viewpoint is, proved the automobile finance service to rise in value fully the profit pattern necessity, the concrete method, the fund composition, the investment principle, the investment portfolio. Also introduced I apply the investment bank fundamental research development one kind of typical automobile finance service to raise in value the profit pattern - “to buy the vehicle to manage finances the profit pattern”.If the automobile finance service profit pattern is a core, then the credit administration is controls this patt ern the key. After inspects “the credit theory”, “the consumer credit theory” these theory origin, has emphatically analyzed the automobile finance service credit system function and the automobile finance service credit system specific connotation and the category, emphasized the key point is eliminates the automobile finance the information dissymmetry, according to credit rank decision financing quantity and deadline. Also “paid (deposit) toself-to restrain the mechanism”, “the joint and several liability mechanism”, “the credit system mechanism” and so on the automobile finance service credit operations machine has manufactured the description, has established the measure automobile finance service individual loan risk and the automobile finance reimburses ability management the essential method, and established the automobile finance service credit system on our country to propose thecountermeasure.The automobile finance service financing structure plays is gathering accepts the fund the role, is the support, the guarantee automobile finance profit pattern display function “the power” .It both automobile finance profit pattern control, and reaction in automobile finance profit pattern, therefore, met down has conducted the research to it. The automobile finance service company finances the structure rationale to have “the financial capital to say”, “the banking capital circulation said”, and “the transaction expense said”. The automobile finance service financing history process has experienced “endogen financing”, “extraneous source financing” and “highly effective in extraneous source financing”. Has analyzed the automobile finance service company's financing structural model and the automobile finance service company best financing structure function, as well as the influence automobile finance Service Company finances the structure primary factor. Also with emphasis introduced the automobile finance service company's several kind of main financing form, specially introduced in the automobile finance credit property securitization financing form, in the automobile finance service intangible asset capitalization financing strategy, in the automobile finance service special permission management financing strategy, in the automobile finance service project financing strategy, the automobile finance service level border financing strategy.The automobile finance service product development sells the camp is the entire system final link, it realizes the automobile finance profit pattern tool, is the automobile finance credit administration carrier, is the automobile finance financing mechanism operation goal.The automobile finance service product makes a general reference thought the automobile transaction and the use allows temporary credit the financial structure which the fund carries on (quantity, deadline, cost and so on), the financial strategy design and the corresponding legal contract arrangement, is each kind of question solution which in the reality the automobile finance service station faces, including encompassment price optimization aspect automobile finance product; Encompassment circumvention sale policy, system development automobile finance product: Revolves the automobile expends in the process to have servicelink convenience, efficient and indemnificatory development automobile finance product. The automobile finance service product characteristic by took the general use commodity the automobile and decided as the financial service contractual relationship two big factors: Has “compound”, “the accuracy”, “the risk”, “the continuous nature”, “the selectivity” and so on;The automobile finance product design is in the finance study is most difficult one of richest challenging topics. It is the automobile finance analysis inverse problem. Automobile finance product design general flow, including “goal design”, “structural design”, “product fixed price”, “risk income characteristic analysis”, “product standardization”. The automobile finance product benefit appraised the method includes: “Profit margin discount law”, “information feedback law”.The automobile finance product development innovation is the China monetary system reform intrinsic request, the interest rate marketability, is develops the Chinese automobile finance product core and the key.Had the automobile finance service product, but also must open “the direct marketing channel”, “the straight multiple marketing channel”, “on the net the marketing”, carries on “the potency to the automobile finance product sale personnel to dr ive”, and to “the potency drove” has carried on the model description.The analysis opens the Chinese automobile finance service market existence “the merger and acquisition conformity”, “the market reorganization” and so on the tendencies, proposed carries out Chinese Silver Jail to meet the spirit, the perfect automobile finance service company governs the structure, the use “the independent pattern”, “the union pattern”, “the Chinese-foreign joint venture pattern”, establishes the Chinese specialized au tomobile finance service organization, impels the automobile finance service industry moderately to grow in advance, promotes our country automobile industry, the financial service industry overall competitive power.文献来源：/Article/Automotive/index.html汽车金融研究摘要：汽车工业在国外己有百年历史。
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外文文献原稿和译文原稿A New Type Car -- Hybrid Electric VehicleWith skyrocketing fuel prices and changes in weather patterns, many car manufacturers claimed to develop the kind of vehicles that will increase the mileage and reduce the emissions. Hybrid car is a kind of vehicle which can meet above requirements. A hybrid car features a small fuel-efficient gas engine combined with an electric motor that assists the engine.The reasons of building such a complicated machine are twofold: to reduce tailpipe emissions and to improve mileage. Firstly, hybrid cars are good for the environment. They can reduce smog by 90 percent and they use far less gasoline than conventional cars. Meanwhile, hybrid cars burn less gasoline per mile, so they release fewer greenhouse gases. Secondly, hybrid cars are economical. Hybrid cars, which run on gas and electricity, can get up to 55 to 60 miles per gallon in city driving, while a typical SUV might use three times as much gas for the same distance! There are three reasons can mainly account for that: 1) Hybrid engines are much smaller than those on conventional cars. A hybrid car engine is to accommodate the 99% of driving time when a car is not going up hills or accelerating quickly. When extra acceleration power is needed, it relies on the battery to provide additional force. 2) Hybrid gasoline engine can shut off when the car is stopped and run off their electric motor and battery.3) Hybrid cars often recover braking energy. Electric motors could take the lost kinetic energy in braking and use it to charge the battery. Furthermore, hybrids are better than all-electric cars because hybrid car batteries recharge as you drive so there is no need to plug in. Most electric cars need to be recharged every 50-100miles. Also, most electric cars cannot go faster than 50-60 mph, while hybrids can.Hybrid cars bridge the gap between electric and gasoline-powered cars by traveling further and driving faster and hybrid gas-electric cars are proving to be a feasible alternative at a time of high gas prices. So, in my opinion, hybrid cars will have a bright future.How Does Hybrid Electric Vehicle Work？You probably own a gasoline or diesel-engine car. You may have heard ofelectric vehicles too. A hybrid vehicle or hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a combination of both. Hybrid vehicles utilize two or more sources of energy for propulsion. In the case of HEVs, a combustion engine and an electric motor are used.How it works depends on the type of drive train it has. A hybrid vehicle can either have a parallel or series or parallel-series drive train.Parallel HybridThe parallel hybrid car has a gas tank, a combustion engine, transmission, electric motor, and batteries.A parallel hybrid is designed to run directly from either the combustion engine or the electric motor. It can run using both the engine and the motor. As a conventional vehicle, the parallel hybrid draws its power from the combustion engine which will then drive the transmission that turns the wheels. If it is using the electric motor, the car draws its power from the batteries. The energy from the batteries will then power the electric motor that drives the transmission and turns the wheel.Both the combustion engine and the electric motor are used at the same time during quick acceleration, on steep ascend, or when either the engine or the motor needs additional boost.Since the engine is directly connected to the wheels in a parallel drive train, it eliminates the inefficiency of converting mechanical energy into electrical energy and back. This makes a very effective vehicle to drive on the highway.Series HybridThe series hybrid car also has a gas tank, a combustion engine, transmission, electric motor, and batteries with the addition of the generator. The generator can be the electric motor or it can be another separate component.The series configuration is the simplest among the 3. The engine is not connected to the transmission rather it is connected to the electric motor. This means that the transmission can be driven only by the electric motor which draws its energy from the battery pack, the engine or the generator.A hybrid car with a series drive train is more suited for city driving conditions since the engine will not be subjected to the varying speed demands (stop, go, and idle) that contributes to fuel consumption.Series-Parallel HybridThe series-parallel configuration solves the individual problems of the parallel and series hybrid. By combining the 2 designs, the transmission can be directly connected to the engine or can be separated for optimum fuel consumption. The Toyota Prius and the Ford Escape Hybrid use this technology.Honda’s hybridFor those of you who have toyed with the idea of buying a hybrid but were discouraged by the price, you are not alone. In fact, despite the growing concern for the environment, not to mention the skyrocketing price of gas, hybrid cars still only represent a small percentage of global car sales, and a major reason for this is the cost.Hybrids are considered the wave of the future because they not only reduce emissions, addressing the issue of climate change, but they get great gas mileage, animportant consideration with the current price of oil. It should be noted that hybrids can also improve the power of the engine, which compromises any advantages in fuel efficiency and emissions. Whatever the application, however, the technology makes the cars more expensive.Because of this, they are the vehicle of choice for only a small niche of people who can afford them, and they currently enjoy a special status amongst the image conscious celebrity-set. For most average consumers, however, they are not an option.That may soon change.Honda Motor Corporation, one of the largest car manufacturers in the world and a leader in fuel efficient technology, has unveiled it’s plan to introduce a low-cost hybrid by 2009. If they can pull it off, they hope to make the hybrid a more mainstream car that will be more appealing to the general public, with the ultimate goal of achieving greater sales and broader appeal than their current incarnation.This, of course, is making Detroit nervous, and may signal a need for American car makers to start making greener and more fuel efficient vehicles, something they could afford to ignore in the past because hybrid cars weren’t worth their attention (due to such a small market share) while gas-guzzling SUVs have such high profit margins.Honda, meanwhile, has had to confront a growing need to compete with Toyota, which has not only grown to be the world’s largest automaker, but makes the car that has become synonymous with the hybrid movement, the Prius. Honda is therefore faced with the seemingly insurmountable task of challenging Toyota’s dominance in the market.Concurrently, Toyota is racing to lower production costs on the Prius, as well, which would hopefully result in a lower cost to the consumer. All eyes are on a potentially favorable car buyers market in 2009.In the meantime, with even adamant global warming naysayers warming up (no pun intended) to the possibilities of an ecological disaster on the horizon, maybe it’s time that we got over our need to drive huge SUVs and start moderating our fuel consumption.Then again, as gas prices hovering around $4.00 and with no ceiling in sight, we may have little choice in the matter.Engine Operating PrinciplesMost automobile dngines are internal combustion, reciprocating 4-stroke gasoline engines, but other types have been used, including the diesel, the rotary ( Wankel ) , the 2-srtoke, and stratified charge.Reciprocating means up and down or banck and forth, It is the up and down action of a piston in the cylinder blick, or engine block. The blick is an iron or aluminum casting that contains engine cylinders and passges called water jackets for coolant circulation. The top of the block is covered with the cylinder head. Which forms the combustion chanber. The bottom of the block is covered with an oil pan or oil sump.Power is produced by the linear motion of a piston in a cylinder. However, this linear motion must be changed into rotary motion to turn the wheels of cars of trucks. The piston is attached to the top of a connecting rod by a pin, called a piston pin or wrist pin. The bottom of the connecting rod is attached to the crankshaft. The connecting rod transmits the up-and-down motion of the piston to the crankshaft, which changes it into rotary motion.The connecting rod is mounted on the crankshaft with large beaings called rod bearings. Similar bearings, called main bearings, are used to mount the crankshaft in the block. Shown in Fig. 1-1The diameter of the cylinder is called the engine bore. Displacement and compression ratio are two frequently used engine specifications. Displacement indicates engine size, and compression ratio compares the total cylinder volume to compression chamber volume.The term stroke is used to describe the movement of the iston within the cylinder, as well as the distance of piston travel. Depending on the type of engine the operating cycle may require either two or four strokes to complete. The 4-stroke engine is also called Otto cycle engine, in honor of the German engineer, Dr. Nikolaus Otto, who first applied the principle in 1876. In the 4-stroke engine, four strokes of the piston in the cylinder are required to complete one full operating cycle. Each stroke is named after the action it performs intake, compression, power, and exhaust in that order, shown in Fig1-2.1、Intake strokeAs the piston moves down, the vaporized mixture of fuel and air enters the cylinder through open intake valve. To obtain the maximum filling of the cylinder the intake valve opens about 10°before t.b.c., giving 20°overlap. The inlet valve remains open until some 50°after b.d.c. to take advantage of incoming mixture.2、 Compression strokeThe piston turns up, the intake valve closes, the mixture is compressed within the combustion chamber, while the pressure rise to about 1Mpa, depending on various factors including the compression ratio, throttle opening and engine speed. Near the top of the stroke the mixture is ignited by a spark which bridges the gap of the spark plug.3、 Power strokeThe expanding gases of combustion produces a rise in pressure of the gas to some 3.5Mpa, and the piston is forced down in the cylinder. The exhaust valve opens near the bottom of the stroke.4、Exhust strokeThe piston moves back up with the exhaust valve open some 50°before b.d.d., allowing the pressure within the cylinder to fall and to reduce ‘back’pressure on the piston during the exhaust stroke, and the burned gases are pushed out to prepare for the next intake stroke.The intake valve usually opens just before the exhaust stroke. This 4-stroke cycle is continuously repeared in every as long as the engineremains running.A 2-stroke engine also goes through four actions to complete one operatingcycle.However, the intake and the compression actions are combined in one seroke, and the power and exhaust actions are combined in the other stroke. The term2-stroke cycle or 2-stroke is preferred to the term 2-cycle, which is really not accurate.In automobile engines, all pistons are attached to a single crankshaft. The more cylinders an engine has, the more power strokes produced for cach revolution. This means that an 8-cylinder engine runs more smoothly bdcause the power atrokes are closer together in time and in degrees of engine rotation.The cylinders of multi-cylinder automotive engines arranged in one of three ways. 1、Inline engines use a single block of cylinder.Most 4-cylinder and any 6-cylinder engines are of this design. The cylinders do not have to be vertical. They can be inclined either side.2、V-type engines use two equal bands of cylinders, usually inclined 60degrees or 90degrees from the cach other. Most V-type engines have 6 or 8 cylinders, although V-4 and V-12 engines have been built.3、Horizontally opposed or pancake engines have two equal banks of cylinders 180degreeas apart. These space saving engine designs are often air-cooled, and are found in the Chevrolet Carvair, Porsches, Subaus, and V olkswagens. Subaus design is liquid cooled.Late-model V olkswagen vans use a liquid-cooled version of the air cooled VWhorizontally opposed engine.译文新型汽车----混合动力汽车在油价飞涨的今天，汽车制造商被要求发展一种排放低，行驶里程长的汽车。
汽车保险术语解释（中英）-汽车的技术术语及相关解释
汽车保险术语解释（中英）-汽车的技术术语及相关解释法律规定：无保险上路是违法的。
英语口语中第三保是：Liability，全保含Loss and Damage，叫Full Coverage，保费的英语是Premium，保费一般含税。
保险公司称Insurer,被保人称Insured.索赔（Claim）：保险客户要求保险公司按保单支付赔偿。
碰撞赔偿（Collision）：这包括保险客户的汽车任何碰撞造成的毁坏。
包括与其他车辆、灯柱、栏杆及车库墙的碰撞等等。
综合险（Comprehensive）：这只针对保险客户损坏的汽车，不包括其它的汽车。
包括火灾、偷盗、坠物、导弹、爆炸、地震、洪水、暴乱及民众骚乱。
自负额（Deductible）：在车祸中，你同意自己支付部分费用。
在车祸中，如果是你的过失，那将是高自负额低赔偿金。
保险批单（Endorsements）：原保险合同的替换样本。
特别保险（Extraordinary）：医疗保险有时候包括个人伤害保护保险，如果你在车祸中受伤，需要一系列或长时间的治疗，此保险能保证你获得医疗赔偿金。
全保（Full Coverage）：此保险指出根据你的居住状况，有最低限度的保险额度。
这并不意味着保险公司总会支付赔偿金。
收入损失险（Income Loss Coverage）：有时候，作为个人伤害保护保险的一部分，如果你因为车祸不能工作，收入损失险会赔偿你的收入损失。
损失赔偿（Indemnity）：损失保险的预付数额。
限额（Limits）：保险公司对你的损失赔偿的最高金额。
在许多情况下，保险公司还有最低限额。
医疗保险（Medical Payments）或个人伤害保护保险（PIP）：包括投保人汽车里的司机和乘客医疗费用。
更广一点说，PIP包括车祸中受伤人员丢失包裹的损失。
也可以扩展到，投保人被其他的车辆撞伤，或走路时被汽车撞伤。
无过失保险（No-Fault Insurance）：为了投保人能收到赔偿，无过失保险通常不要求指明是谁的过失。
车险理赔文献翻译
2012届本科毕业设计（论文）文献翻译题目某公司车险理赔数据分析与研究学院商学院专业信息系统与信息管理班级信管081学号084770538姓名周小诗指导教师谢友才开题日期2011年11月6号文献一：Effects of Pay-As-You-Drive vehicle insuranceon young drivers’ speed choice1. IntroductionWorldwide, across all age groups road traffic accidents currently account for 1.27 millions deaths a year (World Health Organization, 2004). Furthermore, traffic accidents constitute the second leading cause of death among people in the age of 20 to 24 years, right after HIV/AIDS (Toroyan and Peden, 2007). Young drivers are strongly overrepresented in road accident statistics. In the Netherlands, young adults (aged 18–24) make up 8% of the driving population, but are involved in 22% of all severe traffic accidents. This means that per kilometer travelled, young adults in the Netherlands are 5.5 times as likely to be involved in a severe traffic accident as older adults (Schoon and Schreuders, 2003). The differences in accident involvement are often attributed to specific characteristics of young adults. For example young drivers, compared to older drivers, have been found to have a more positive attitude towards taking risks, display stronger motives for risky driving (Hatfield and Fernandes, 2009), and tend to drive at higher speeds (Boyce and Geller, 2002).Vehicle speed is commonly seen as the most important determinant of crash risk (Salusjärvi, 1981), and crash severity ( [Joksch, 1993] and [OECD/ECMT, 2006] ). Driving at higher speeds leaves less time to respond to unexpected events and increases stopping time, thus decreasing the possibility to avoid accidents (Aarts and van Schagen, 2006). So, reducing the driving speed of young adults, and in particular the amount of time spent above the speed limit, holds the potential of dramatically reducing accidents, and saving lives. The current study aimed to test whether a new type of car insurance (Pay-As-You-Drive vehicle insurance) is effective in reducing speed violations of young adults. Before explaining the study setup, we will discuss the (dis-)advantages of Pay-As-You-Drive vehicle insurance as compared to current road safety interventions.2. Method2.1. ParticipantsIn January 2007, we sent a letter with the request to fill out an online questionnaire on PAYD (duration 20 min) to approximately 6000 policyholders from five Dutch insurance companies (all policyholders were younger than 30 years). By filling out the questionnaire, participants were eligible to win a car navigation system. By July 2007, 706 policyholders had completed the online questionnaire. In the last part of the questionnaire, participants indicated whether they were interested in participating in a field experiment on PAYD. A substantial proportion of the people who filled out the questionnaire (n = 337) volunteered. However, becausenot all volunteers could be accommodated in the field experiment, a random selection of 228 people were eventually invited to participate.In the time between the participant selection and the installation and testing of the GPS device, some participants withdrew. Additionally, some participants were excluded from the analyses due to missing data (e.g. their GPS device did not work properly or was removed before the end of the experiment). By the end of the experiment (July 2008), we could establish the prevalence of speeding behavior throughout all phases of the experiment for 141 participants. The participants who dropped out (n = 87) did not differ in age, car size, income, gender, and intention to speed from the final set of participants (n= 141), but did report a somewhat lower yearly mileage. Self-reported mean yearly mileage of the final set of participants was 13,985 km, which is comparable to the 2007 Dutch average of 13,877 km (Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, 2009a). In July 2007, the mean age of participants was 24.4 years (SD = 2.2), and on average participants had possessed a driver's license for 4.5 years (SD = 2.4). Men (60%) were slightly overrepresented in the sample. The majority of participants worked fulltime (69.3%), and 30.7% were otherwise engaged (studying, part-time employment). Net monthly income levels were somewhat higher than the average income of Dutch young adults, with 25.7% of the sample earning less than 1000 Euros net per month, 46.2% earning between 1000 Euros to 1500 Euros net per month, 24.3% earning between 1500 and 2000 Euros net per month, and 3.7% earning more than 2000 Euros net per month (Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, 2009b).2.2. Design and procedureThe field experiment ran from November 2007 until June 2008. Prior to the start of the field experiment, participants’ cars were equipped with GPS devices. These GPS devices allowed for the monitoring of where participants were driving, what speed they were driving at and at what time, and how many kilometers they were travelling. Participants were randomly assigned to be either in incentive or control groups. The experiment comprised four phases, pre-measurement, intervention phase 1, intervention phase 2, and post-measurement, each phase lasting two months. During pre-measurement (November–December 2008) and post-measurement (May–June 2008), participants’ driving behavior was monitored, but had no financial consequences. During the intervention phases, participants in the incentive group could earn a reward for adapting their driving behavior (a discount on their insurance premium of maximally 50 Euros per month), and received feedback on their driving behavior. Participants in the control group did not receive an incentive and feedback. The intervention period was divided into two phases, each lasting two months (intervention phase 1: January–February 2008, intervention phase 2: April–May 2008). This setup allowed us to compare driving behavior during four phases of equal length in the analyses (pre-measurement, intervention phase 1, intervention phase 2, and post-measurement).The monthly 50 Euros discount was divided into three components: 30 Euros was designated as a reward for keeping the speed limit,1 15 Euros for reduced mileage, and 5 Euros for avoiding driving during weekend nighttime hours.2 So, the maximum discount participants could earn during the two intervention phases was 200 Euros. Based on loss aversion (Tversky and Kahneman, 1981), we reasoned that financial losses should have more impact on behavior than equivalent financial gains. So communicating the reward drivers are foregoing (losing) by drivingunsafely, may be a more effective frame than communicating the reward drivers are receiving (gaining) by driving safely. Accordingly, in the intervention phases, we used two ways to communicate how much of discount participants in the incentive group had earned. Participants in the gain framed incentive group (n = 50) were told that they started each month with 0 Euros, and could gain up to 50 Euros discount if they drove safely (which entailed keeping the speed limit, avoiding driving during on weekend nighttime hours, and reducing mileage). Conversely, participants in the loss framed incentive group (n = 50) were told that they started each month with 50 Euros discount, and could lose up to 50 Euros a month if they failed to drive safely.Participants in the incentive groups could track their performance during the intervention phases (from January to April 2008) by logging in to a personalized website (www.savedriver.nl). The website provided detailed feedback on speed violations, mileage, and nighttime driving, and showed, by default, how much discount the particular participant would receive at the end of the month if they continued the driving behavior of the previous week. Specifically, participants in the gain framed incentive group saw a graph that denoted how much discount they would gain, and participants in the loss framed incentive group saw a graph that denoted how much discount they would lose.Payments were made via bank transfer. The first of four monthly payments were made in March of 2008. Subsequent monthly payments were made in March, April and May 2008. A control group was used to assess the impact of extraneous variables on driving behavior. Right before the start of the first intervention period, participants in the control (n = 41) group were told that they would always receive the maximum discount of 200 Euros at the end of the experiment, irrespective of their driving behavior. They did not receive feedback on their driving behavior, and were paid 200 Euros during post-measurement.2.3. Data analysisDuring the field experiment, in-vehicle GPS devices logged X and Y coordinates every 100 m. On some occasions (e.g. in case of a loss of GPS signal, for instance due to driving through a tunnel), the GPS device logged on longer intervals (that is, less often than every 100 m). These observations (which amount to 23.4% of the total distance travelled) were removed from the analyses, as vehicle speed for these longer intervals could not be reliably determined. The occurrence of speed violations was established by matching vehicle location and vehicle speed to a map with local speed limits. Data was recorded on all types of roads, but analyses were limited to the most common road types in the Netherlands, with speed limits of 30, 50, 80, 100 and 120 km/h, respectively, and to observations for which local speed limit information was available (98.9%). Many Dutch roads tend to be congested around peak hours on weekday. During congestion, participants’ would have to deal with other vehicles ahead of them, which would prevent them from freely choosing their speed. This means that speed choice is more likely to be under volitional control during off-peak hours than during peak hours.3 Driving behavior recorded on peak hours (from 7 to 9 am and from 4 to 7 pm on weekdays) was therefore excluded from our analyses.The percentage of total distance travelled at 6% or more above the local speed limit (‘percentage of speeding’) was used as the main dependent variable in our analyses. Violations of less than 6% were excluded from this definition, based on the assumption that such violations are often non-volitional and therefore most likely not influenced by a financial incentive and feedback. Furthermore, small thresholds are quite common in speed enforcement. Dutch police, for instance, only issue speeding tickets at 80 km/h roads for violations of 7 km/h or more over the speed limit (Goldenbeld and van Schagen, 2005).For each of the four phases of the field experiment, the percentage of speeding was calculated based on the weekly distance travelled at a speed 6% over the speed limit across all five road types (30, 50, 80, 100 and 120 km/h). Percentage speeding of the five road types were weighted by distance, and averaged across road types. The resulting variable represents an indicator of volitional speeding across all road types, and was used as a dependent variable in our analysis of the effect of PAYD on overall speeding. During off-peak periods, local speed limits were violated by 6% or more during 19.1% of the distance travelled. This figure is in line with previous literature that used GPS devices to measure vehicle speeds (Hultkrantz and Lindberg, 2003). Because the variable percentage of speeding was not normally distributed the natural logarithm of the scores was used in the analyses.3.ConclusionsAs noted before, the awareness of being monitored may initially have reduced speeding, but, as time passed, this awareness faded, and speeding returned to its ‘natural’ level. As such, we reason that vehicle speeds during post-measurement are a better reflection of the speed at which participants would normally drive than speed levels during pre-measurement, where the GPS device had been recently installed and might have deterred participants from driving at their regular speedsFollowing this logic, the best possible estimation of the effect of PAYD on speeding might be reflected in the difference in speeding of the incentive group during the second intervention phase (March and April 2008) and after the incentive was taken away (post-measurement, May and June 2008). In other words, the financial incentive appears to have decreased the percentage of distance travelled during which drivers violated the speed limits by 6% or more from 20.5% to 17.6%. To put it differently, PAYD is estimated to have reduced volitional speeding by 14%, which roughly amounts to a reduction of 39.2 h per year for the average young driver.4 Although these numbers might not appear impressive, one should note that these numbers reflect reductions in actual speeding across all roads participants drove at. As such, the safety gains from PAYD could add significantly to those already made through the use of more conventional speed enforcement tools (e.g. speed cameras and mobile radars), especially as the effects of such tools on driving speed are typically limited to areas where enforcement is active. Also, small differences in driving speed are associated with large differences in crash risk (Elvik, 2006). A reduction of speeding by 5% may lead to as much as a 20% decrease of fatalities in road accidents (OECD/ECMT, 2006). Thus, we conclude that PAYD leads to modest, but relevant reductions in the driving speed of young adults, and thus may prove a valuable tool in reducing the crash risk of young drivers.翻译一：付费驱动车险理赔对年轻驾驶员车速选择的影响1.引言在世界范围内跨越所有年龄段的道路交通事故中，每年约有1.27百万人的死亡记录（世界卫生组织，2004年）。
英语文献以及翻译(汽车安全系统技术研究分析)
高等教育自学考试英文翻译汽车检测与维修专业〔本科〕市地：郑州市准考证号：姓名：河南科技大学高等教育自学考试办公室.Automotive safety systems and technology researchand analysisAs traffic tools of the modernization and absolute number increase sharply, traffic accidents are also increasing. Car accident has become severe global social issues. Undoubtedly, advanced auto safety facilities are the driving safet y indispensable safeguard. So, we should start, from technology to research and development o f high performance, high safety car, also want to strengthen the regular inspection in cars, so timely maintenance investigation, make cars often in good technical status, so as to improve the safety performance of the car.Here we introduced active safet y technology and automobile car passive safety technology. Auto safety is according to the traffic accident happened before and after the classified. One is in a traffic accident take safety measures, especially before immediately will produce risk conditi on, drivers manipulate the steering wheel avoid or emergency brake to avoid traffic accidents. In the car, drive in usually to ensure the basic manipulation stability, drivers on the surrounding environment and to ensure the visual recognition sex drive th e car itself, developed the basic performance ant-lock braking s ystem (ABS), prevent slippery drive system (ASR), active suspension, power steering and four-wheel drive (4WD), four-wheel steering (4WS), lighting system, wiper, the rearview mirror, prevent from rear-end collision car alarm system and laser radar, etc. These security devices and technology, called active safet y system, can also be called preventive security system. On the other hand, in order to reduce traffic accidents and company by personn el directly suffer degree, ensure company take staff and pedestrian safety, says the security for passive safety, can also be called conflict safety. When after the accident, in order to preventdisasters, including prevent the expansion of fire and make c rew from traffic accident can extricate the security devices and systems, called prevent disaster expand security system.One．Automobile active security technology1. ABS braking systemAnt-lock Braking System (Braking System, lock do by ABS computers as ABS), hydraulic device, the wheel speed sensors, brake hydraulic pipeline and electrical wiring etc. Their structures are shown below.ABS tasseled for the car in various driving conditions braking performance and brake safet y particularly important, es pecially is emergency braking, can make full use of the peak between tire and road surface adhesion properties, improve performance and reduce automobile fight sideslip braking distance, give full play to the braking performance, but also increase the auto mobile braking process control. So as to reduce the possibility of car accidents.No installation ABS car, if the driving force trample brake pedal, wheel will rapidly lower speed, and finally wheels stop turning, but body because of inertia remains forwa rd sliding. This phenomenon was at the wheel and pavement occur between larger "slip", appear this kind of situation, the car tires of automobile lateral spreads almost disappear, so poor force will appear the following phenomena:(1) Steering stability f all: the steering wheel is ineffective, vehicle tail manipulation of curl, serious when vehicle circles or appear folding phenomenon;(2) Handling fall: manipulate the steering wheel and short of steering requirements;(3) Braking distance extended: more than general braking distance.So, we can imagine to have installed ABS system of the car safety is very important.2．the ASR drive torque control systemABS are used to prevent car braking process wheel lock, will wheel sliding rate control in ideal r ange, so as to shorten the braking distance, improve automobile braking direction stability and steering control, so as to improve the safet y of the car. Along with the increase of vehicle performance requirements, not only in braking process required to prevent wheel lock, and asked the driver to prevent drive roller skating turn in the process, making cars in the direction stability, driving process steering control ability and acceleration performance, so are improved by the car drive torque steering sys tem ASR (Accelerations Regulation) Slip. ASR is the perfect complement and ABS ASR, but most alone is set with ABS combined together, commonly used ABS/ASR says, called antiskid control system.ASR is mainly used to prevent car in the beginning, accelerat e the wheels, guarantee slip in the car accelerated rate and improve the stability in bad pavement drive attached conditions. It makes no difference speed in the car lock ice roads and muddy road started and to improve its capacity, also can prevent high i n speed by turning cars gliding pavement and rear lateral spreads phenomenon.Anyhow, prevent the wheel because ASR slip, can maximize the engine driving moment of cars had enough, ensure the longitudinal force, lateral force and manipulation of power, ma ke cars in starting, steering and accelerate the process, in gliding and muddy road, in a mountain area downhill process can steadily driving, guarantees the safety, reducing tire wear and fuel consumption, and improves the car driving capability.3．VDC s ystemABS/ASR system successfully solves the brake and the car when driven direction stability problem, but cannot solve the vehicle steering stability problem driving direction. For example when steering road,inevitably by lateral and longitudinal force, onl y local surface can provide full lateral and longitudinal force, the pilot can control vehicles. If the ground adhesion ability lower lateral, will damage cars driving ability predetermined direction. Rainy days cars driving, often high-speed steering lateral sliding out, it is the ground because of insufficient lateral adhesion ability. To resolve the issue, and developed countries automobile industry recently in ABS/ASR system on the basis of the development of dynamic Control system (into car Dynamics Control, the abbreviation VDC Vehicle). The system of the car brake, driving, suspension, steering, engine and so on various main assembly control system in function, structure organic ground comprehensive together, can make cars in all kinds of bad wor king conditions, such as ice road pavement, commuting, river bend pavement and took evasive action moving line, braking and acceleration and the downhill for different conditions, such as bearing, different type pressure and different levels of type wear a ll have good direction stability, to show the best driving performance. VDC applications, in braking, acceleration and steering aspects of driver's fully released request, is the car of active safet y driving a new milestone.VDC of steering control system is mainly by driving for each wheel brake control and engine power output control to realize. For example, if the car turn left front wheel for steering the inadequate capacit y tend to slip out of the corner, VDC s ystem can measure imminent, just know lat eral spreads left rear brake adopt appropriate measures. If at the same corner, because rear wheel tend to slip out of favor of lateral overmuch, VDC system is proper braking to front-right wheel failure, maintain the stability of the vehicle driving. In e xtreme cases, VDC system can also take reduce engine to reduce the power output, and to reduce the speed of the demand side adhesion ability to maintain the stability of the vehicle driving. Adopt VDC system, automobile in folio pavement or corner of pavem ent braking distancestill can further reduce.4．CCS cars cruise control systemAuto cruise Control System (Cruiser Control System, abbreviation for CCS) is can make automobile work in engine favorable speed range, reduce driver's driving manipulate lab or intensity, improve the driving comfort the automatic driving device.Car cruising s ystem (CCS) role is required by the driver: after a normally-closed switch, no speed on the accelerator pedal can automaticall y keep the speed, make the vehicle with the fixed speed. Using this device, when on the highway after a long time, the driver driving not have to control the accelerator pedal, reduce fatigue, while reducing unnecessary speed change, can reduce save fuel.Auto cruise control system is the earliest development of the automotive electronic control system. This system USES another speed sensor, will speed signal input engine control microcomputer, by microcomputer control vacuum system work. This system can make use of the server, speed control switch lever and brake pedal on vacuum lift switches etc, its function and basic system the same.In this system, electronic control device can accord change of driving resistance, automatic regulation engine throttle Angle, make the speed constant. Such not on ly reduce unnecessary speed change, which saves fuel, also reduced the driver's burden.Two. Automobile passive safety technology1. Seat beltCar seat belt is a safety device, it can in car collision or sharp turn, make crew to keep its original posit ion as possible without mobile and rotation, avoid collision with in-car hard parts caused damage. Seat belts and airbags, as modern cars are safet y devices, but the long history of the former, popularize the scope.The seemingl y simple seat belt actually not "simple". Attention has been at the forefront of traffic safety, through the analysis of general motors after a car accident found: seat belt not only makes people protect the lives, can be in more than half of the accident to reduce or even eliminate drivers, motorists are the chance of injury. Car collision or unexpected emergency braking force generated great inertia, will allow the driver and passenger and car windscreen, steering wheel, seat, collision happened objects such as secondary to drive i s caused extremely easil y crew serious damage, even drive occupant seats or threw the apex, seat belts can will ride in the seat. Bondage personnel When has the accident, which can effectively prevent the collision, and its buffer role can absorbs a great deal of kinetic energy, reduce rides personnel extent of the injuries.Fasten your seat belt airbags play our role is also an important condition. Because the airbag to maximize role for the ride in the impact of the physical location, sitting instant act ion have extremely strict and the requirements. Otherwise, the airbag started strong instantaneous wallops to head are fragile site, may cause serious damage, especially for children, this damage can be fatal. Even the most ordinary three belts, try a can timely in crash that lived rides the bundle, ensure the upper part of a ride in the airbag fully extended range, make the airbag most effectively play efficacy. Accordingl y, must not because the car is equipped with airbags and feel carefree seat belt fastened, only to reduce or eliminate the traffic accident happen.2. The airbagWhen the front collision happened strong, because inertia, who rides the body forward fast moving, then seat belts and will try to "pull" rides on person the body, absorb some o f the impact energy, while the airbag with "the eyepiece trend" inflatable and completely open; Then the rides the upper body will sink to airbags, gas also beganfrom the vent air uniform escaping, and absorbed most of the impact energy; Subsequently, the ride back seat and return to the body. Above the whole process is almost always happens in a flash, who rides the completely in passive situation, in this case, the passive rel y on auxiliary occupant protection system is the only option. Airbags development design is based on the protection on seat belt Co., LTD; they cooperate with each other to ride the play the auxiliary protective effect.Seat belt usage in under the condition of the crew, balloon help reduce chest, head and facial injuries in the ser iousness of the collision. When car collision happened before, the first is the car to stop motion, car under the action of inertial force crews to go forward with the original speed still sport. Not wearing a seatbelt crews will and steering dish, front windscreen together, so it can be severely hurt; Wearing a seatbelt as car stop the crew can stop moving forward movement and gradually. If collision violent, crew forward movement of the seat belts, even faster in the complete stop before motion, still and in-car things together. If this fashion in steering the disk or within the popup balloon inflated dash, it can protect the occupant reduce the possibility of car together with things, more uniform dispersion head, chest, absorb the impact energy of moveme nt, thus crew has added effect of seat belts.In addition to seat belts and airbags outside car passive safety technology includes car bumper, automobile safet y glass, security body, occupant head and neck protection system (WHIPS), etc. These vehicles to improve the safety performance has very important contribution汽车平安系统技术研究分析随着交通工具的现代化和绝对数量的急剧增长,车祸也不断增加。
汽车营销汽车售后服务中英文对照外文翻译文献
汽车营销汽车售后服务中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Automotive after-sales serviceAutomotive after-sales service is a means of car marketing which produced early in the automotive industry. As car consumables characteristics, the customer attaches great importance to its maintenance and repair.Automotive after-sales service is an important part of the automobile circulation,which covers the quality assurance of the car after the car sales, claims, repair and maintenance services, auto parts supply, maintenance and technical training,technical advice and guidance, market information feedback series.Manufacturer to establish closer rapport with the customer after-sales service, so as to establish a corporate image, enhance the reputation of the product, to expand the impact of the product, cultivate customer loyalty. After-sales service as a "double-edged sword, good after-sales service support and promote product sales, marketing, brand and reputation play a strong role; poor after-sales service can also make the product unmarketable, brand reputation down and can even make brand discredited.Therefore, only after-sales service to improve the automotive products, auto 4S shop attentive service to moving customers, improve customer satisfaction, in order to win the market. This indicates that the car service in the whole process of automotive marketing, there is a special "mission" for to procure automotive products and services into the market to play an active role.Therefore, the automotive aftermarket has far-reaching significance and prospects for the prosperity of themarket.4S shop is a car service, including vehicle sales, parts, service, information feedback, 4S four feature set in one of the car service companies, S is actually four prefix abbreviation of the English words. Although China's auto industry from the history behind the developed countries, but the evolution of the service model can be said is basically the same way, but also the abbreviation of the foreign auto industry 100 2 years of history. The construction of the 4S shop, foreign auto supply store and some do not the China Construction Luxury and hardware facilities grade is not high, the size of the investment does not necessarily larger than domestic car shop, but the level of foreign car shop management services, software construction, but can be described as first-class, more nuanced, and will definitely not happen only to look at the appearance, is not allowed to enter the compartment to see things, even some auto shop has its own proving ground, customers can freely choose and test. Repair services of motor vehicles is a major part of the benefit in the automotive aftermarket repair shop is obviously important.Between foreign manufacturers, they have established a close relationship of production and marketing, has a beautiful shopping environment, brand awareness and clear advantages, but also a lot of manufacturers to follow suit.Brand stores in the United States is the United States the most important automotive aftermarket mode, whichrise in the United States is not long, but rapid development in the last 20 years. Chain initiator is not a vehicle manufacturing plant, but set position in the automotive aftermarket auto parts supply, maintenance, fast curing of an integrated service provider.At present, the company has nearly 20 U.S. more than more than 500 chain stores of spare parts. This model integrates the resources of the various brands of Auto Parts and Accessories, breaking the vertical monopoly, on the basis of price transparency, vehicle maintenance, repair, beauty and spare parts supply one-stop service, the owner can be a one-stop solution to the problem. In the same brand of chain system, each branch uses the same store design, service marks, personnel training, and service standards in the management, the same price of services, unified management rules, unified technical support, unified logistics and distribution system, not only can effectively reduce operating costs, but also improve the overall brand image.Brand chain initiator is not the OEM, 3 but the car service business service providers, the main business of the brand chain including supply of auto parts, car repair, fast curing, and every brand chain branches not only numerous but also widely distributed, according to statistics the United States more than 20 spare parts company has more than 500 stores, more than 70% of the auto parts market spare parts by brand stores, brand stores can sell more than one brand of car parts resources and price transparency, and that the integration of variousbrands of cars resources, played the economies of scale, and convenient to the customer, which has suffered an unprecedented favor.4S stores will generally take a brand in an area designed and built in accordance with uniform inside and outside the shop, a huge investment.4S shop is a very large investment market analysis, in Beijing, 4S shop hardware investment is usually about $ 15 million in sales between 5 million to 10 million of liquidity.Some sales of economy cars 4S shop is a relatively small investment, but it also needs about 800 million.Such a huge investment did not stop the enthusiasm of the people, whether you are a 4S dealer which car manufacturers in the country, usually a collection of environment. Tianjin Toyota dealer about 40 or so, but there are more than more than 400 dealers to submit applications Tianjin Toyota.This is mainly because it is more profitable car sales, if you choose a good car manufacturer, may be it will recover the investment within two years. Authorities believe that almost every major car manufacturers are concerned with the manufacturer's brand and product competitiveness.In other words, the car manufacturers not only to choose a products, brand awareness and potential for the development of enterprises, as well as the speed of introduction of new models these are the very elements can not be ignored. Shanghai General Motors dealers and car sales say, they chose the agent of Shanghai General Motors, because Universal is the largest distributor of Chinese investment,technology 4 research and development work. Many dealers say, "as long as the product of your choice is correct, then waiting for the money on the line." A proxy seven or eight car brand CEO said, can not make money, the key is depends on your agent what brand of car, whether the car is popular models. Best-selling Honda, for example, if you do not increase, selling a Honda car in Beijing for $ 15,000, but the reality is that Honda cars in short supply, increase sales is very common, and some because no invoice fare, do not pay taxes , dealers earn more profits.In Beijing, Honda 4S shop profits last year's net profit of at least $ 400 million. Of course, not all the dealers can get tense car type, they are in what ways to make money. Agent jetta car dealer said: "Now the sale of the vehicle does not make money, Sell a car dealer would have died. Most of the articles have been added in the sale of the vehicle. Say" article "refers to manufacturer rebates, insurance costs, interior decoration and maintenance 4S shop location determines the right decision by car manufacturers, because the planning and layout of the factory, the 4S shop location is not very good, most of the car users are also times to buy a car, they tend to be a taxi or bus, they tend to choose convenient place, 4S shop business for their own survival, often using very flexible operational mechanism. The general practice is to apply for a booth in the Asian Games Village Automobile Exchange Market car market in Beijing or northern or find partners in these areas, so that the company's businessexpansion.Of course, there are many of 4S shop dealers rent an office phone consultation service or services to sell more cars in the automotive market, compared to the 4S shop, car and more popular in the market.At this stage, the average consumer can also buy economy cars, car brand and not the main factors they buy, they are most sensitive to price changes in the price of the same grade they are most interested, if car prices slightly low, sales will rise.Automotive marketing services are divided into three 5 parts: pre-service, sales service and after-sales service.With the advances in automotive technology and the rapid development of science and technology, automotive products into the home, and as a means of transport, gradually entering China.Domestic after-sales service more and more people's attention, the emergence of the car service is due to market competition, and also a means of automotive marketing. The rapid development of China's automobile industry, car ownership has increased significantly, reaching more than 8500 million cars in the automobile industry occupies an important position. China's huge car ownership and fast car sales growth, the development of the automotive service industry provides a huge room for growth.Traditional car sales services, is also subject to international popular "four in one" sales and service shop (also known as "4S shop") impact.Car manufacturers and dealers deeply realize that only through rigorous, perfect, thoughtful, quality of service, cultivate a high level of customersatisfaction, a good and stable customer relationship, to grappling win in the increasingly intense market place.Increasing competition in the automotive market, car manufacturers focus on profit growth in the after-sales service, the pros and cons of the quality of after-sales service has become a key differentiator for automotive manufacturers in the incentive market competition aspects.As a bridge connected to the car production and consumption markets - auto 4S shops, however, the service sectors also there is a lack of personnel, poor service concept, craftsmen low technical level, has seriously restricted the 4S shop or even the entire automobile industry.Therefore, the establishment of an effective car 4S shop after-sales service evaluation system will help to promote automobile 4S shops or even the entire automotive industry to flourish.4S shop can not provide customers with personalized service to meet customer needs, and not enough emphasis on customer care, in the face of complaints, 6 answer can not be given customer satisfaction, and service personnel with low skills and lack of integrity in the 4S shop.To solve these problems, this paper proposes the establishment of industry standards, improve laws and regulations to strengthen skills training for maintenance personnel, to design an effective performance appraisal system, and regulate the standards of service price, after-sales service industry chain extension, the timely processing of complaints from owners, strengthen 4S shop owners between emotional interactionmeasures. Automotive aftermarket service area, the automotive service chain management and enterprise management chain has become a development trend of automotive after-market services, is a big market, competing parties are sure to become an important position in the future.Four external services, especially because of its strong financial support and advanced management concepts will generate a considerable impact on the domestic service market.For example, the car rental industry will eventually go to the chain operation.Chains, competitiveness and visibility in well-known international leasing companies have thousands of high development and growth of domestic enterprises, sand together to form a pagoda, the process is essential.Borrow abroad experience, the car rental business will be gradually formed enterprise.The car rental industry is a strange phenomenon in the country, to holiday car rental rent a car, usually do not are in the minority. In this case of the leasing industry in Europe and the United States are precisely the opposite foreign experience has shown that, for automobile manufacturers in terms of the essence of the car rental car ownership and use a separate form of trade, car sales means effective extension For in terms of the domestic automobile manufacturers, recognizing that this is especially important. After China's accession to the WTO, the automotive industry has suffered an unprecedented impact and influence.This impact and influence not only the financial impact from 7 foreign automanufacturers, brand impact, impact of technology, quality impact will be reflected in the negative impact of domestic car sales market.At this point, China's auto consumption market increasingly need a way to adapt to this consumer psychology needs new form of automobile consumption, car rental is undoubtedly the best choice. In other words, the car rental industry in 2023 even longer period of time in the future, will become a "bottleneck" in the most effective way to break through China's auto production and market demand, for the following reasons: Car rental automobile manufacturers provide society with products, value in use, one of the most convenient channel; finance leases role is to alleviate the problem of insufficient demand and purchasing power, the potential consumer into real consumption; kind of lease role is to provide new options for the domestic automotive consumers, stimulate and expand the automobile consumption; car rental help to help automobile manufacturers to establish customer loyalty on the company's automotive brands.Automobile manufacturers continue to receive car rental consumers the most timely and direct market information, to improve the competitiveness of their products.In foreign countries, the majority of automotive aftermarket chain operation, bringing profit higher than the profit of vehicle sales. Both experienced overseas and the development of the domestic chain management is the inevitable development of the road car service operators.State-of-the-art car service concept "seven support third repair" is the generally accepted concept of car service in the United States, because of the United States, a country on wheels, it is the prevalence of maintenance than maintenance more important automobile consumer attitudes, which determines the dominance of the automobile aftermarket warranty business, car sales in the United States is the franchise, and after-sales service can be relatively independent. Due to the rapid 8 increase of the scientific and technological content of the car, required maintenance equipment rose water boats, small professional repair shop (2 - 4) due to less income and maintenance technology is not mature enough and are gradually incorporated into the large repair shop (over 25) or integrated with each other, the most important car warranty enterprises are concentrated in automobile production factory authorized warranty station, separate factory warranty, after-sales service departments of authorized dealers, professional repair shop, brand stores warranty Ministry. The current separation of many manufacturers in the United States after-sales service and vehicle sales car service become more and more specialized.Car service brand building more and more important for the car service enterprises, brand-effectiveness of the after-sales service will be unprecedented attention and enhance attention to after-sales service brand to brand driven service network construction has become essential.Withthe wave of car service market set off franchising, chain business brand will be the future of automotive after-sales service to create objects.Car service must be done specialization, standardization, standardization, high technical content services in order to adapt to market development, and make their own characteristics and perfect after-sales service network is the inevitable trend of the development of automotive service market.汽车售后服务汽车售后服务本是汽车营销的一种手段，产生于汽车工业初期。
汽车中英文对照表(带详细解释)【范本模板】
汽车中英文对照表AAA——American Automobile Association——美国汽车协会；美国汽车联合会AAAA——澳大利亚汽车后市场协会AAC——数字音频解码技术AAC——辅助空气控制阀AANH——美国网络销售公司AAP——Auto Aftermarket Parts——汽车售后部件AAS—-Adaptive Air Suspension--可调空气悬架（奥迪）;主动式悬架AASS——Adaptive Air Suspension System——可调空气悬架系统（奥迪）AA T——Adaptive Airbage Technology——（德尔福)自适应安全气囊技术AB--All Balanced——全面均衡（设计理念)（简称AB设计理念，该理念主要包括动力、空间、安全、操控和个性化5个方面）ABA——制动摩擦片虚位自动调校补偿系统ABC—-Active Body Control——主动车身控制；动态车身控制;主动车身控制悬架系统ABC+T——Automatic Brake and Traction Control——自动制动控制+牵引力辅助控制ABD—-自动制动差速器；差速制动系统ABD——英国驾车者协会ABI--英国保险联合会ABS——Anti-lock Brake System或Anti—lock Braking System——防抱死制动系统说明：没有ABS时，汽车紧急制动时，4个车轮会被完全抱死，这时只要有轻微的侧向力作用（比如倾斜的路面或者地上的一块小石头），汽车就会发生侧滑、甩尾,甚至完全调头。
特别是在弯道上行驶时，由于前轮抱死，汽车将因车轮缺乏附着而丧失转向能力，沿着惯性方向向前直至停止。
ABS的功能就在于通过控制制动油压的收放，达到对车轮抱死的控制。
ABS系统可以使汽车在任何工况下对汽车的4个车轮通过4个独立的传感器进行检测，并对各个车轮独立控制，使4个车轮均处于最佳的制动状态，能够保障汽车在任何的路面上，特别是在雨水路面和冰雪路面上制动时，保证汽车的任何一个车轮都不抱死,避免汽车发生侧滑、甩尾及无法转向等，从而使汽车具有良好的的制动效能、稳定性和转向性，提高汽车的制动安全性.当进行制动时，安全在车轮上的车轮转速传感器立即能感知车轮是否抱死，并将信号传给电脑，电脑会马上降低被抱死车轮的制动力，车轮又继续转动，转动到一定程度，电脑又控制施加制动,这样不断重复,直至汽车完全停下来。
汽车专业英语Unit 22 Finding a Cheap Automobile Insurance Policy
III. Text Explanation
Car insurance companies know that a car that is protected with an anti-theft device is less likely to be stolen or vandalized.
anti-theft device 防盗装置 vandalize 破坏 译文：汽车保险公司知道车上安装有防盗装置的话，它们 被盗窃或的可能性就不大。 that (用于引出各种从句) Oh that I could fly! 我要是能飞就好了！ That I should see a child of mine arrested for selling drugs! 我竟然看到自己的孩子因贩毒而被捕。
premiums 保费 译文：很遗憾，许多人因为不知道怎样去获得廉价的汽车保险而在保费 上付了大笔资金。 more … than 超过；很, 非常；不只是 It's no more than one mile to the shops. 到商业区不过一英里。 His insolence is more than I can stand. 我受不了他的无礼。 I was more than a little angry when I saw how they'd ruined it. 当我见到他们是怎样把它破坏时, 我不禁大为愤慨。 His report is more than a survey. 他的报告不只是一份调查。
I. New Words
rental ['rentl] n. 租用的房屋（或汽车、设备等） opt [ɔpt] v. 选择，挑选 vandalize ['vændəlaiz] v. 肆意破坏(尤指公共财产) risk [risk] n. 风险，危险率 oddly ['ɔdli] adv. 奇怪地，古怪地 neglect [nig'lekt] v. 疏忽，忽略，遗漏 quote [kwəut] v. 引用，开价，报价，估价，提出价格 n. 引用，引文， 报价 circumstance [':kəmstəns] n. 环境，条件，情况，境遇，经济状况
外文翻译---汽车保险理赔
Automobile Insurance and ClaimIt is said that driving a car means taking on several risks to yourself and others.Insurance helps ensure your ability to cover the costs of potential damages,or losses.Introduction for the automobile insurance(1) Automobile insurance classification★V ehicle damage insuranceIf the insured or the eligible driver allowed to drive the vehicle cause the damage in using the vehicle by following reasons,the insurance company will pay for this damage:the damages caused by unexpected crash or roll-over,explosion,fire around the vehicle,collapse of the things out of vehicle,and fallowing things.Moreover,it also includes the damages caused by the nayural disasters as below:Lighting strike,storm,tornado,rainstorm,flood,ground sea,land collapse,ice collapse,cliff fall,hail disaster,debris flow,landslide,and the damage of the vehicle because of the boat carrying the vehicle damaged by the natural disaster.★The third party liability insuranceThe third-party liability insurance of motor vehicles is a kind of law system,which can effectively protect the benefit of the third party who is injured in the accidents.If the insured or the eligible driver allowed to use the car is at fault in an accident,the insurance company will pay for the death of or bodily injury and proper damage expenses caused to the third party in the accident.However,the insurer will not pay for the damage,if the insured have no liability(or is not at fault).★Motor vehicle accident liability compulsory insuranceThe insurer will pay for the death of or bodily injury and proper damage caused to the victim in an accident.Not like the third party liability insurance,buying this insurance is obligatory.And the insurer should pay for the damage no matter the insured has the liability or not.★Liability insurance for the people or proper on the vehicleIf there's an accident,the insurance will pay for the bodily injury of the people in the vehicle,the property damage of the goods in the vehicle,and the sue and labor charges.★The insurance for the stolen and robbed of the whole vehicleIf the whole vehic le is stolen or robbed,and has not been found for three month after the case is put on record and verified by the police criminal investigation,the insurance company would pay for it.★The additional equipment damage insuranceThe insurance company will pay for the direct damage for the additional equipment in an unexpected accident according to the actual damage.★The internal combustion damage insuranceCombustion damage caused by the trouble of vehicle circuits,lines,the fuel injection system,and by the vehicle itself,or the additional equipment of the vehicle,will be paid by insurance company.(2)Binding legal contractThe personal auto policy has five distinct parts as below.★DeclarationsIn this section,declarations should be prepared,and this declarations list all relevant information about the personal auto policy.★Insurance agreementThis section outlines exactly what the insurance company promises to provide in return for the payment of the premium.★DefinitionsEvery relevant term will be narrowly defined and written into the insurance agreement at this section.★ExclusionsWhat,when and who won't be covered by the policy will be known in this section.★ConditionsIt lists the duties and responsibilities as the insured in the event of a claim situation.The Effect of the Automobile InsuranceThe automobile insurance would be beneficial to develop automobile industry,and expend the demand of automobile.It will iron out both the worries of enterprises and individuals about the purchasing desire.Automobile insurance would also improve the safety property of automobile.Considering the self benefit and social benefit,the insurer will statistic and analyze the reason of the accident and research the new automobile safety technology with automobile manufacturer and automobile maintenance enterprise.All that will improve the safety property of automobile.Moreover,automobile insurance can stabilize the social public order and play an important role in property insurance.Automobile Insurance ClaimIf an automobile accident happened,firstly,the driver should contact the police and the insurance agent company directly to report the accident.And then a claims adjuster will be assigned to the driver.The driver should provide a complete,detailed accident report.The insurance company should definite the damage,estimate the reasonable charge,and definite the amount of compensation.When the insured make a claim for damages to automobile,the insurance company will decide whether to repair the vehicle or declare it a total loss.If the cost to repair the vehicle is higher than the fair market value of it,the company will declare it a total loss. Within three months after having prepared the vehicle or the traffic accident diagnosis,the insured should go to insurance company to get the compensation with the insurance policy,the accident adjusting document,the list of reparation and other relevant certifications.汽车保险理赔人人都说驾驶汽车就意味着对自己和他人要承担风险。
汽车专业外文翻译(英文+译文)
原文：Routine brake system maintenanceThe braking system is the most important system on a car. If the brakes don't work properly, the result can be disastrous. So the good brakes are essential for safety.There are two completely independent braking systems on a car. One is the service brake, and the other is parking brake. The service brake acts to slow, stop, or hold the vehicle during normal driving. They are foot-operated by the driver depressing and releasing the brake pedal. The parking brake's purposes are to hold a car stationary while it is unattended, and to keep the car from rolling on unleveled ground. It is also called the handbrake.Basically, all car brakes are friction brakes. When the driver applies the brake, the control device will force brake shoes or pads against the rotating brake drums or discs at wheels. Friction between the shoes or pads and the drums or disks then slows or stops the wheels so that the car is braked.Disc brakeDisc brakes are used on the front wheels of most cars and on all four wheels on many cars.The main components of a disc brake are the brake pads, the caliper which contains a piston, and the rotor which is mounted to the hub.The disc brake is a lot like the brakes on a bicycle. Bicycle brakes have a caliper, which squeezes the brake pads against the wheel. In a disc brake, the brake pads squeeze the rotor instead of the wheel, and the force is transmitted hydraulically instead of through a cable. Friction between the pads and the disc slows the disc down.A moving car has a certain amount of kinetic energy, and the brakes have to remove this energy from the car in order to stop it. The brakes convert the kinetic energy to heat generated by the friction between the pads and the disc, so the car stops.Drum brakeSo if disk brakes are so great, how come we still have cars with drum brakes? The reason is cost. While all most vehicles for many years have disk brakes on the front wheels, drum brakes are cheaper to produce for the rear wheels. Drum brake is shown in Fig.Drum brakes consist of a backing plate, brake shoes, brake drum, wheel cylinder, return springs and an automatic or self-adjusting system. When you apply the brakes, the wheel cylinder pushes the brake shoes into contact with the machined surface on the inside of the drum. When the pressure is released, return springs pull the shoes back to their rest position. As the brake linings wear, the shoes must travel a greater distance to reach the drum. When the distance reaches a certain point, a self-adjusting mechanism automatically reacts byadjusting the rest position of the shoes so that they are closer to the drum.Hydraulic Brake SystemsWhen the operator steps on the brake pedal, the brake pedal operates a hydraulic system.The typical brake system is composed of the following basic components(1) Master cylinder. That is directly connected to the brake pedal, converts your foot's mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure.(2) Brake lines and brake hoses, they connect the master cylinder to the wheel cylinders located at each wheel.(3) Brake fluid: that is special oil that has special properties. It is designed to withstand cold temperature without thickening as well as very high temperature without boiling.In the brake system, master cylinder contains two separate sections, there is a piston in each section and both pistons are connected to a brake pedal in the driver's compartment. When the brake is pushed down, brake fluid is sent from the master cylinder to the wheels. At the wheels, the fluid pushes shoes, or pads, against revolving drums or disks, which can slow and stop car. This slows or stops the revolving wheels, which, in turn, slow or stop the car.Routine maintenance of automobile brake fluid: Usually brake fluid maintenance period of 2 years or 48,000 km. Recommended brake fluid on the maintenance period, the European car manufacturers generally set a few years; and Japan and the United States car manufacturers are generally in their owner's manual have detailed descriptions. The abs function with anti-lock braking system, brake fluid and timely supplement is especially important. This is mainly due to energy storage in the pollution of dust and moisture of the body will lead to expensive failure, and thus laid security risk when vehicle braking force owners to find weak, you can use brake fluid test strips humidity assisted analysis of whether there is any fault of defect caused by brake fluid. If the brake fluid for the failure of the root causes of lack of sufficient quantity to be added in time brake fluid. By the brake fluid tank vent in a normal infiltration (or when tank lid open non-regular access to) the moisture and dust reduced brake fluid maintenance cycle. Maintenance of the brake fluid in the same time, must not neglect the wheel brake parts.Auto brake pad, brake drum, rotating body, and brake calipers: the current drive vehicle for leading the trend, people are concerned about how to play the 2 / 3 of the front brake lines brake tasks for scientific and effective maintenance. Now, after a variety of drive, all-wheel drive, trucks and suv blossom everywhere, people "before re-light after the" traditional concept has gradually changed.Gradually replace the asbestos linings in the semi-metallic brake pad will cause the whole surface of rotating serious wear and tear. Brake parts on the car wheel or brake pad inspection is a complex task, not simply from a visual look at both sides of the front brakepads wear the middle point. In actual operation, even if the brake caliper of open distance just to let you see both sides of the brake pad, it does not mean we can be handy, unimpeded operation of the. In addition, the popularization of brake shield, and the brake pad of rotating the contact surface is multi-block, hard look. As for the rear wheel with disc brake, it is hidden, is difficult to comprehend the appearance.Typically, the only system in the apparent leak, we will focus on checking brake fluid sealing. The comprehensive system of inspection, including the traditional static checking (that is, to find leaks in situ static) and dynamic checks (ie check the seal during braking). In any case, when the vehicle braking system to maintain up to 48 000 km driving range, they need the vehicle's braking system to conduct a comprehensive professional maintenance Brake rotating body of minor scratches do not cause illness. But since the fastening nut tightening force thickness of inequality and uneven brake rotating body rotation caused by excessive wear and tear will seriously affect the braking performance. To reduce weight, many rotating body size using unconventional structure, which is difficult to meet some of the machine tool clamping the basic requirements. If you find a rotating body has been processed, then follow the same axle of the second rotating body is only the size of its replacement. In theory, you can only replace a rotating body, but to get the best balance between braking effect, or the proposed replacement with two on the same axle rotating body. The proposal also applies to vehicles during braking, brake caliper piston through the experience back movement, we can complete the key features of the automatic brake calipers inspection. If the brake caliper piston back position is unsound, please replace a new brake caliper; If you want to discharge or filling brake fluid, make sure relief valve can be normally open; if the relief valve setting, replace the new The brake caliper.If the asbestos linings have worn 3.175mm, this time even under light loading, the security of driving range has also been very limited. Also, if needed at this time of high load brake, the wear lining weak braking force will make the traffic safety compromised.Some rear disc brake, rear-drive rotary body with a cap, the cap body also acts as a rotary brake drum. There are many car owners often overlook the parking brake will cancel the direct-drive vehicles, the rotating body and the brake shoes in direct metal - metal friction, the result is bound to cause a rotating body, brake pads and brake shoes of serious wear and tear.译文：汽车制动系统的日常维修保养制动系统是汽车上最重要的系统。
机动车辆保险合同中英文【精品合同范本】
机动车辆保险合同１．机动车辆保险单no.policy form of motor insurance 正本保险单号码：单位：元被保险人：the insured:(original) policy number: in yuang (rmb)本公司按照承保险别，依据本保险单中载明的机动车辆保险条款以及其它特别约定，承担被保险人下列机动车的保险责任。
in accordance with the insurance coverage, the motor insurance clause s and additional insurance as well as other specialagreement set forth in this policy, our company will insure the foll owing motor vehicle herunder for the insured.－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－｜｜｜｜｜｜｜车辆损失险ａ｜｜｜｜｜｜｜vehicle da mage insurance a｜｜｜｜｜｜｜－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－｜｜｜｜发动机号｜｜吨｜｜序｜厂牌型号｜发动机号｜number ｜使用｜tonnag e ｜价值｜费率｜｜基本｜｜号｜model and ｜plate ｜of engine ｜性质｜－－－－｜insured value ｜premium ｜保险费｜保险费｜｜serial｜brand ｜number ｜－－－－－｜nature｜座位｜－－－－－－－｜rate ｜premium ｜basic ｜｜no. ｜｜｜车架号码｜of use｜seating ｜保险｜％｜｜premium ｜｜｜｜｜number of ｜｜capacity｜金额｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜chassis ｜｜｜insured amount｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜－－－｜－－－－－－－｜－－－－｜－－－－－｜－－－｜－－－－｜－－－－－－－｜－－－－｜－－－－｜－－－－｜｜合计｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜－－－－－｜｜－－－－｜－－－－－－－｜｜｜｜｜tota｜｜｜｜｜｜｜－－－｜－－－－－－－｜－－－－｜－－－－－｜－－－｜－－－－｜－－－－－－－｜－－－－｜－－－－｜－－－－｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜－－－－－｜｜－－－－｜－－－－－－－｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜－－－｜－－－－－－－｜－－－－｜－－－－－｜－－－｜－－－－｜－－－－－－－｜－－－－｜－－－－｜－－－－｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜－－－－－｜｜－－－－｜－－－－－－－｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜－－－｜－－－－－－－｜－－－－｜－－－－－｜－－－｜－－－－｜－－－－－－－｜－－－－｜－－－－｜－－－－｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜－－－－－｜｜－－－－｜－－－－－－－｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜－－－－－－－－－－－｜－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－｜｜车辆总数：辆｜保险费总计：人民币（大写）｜｜total no. of vehicles:｜rotal insured amount. rmb yuan (in capital letters) ｜｜－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－｜｜特别约定：｜｜special agreement:｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜｜－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－｜第三者责任险ｂ｜｜third party liablity insurance b｜－－－－｜－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－｜－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－｜赔偿｜车上人员责任险d ｜保费｜限额｜passenger liability insurance d ｜小计｜liability limit ｜－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－｜premium ｜－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－｜座位数｜每座限额｜限额小计｜subtotal｜保险费｜seating ｜liability limit per seat｜liability limit subtotal ｜｜premium ｜ca pacity｜－－－－－－－－－－－－｜－－－－－－－－－－－－－｜｜｜｜每座保费｜保费小计｜｜｜｜premium per seat ｜premium su btotal ｜－－－－｜－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－｜－－－－｜－－－－－－－－－－－－｜－－－－－－－－－－－－－｜｜｜｜｜｜｜－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－｜｜－－－－－－－－－－－－｜－－－－－－－－－－－－－｜｜｜｜｜｜－－－－｜－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－｜－－－－｜－－－－－－－－－－－－｜－－－－－－－－－－－－－｜｜｜｜｜｜｜－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－｜｜－－－－－－－－－－－－｜－－－－－－－－－－－－－｜｜｜｜｜｜－－－－｜－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－｜－－－－｜－－－－－－－－－－－－｜－－－－－－－－－－－－－｜｜｜｜｜｜｜－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－｜｜－－－－－－－－－－－－｜－－－－－－－－－－－－－｜｜｜｜｜｜－－－－｜－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－｜－－－－｜－－－－－－－－－－－－｜－－－－－－－－－－－－－｜｜｜｜｜｜｜－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－｜｜－－－－－－－－－－－－｜－－－－－－－－－－－－－｜｜｜｜｜｜－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－保险费总计：人民币（大写）rotal premium amount. rmb yuan(in capital letters)－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－保险期限(policy period)：个月自年月日零时起months from zero hours of----year----month----date至年月日二十四时止to 24 hours of--------year----month----date－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－行驶区域：中华人民共和国境内（不含港，澳，台地区）driving area: within the people"s fepublic of china (excluding hong k ong, macao, and taiwan)－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－敬告保户：warnin to the insured:１．收到本保险单后，请即核对，如有错误，立即通知本公司更正。
保险论文外文参考文献
[3] Barry K.Goodwin. An Empirical Analysis of the Demand for Multiple Peril Crop Insurance [J].American Journal of Agricultural Economics. Vol. 75，No. 2，May, 1993
[7] Barry K.Goodwin,Monte L.Vandeveer，and John L.Deal. An EmpiricalAnalysis of Acreage Effects of Participation In The Federal Crop Insurance Program[J].American Journal of Agricultural Economics. Vol. 86, No. 4，Nov, 2004
[6] Moschini G and Hennessy D.A. Uncertainty,Risk Aversion and Risk Management for Agricultural Producers [J] .American Journal of Agricultural Economics.2001
[5] france,J.Shimshack and S.Wu. ;Subsidized Crop Insurance and Extensive Margin;University of California,Berkeley,Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Policy,2000
车险理赔文献翻译
2012届本科毕业设计（论文）文献翻译题目某公司车险理赔数据分析与研究学院商学院专业信息系统与信息管理班级信管081学号084770538姓名周小诗指导教师谢友才开题日期2011年11月6号文献一：Effects of Pay-As-You-Drive vehicle insuranceon young drivers’ speed choice1. IntroductionWorldwide, across all age groups road traffic accidents currently account for 1.27 millions deaths a year (World Health Organization, 2004). Furthermore, traffic accidents constitute the second leading cause of death among people in the age of 20 to 24 years, right after HIV/AIDS (Toroyan and Peden, 2007). Young drivers are strongly overrepresented in road accident statistics. In the Netherlands, young adults (aged 18–24) make up 8% of the driving population, but are involved in 22% of all severe traffic accidents. This means that per kilometer travelled, young adults in the Netherlands are 5.5 times as likely to be involved in a severe traffic accident as older adults (Schoon and Schreuders, 2003). The differences in accident involvement are often attributed to specific characteristics of young adults. For example young drivers, compared to older drivers, have been found to have a more positive attitude towards taking risks, display stronger motives for risky driving (Hatfield and Fernandes, 2009), and tend to drive at higher speeds (Boyce and Geller, 2002).Vehicle speed is commonly seen as the most important determinant of crash risk (Salusjärvi, 1981), and crash severity ( [Joksch, 1993] and [OECD/ECMT, 2006] ). Driving at higher speeds leaves less time to respond to unexpected events and increases stopping time, thus decreasing the possibility to avoid accidents (Aarts and van Schagen, 2006). So, reducing the driving speed of young adults, and in particular the amount of time spent above the speed limit, holds the potential of dramatically reducing accidents, and saving lives. The current study aimed to test whether a new type of car insurance (Pay-As-You-Drive vehicle insurance) is effective in reducing speed violations of young adults. Before explaining the study setup, we will discuss the (dis-)advantages of Pay-As-You-Drive vehicle insurance as compared to current road safety interventions.2. Method2.1. ParticipantsIn January 2007, we sent a letter with the request to fill out an online questionnaire on PAYD (duration 20 min) to approximately 6000 policyholders from five Dutch insurance companies (all policyholders were younger than 30 years). By filling out the questionnaire, participants were eligible to win a car navigation system. By July 2007, 706 policyholders had completed the online questionnaire. In the last part of the questionnaire, participants indicated whether they were interested in participating in a field experiment on PAYD. A substantial proportion of the people who filled out the questionnaire (n = 337) volunteered. However, becausenot all volunteers could be accommodated in the field experiment, a random selection of 228 people were eventually invited to participate.In the time between the participant selection and the installation and testing of the GPS device, some participants withdrew. Additionally, some participants were excluded from the analyses due to missing data (e.g. their GPS device did not work properly or was removed before the end of the experiment). By the end of the experiment (July 2008), we could establish the prevalence of speeding behavior throughout all phases of the experiment for 141 participants. The participants who dropped out (n = 87) did not differ in age, car size, income, gender, and intention to speed from the final set of participants (n= 141), but did report a somewhat lower yearly mileage. Self-reported mean yearly mileage of the final set of participants was 13,985 km, which is comparable to the 2007 Dutch average of 13,877 km (Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, 2009a). In July 2007, the mean age of participants was 24.4 years (SD = 2.2), and on average participants had possessed a driver's license for 4.5 years (SD = 2.4). Men (60%) were slightly overrepresented in the sample. The majority of participants worked fulltime (69.3%), and 30.7% were otherwise engaged (studying, part-time employment). Net monthly income levels were somewhat higher than the average income of Dutch young adults, with 25.7% of the sample earning less than 1000 Euros net per month, 46.2% earning between 1000 Euros to 1500 Euros net per month, 24.3% earning between 1500 and 2000 Euros net per month, and 3.7% earning more than 2000 Euros net per month (Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, 2009b).2.2. Design and procedureThe field experiment ran from November 2007 until June 2008. Prior to the start of the field experiment, participants’ cars were equipped with GPS devices. These GPS devices allowed for the monitoring of where participants were driving, what speed they were driving at and at what time, and how many kilometers they were travelling. Participants were randomly assigned to be either in incentive or control groups. The experiment comprised four phases, pre-measurement, intervention phase 1, intervention phase 2, and post-measurement, each phase lasting two months. During pre-measurement (November–December 2008) and post-measurement (May–June 2008), participants’ driving behavior was monitored, but had no financial consequences. During the intervention phases, participants in the incentive group could earn a reward for adapting their driving behavior (a discount on their insurance premium of maximally 50 Euros per month), and received feedback on their driving behavior. Participants in the control group did not receive an incentive and feedback. The intervention period was divided into two phases, each lasting two months (intervention phase 1: January–February 2008, intervention phase 2: April–May 2008). This setup allowed us to compare driving behavior during four phases of equal length in the analyses (pre-measurement, intervention phase 1, intervention phase 2, and post-measurement).The monthly 50 Euros discount was divided into three components: 30 Euros was designated as a reward for keeping the speed limit,1 15 Euros for reduced mileage, and 5 Euros for avoiding driving during weekend nighttime hours.2 So, the maximum discount participants could earn during the two intervention phases was 200 Euros. Based on loss aversion (Tversky and Kahneman, 1981), we reasoned that financial losses should have more impact on behavior than equivalent financial gains. So communicating the reward drivers are foregoing (losing) by drivingunsafely, may be a more effective frame than communicating the reward drivers are receiving (gaining) by driving safely. Accordingly, in the intervention phases, we used two ways to communicate how much of discount participants in the incentive group had earned. Participants in the gain framed incentive group (n = 50) were told that they started each month with 0 Euros, and could gain up to 50 Euros discount if they drove safely (which entailed keeping the speed limit, avoiding driving during on weekend nighttime hours, and reducing mileage). Conversely, participants in the loss framed incentive group (n = 50) were told that they started each month with 50 Euros discount, and could lose up to 50 Euros a month if they failed to drive safely.Participants in the incentive groups could track their performance during the intervention phases (from January to April 2008) by logging in to a personalized website (www.savedriver.nl). The website provided detailed feedback on speed violations, mileage, and nighttime driving, and showed, by default, how much discount the particular participant would receive at the end of the month if they continued the driving behavior of the previous week. Specifically, participants in the gain framed incentive group saw a graph that denoted how much discount they would gain, and participants in the loss framed incentive group saw a graph that denoted how much discount they would lose.Payments were made via bank transfer. The first of four monthly payments were made in March of 2008. Subsequent monthly payments were made in March, April and May 2008. A control group was used to assess the impact of extraneous variables on driving behavior. Right before the start of the first intervention period, participants in the control (n = 41) group were told that they would always receive the maximum discount of 200 Euros at the end of the experiment, irrespective of their driving behavior. They did not receive feedback on their driving behavior, and were paid 200 Euros during post-measurement.2.3. Data analysisDuring the field experiment, in-vehicle GPS devices logged X and Y coordinates every 100 m. On some occasions (e.g. in case of a loss of GPS signal, for instance due to driving through a tunnel), the GPS device logged on longer intervals (that is, less often than every 100 m). These observations (which amount to 23.4% of the total distance travelled) were removed from the analyses, as vehicle speed for these longer intervals could not be reliably determined. The occurrence of speed violations was established by matching vehicle location and vehicle speed to a map with local speed limits. Data was recorded on all types of roads, but analyses were limited to the most common road types in the Netherlands, with speed limits of 30, 50, 80, 100 and 120 km/h, respectively, and to observations for which local speed limit information was available (98.9%). Many Dutch roads tend to be congested around peak hours on weekday. During congestion, participants’ would have to deal with other vehicles ahead of them, which would prevent them from freely choosing their speed. This means that speed choice is more likely to be under volitional control during off-peak hours than during peak hours.3 Driving behavior recorded on peak hours (from 7 to 9 am and from 4 to 7 pm on weekdays) was therefore excluded from our analyses.The percentage of total distance travelled at 6% or more above the local speed limit (‘percentage of speeding’) was used as the main dependent variable in our analyses. Violations of less than 6% were excluded from this definition, based on the assumption that such violations are often non-volitional and therefore most likely not influenced by a financial incentive and feedback. Furthermore, small thresholds are quite common in speed enforcement. Dutch police, for instance, only issue speeding tickets at 80 km/h roads for violations of 7 km/h or more over the speed limit (Goldenbeld and van Schagen, 2005).For each of the four phases of the field experiment, the percentage of speeding was calculated based on the weekly distance travelled at a speed 6% over the speed limit across all five road types (30, 50, 80, 100 and 120 km/h). Percentage speeding of the five road types were weighted by distance, and averaged across road types. The resulting variable represents an indicator of volitional speeding across all road types, and was used as a dependent variable in our analysis of the effect of PAYD on overall speeding. During off-peak periods, local speed limits were violated by 6% or more during 19.1% of the distance travelled. This figure is in line with previous literature that used GPS devices to measure vehicle speeds (Hultkrantz and Lindberg, 2003). Because the variable percentage of speeding was not normally distributed the natural logarithm of the scores was used in the analyses.3.ConclusionsAs noted before, the awareness of being monitored may initially have reduced speeding, but, as time passed, this awareness faded, and speeding returned to its ‘natural’ level. As such, we reason that vehicle speeds during post-measurement are a better reflection of the speed at which participants would normally drive than speed levels during pre-measurement, where the GPS device had been recently installed and might have deterred participants from driving at their regular speedsFollowing this logic, the best possible estimation of the effect of PAYD on speeding might be reflected in the difference in speeding of the incentive group during the second intervention phase (March and April 2008) and after the incentive was taken away (post-measurement, May and June 2008). In other words, the financial incentive appears to have decreased the percentage of distance travelled during which drivers violated the speed limits by 6% or more from 20.5% to 17.6%. To put it differently, PAYD is estimated to have reduced volitional speeding by 14%, which roughly amounts to a reduction of 39.2 h per year for the average young driver.4 Although these numbers might not appear impressive, one should note that these numbers reflect reductions in actual speeding across all roads participants drove at. As such, the safety gains from PAYD could add significantly to those already made through the use of more conventional speed enforcement tools (e.g. speed cameras and mobile radars), especially as the effects of such tools on driving speed are typically limited to areas where enforcement is active. Also, small differences in driving speed are associated with large differences in crash risk (Elvik, 2006). A reduction of speeding by 5% may lead to as much as a 20% decrease of fatalities in road accidents (OECD/ECMT, 2006). Thus, we conclude that PAYD leads to modest, but relevant reductions in the driving speed of young adults, and thus may prove a valuable tool in reducing the crash risk of young drivers.翻译一：付费驱动车险理赔对年轻驾驶员车速选择的影响1.引言在世界范围内跨越所有年龄段的道路交通事故中，每年约有1.27百万人的死亡记录（世界卫生组织，2004年）。
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汽车保险中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)汽车保险汽车保险是在事故后保证自己的财产安全合同。
尽管联邦法律没有强制要求，但是在大多数州（新罕布什和威斯康星州除外）都要求必须购买汽车保险；在各个州都有最低的保险要求。
在鼻腔只购买汽车保险的两个州，如果没有足够的证据表明车主财力满足财务责任法的要求，那么他就必须买一份汽车保险。
就算没有法律规定，买一份合适的汽车保险对司机避免惹上官和承担过多维修费用来说都是非常实用的。
依据美国保险咨询中心的资料显示，一份基本的保险单应由6个险种组成。
这其中有些是有州法律规定，有些是可以选择的，具体如下：1.身体伤害责任险2.财产损失责任险3.医疗险或个人伤害保护险4.车辆碰撞险5.综合损失险6.无保险驾驶人或保额不足驾驶人险责任保险责任险的投保险额一般用三个数字表示。
不如，你的保险经纪人说你的保险单责任限额是20/40/10，这就代表每个人的人身伤害责任险赔偿限额是2万美元，每起事故的热身上海责任险赔偿限额是4万美元，每起事故的财产损失责任险的赔偿限额是1万美元。
人身伤害和财产损失责任险是大多数汽车保险单的基础。
要求汽车保险的每个州都强令必须投保财产损失责任险，佛罗里达是唯一要求汽车保险但不要求投保人身伤害责任险的州。
如果由于你的过错造成了事故，你的责任险会承担人身伤害、财产损失和法律规定的其他费用。
人身伤害责任险将赔偿医疗费和误工工资；财产损失责任险将支付车辆的维修及零件更换费用。
财产损失责任险通常承担对其他车辆的维修费用，但是也可以对你的车撞坏的灯杆、护栏、建筑物等其他物品的损坏进行赔偿。
另一方当事人也可以决定起诉你赔偿精神损失。
看看汽车责任险的最低投保要求，你就会发现在你居住的地方哪些保险是必须的。
记住，如果你引起了一场严重的交通事故，最低限度的保险可能不足以支付你造成的损失。
因此最好在州要求的最低限度外再买一些保险。
如果你已经拥有了家庭或者拥有养老或存储账户，你应该更多地考虑责任险。
因为在大多数州，司机们都有权利去起诉肇事司机。
如果你被起诉了并且你投保的保额不足以弥补各类损失，那么你有可能会成为众矢之的，个人财政将陷入麻烦。
车辆碰撞险和综合损失险如果投保人肇事，车辆碰撞险将支付你的车辆维修费。
通常投保人得到的赔付不能超过车辆实际价值，这和车辆的更换费用不同。
车辆碰撞险通常来说是汽车保险中最贵的险种。
选择一个较高的免赔额，比如500或1000美元，就会使你的保险费下降。
不过要记住，你必须承担免赔额以内的部分，保险公司只承担超出免赔额的部分。
更换费用是重置车辆或用相同种类和质量的材料维修你的车，没有折旧扣除。
折旧是因使用年限或磨损等原因使汽车价值的减少。
实际价值是财产被损坏或毁坏是的实际价值。
理赔人员通常会用重置成本减去折旧来确定车辆实际价值。
保险公司通常在维修费用超过汽车价值一定比例的时候将车视作“车辆全损”。
这个比例高低因公司不同而异，从55%—90%不等。
综合损失险对非交通事故原因造成投保人车辆的损失进行赔付：如偷盗，火灾，被故意破坏，自然灾害，或各种意外等。
综合损失险同样可以有免赔额，并在车辆毁伤时保险公司仅按车辆价值赔付。
正常情况下，因为保险公司的赔偿额度不会超过汽车的账面价值，你最好对这个金额有个大致的了解。
如果你车的价值还不如保费额，还是不要投保的好。
任何州都不会强制投保人购买碰撞险及综合损失险，不过当车主能够负担汽车费用时，贷方可能会在贷款协议中要求车主购买碰撞及综合险。
即使没有要求，碰撞及综合险也是保险业大力推荐的险种，以便在不可预知的毁坏或偷盗情况下，车主可以避免重大损失。
车辆偷盗现象很常见。
医疗险、个人上海保护险和无过错险医疗险讲对被保险人及车上人员在事故后的医疗保险费用进行赔付。
这些费用可能由于投保人驾驶自己的车或别人的车是发生的事故，或者被保险人及其家庭成员在步行时收到的伤害。
无论过错在哪一方，保险公司都会进行赔付，但若责任由第三方造成，保险公司可以对其进行追偿。
个人伤害保护险是医疗险的一种延伸形式。
他用来支付与伤害有关的费用但并非必须是医疗的，如丧失的工资收入，幼托、丧葬支出等。
目前有16各州要求购买个人上海保护险，如果你已经投保了一份不错的身体健康保险的话，幸运的是你只需要买最低额度的医疗险或个人伤害保护险即可。
无保险驾驶人险或保额不足驾驶人险无保险驾驶人险在你被撞伤而肇事司机逃逸或被没有投保汽车保险的司机撞伤时进行赔付。
在有些州，这两种险也对财产损失进行赔付。
保额不足驾驶人险肇事司机所投的责任保险额不足一米不造成的损失时保险公司进行赔偿。
在有些州，这两种险也对财产损失进行赔付。
类似地，保额不足驾驶人险也会在你遭受一个保额不足的司机装及时给与赔付。
如果你是行人遭受撞击，保额不足驾驶人险会支付这些费用。
附加条款汽车保险有很多补充，即可作为单独险种，也可作为附加条款。
租车补偿条款常见的附加条款，当你的车损坏或丢失而不能使用时的租车费用。
拖车和人工条款以防止车辆途中抛锚，亦很常见。
差价补偿条款若你的新车全损，用来支付实际价值和汽车贷款余额之间的差额。
每个州都要求车主购买基本的汽车保险。
在汽车的使用过程中，要求随车携带保险证明。
在以下这些时候你可能要出示保险证明：汽车登记时，发生事故时，还有驾驶过程中。
建议车主将保险证明放到车上，而不是带在身上，这样不管岁驾驶，都可以随时出示保险证明。
任何违反州法律中关于汽车保险内容的行为都会带来一些后果，轻则高额罚款，重则吊销驾照甚至入狱。
这些可怕的后果说明购买汽车保险非常值得。
不投保而又不被惩罚的可能性很小，一旦被发现将重罚。
汽车保险益处1.基本保障基本保障包括：保证对车企及车体的终身维修，维修期间提供代步车，24小时热线服务电话，及时安排维修，晚间紧急情况下的住宿，对私人随身物品、医疗费用、车内音频视频设备的损坏予以赔偿，24小时挡风玻璃的更换，维修热线提供法律和医疗方面的建议及事故后咨询。
2.附加保障附加保障包括：最大限度的无赔款优待，法律帮助，旅行意外险及抛锚险，如在路边，修车时或在家抛锚的情况下提供帮助。
投保人选择的险种不同，保险就有所不同。
投保人可以按需要从下列险种中选择：第三者责任险——保险公司对因被保险人驾驶时的责任引起的三方人身伤害或财产损失负赔偿责任。
第三者火灾及盗抢险——除了上述第三方责任险外保险公司还对投保人车辆在事故中遭受的火灾及盗抢负赔偿责任。
综合损失险——对被保险人的车辆损失以及第三者的人身损害和财产损失提供保障。
投保人可以将下列内容补充道一上车险种：前一年度没有索赔，保险公司给与的最大限度的无赔款优待；法律帮助计划；抛锚险；旅行意外险。
3.部分主要益处解析上面简要介绍了保险所提供的保障，下面我们分别详细说明。
1）24小时服务热线当投保人发生了事故或遭受了损失，可以随时拨打保险公司24小时服务热线，向态度友好、处理高效的专家说明。
2）及时安排维修发生了保险单中载明的事故之后，投保人如果选择保险公司推荐的修理厂进行维修的话，保险公司将会立刻通知该维修厂提供服务。
这些维修厂都是经保险公司严格检查，始终保持较高工作质量，经他们维修过的车起火车身可以终身保修就是证据。
3）关于热线电话给于的特别折扣及24小时更换玻璃服务如果投保车辆的挡风玻璃，车程几天窗玻璃破损，被保险人可以拨打24小时波利维修热线。
如果投的是综合损失险，所有维修都将免费。
如果已经无法维修的就只能更换，超出部分费用由投保人自己承当。
超出的费用已在投保人的投保单中注明，如果投保人决定比进行索赔或通过其他险种索赔，将会得到来自供应商的额外折扣。
4）车辆维修只要是再保险责任内车辆发生损坏事故，保险公司专门推荐的一些维修厂会集中并运送投保人的车辆。
如果保单有相应记载，他们还将提供代步车给投保人使用。
车辆一到修理厂马上开始修理。
为了保证不影响被保险人保单的效力，汽修厂将会对车企和车身进行终身保修。
Auto insuranceAuto insurance is a contract that protects your financial security in case of an accident. Although it is not mandated by federal law, the purchase of auto insurance is usually a requirement in most states; every state has minimum insurance laws. If said owner cannot produce proof of satisfactory assets, the he must buy an auto insurance policy. Regardless of the law, having good auto insurance is practical for the driver who wishes to avoid lawsuits or immense repair bills.According to the Insurance Information Institute, a basic auto insurance policy is comprised of six basic types of coverage. While some of these types of coverage are required by state law, some are considered optional. These are:1.Bodily injury liability2.Property damage liability3.Medical payments or Personal Injury Protection4.Collisionprehensive6.Uninsured/Underinsured motorists coverageLiability insuranceLiability coverage limits (that’s for the damage you do to others) are usually presented as a series of three numbers. For example, your agent might say that your policy carries liability limits of 20/40/10. That standsfor $20,000 in bodily injury coverage per person, $40,000 in bodily injury coverage per accident, and #10,000 in property-damage coverage per accident.Liability insurance (both bodily injury and property damage) is the foundation of most auto insurance policies. Every state that requires auto insurance mandates the purchase of property damage liability, and Florida is the only that requires auto insurance but does not call for bodily injury liability. If you are at fault in an auto accident, your liability coverage will pay all the expenses, bodily injury, property damage, and any legal bills. The bodily injury coverage would pay for medical bills and lost wages; the property damage coverage would pay for any auto repairs, or replacement. Property damage liability usually repairs damage to other vehicles, but can also cover damages to things such as lamp plus, fences, buildings, or anything sew that your car ma have struck. The other party also decide to sue you to collect” pain and suffering” damages.See the Minimum levels of required auto liability insurance to find out what’s required where you live. Remember, if you cause a serious accident, minimum insurance may not cover you adequately. That’s why it’s a good idea to buy more than what your state requires. If you own a home and have nest egg and a savings account, you should consider more liability insurance because, in most states, drivers are allowed to sue other drives who injure them in car accidents. If you’re sued and your liabilityinsurance doesn’t pay for all of the damages, your personal finances are on the hook, and it’s likely you’ll become a target.Collision and comprehensive coverage’sIf you cause and accident, collision coverage will pay to repair your vehicle. You usually can’t collect any more than the actual cash value of your car, which is not the same as the car’s replacement cost. Collision coverage is normally the most expensive component of auto insurance. By choosing a higher deductible, say $500or $1, 000, you can keep your premium costs down... However, keep in mind that you most pay the amount of deductible before the insurance company kicks in any money after an accident.Replacement cost is the amount it would take to replace your vehicle or repair damages with materials of similar kind and quality, without deducting for depreciating. Depreciation is the decrease in vehicle value because of age or wear and tear.Actual cash value (ACV) is the value of your property when it is damaged or destroyed. Claims adjusters usually figure ACV by taking the replacement cost and subtracting depreciation. Insurance companies often will “total” your car if the repair costs exceed a certain percentage of the car’s worth. The critical damage point varies from company to company, from 55 percent to 90 percent.Comprehensive coverage will pay for damages to your car thatweren’t caused by an auto accident: Damages form theft, fire, vandalism, natural disasters, or hitting a deer all qualify. Comprehensive coverage also comes with a deductible and your insurer will only pay as much as the car was worth when it got wrecked.Because insurance companies normal will not pay you more than your coo’s book value, it’s helpful if you have a rough idea of this amount .If your car is worth less than what you’re paying for the coverage, you’re better off not having it.Neither collision nor comprehension insurance is required by any of the states, but some lenders, when the owner finances the car, nay require the purchase of collision and comprehensive in the loan agreement. Even when t is not required, collision and comprehensive coverage is highly recommended by the insurance industry, so that in the unforeseen event of damage or theft, the owner of the car can avoid heavy bills. Theft of cars is not as unusual as some people may think. Medical payments, PIP, and no-fault coverage’sMedical payments (Med pay) coverage will pay for your and your passengers’ medical expenses after an accident. These expenses can arise form accidents while you’re driving your car, someone else’s car (with their permission), and injuries you or your family members incur when you’re pedestrians. The coverage will pay regardless of who is a fault, but if someone else is liable, your insurer may seek to recoup the expensesfrom him or her.Personal Injury Protection (PIP) coverage is an extended form of Med Pay. Pip may cover expenses that are reacted to injury, but not necessarily medical, such as lost wages, childcare and funeral costs. PIP coverage is currently required by sixteen states. If you are already insured under a good health insurance policy, then fortunately, there is no need to buy more than the minimum required amount of PIP or Med Pay insurance.Uninsured/Underinsured motorist’s coverageUninsured motorists (UM) coverage pays for your injuries of you’re stuck by a hit-and-run driver or someone who doesn’t have auto insurance. It is required in many states.Underinsured motorists (UIM) coverage will pay out if the driver who hit you causes more damage than his or her liability coverage can cover. IN some states, UM or UIM coverage will also pay for property damages.Similarly, underinsured motorists insurance will cover any damage caused when you are struck by a driver who is not insured for a sufficient amount. If you are hit, as a pedestrian, underinsured coverage will cover the expenses.Add-on featuresSeveral supplemental auto coverage is available, either as separatepremium items or included in augmented policies.Rental reimbursement,a common add-on, covers vehicle rentals required because your car is damaged or stolen.Coverage for towing and labor charges in case of a broad breakdown is also common.Gap coverage for your new car will pay the difference between the actual cash value you receive for the car and the amount left on your car loan if your vehicle is totaled in an accident.Basic auto insurance is required by virtually every state. Proof of insurance is required at different items throughout the life of a vehicle. You may be asked for proof of insurance at any and al of these items: at vehicle registration, at the time of an accident, and any time when driving the vehicle. It is suggested that the owner of the car keeps proof of insurance in the car at all times, instead of on his or her person, so that it can be available at all times, no matter who is driving.Any violations of state law regarding auto insurance could result in, at best, a hefty fine, and at worst, suspension of your driver’s license and/or time in jail. The dire consequences of driving while uninsured are not worth the neglect of paying for insurance. The chance that an uninsured driver wills detection is slim; he is likely being caught and strictly punished.The benefits with auto insuranceStandard BenefitsStandard benefits count in Lifetime guarantee on all paint and bodywork repairs, Courtesy car, 24-hour Claims Helpline, and Immediate authorization of repairs, Emergency overnight accommodation, Cover for personal effects, Cover for legal advice, medical advice and post-accident counseling.Available as Optional ExtrasAvailable as optional extras count in Maximum No Claim Bonus for Life, Legal Assistance, Travel Accident Plan and Breakdown Cover such as roadside, recovery and home call.The benefits are different with the level of coverage you choose.You can select the cover that sits your knees, form:Third Party only-third party liability protection for injury or damage insured drivers may cause to others or their propertyThird Party Fire and Theft-fire and theft cover for your car and third party liability protection for injury or damage insured drivers may cause to others or their propertyComprehensive-loss or damage cover for your car and third party liability protection for injury or damage insured drivers may cause to others or their propertyYou may add the following optional extras to any of the above covers;1) Maximum No Claim Bonus for Life2) Legal Assistance Plan3) Breakdown Cover4) Travel Accident PlanSome Key Benefits in a little More DetailWe’ve outlined the range of benefits you can earn above. Now let us explain in a little more detail just what some of those benefits mean to you:1) 24 Hour Claims HelplineWhen you’ve had an accident or loss calls our Claims Helpline. Speak to friendly and efficient experts 24 hours a day2) For Immediate Authorization of Repairs (Comprehensive Only) Following an accident covered by your policy, if you choose to have the repairs carried out by one of our Recommended Repairers, we can arrange for them to be authorized straight away. Or repairers are all thoroughly checked to make sure that their work is of a consistently high standard. Ad proof, all paint and bodywork repairs carried out by our repairers are guaranteed for the lifetime of the car3) Special Discount through the Glass Helpline And 24-hour Glass ReplacementIf you have our Comprehensive Cover, any repairs will be free of charge. If repairs aren’t possible then you’ll get a replacement but willhave to pay the windscreen excess which is shown under’ Own Damage Excess’ in your schedule. If you decide not to claim, or have another type of cover, you will receive a special discount from our suppliers.4) Vehicle RepairsWhere your policy provides cover for damage to your vehicle, we have a network of Recommended Repairers who will collect and redeliver your vehicle. Where provided for under your policy, they will also provide a courtesy car to keep our mobile. The repair process will commence immediately the vehicle arrives on their premises. To ensure there is no effect on any existing warranty you may have, they provide a Lifetime Guarantee on all paint and bodywork repairs.。