布兰查德blancard宏观经济学课后习题答案(英文版)第二版
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Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions and Problems
Chaptຫໍສະໝຸດ Baidur 1
1. a. True. b. True. c. False. d. True. e. False. f. False. 2. a. US EU Japan 1960-98 ---------3.1% 3.1% 5.8% 1997-99 --------3.8% 2.5% -1.0%
Equating output for some time t in
8*(1.03) =(.84*1.09)*(1.09)
t
8/(.84*1.09)=(1.09/1.03)
t
8.737=(1.058) t =ln(8.737)/ln(1.058) ≈38yrs b. From Chapter 1: US output/worker in 1997=$29,800; China output/per worker in 1996=$700
1999 GDP: 12*$3,000+6*$500+1000*$1=$40,000 Nominal GDP has increased by 60%. b. 1998 real (1998) GDP: $25,000 1999 real (1998) GDP: 12*$2,000+6*$1,000+1000*$1=$31,000 Real (1998) GDP has increased by 24%. c. 1998 real (1999) GDP: 10*$3,000+4*$500+1,000*$1=$33,000 1999 real (1999) GDP: $40,000. Real (1999) GDP has increased by 21.2%. d. True.6. a. 1998 base year: Deflator(1998)=1; Deflator(1999)=$40,000/$31,000=1.29 Inflation=29% b. 1999 base year: Deflator(1998)=$25,000/$33,000=0.76; Deflator(1999)=1 Inflation=(1-0.76)/0.76=.32=32% c. Yes 7. a. 1998 real GDP = 10*$2,500 + 4*$750 + 1000*$1 = $29,000 1999 real GDP = 12*$2,500 + 6*$750 + 1000*$1 = $35,500 b. (35,500-29,000)/29,000 = .224 = 22.4% c. Deflator in 1998=$25,000/$29,000=.86 Deflator in 1999=$40,000/$35,500=1.13 Inflation = (1.13 -.86)/.86 = .314 = 31.4%. 8. a. The quality of a routine checkup improves over time. Checkups now may include EKGs, for example. Medical services are particularly affected by this problem due to constant improvements in medical technology. b. You need to know how the market values pregnancy checkups with and without ultra-sounds in that year. c. This information is not available since all doctors adopted the new technology simultaneously. Still, you can tell that the quality adjusted increase will be lower than 20%. *9. a. approximately 2.5% b. 1992 real GDP growth: 2.7%; unemployment rate Jan 92: 7.3%; unemployment rate Jan 93: 7.3% Supports Okun's law because the unemployment rate does not change when the growth rate of real GDP is near 2.5%
t t
t
t
29.8*(1.03) =(.7*1.09)*(1.09) t≈65 years
Chapter 2
1. a. False. b. Uncertain: real or nominal GDP. c. True. d. True. e. False. The level of the CPI means nothing. Its rate of change tells us about inflation. f. Uncertain. Which index is better depends on what we are trying to measure—inflation faced by consumers or by the economy as a whole. 2. a. +$100; Personal Consumption Expenditures b. no change: intermediate good c. +$200 million; Gross Private Domestic Fixed Investment d. +$200 million; Net Exports e. no change: the jet was already counted when it was produced, i.e., presumably when Delta (or some other airline) bought it new as an investment. *3. a. Measured GDP increases by $10+$12=$22. b. True GDP should increase by much less than $22 because by working for an extra hour, you are no longer producing the work of cooking within the house. Since cooking within the house is a final service, it should count as part of GDP. Unfortunately, it is hard to measure the value of work within the home, which is why measured GDP does not include it. 4. a. $1,000,000 the value of the silver necklaces. b. 1st Stage: $300,000. 2nd Stage: $1,000,00-$300,000=$700,000. GDP: $300,000+$700,000=$1,000,000. c. Wages: $200,000 + $250,000=$450,000. Profits: ($300,000-$200,000)+($1,000,000-$250,000-300,000) =$100,000+$450,000=$550,000. GDP: $450,000+$550,000=$1,000,000. 5. a. 1998 GDP: 10*$2,000+4*$1,000+1000*$1=$25,000
--------------------------------------------------------
If history simply repeats itself, the United States might have a short recession (lasting perhaps one year) accompanied by an acceleration in the rate of inflation by about one percentage point. 4. a. Banking services, business services. b. Not only has the relative demand for skilled workers increased but the industries where this effect is the strongest are making up a greater fraction of the economy. 5. 1. Low unemployment might lead to an increase in inflation. 2. Although measurement error certainly contributes to the measured slowdown in growth, there are other issues to consider as well, including the productivity of new research and accumulation of new capital. 3. Although labor market rigidities may be important, it is also important to consider that these rigidities may not be excessive, and that high unemployment may arise from flawed macroeconomic policies. 4. Although there were serious problems with regard to the management of Asian financial systems, it is important to consider the possibility that the flight of foreign capital from these countries worsened the situation by causing a severe stock market crash and exchange rate depreciation. 5. Although the Euro will remove obstacles to free trade between European countries, each country will be forced to give up its own monetary policy. * 6. a. From Chapter 1: US output 1997=$8b; China output 1996=$.84b. Note that China’s output in 1997 is $(.84)*(1.09) b. the future:
While the US growth rate higher than its long-run average over the period, the growth rate has slowed relative to long-run averages in both the EU and Japan over the last few years. b. Sometimes the economy is growing quickly, other times it is growing slowly or even contracting. The last few years of rapid growth in the US do not imply that the long-run average rate of growth has increased back to its pre-1974 level. 3. a. The data in the web page are: Real Gross Domestic Product, Real Final Sales of Domestic Product, and Real Gross National Product, Quarterly, 1959-96 [Percent change from preceding quarter] -------------------------------------------------------Gross domestic product Final sales of domestic product
1959: I II III IV 1996: I II III IV
8.6 11.2 -0.3 1.7 1.8 6.0 1.0 4.3
9.2 7.3 5.3 -1.3 2.6 5.2 0.2 4.5
8.6 11.1 -0.2 1.9 1.8 5.7 0.6 4.9
-------------------------------------------------------suggesting that recessions typically last two-three quarters and that the most severe recessions in that period were the recessions of 1974-75 and 1981-82. b. 1968: I II III IV 1969: I II III IV 1970: I II III IV Gross national product 1971: I II III IV 11.3 2.3 2.6 1.1 -0.7 0.6 3.7 -3.9 3.3 6.4 5.5 4.4 3.3 6.2 1.0 2.3 -2.0 0.1 5.7 3.4 5.4 5.2 7.5 7.1 3.0 1.8 3.0 3.8 5.0 5.8 5.1 5.3 6.0 Percentage Changes in: Output Growth Inflation 4.7 4.7 4.1 3.8 5.5 4.7 4.4
Chaptຫໍສະໝຸດ Baidur 1
1. a. True. b. True. c. False. d. True. e. False. f. False. 2. a. US EU Japan 1960-98 ---------3.1% 3.1% 5.8% 1997-99 --------3.8% 2.5% -1.0%
Equating output for some time t in
8*(1.03) =(.84*1.09)*(1.09)
t
8/(.84*1.09)=(1.09/1.03)
t
8.737=(1.058) t =ln(8.737)/ln(1.058) ≈38yrs b. From Chapter 1: US output/worker in 1997=$29,800; China output/per worker in 1996=$700
1999 GDP: 12*$3,000+6*$500+1000*$1=$40,000 Nominal GDP has increased by 60%. b. 1998 real (1998) GDP: $25,000 1999 real (1998) GDP: 12*$2,000+6*$1,000+1000*$1=$31,000 Real (1998) GDP has increased by 24%. c. 1998 real (1999) GDP: 10*$3,000+4*$500+1,000*$1=$33,000 1999 real (1999) GDP: $40,000. Real (1999) GDP has increased by 21.2%. d. True.6. a. 1998 base year: Deflator(1998)=1; Deflator(1999)=$40,000/$31,000=1.29 Inflation=29% b. 1999 base year: Deflator(1998)=$25,000/$33,000=0.76; Deflator(1999)=1 Inflation=(1-0.76)/0.76=.32=32% c. Yes 7. a. 1998 real GDP = 10*$2,500 + 4*$750 + 1000*$1 = $29,000 1999 real GDP = 12*$2,500 + 6*$750 + 1000*$1 = $35,500 b. (35,500-29,000)/29,000 = .224 = 22.4% c. Deflator in 1998=$25,000/$29,000=.86 Deflator in 1999=$40,000/$35,500=1.13 Inflation = (1.13 -.86)/.86 = .314 = 31.4%. 8. a. The quality of a routine checkup improves over time. Checkups now may include EKGs, for example. Medical services are particularly affected by this problem due to constant improvements in medical technology. b. You need to know how the market values pregnancy checkups with and without ultra-sounds in that year. c. This information is not available since all doctors adopted the new technology simultaneously. Still, you can tell that the quality adjusted increase will be lower than 20%. *9. a. approximately 2.5% b. 1992 real GDP growth: 2.7%; unemployment rate Jan 92: 7.3%; unemployment rate Jan 93: 7.3% Supports Okun's law because the unemployment rate does not change when the growth rate of real GDP is near 2.5%
t t
t
t
29.8*(1.03) =(.7*1.09)*(1.09) t≈65 years
Chapter 2
1. a. False. b. Uncertain: real or nominal GDP. c. True. d. True. e. False. The level of the CPI means nothing. Its rate of change tells us about inflation. f. Uncertain. Which index is better depends on what we are trying to measure—inflation faced by consumers or by the economy as a whole. 2. a. +$100; Personal Consumption Expenditures b. no change: intermediate good c. +$200 million; Gross Private Domestic Fixed Investment d. +$200 million; Net Exports e. no change: the jet was already counted when it was produced, i.e., presumably when Delta (or some other airline) bought it new as an investment. *3. a. Measured GDP increases by $10+$12=$22. b. True GDP should increase by much less than $22 because by working for an extra hour, you are no longer producing the work of cooking within the house. Since cooking within the house is a final service, it should count as part of GDP. Unfortunately, it is hard to measure the value of work within the home, which is why measured GDP does not include it. 4. a. $1,000,000 the value of the silver necklaces. b. 1st Stage: $300,000. 2nd Stage: $1,000,00-$300,000=$700,000. GDP: $300,000+$700,000=$1,000,000. c. Wages: $200,000 + $250,000=$450,000. Profits: ($300,000-$200,000)+($1,000,000-$250,000-300,000) =$100,000+$450,000=$550,000. GDP: $450,000+$550,000=$1,000,000. 5. a. 1998 GDP: 10*$2,000+4*$1,000+1000*$1=$25,000
--------------------------------------------------------
If history simply repeats itself, the United States might have a short recession (lasting perhaps one year) accompanied by an acceleration in the rate of inflation by about one percentage point. 4. a. Banking services, business services. b. Not only has the relative demand for skilled workers increased but the industries where this effect is the strongest are making up a greater fraction of the economy. 5. 1. Low unemployment might lead to an increase in inflation. 2. Although measurement error certainly contributes to the measured slowdown in growth, there are other issues to consider as well, including the productivity of new research and accumulation of new capital. 3. Although labor market rigidities may be important, it is also important to consider that these rigidities may not be excessive, and that high unemployment may arise from flawed macroeconomic policies. 4. Although there were serious problems with regard to the management of Asian financial systems, it is important to consider the possibility that the flight of foreign capital from these countries worsened the situation by causing a severe stock market crash and exchange rate depreciation. 5. Although the Euro will remove obstacles to free trade between European countries, each country will be forced to give up its own monetary policy. * 6. a. From Chapter 1: US output 1997=$8b; China output 1996=$.84b. Note that China’s output in 1997 is $(.84)*(1.09) b. the future:
While the US growth rate higher than its long-run average over the period, the growth rate has slowed relative to long-run averages in both the EU and Japan over the last few years. b. Sometimes the economy is growing quickly, other times it is growing slowly or even contracting. The last few years of rapid growth in the US do not imply that the long-run average rate of growth has increased back to its pre-1974 level. 3. a. The data in the web page are: Real Gross Domestic Product, Real Final Sales of Domestic Product, and Real Gross National Product, Quarterly, 1959-96 [Percent change from preceding quarter] -------------------------------------------------------Gross domestic product Final sales of domestic product
1959: I II III IV 1996: I II III IV
8.6 11.2 -0.3 1.7 1.8 6.0 1.0 4.3
9.2 7.3 5.3 -1.3 2.6 5.2 0.2 4.5
8.6 11.1 -0.2 1.9 1.8 5.7 0.6 4.9
-------------------------------------------------------suggesting that recessions typically last two-three quarters and that the most severe recessions in that period were the recessions of 1974-75 and 1981-82. b. 1968: I II III IV 1969: I II III IV 1970: I II III IV Gross national product 1971: I II III IV 11.3 2.3 2.6 1.1 -0.7 0.6 3.7 -3.9 3.3 6.4 5.5 4.4 3.3 6.2 1.0 2.3 -2.0 0.1 5.7 3.4 5.4 5.2 7.5 7.1 3.0 1.8 3.0 3.8 5.0 5.8 5.1 5.3 6.0 Percentage Changes in: Output Growth Inflation 4.7 4.7 4.1 3.8 5.5 4.7 4.4