国际私法英文版
国际私法-英文名解汇总-纲目版
国际私法英文名解汇总纲目版第一章国际私法概述Civil and commercial legal relations with(involving) foreign elements = international civil and commercial legal relations 具(含)有涉外(国际)因素的民商事法律关系/跨国民商事法律关系/国际民商事法律关系/涉外民商事法律关系Conflict rules = rule of application of law = choice of law rules = rule of private international law 冲突规范/法律适用规范/法律选择规范/国际私法规范Substantive rules 实体规范Conflict of laws 法律冲突/法律抵触Interspatial conflict of laws 法律的空间冲突Interpersonal conflict of laws 法律的人际冲突Intertemporal conflict of laws = conflicts mobiles 法律的时际冲突/动态冲突Interregional conflict of laws 法律的区际冲突International conflict of laws 法律的国际冲突Horizontal conflict 平面冲突Vertical conflict 垂直冲突Jus civile 市民法Extraterritorial effect of laws 法律的域外效力Personal supremacy 属人优越权Territorial effect of laws 法律的域内效力Territorial supremacy 属地优越权Uniform substantive rules 统一实体法规范Supernational law 超国家规范Theory of statutes 法则区别说Post-glossarist 后期注释学者Private international law = 【法】droit international privé = 【意】diritto international privato = 【西】deracho international privato = 【葡】direito internacional privado 私国际法International private law = 【德】internationalen privatrechts 国际私法Conflicts law = 【荷】de conflictu legum = the law of the conflict of laws = the conflict of laws 冲突法/法律冲突法/法律冲突The Hague Conference of Private Internatioal Law 海牙国际私法会议第二章国际私法的渊源Forum shopping 挑选法院Regulations 规定Directives 指令第三章国际私法立法与学说的历史发展/国际私法的历史Theory of statutes 法则区别说Statuta 法则Statuta realia 物的法则Statuta personalia 人的法则Statuta mixta 混合法则Lex originis 出生地法Jus civile 市民法Jus gentium 万民法Period of racial laws = period of personal laws 种族法时期/属人法时期Post-glossarist 后期注释法学派Bartolus 巴托鲁斯Baldus 巴尔多(斯)Charles Dumoulin 杜摩林Autonomie de la volonté =L'autonomie de la volonté = autonomy of will 意思自治原则D'Argentré达让特莱Ulicus Huber 胡伯De conflictu legum 法律冲突Comitas gentium 国际礼让说Savigny 萨维尼Sitz des rechtsverhältnisses 法律关系本座说Seat 本座Copernican revolution 哥白尼革命Mancini 孟西尼Story 斯托里Dicey 戴西Doctrine of vested rights 既得权说Theory of local law = local law theory 本地法说Cook 库克Judicial attitude 司法态度Theory of governmental interests analysis 政府利益说Brainerd Currie 柯里Principle of preference theory 优先选择原则说Cavers 卡弗斯Five-choice-influencing considerations = Better law approach 法律选择五点考虑/较好法律的方法Leflar 莱弗拉尔Doctrine of lex fori 法院地法说Ehrenzweig 艾伦茨威格Forum shopping 挑选法院Forum conveniens 方便法院Proper forum 适当法院Doctrine of the most significant relationship 最密切联系说Fuld 富德Reese 里斯Bartiffol 巴迪福Particularism---nationalism school 特殊主义——国家主义学派Zitelmann 齐特尔曼Universalism---internationalism school 普遍主义——国际主义学派Rabel 拉沛尔Kegel 克格尔Interesse jurisprudenz 利益法学Francescakis 弗朗西斯卡基斯Loi d'application immédiate 直接适用的法Exclusivnormen 专属规范Loi d'application nécessaire 必须适用的法Spatial conditional rules 空间受调解的规范Legislatively localized laws 立法定位法Particular choice of law clauses 特殊法律选择条款Proper law doctrine “自体法”理论Functional analysis 功用分析说Comparative-impairment approach 比较损害方法Comprehensive interest analysis 综合利益分析Comparative private international law school 比较法学派第四章冲突规范与准据法Conflict rules = rule of application of law = choice of law rules = rule of private international law 冲突规范/法律适用规范/法律选择规范/国际私法规范Lex causae = applicable law 准据法Category = Object of connection = classification of issue = operative facts 范围/连接对象/问题的分类/起作用的事实Attribution 系属Unilateral conflict rules 单边冲突规范Bilateral conflict rules = all-sided conflict rules 双边冲突规范Double rules for regulating the conflict of laws 重叠适用的冲突规范Choice rules for regulating the conflict of laws 选择适用的冲突规范Point of contact = connecting factor = connecting ground 连接点/连接因素/连接根据Natural connexion 自然联系Objective point of contact 客观连接点Subjective point of contact 主观连接点Variable point of contact 动态连接点Constant point of contact 静态连接点Anknǜpfungsbegriff 【德】法律概念(作为连接点)/连接概念Open-ended 开放的(连接点)Black-letter 硬性(连接点)Open-ended conflict rules 灵活性冲突规范Softening process 软化处理Dépécage 分割规则Proper law of the torts 侵权行为自体法Formula of attribution 系属公式Lex personalis 属人法Lex patriae 本国法/国籍国法Personal law of a legal person 法人属人法Lex domicilii 住所地法Habitual residence 惯常居所Lex rei sitae = lex loci situs = lex situs 物之所在地法Lex loci actus 行为地法Locus regit actum 场所支配行为Lex loci contractus 合同缔结地法Lex loci solutionis 合同履行地法Lex loci delicti 侵权行为地法Lex loci celebratiois 婚姻举行地法Lex voluntatis 当事人合意选择的法律Autonomie de la volonté =L'autonomie de la volonté = autonomy of will 意思自治原则Lex fori 法院地法Law of the flag 旗国法Law of the place of the most significant relationship 最密切联系地法Lex causae = applicable law 准据法Rule of law 法律规范Conflicts mobiles 动态冲突Preliminary question = incidental problem 先决问题/附带问题Principal question 主要问题/本问题Result-selecting rules = rules-selecting rules 结果选择(方法)/规则选择Jurisdiction-selecting rules 管辖权选择方法Dépécage 分割方法The Comparative-impairment approach 比较损害方法Kentucky method 肯塔基方法The Functional analysis approach 功能分析方法Substance 实体问题Procedure 程序问题Right 权利(问题)/实体问题Remedy 救济(问题)/程序问题Statues of limitation 时效问题Borrowing statue(statute) “借用”法规Burden of proof 举证责任Presumptions 推定Presumptions of fact 事实的推定Presumptions of law 法律的推定Rebuttable presumptions of law 可反驳的法律推定Irrebuttable presumptions of law 不可反驳的法律推定第五章适用冲突规范的一般制度Characterization = qualification = classification = identification 识别/定性/分类Latente gesetzes kollisionen 隐存的法律冲突/识别冲突Conflict between conflic rules 冲突规则之间的冲突Movable property 动产Immovable property 不动产Personal property v. Real property Primary characterization 一级识别Secondary characterization 二级识别The theory of analytical jurisprudence and comparative law 分析法学与比较法说Funktionelle qualifikatic 功能定性说Renvoi 反致Remission = renvoi au premier degré直接反致/一级反致/狭义反致Transmission = renvoi au second degré转致/二级反致Indirect remission 间接反致/大反致Double renvoi = foreign court theory 双重反致/外国法院说Evasion of law = fraude a la loi = fraudulent creation of points of contact 法律规避/法律欺诈/僭窃法律/欺诈设立连接点Fraus omnia corrumpit 欺诈使一切归于无效Public order = public policy = 【法】ordre public = 【德】vorbehaltskausel 公共秩序/【英美】公共政策/【德】保留条款The reservation of public order 公共秩序保留制度Statuta odiosa 令人厌恶的法则Legal policy 法律政策Distinctive policy 特殊政策Repugnancy 可恶性perniciousness 有害性Viciousness 邪恶性Substantial contact 实质的联系The ascertainment of foreign law = proof of foreign law 外国法(内容)的查明/外国法的证明Jura novit curia 法官知法Artificial 矫揉造作Revisio in jure 法律审第六章国际私法的主体Nationality 国籍Allegiance 忠诚Obedience 服从Contract 契约Nationality by birth = nationalité de l'origine 生来国籍/原始国籍Jus sanguinis 血统主义Jus soli 出生地主义Nationalité secondaire 派生国籍/传来取得Nationalité effective 实际国籍Conflict of nationalities 国籍冲突Domicile of origin 原始住所Domicile of choice 选择住所Statutory domicile = domicile of dependency 法定住所/从属住所Residence 居所Habitual resident 习惯居所/惯常居所Legal person 法人Public body 公共团体State immunity 国家豁免Immunity from jurisdiction = immunity ratione personae 司法管辖豁免/属人理由的豁免Immunity from execution/immunity ratione materiae 执行豁免/属物理由的豁免The doctrine of absolute immunity 绝对豁免理论The doctrine of relative or restrictive immunity 限制豁免论/职能豁免论The doctrine of abolishing immunity 废除豁免论The doctrine of equal immunity 平等豁免论Immunity of state property 国家财产豁免Tate's letter 泰特公函National treatment 国民待遇Most-favoured-nation treatment = MFN 最惠国待遇Preferential treatment 优惠待遇(Treatment of) Generalized system of preference = GSP 普遍优惠待遇Non-discriminate treatment 非歧视待遇第七章民事身份和能力的法律适用Capacity for right (民事)权利能力Allgemeine Rechtsfähigkeit 一般权利能力Besondere Rechtsfähigkeit 特别权利能力Presumption of life 推定存活Declaration of absence 宣告失踪Declaration of death 宣告死亡/推定死亡Interdiction 禁治产Feeble mindedness 精神病/心神耗弱/低能Mental disordered 心神失常Mental infirmity 心神耗弱者第八章法律行为和代理的法律适用Locus regit actum 场所支配行为Agency of necessity 必要代理Agency from cohabitation 夫妻之间的代理Doctrine of implied warranty of authority 默示授权担保原则第九章涉外物权的法律适用Right in rem 物权Lex loci rei sitae = lex situs = Lex rei sitae物之所在地法Mobilia personam sequunrur = mobilia ossibus inhaerent = personalty has no locality 动产随人/动产附骨/动产无场所Chattels 动产Immovable 不动产Intangible movable 无体动产Shares 股份Nationalization 国有化Requisition 征用Confiscation 没收Expropriation 征收Trusts 信托Trust property 信托财产Uses 用益设计Fidei commissum 遗产信托Salmen 受托人制度第十章破产的法律适用Insolvency = bankruptcy 破产Rehabilitation 再建型程序Liquidation 清算型程序Reorganization 重整制度Reconciliation = compromise 和解制度Transnational insolvency =foreign-related insolvency =cross-border insolvency = international insolvency 跨国破产/涉外破产/越界破产/国际破产Cross-default 交叉违约Center of main interests 主要利益中心Universalism 破产普及主义/普遍性原则Doctrine of unity 单一破产理论Territoriality 破产属地主义/地域性原则Doctrine of pluralism 复合破产理论New pragmatism 新实用主义Modified universalism = cooperative territorialism 修正的普遍性原则/合作的地域性原则Cases ancillary to foreign proceedings 辅助外国程序的案件Factor list 因素清单Bank of commerce and credit international = BCCI 国际商业信贷银行第十一章票据的法律适用Negotiable instruments 流通票据Bills of exchange 汇票Promissory notes 本票Cheques 支票第十二章知识产权的法律适用Intangible property 无体财产权Intellectual property 知识产权/智慧产权Industrial property 工业产权Patent 专利Trade mark 商标Priority of registration “注册在先”原则Priority of use “使用在先”原则Copyright 著作权/版权Droit de autear 作者权理论Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property 《保护工业产权的巴黎公约》Patent Cooperation Treaty 《专利合作条约》Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Trademarks 《商标国际注册马德里协定》Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and ArtisticWorks 《伯尔尼保护文学和艺术作品公约》Universal Copyright Convention 《世界版权公约》Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights = TRIPs 《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》Know-How 实用知识技术GATT 关税及贸易总协定Uruguay Round 乌拉圭回合World Intellectual Property Organization = WIPO 世界知识产权组织World Trade Organization = WTO 世界贸易组织United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization = UNESCO 联合国教科文组织International Labour Organization = ILO 国际劳工组织第十三章涉外合同之债法律适用的基本制度Nationality 国籍标准Proper law of contract 合同自体法The principle of autonomy of the parties = Autonomy of will of the parties = autonomie de la volonté当事人意思自治原则/主观论The doctrine of the most significant relationship 最密切联系原则The most real connection 最真实联系The doctrine of characteristic performance = characteristic performance = the doctrine of characteristic obligation 特征性履行方法(说;原则)/特征性债务原则/特征性给付说Centre of gravity 重力中心地grouping of contracts 关系聚集地Lex nulla 无法之法Mandatory rules = directly applicable rules = lois de police 强制规则/直接适用的法/警察法第十四章常用涉外合同之债的法律适用United Nations Commission on International Trade Law = UNCITRAL Steering committee 指导委员会United Nations Convention on Contracts for The International Sale ofGoods = CISG 《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》/《1980年维也纳公约》UN Treaty Section 联合国条约管理署Have adopted 批准了Contracting states 缔约国Reservation 保留Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 《维也纳条约法公约》International direct investment 国际直接投资International indirect investment orportfolio investment 国际间接投资International investment contract 国际投资合同International joint venture 国际合营企业United Nations Industrial Development Organization = UNIDO 联合国工业发展组织Equity joint venture 股权式合营企业Contractual joint venture 契约式合营企业Joint venture agreement 合营企业协议Joint operating agreement 联合作业协议Production sharing contract 产品分成合同The service contract 服务合同Concession agreement = economic development agreement 特许协议/经济开发协议Quasi-international agreement 准国际协定Transnational contract 跨国契约Build-own-operate = BOOBuild-own-operate-transfer = BOOT Build-lease-transfer = BTODesign-build-finance-operate = DBFO Build-operate-transfer BOT 建设——经营——移交Project company 项目公司Material goods 物质产品Non-profitable 不盈利Residual 不重要Service society 服务社会OECD 经济合作与发展组织GATS 服务贸易总协定第十五章涉外非合同之债的法律适用The law of the place of the tort 侵权行为地法The place of acting 加害行为实施地The place of injury 加害结果发生地The law of the forum 法院地法A mixture of the lex fori and the lex loci delicti = Rule of double actionability重叠适用侵权行为地法和法院地法/双重可诉原则Proper law of the torts 侵权行为自体法Unjust enrichment 不当得利Negotiorum gestio = voluntary agency 无因管理Quasi-contractual obligation 准合同之债第十六章国际海事法律冲突与法律适用Salvage at sea 海难救助/海上救助General average 共同海损Action in rem 对物诉讼第十七章涉外婚姻与亲权的法律适用Polygamous 一夫多妻制Service marriage 兵役婚姻Marriage on the high sea 公海婚姻Limping marriage 跛脚婚姻Judicial separation 请求别居Forum shopping 挑选法院Legitimation 准正Curatorship 保佐Presence 出现第十八章涉外继承关系的法律适用Personal representive 人格代表者(包括遗嘱执行人和遗产管理人)Unitary system 同一制/单一制Scission system 区别制/分割制Ultimate heir 最终继承人Ius regale over bona vacantia 国家对位于其领域内无主财产的先占权True successor 真正的继承人第十九章国际商事仲裁的法律适用Conflict of laws = International conflict of laws狭义的法律冲突/国际法律冲突Denationalization = delocalization非内国化/非当地化Material connecting factors 实质性连接因素Geographic criterion = Juridical criterion 地理标准/法律标准Amiable arbitration 友好仲裁/友谊仲裁International civil procedure 国际民事诉讼International commercial arbitration 国际商事仲裁Alternative dispute resolution = ADR 非诉讼争议解决方式/替代争议解决方法/选择性争议解决方式Rent judge 法官借用China International Ecomomic and Trade Arbitration Commission = CIETAC = The Court of Arbitration of China Chamber of International Commerce = CCOIC Court of Arbitration 中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会/中国国际商会仲裁院Agreement of international commercial arbitration 国际商事仲裁协议Meeting of the minds 解决的合意Principal contract 主合同Arbitration clause 仲裁条款Submission agreement 仲裁协议书Litigation 排除诉讼Capacity (仲裁当事人的)资格The Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards 《承认和执行外国仲裁裁决公约》/《纽约公约》A half-way conflict rule 走到半路的冲突规则Competence/competence = 【法】competence de la competence = 【德】kopetenz/kopetenz 管辖权/管辖权原则//自裁管辖原则Denationalization 非内国化Legal persons of public law 公法法人The Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and National of Other States 《解决国家与他国国民间投资争议的公约》/《华盛顿公约》Arbitrability 可仲裁性Subjective arbitrability 主观上的可仲裁性Objective arbitrability 客观上的可仲裁性A safety valve 安全阀Exclusive jurisdiction 排他的管辖权Severability of arbitration agreement = Doctrine of arbitration clause autonomy = separability of arbitration clause = severability of arbitration clause 仲裁协议独立性理论/仲裁条款自治性理论/仲裁条款分离性理论/仲裁条款分割性理论Substantive law 实体法Adjective law 程序法Lex fori 法院地国法Statuta realia 物的法则Statuta personalia 人的法则Statuta mixta 混合法则Lex arbitri 仲裁法Curial law 法庭法Rules of procedure of arbitration 仲裁程序规则Mandatory rules 强制性规则Denationalization = delocalization 非内国化理论/非本地化理论Lex mercatoria 商人习惯法Legal order 法律秩序Agency agreement 代理协定Transnational customary rules 跨国习惯规则The proper law of contract 合同自体法International chamber of commerce = ICC 国际商会Floating awards = a-national award = transnational award = supranational award = expatriate award “浮动”裁决/非国内裁决/跨国裁决/超国家裁决/无国籍裁决Transnational arbitration 跨国仲裁Rules of law 法律规则Reasonable basis 合理根据Conflict au premier degr 一级冲突Conflict au deuxieme degree 二级冲突Territorial theory 领域理论Jurisdictional theory 司法权学说Applicable 可适用的(冲突规则)Appropriate 适当的(冲突规则)Home state 本国False conflict situation 虚假冲突情况Rules of private international law 国际私法的一般原则Direct line = voie directe 直接适用的法International law = droit international = diritto internazionale = internationales recht “国际法”Concurrent laws 并存法Lex mercatoria 商人习惯法Law merchant 商法Quasi-public agreement 准公共协定Amiable arbitration 友好仲裁/友谊仲裁Internet 互联网World Wide Web = www 万维网Electronic commerce 电子商务Online dispute 网上争议/在线争议Alternative dispute resolution = ADR选择性争议解决方式/非诉讼争议解决方式/替代争议解决方法Online dispute resolution system 在线争议解决机制Online arbitration 网上仲裁Cyber tribunal arbitration 网络裁判庭仲裁机制Cyber tribunal 网络裁判庭The prevailing cyberspace practices 通行的网络惯例National Center for Automated Information Research 国家自动信息检索中心CNNIC 中国互联网信息中心CIETAC 中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会Domain name 域名ICANN 美国互联网名称和代码分配公司World International Property Organization = WIPO 世界知识产权组织第二十章国际民事诉讼程序International jurisdiction = competence generale = competence internationale 国际管辖权/一般的管辖权Local jurisdiction = competence speciale = competence interne国内管辖权/特别的管辖权Competence generale directe 直接的一般管辖权Competence generale indirecte 间接的一般管辖权Par in parem non habet jurisdictionem 平等者之间无管辖权International judicial assistance in civil matters 国际(民事领域)司法协助Service = evidence abroad 司法协助Commissioner 特派员取证Public summons 公共传票Forcible service 强制送达Non-forcible service 非强制送达Nonformal service 非正式送达第二十一章国际商事仲裁程序Arbitration 仲裁/公断Arbitrability 争议可仲裁性Material connecting factors 实质性连接因素Geographic criterion = Juridical criterion 地理标准/法律标准Jurisdictional theory 司法权论Contractual theory 契约论Mixed theory 混合论Autonomous theory 自治论Arbitration clause 仲裁条款Future dispute 将来发生的争议Existing dispute 现有争议Submission to arbitration agreement 提交仲裁协议书Competence 自裁管辖Severability of arbitration agreement = Doctrine of arbitration clause autonomy = separability of arbitration clause = severability of arbitration clause 仲裁协议独立性理论/仲裁条款自治性理论/仲裁条款分离性理论/仲裁条款分割性理论To be invalid ab initio 从一开始就无效Ad hoc arbitration agency 临时仲裁机构/特别仲裁机构/专设仲裁机构Institutional arbitration 机构仲裁Arbitration Court of International Chamber of Commerce = ICC国际商会仲裁院International Chamber of Commerce = ICC 国际商会International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes = ICSID 解决投资争议国际中心Terms of reference 审理事项Arbitral proceedings 仲裁程序London Court of International Arbitration = LCIA 伦敦国际仲裁院Charted Institute of Arbitration 特许仲裁员协会The Arbitration of Stockholm Chamber of Commerce = SCC 斯德哥尔摩商会仲裁院American Arbitration Association = AAA 美国仲裁协会Court of Arbitration of the Zurich Chamber of Commerce 苏黎世商会仲裁院Japan Commercial Arbitration Association = JCAA 日本国际商事仲裁协会WIPO Arbitration Center 世界知识产权组织仲裁中心China International Ecomomic and Trade Arbitration Commission = CIETAC = The Court of Arbitration of China Chamber of International Commerce = CCOIC Court of Arbitration 中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会/中国国际商会仲裁院China Maritime Arbitration Commission = CMAC 中国海事仲裁委员会Hongkong International Arbitration Center 香港仲裁中心Final award 最后裁决Interim award 临时裁决Preliminary award 初裁决/预裁决Partial award 部分裁决Interlocutory award 中间裁决Consent award 合意裁决Default award 缺席裁决No proper notice 未给予适当通知Unable to present the case 未能提出申辩Final 终局的Binding 有约束力第二十二章区际法律冲突与区际私法Law district 法域Interregional conflict of laws = internal conflict of laws = interprovincial conflict of laws = intercantonal conflict of laws = interstate conflict of laws = interrepublican conflict of laws 区际法律冲突/国内法律冲突(还包括国内人际法律冲突)/省际法律冲突/(瑞士)州际法律冲突/(美澳)州际法律冲突/(前苏联)共和国之间的法律冲突The interregional conflict law = interlocal conflicts law 区际私法/区际冲突法/州际冲突法/省际冲突法City state 城邦Intercolonial conflict of laws 殖民地间的法律冲突Local customary law 当地习惯法Horizontal conflict 横向冲突Vertical conflict 纵向冲突Forum non convenience 不方便法院原则Judge-making law 法官制定法Identity 相同Similarity 相似Composite legal system 复合法律制度Rules of legislative jurisdiction 立法管辖规范Foreign country 外国Free circulation 自由流通The full faith and credit clauses 完全诚意和信任条款。
国际私法课件第三编英文
国 际 私 法
4、Formula of attribution
1) lex personalis (lex patriae / lex domicilii) 2) lex situs 3) lex loci actus 4) lex fori 5) law of the flag 6) lex voluntatis 7) law of the place of the most significant relationship
1889年法国最高法院对一起涉外民事案件 的审理,即安东夫人诉巴特罗案。该案的主要 情况是:安东夫妇均为马耳他人,安东夫人在 丈夫死后要求取得其丈夫所遗土地的收益。安 东夫妇结婚时住所地是马耳他,婚后移居当时 的法国殖民地——阿尔及利亚,在那里购买了 地产。安东夫人在阿尔及利亚法院提起诉讼, 要求根据马耳他法律,享有夫妻共同财产的一 半以及死去丈夫地产的1/4用益权。
国 际 私 法
Anten vs. Bastolo
本案的关键问题是如何对 安东夫人要求的法律事实进行 识别,以判定其究竟是夫妻财 产关系,还是继承关系问题。 这一识别直接涉及采用何国法 律为准据法,其判断结果也将 截然相反。本案中法国最高法 院最后依据外国法律的观点进 行了识别,将该案件纠纷识别 为夫妻财产关系,使得马耳他 的法律得以适用,满足了原告 安东夫人的诉讼请求。
PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW (III)
国 际 私 法
Law School of Fuzhou University Huang Hui
Part III: Pandect of private International law
Chapter 7 Conflict rules and applicable law Chapter 8 Classification Chapter 9 Renvoi Chapter 10 Reservation of public order Chapter 11 Evasion of law Chapter 12 Ascertainment of the content of foreign law
国际私法课件第四编英文共34页文档
谢谢!Βιβλιοθήκη 国际私法课件第四编英文41、俯仰终宇宙,不乐复何如。 42、夏日长抱饥,寒夜无被眠。 43、不戚戚于贫贱,不汲汲于富贵。 44、欲言无予和,挥杯劝孤影。 45、盛年不重来,一日难再晨。及时 当勉励 ,岁月 不待人 。
61、奢侈是舒适的,否则就不是奢侈 。——CocoCha nel 62、少而好学,如日出之阳;壮而好学 ,如日 中之光 ;志而 好学, 如炳烛 之光。 ——刘 向 63、三军可夺帅也,匹夫不可夺志也。 ——孔 丘 64、人生就是学校。在那里,与其说好 的教师 是幸福 ,不如 说好的 教师是 不幸。 ——海 贝尔 65、接受挑战,就可以享受胜利的喜悦 。——杰纳勒 尔·乔治·S·巴顿
国际私法_英文名解汇总
国际私法英文名解汇总纲目版Civil and commercial legal relations with(involving) foreign elements = international civil and commerciallegal relations 具(含)有涉外(国际)因素的民商事法律关系/跨国民商事法律关系/国际民商事法律关系/涉外民商事法律关系Conflict rules = rule of application of law = choice of law rules = rule of private international law 冲突规范/法律适用规范/法律选择规范/国际私法规范Substantive rules 实体规范Conflict of laws 法律冲突/法律抵触Interregional conflict of laws 法律的区际冲突Personal supremacy 属人优越权Territorial supremacy 属地优越权Uniform substantive rules 统一实体法规范The Hague Conference of Private Internatioal Law 海牙国际私法会议autonomy of will 意思自治原则Lex causae = applicable law 准据法Category = Object of connection = classification of issue = operative facts 范围/连接对象/问题的分类/起作用的事实Attribution 系属Unilateral conflict rules 单边冲突规范Bilateral conflict rules = all-sided conflict rules 双边冲突规范Double rules for regulating the conflict of laws 重叠适用的冲突规范Choice rules for regulating the conflict of laws 选择适用的冲突规范Point of contact = connecting factor = connecting ground 连接点/连接因素/连接根据Formula of attribution 系属公式Lex personalis 属人法Lex patriae 本国法/国籍国法Lex domicilii 住所地法Habitual residence 惯常居所Lex rei sitae = lex loci situs = lex situs 物之所在地法Lex loci actus 行为地法Locus regit actum 场所支配行为Lex loci contractus 合同缔结地法Lex loci solutionis 合同履行地法Lex loci delicti 侵权行为地法Lex loci celebratiois 婚姻举行地法Lex voluntatis 当事人合意选择的法律Autonomie de la volonté=L'autonomie de la volonté= autonomy of will 意思自治原则Lex fori 法院地法Law of the flag 旗国法Law of the place of the most significant relationship 最密切联系地法Lex causae = applicable law 准据法Rule of law 法律规范Preliminary question = incidental problem 先决问题/附带问题Principal question 主要问题/本问题Jurisdiction-selecting rules 管辖权选择方法Substance 实体问题Procedure 程序问题Right 权利(问题)/实体问题Remedy 救济(问题)/程序问题Statues of limitation 时效问题Burden of proof 举证责任Presumptions 推定Presumptions of fact 事实的推定Presumptions of law 法律的推定Characterization = qualification =classification = identification 识别/定性/分类Movable property 动产Immovable property 不动产Personal property v. Real property Renvoi 反致Remission = renvoi au premier degr é直接反致/一级反致/狭义反致Transmission = renvoi au second degr é转致/二级反致Indirect remission 间接反致/大反致Double renvoi = foreign court theory 双重反致/外国法院说Evasion of law = fraude a la loi = fraudulent creation of points ofcontact 法律规避/法律欺诈/僭窃法律/欺诈设立连接点The reservation of public order 公共秩序保留制度Substantial contact 实质的联系The ascertainment of foreign law = proof of foreign law 外国法(内容)的查明/外国法的证明Nationality 国籍dependency 法定住所/从属住所Residence 居所Habitual resident 习惯居所/惯常居所Legal person 法人Public body 公共团体State immunity 国家豁免Immunity from jurisdiction =immunity ratione personae 司法管辖豁免/属人理由的豁免Immunity from execution/immunity ratione materiae 执行豁免/属物理由的豁免The doctrine of absolute immunity 绝对豁免理论The doctrine of relative or restrictive immunity 限制豁免论/职能豁免论Immunity of state property 国家财产豁免National treatment 国民待遇Most-favoured-nation treatment = MFN 最惠国待遇Preferential treatment 优惠待遇Non-discriminate treatment 非歧视待遇Capacity for right (民事)权利能力Allgemeine Rechtsf?higkeit 一般权利能力Besondere Rechtsf?higkeit 特别权利能力Declaration of absence 宣告失踪Declaration of death 宣告死亡/推定死亡Right in rem 物权Lex loci rei sitae = lex situs = Lex rei sitae物之所在地法Shares 股份Nationalization 国有化Requisition 征用Confiscation 没收Expropriation 征收Trusts 信托Trust property 信托财产Bills of exchange 汇票Promissory notes 本票Cheques 支票Intellectual property 知识产权/智慧产权Industrial property 工业产权Patent 专利Trade mark 商标Priority of registration “注册在先”原则Priority of use “使用在先”原则Copyright 著作权/版权Droit de autear 作者权理论Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property 《保护工业产权的巴黎公约》The doctrine of the most significant relationship 最密切联系原则The most real connection 最真实联系Contracting states 缔约国Reservation 保留Production sharing contract 产品分成合同The service contract 服务合同The law of the place of the tort 侵权行为地法The place of acting 加害行为实施地The place of injury 加害结果发生地The law of the forum 法院地法A mixture of the lex fori and the lex loci delicti = Rule of double actionability重叠适用侵权行为地法和法院地法/双重可诉原则Unjust enrichment 不当得利Negotiorum gestio = voluntary agency 无因管理Quasi-contractual obligation 准合同之债True successor 真正的继承人International civil procedure 国际民事诉讼International commercial arbitration 国际商事仲裁China International Ecomomic and Trade Arbitration Commission = CIETAC = The Court of Arbitrationof China Chamber of International Commerce = CCOIC Court of Arbitration 中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会/中国国际商会仲裁院Agreement of international commercial arbitration 国际商事仲裁协议Principal contract 主合同Arbitration clause 仲裁条款Submission agreement 仲裁协议书Litigation 排除诉讼Capacity (仲裁当事人的)资格The Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards 《承认和执行外国仲裁裁决公约》/《纽约公约》Exclusive jurisdiction 排他的管辖权Substantive law 实体法Adjective law 程序法Rules of procedure of arbitration 仲裁程序规则Mandatory rules 强制性规则Agency agreement 代理协定Home state 本国Direct line直接适用的法International jurisdiction = competence generale = competence internationale 国际管辖权/一般的管辖权Local jurisdiction = competence speciale = competence interne国内管辖权/特别的管辖权Competence generale directe 直接的一般管辖权Competence generale indirecte 间接的一般管辖权International judicial assistance incivil matters 国际(民事领域)司法协助Service = evidence abroad 司法协助Commissioner 特派员取证Public summons 公共传票Forcible service 强制送达Non-forcible service 非强制送达Nonformal service 非正式送达Arbitration 仲裁/公断Arbitrability 争议可仲裁性Arbitration clause 仲裁条款Submission to arbitration agreement 提交仲裁协议书Ad hoc arbitration agency 临时仲裁机构/特别仲裁机构/专设仲裁机构Institutional arbitration 机构仲裁Arbitration Court of International Chamber of Commerce = ICC国际商会仲裁院Arbitral proceedings 仲裁程序London Court of International Arbitration = LCIA 伦敦国际仲裁院Charted Institute of Arbitration 特许仲裁员协会China International Ecomomic and Trade Arbitration Commission = CIETAC 中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会/中国国际商会仲裁院China Maritime Arbitration Commission = CMAC 中国海事仲裁委员会Final award 最后裁决Preliminary award 初裁决/预裁决Partial award 部分裁决Default award 缺席裁决No proper notice 未给予适当通知Unable to present the case 未能提出申辩。
国际私法英文版
Chapter oneIntroduction to Private International Law1. Regulative Object of Private International Law•Question 1: A company of Beijing with B company of Guangdong will sign a contract of sale of goods, which country’s law is applicable?•Question 2: If the parties in supposed question 1 are changed as A company of Beijing and B company of California State in US, what would be the applicable law then? •Question 3: Citizen A of China got married with Citizen B of US, what law would be subjected to then?Characteristic:①This kind of civil relationship is formed during international intercourse②This kind of civil relationship has one or more foreign elementssubject involving foreign element●object involving foreign element●content involving foreign element③What such civil relationship adjusts is the particular foreign civil relation2. Conflict of Laws2.1 Essence and productive conditionConflict of laws also named ‘rules of conflict’, which has distinctive meaning in private international law, and it refers to the difference in regulations of civil relationship involving civil law in two or more countries respectively, but it is required to apply these different regulations competitively, which caused the phenomenon conflicting each other on the law. In brief, conflict of laws means the conflict of applicable laws to the same civil relation involving the different civil laws of every respective country.①Civil legal systems of various countries are different each other.② A large number of civil contacts exist, a large number of international civil relations appear between various countries.③Various countries acknowledge foreigners enjoy the equal civil legal status in domestic state.④Based on practical requirements for dealing with civil and commercial relations among reciprocal countries justly, rationally, various countries acknowledge extraterritorial effect of foreign civil laws in domestic state or admit legal equality between domestic state and foreign state.2.2 Several different characteristics of conflict of laws2.2.1 Private interregional law2.2.2 Private interpersonal law2.2.3 Private intertemporal law3. Range and Definition of Private International Law3.1 Range of private international law①Different view②Range of private international law should contain the several norms as following:●legal norms on the status of foreigners in civil law●Conflict rules●Uniform substantive rules●International civil procedural norms andprocedural norms of international commercialarbitration3.2 Definition of private international lawPrivate international law is to regard foreign civil relation as regulative object, regard solving conflict of laws as the central task, regard conflict rules as the most basic norm, whilst including legal norms on the status of foreigners in civil law, and uniform substantive norms avoiding and removing conflict of laws, and international civil procedural norms and procedural norms of international commercial arbitration, which is an independent legal department.4. Sources of Private International Law4.1 Domestic legislationManifestation manner:●sporadic appearance type●special compiling and special chapter type●the code type4.2 Municipal jurisprudence4.3 International treaties4.4 International customs4.5 About doctrine as one of the sources of private international law5. The nature of Private International Law5.1 International law or domestic law?①School of international law②School of domestic law③Dualism schoolFrom the view at present, private international law primarily belongs to domestic law, but with the further development of international civil intercourse and the constant promotion of unitized sports of private international law, private international law will increase the composition or factor of international law gradually.5.2 Procedural law or substantive law?We think that private international law is composed of conflict rules, substantive norm and procedural norm, which is a synthesis of these three kinds of legal norms. Only emphasizing one side of them and denying another one or another two respects among them, or diametrically opposing to each other, which is unadvisable, not corresponding to reality either. So it is neither procedural law nor substantive law, has one kind of its own.5.3 Public law or private law?From the view of actual situation, we think that private international law has close contacts with domestic civil law. They all adjust social relations with characteristics of civil law. And private international law is the applicable law of domestic civil law. Also like the foregoing, the basic principles and systems of every national civil law are having direct influence on private international law, and many systems in private international law (Among them, especially like reservation system of public order) also were established to ensure realization of basic principle of domestic civil law. Therefore, though private international law is an independent legal department, it mainly still belongs to the category of private law.6. Basic Principle of Private International Law6.1 Sovereignty doctrine6.2 Principle of equality and mutual benefit6.3 Principle of observing international treaty and consulting international customs6.4 Principle of protecting the legitimate rights and interests of partiesPonder over following question:1. What is “conflict of laws”? Please state briefly the reason or condition why conflict of laws produce?2. State briefly several kinds of meanings of conflict of laws of different nature.3. State briefly the definition and the sources of private international law.4. Talk about the cognition for regulative object of private international law.5. Try discussing the nature of private international law.Chapter TwoHistory of Private International Law1. Private International Law at Sprouted Stage (before the 13th century)1.1 Period of Roman Law 1.2 Period of Racial Laws 1.3 Period of Territorial Laws2. Theory History of Private International Law2.1 Period of Theory of Statutes (or: Statute Theory) 2.1.1 Italian “Theory of Statutes”●About issue of jus ad rem, was applicable to territorial laws, i.e. lex situs.●About issue of persons, such as capability of civil rights of persons and capacity to act of persons which were applicable to personal laws, i.e. lex domicilii.,●About issue of behavior, was applicable to lex actus, i.e. locus regit actum doctrine.Innovation:●Could the statute of a civil-state be applicable to all people within it (including non-residents)?●Could the statute of a city state be applicable to its own residents outside the state?2.1.2 French “Theory of Statutes”达让特莱(D’Argentre,1519—1590)strict principle of territoriality●“All customs belong to substance”●“Statuta personalia” regarded as an exception of “statuta realia”●There has another kind “mixed rules” except “statuta personalia” and “statuta realia”,i.e. the same rule contains concurrently two respects of person and substance.2.1.3 Dutch “Theory of Statutes”2.2 Modern Science of Private International Law2.2.1 Story’s “Territorial Theory”斯托雷(Joseph Story 1779—1845)●V arious countries enjoy absolute sovereignty and right of jurisdiction, all people, substance, agreement concluded and behaviors engaged in their territories are restrained by this country’s law;●According to sovereignty doctrine, the l aw of any country can’t restrict persons and substances beyond its territory, namely, the law does not have extraterritorial effect;●Whether the foreign law could be applicable in domestic state should be in accordance with the stipulations of domestic law.2.2.2 Savigny’s “Sitz des Rechtsverhaltnisses” (or: “Sitz of Legal Relationship Theory”萨维尼(Savigny 1779—1861)Departed from the standpoint of universalism to internationalism, Savigny had criticized traditional “theory of statutes”, cons idered that the applicable laws which should be applied should only be the law of every place concerning foreign civil relations with its inherent “seat” according to itself characters. He had rounded territorial and extraterritorial effect issues, which w as talked volubly by the scholars of “theory of statutes”, and claimed to look on domestic law and foreign law equally, in order to achieve the following goal, i.e. we can apply to the same law and get an accordant verdict, no matter where the case was accepted and heard. The foundation of Savigny’s theory was, we should admit that “an international community among the mutual association nations” existed, and various conflict rules generally applicable all over the world existed too. Because in his view, each legal relation has its own seat like everyone with his (or her) own domicile. One’s domicile exists on a particular space, the seat of a legal relation exists on a particular space too. Since domestic laws and foreign laws are equal, so far as we can find out which country the seat of legal relation is, we can apply the law of this country directly, totally unnecessary to care about whether the law is domestic law or foreign law.●About personal relation, based on its place of domicile as the seat, applying lex domicilii [L, the law of the domicile].●About material relation, based on the place of situation of the thing as the seat, applying lex situs.●About contractual relation, according to will of the parties to determine the seat, if there is no c lear and definite declaration of will, then based on the place of a contract’s performance as the seat, applying lex loci contractus [L, OE, the law of the place where the contract is to be governed, or place of its performance].2.2.3 Mancini’s “Doctrine of Nationality Laws”孟西尼(Mancini,1817—1888)“Nationality as the Foundation of the Law of Nations”●Nationality principle ──principle of national law.●The rule of autonomy of the will ──freedom principle.●Reserve principle of public order ──sovereignty principle.2.2.4 Dicey’s “Doctrine of V ested Rights”戴西(Dicey,1835—1922)On one hand, Dicey’s theory adhered to strict territorial principle, disavowed extraterritorial effect of foreign law; On the other hand, he attempted to make the vested rights and interests according to foreign law protected, which had obviously reflected benefit and requirement of the British colonialist with numerous colonies.2.3 Contemporary Science of PrivateInternational Law2.3.1 Cook’s “Local Law Theory”库克(Cook,1873—1943)The court is not suitable to apply foreign law, but national law only forever. However,proceeding from the convenience of public interests and judicial practice, the court can be suitable to apply foreign law, which combines the rules of foreign law into the national law only.2.3.2 Currie’s “Governmental Interests Analysis”柯里(Currie,1912—1965)Currie proposed that the best method of solving conflict of laws was to analyze “governmental interests”. If only one count ry has legitimate interests, applicable to the law of this country; If there are legitimate interests in two countries, and when a country among them is the country of the court, covered by lex fori unconditionally; If two foreign country have legitimate interests, and the country of the court is the third country which has illegitimate interests, can not only be covered by lex fori, but also the applicable law the court should think in accordance with discretion.2.3.3 Reese’s “Doctrine of the Most Significant Relationship”里斯(Reese)Reese wrote with a kind of more objective attitude: “‘Restatement, Second, Conflict of Laws’ has been written from the angle of a kind of neutral court that had no interests to protect for, it only seeks to be applicab le to the most appropriate law.” On the basis of such so-called neutral court, Reese had proposed a concept of “the most significant relationship” according to the idea of “center of gravity” and “grouping of contacts”, maintained “the law of proximate con nection ground” should be applicable to the court, and had run through this kind of thought into “Restatement, Second, Conflict of Laws”.Fuld, together with “Doctrine of the Most Significant Relationship”3. Historical Development of Chinese Private International Law3.1 Legislative History of Chinese Private International Law①Legislative relic of ancient private international law of China②Abnormal development of modern private international law of China③Legislative survey of private international law of new China3.2 The Development of Chinese Science of Private International Law①Science of private international law of old China②Science of private international law of new China4. Legislative History of PrivateInternational Law4.1 Domestic Legislative History4.2 International Legislative HistoryPonder over following question:1. State briefly “theory of statutes”.2. State briefly respective meanings of “Sitz des Rechtsverhaltnisses”, “Doctrine of Nationality Laws”, “Comitas Gentium” and “Doctrine of the Most Significant Relationship”.3. State briefly some influential international organizations which were engaged in uniform private international law movement.。
PIL国际私法相关英文法条
人的身份和能力Status and CapacityThe courts of the PRC shall also have jurisdiction over an action arising from the status and capacity of a natural person, if the defendant does not live within the territory of the PRC whereas the domicile or the habitual residence of the plaintiff is situated within the territory of the PRC.对因自然人的身份和能力提起的诉讼,如被告不在中华人民共和国境内居住而原告在中华人民共和国境内有住所或者惯常居所的,中华人民共和国法院享有管辖权。
Capacity for Rights of Natural PersonA natural person’s capacity for rights is governed by the law of his domicile or habitual residence.自然人的权利能力,适用其其住所地法或者惯常居所地法。
Declaration of Disappearance or DeathThe courts of the PRC shall have jurisdiction over an application for a declaration of disappearance or a declaration of death, if the domicile or the habitual residence of the applicant is situated within the territory of the PRC.对宣告失踪、宣告死亡申请,如申请人的住所地或者惯常居所地位于中华人民共和国境内,中华人民共和国法院享有管辖权。
国际私法课件(第二编英文)ppt
国 际 私 法
3、 Lega rights and capacity to act 4、International bankruptcy
国 际 私 法
act
2) Conflict of natural person’s capacity to act
Age of adult and minor Different legal system (Interdiction) 3) Application of law for natural person’s capacity to
1) Conflict of legal person’s capacity for rights and capacity to act 2) Application of law for legal person’s capacity for rights and capacity to act
国 际 私 法
Chapter 5 State and international organization
Section 1 State 1 Characteristics of State as the subject of Private International Law 2 Theories on State Immunity Section 2 International organization 1 Characteristics of international organization as the subject of Private International Law 2 The privilege and immunity of international organization
国际私法_英文名解汇总
国际私法英文名解汇总纲目版Civil and commercial legal relations with(involving) foreign elements = international civil and commercial legal relations 具(含)有涉外(国际)因素的民商事法律关系/跨国民商事法律关系/国际民商事法律关系/涉外民商事法律关系Conflict rules = rule of application of law = choice of law rules = rule of private international law 冲突规范/法律适用规范/法律选择规范/国际私法规范Substantive rules 实体规范Conflict of laws 法律冲突/法律抵触Interregional conflict of laws 法律的区际冲突Personal supremacy 属人优越权Territorial supremacy 属地优越权Uniform substantive rules 统一实体法规范The Hague Conference of Private Internatioal Law 海牙国际私法会议autonomy of will 意思自治原则Lex causae = applicable law 准据法Category = Object of connection = classification of issue = operative facts 范围/连接对象/问题的分类/起作用的事实Attribution 系属Unilateral conflict rules 单边冲突规范Bilateral conflict rules = all-sided conflict rules 双边冲突规范Double rules for regulating the conflict of laws 重叠适用的冲突规范Choice rules for regulating the conflict of laws 选择适用的冲突规范Point of contact = connecting factor = connecting ground 连接点/连接因素/连接根据Formula of attribution 系属公式Lex personalis 属人法Lex patriae 本国法/国籍国法Lex domicilii 住所地法Habitual residence 惯常居所Lex rei sitae = lex loci situs = lex situs 物之所在地法Lex loci actus 行为地法Locus regit actum 场所支配行为Lex loci contractus 合同缔结地法Lex loci solutionis 合同履行地法Lex loci delicti 侵权行为地法Lex loci celebratiois 婚姻举行地法Lex voluntatis 当事人合意选择的法律Autonomie de la volonté =L'autonomie de la volonté = autonomy of will 意思自治原则Lex fori 法院地法Law of the flag 旗国法Law of the place of the most significant relationship 最密切联系地法Lex causae = applicable law 准据法Rule of law 法律规范Preliminary question = incidental problem 先决问题/附带问题Principal question 主要问题/本问题Jurisdiction-selecting rules 管辖权选择方法Substance 实体问题Procedure 程序问题Right 权利(问题)/实体问题Remedy 救济(问题)/程序问题Statues of limitation 时效问题Burden of proof 举证责任Presumptions 推定Presumptions of fact 事实的推定Presumptions of law 法律的推定Characterization = qualification = classification = identification 识别/定性/分类Movable property 动产Immovable property 不动产Personal property v. Real property Renvoi 反致Remission = renvoi au premier degré直接反致/一级反致/狭义反致Transmission = renvoi au second degré转致/二级反致Indirect remission 间接反致/大反致Double renvoi = foreign court theory 双重反致/外国法院说Evasion of law = fraude a la loi = fraudulent creation of points of contact 法律规避/法律欺诈/僭窃法律/欺诈设立连接点The reservation of public order 公共秩序保留制度Substantial contact 实质的联系The ascertainment of foreign law = proof of foreign law 外国法(内容)的查明/外国法的证明Nationality 国籍dependency 法定住所/从属住所Residence 居所Habitual resident 习惯居所/惯常居所Legal person 法人Public body 公共团体State immunity 国家豁免Immunity from jurisdiction = immunity ratione personae 司法管辖豁免/属人理由的豁免Immunity from execution/immunity ratione materiae 执行豁免/属物理由的豁免The doctrine of absolute immunity 绝对豁免理论The doctrine of relative or restrictive immunity 限制豁免论/职能豁免论Immunity of state property 国家财产豁免National treatment 国民待遇Most-favoured-nation treatment = MFN 最惠国待遇Preferential treatment 优惠待遇Non-discriminate treatment 非歧视待遇Capacity for right (民事)权利能力Allgemeine Rechtsfähigkeit 一般权利能力Besondere Rechtsfähigkeit 特别权利能力Declaration of absence 宣告失踪Declaration of death 宣告死亡/推定死亡Right in rem 物权Lex loci rei sitae = lex situs = Lex rei sitae物之所在地法Shares 股份Nationalization 国有化Requisition 征用Confiscation 没收Expropriation 征收Trusts 信托Trust property 信托财产Bills of exchange 汇票Promissory notes 本票Cheques 支票Intellectual property 知识产权/智慧产权Industrial property 工业产权Patent 专利Trade mark 商标Priority of registration “注册在先”原则Priority of use “使用在先”原则Copyright 著作权/版权Droit de autear 作者权理论Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property 《保护工业产权的巴黎公约》The doctrine of the most significant relationship 最密切联系原则The most real connection 最真实联系Contracting states 缔约国Reservation 保留Production sharing contract 产品分成合同The service contract 服务合同The law of the place of the tort 侵权行为地法The place of acting 加害行为实施地The place of injury 加害结果发生地The law of the forum 法院地法A mixture of the lex fori and the lex loci delicti = Rule of double actionability重叠适用侵权行为地法和法院地法/双重可诉原则Unjust enrichment 不当得利Negotiorum gestio = voluntary agency 无因管理Quasi-contractual obligation 准合同之债True successor 真正的继承人International civil procedure 国际民事诉讼International commercial arbitration 国际商事仲裁China International Ecomomic and Trade Arbitration Commission = CIETAC = The Court of Arbitration of China Chamber of International Commerce = CCOIC Court of Arbitration 中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会/中国国际商会仲裁院Agreement of international commercial arbitration 国际商事仲裁协议Principal contract 主合同Arbitration clause 仲裁条款Submission agreement 仲裁协议书Litigation 排除诉讼Capacity (仲裁当事人的)资格The Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards 《承认和执行外国仲裁裁决公约》/《纽约公约》Exclusive jurisdiction 排他的管辖权Substantive law 实体法Adjective law 程序法Rules of procedure of arbitration 仲裁程序规则Mandatory rules 强制性规则Agency agreement 代理协定Home state 本国Direct line直接适用的法International jurisdiction = competence generale = competence internationale 国际管辖权/一般的管辖权Local jurisdiction = competence speciale = competence interne国内管辖权/特别的管辖权Competence generale directe 直接的一般管辖权Competence generale indirecte 间接的一般管辖权International judicial assistance in civil matters 国际(民事领域)司法协助Service = evidence abroad 司法协助Commissioner 特派员取证Public summons 公共传票Forcible service 强制送达Non-forcible service 非强制送达Nonformal service 非正式送达Arbitration 仲裁/公断Arbitrability 争议可仲裁性Arbitration clause 仲裁条款Submission to arbitration agreement 提交仲裁协议书Ad hoc arbitration agency 临时仲裁机构/特别仲裁机构/专设仲裁机构Institutional arbitration 机构仲裁Arbitration Court of International Chamber of Commerce = ICC国际商会仲裁院Arbitral proceedings 仲裁程序London Court of International Arbitration = LCIA 伦敦国际仲裁院Charted Institute of Arbitration 特许仲裁员协会China International Ecomomic and Trade Arbitration Commission = CIETAC 中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会/中国国际商会仲裁院China Maritime Arbitration Commission = CMAC 中国海事仲裁委员会Final award 最后裁决Preliminary award 初裁决/预裁决Partial award 部分裁决Default award 缺席裁决No proper notice 未给予适当通知Unable to present the case 未能提出申辩。
国际私法。英文材料
第一章The Conflicts Case(必读)Many legal disputes are purely local. For instance: whether the contractor has or has not substantially performed when the location of an interior wall was off by six inches will usually be decided by local courts and according to local contract law.Increasingly, however, disputes will have a "foreign element." In conflicts law, "foreign" does not necessarily mean the same as " foreign country." Instead, "foreign" is everything which is not local. Thus, for instance, "foreign" parties are parties from another state of the United States or from a foreign country. Similarly, a "foreign" transaction is one which took place outside the local state. For instance, a product manufactured in another state or country may cause injury locally: the victim would like to sue to locally rather than have to travel where the defendant tortfeasor is. Also, the victim would like, if possible, to have the court apply local law (for instance, because it provides for strict liability). Assume that the victim does recover in his or her home state but that the foreign (out-of-state) defendant owns no property there: the judgment creditor will therefore now have to seek recognition and enforcement of the judgment in the defendant's home state (or in another state where there are assets belonging to the defendant).Conflicts Law thus has an ordering function: When the case is connected with more than one legal system-when it is an interstate or international case--, conflicts law decides who has the power to decide the case, according to whose law the case should be decided, and what the effect is elsewhere of the resulting judgment.As a general rule, American conflicts law does not differentiate between interstate and international cases: the same rule with respect to jurisdiction, choice of law, and the recognition of judgments apply to both.Exceptions:1) In jurisdiction, the international nature of a case may make litigation in an American court inappropriate.2) The Full Faith and Credit Clause does not apply to foreign country judgments, but most states accord those judgments the same recognition as they would to sister-state judgments.3) The United States has entered into a number of trarties which apply to international case only. Examples: International Sales Convention; Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction; Service of Documents; Taking of Evidence Abroad.Concept and types of the conflict rule(必读)The norms indirectly regulating facts of private international law form a special group of statutory provisions called conflict rules. On a broader plane a conflict rule is understood to mean a norm regulating any conflict of law, to wit, determining which of several relevant rules is to be actually applied.Conflict cases may be international, when the choice is between the laws of several sovereign States; the norms resolving such conflicts are called conflict rules of the international type.Conflicts may also arise between differing laws of non-sovereign parts of a sovereign State.Bartolus and Statutists(必读)Bartolus's method of resolving conflicts was based on a simplistic classification of local laws (statute) into two categories: real or personal. Real statutes were those that operated only within the territory of the enacting state but not beyond. In contrast, personal statutes operated beyond the territory of the enacting state and bound all persons that owed allegiance to it. Bartolus thought that this classification could resolve all potential conflicts because all statutes, both domestic and foreign, belonged to either the one or the other category, leaving neither gaps and doubts.Indirect and Direct Regulations(必读)Legal development has evolved two methods of dealing with facts of private international law - indirect and direct regulation. Both are applied side by side. Distinction is made between them according to the adopted approach, the way of regulating facts.Indirect regulation is spoken of when a fact of private international law is regulated in two phases, with the help of rules established on two planes: (a) The rules related to the selection of the legal systems that may be taken into consideration, and to the choice of the applicable law, determining which of the competing systems of law is to be looked to for arriving at the decision of a concrete case. Accordingly the function of the first-plane rules is to resolve the conflict of competing legal systems, to give a guide to the applicable law, to refer to the norms governing the case. The remitting rules are therefore called conflict rules, which designate nothing but the applicable system of law, neither determining the substance of private international cases nor providing any guidance as to the rights and duties of the subjects of a particular legal relationship. (b) The rules designed for the actual solution of a given relationship are found in indirect regulation and are called positive rules as contrasted with conflict rules. They serve to determine the rights and obligations of the subjects of the legal relationship involved.The indirect regulation of private international law facts consists in selecting the applicable law according to the conflict rule on the hand and in regulating the particular legal relation according to the positive rules of the applicable law, on the other.Direct regulation means that the legal norms are directly applied, as in the case of domestic facts with on foreign connection to the solution of the legal relationship on its merits, determining the rights and obligations of the parties. There is no intermediate phase of regulation, nor is one necessary, and there is no selection and designation of the applicable law. Thus the norms of direct regulation bear remitting character, are not conflict rules, but ones directly establishing the legal effects of private international law cases.The international character of these cases (their links with two or more legal systems) implies that the direct regulation of such legal relationship is only possible through common or uniform legislation by the States (two or more states) concerned, primarily by means of international (bilateral of multilateral) agreements. Confronted with such cases, the States involved try to accommodate their economic interest, moral values, legal traditions, etc. and to resolve, by a common act legislation, the conflict between their legal system is particular area. "Substance" VS. "Procedure"If the forum determined that reference should be made to a foreign law, the traditional rule provides that such reference need only to be to " substantive" matters. The law of the forum will govern all "procedural" matters. And the determination of what is "substance" and what is "procedure" is made by the forum according to its own standards.The purpose of distinguishing between " substance" and " procedure" is to "draw the line" on what。
国际私法翻译
国际私法翻译1、Agent’s Duties(必读)代理人的义务Generally, agents owe the principal the duties as follows;一般来说,代理人的义务如下:(1)duty of performance: to perform the lawful duties expressed in the agent contract and to use reasonable care, skill, and diligence in the performance of these duties.履行的义务:在代理合同中履行法定职责并且对这些职责给予适当的关心、采用技巧和积极履行。
(2)duty of notification: to notify the principal of any information that is important to the agent.通知的义务:通知与代理有关的任何重要信息的委托人(3)duty of loyalty: not to act adversely to the interests of the principal.忠诚义务:不能采取对委托人利益造成不利的行为。
(4)duty of obedience: to obey the lawful instructions of the principal. The agent owes to duty to engage in crime, torts, or unethical conduct on the principal’s behalf.服从的义务:遵从委托人的合法指示,但代理人没有义务从事有关犯罪侵权或者代表委托人的不道德行为。
(5)duty of accountability: to maintain accurate records of all transactions taken on the principal’s behalf and not to commingle personal money or property with that of theprincipal.问责的义务:维护所代表委托人进行的交易细节记录并且不混同私人的和委托人的钱或财产。
国际私法英文案例
英文案例:1. 案例——反致RENVOIDenney v. Denney ( Royde-Smith )TS Sala 1 : 21 May 1999Application of a renvoi of return in a matter of succession1. Appeal allowed - City of Toulouse only trustees or donees of Art Collection∙After considering the evidence submitted on ownership of the collection of Modern Art in Toulouse, the Supreme Court concluded that the City either heldthe collection as trustees, because the predecessor in title had handed it overin that condition, or as donees, on the basis of accepting the donation made by the testamentary heir. The Court allowed the grounds of the appeal againstthe ruling of the Provincial Court of Appeal, because the conditions that wouldrequire the City of Toulouse to be called to the case were not present. ( See full judgment Legal Grounds 32. Renvoi can only be applied under limited conditions∙In considering the question of which material law should apply to the successio n of the deceased. a purely literal application of Article 12.2 of the Civil Codewould lead to the solution argued in the claim. However current developmentsof International Private Law involve a very precise treatment of renvoi in whichit is not accepted or rejected indiscriminately, but is applied flexibly andsubject to conditions and limitations. (See full judgment Legal Grounds 4) 3. Claim by Denney Children rejected on four grounds∙The claim was rejected and the ruling of First Instance was revoked on four grounds. Firstly, that the application of renvoi in this case would be contrary to the principle of unity of succession; secondly, it would make unenforceablethe guiding principle of English Law of freedom to testate; thirdly, that it would not lead to a harmony of solutions; and fourthly, that it would not producegreater justice for those involved. (See full judgment Legal Grounds 4)4. Earlier ruling by Provincial Appeal Court on costs overturnedThe order of the Provincial Appeal Court in Badajoz, ordering the costs at first instance and of the appeal to be paid by the Denney children, was overturned.Because of the legal complexity of the litigious matter, the doctrinal atti tudes involved, including the legal precedents of the English Courts and the Supreme Court’s lack of case law on the subject, no special orders for costs were made regarding costs for the first instance, the appeal claim or the appeal before the Supreme Court. (See judgment Legal Grounds 5.)2. 案例——(非方便法院)Forum Non Conveniens in FloridaBy Daniel T Doyle of Rumberger, Kirk & Caldwell PAKinney System, Inc. v. The Continental Insurance Co.Case No. 84-329 (Florida, January 25, 1996)In Kinney System, Inc. v. The Continental Insurance Co., the Supreme Court of Florida addressed the issue of forum non conveniens. Simply put, forum non conveniens determines whether Florida is the "convenient forum" to hear the case at issue. The Court reviewed the following certified question:Is a trial court precluded from dismissing an action on the basis of forum non conveniens where one of the parties is a foreign corporation that: (a) is doing business in Florida; (b) is registered to do business in Florida; (c) has its principal place of business in Florida.Id.The Supreme Court answered the question in the negative. That is, courts can transfer a case if certain requirements are met. This decision may have a dramatic impact on international cases and those claims where a substantial amount of the acts that form a basis for the claim occurred outside of Florida. Previously, where a corporation had its principal place of business, or in some cases where the corporation was licensed to do business (as in Florida), the case could not be dismissed on forum non conveniens grounds. Thus, the mere fact that a corporation had its principal place of business in Florida was enough to prevent the case frombeing dismissed even though the injury and the accident occurred outside of Florida.In the Kinney case, Continental Insurance Company had a contract negotiated in New York to cover Kinney's employees in a variety of different states, including Florida. Continental is a New Hampshire corporation with principal place of business in New Jersey. Kinney is a Delaware corporation with its headquarters in New York.Continental however, was registered to do business in Florida and operates a Ft. Lauderdale claims office. Kinney has a regional office and operates parking garages in Dade County, Florida. Based on these Florida connections, Continental sued Kinney in Florida Circuit Court. The trial court dismissed based on the doctrine of forum non conveniens doctrine. The Fourth District Court of Appeal reversed the trial court claiming that where a corporate party is licensed to do business in Florida with a place of business in Florida, forum non conveniens is not applicable.The Supreme Court of Florida reversed the long standing decision of Houston v. Caldwell, 359 So. 2d 858 (Fla. 1978) and adopted the more practical standard applied in federal cases. The Court in analyzing the decision applies the federal forum non conveniens doctrine in the following manner:As a prerequisite, the court must establish that an adequate alternative forum exists which possesses jurisdiction over the whole case.Next, the Court must consider all relevant private interest factors, weighing in the balance a strong presumption against disturbing plaintiff's initial forum choice.If the Court finds that the balance of private interests is it must then determine whether public interest factors tip the balance in favor of a trial in another forum.If the Court decides that the balance favors another forum, it must finally insure that plaintiffs can reinstate their suit in the alternative forum without undue convenience or prejudice.Essentially, the court will determine whether the corporation is amenable to process in the alternative forum, and whether the alternative forum offers an adequate remedy. Importantly, whether there is a less generous award available in an alternate jurisdiction is not a factor to be weighed by the court. Additionally, the courts will look at adequate access to evidence and relevant sites, adequate access to witnesses, adequate enforcement of judgments and the practicalities and expenses associated with litigation in the alternative forum.If the advantages and disadvantages of the alternative forum will not significantly undermine the private interests of any particular party, the court can look at the public interests including expenses, and the protection of dockets within the jurisdiction. Finally, so long as the foreign forum does provide a remedy, forum non conveniens can be utilized to transfer the case to that forum.Although defendants can move to have the case dismissed such that it is refiled in a new jurisdiction, the parties stipulate automatically to two things:That the action will be treated in the new forum as though it had been filed in the forum on the date it was filed in Florida, with service of process accepted as of that date; andThat the plaintiff will lose the benefit of all stipulations made by the defendant if it fails to file the action in the new forum within 120 days after the date of the Florida dismissal becomes final.In summation, the impact of the Kinney decision is dramatic. Specifically, it will allow defendants who have already existing cases to potentially have those cases transferred to a jurisdiction which may benefit the plaintiff. For example, those jurisdictions where punitive damages, and/or damages for pain and suffering, are capped. Additionally, the jurisdictions may have less generous awards than Florida. Conversely, it may force defendants to have cases brought in territories where (a) they do not have retained trial counsel and (b) where the jurisdiction is more plaintiff friendly. It is unclear as to whether all the defendants in a case must join the motion. In any event, defendants should start to scrutinize cases more closely to determine the proper forum for the cases to be tried and whether they wish to transfer to another forum if available.Child Custody JurisdictionBy Oddenino & GauleHow to Decide Which Court DecidesIntroductionThe Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction Act (UCCJA) and the Parental Kidnapping Prevention Act (PKPA) are legislative responses to the child custody jurisdiction problem. The Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction is the international response. The UCCJA began as a model act which became virtually universal state law. The PKPA, on the other hand, is federal law. The UCCJA creates a two-prong approach to determining which court decides a custody case. First, a general class of jurisdiction is established for custody cases. Second, the law provides a mechanism intended to vest the right to exercise jurisdiction in only one state at any given time. The UCCJA and the PKPA supersede all conflicting or contradictory laws.The UCCJA, the PKPA, and the Hague Convention apply only to those who have a right to custody. The UCCJA and the PKPA each prescribes four bases for jurisdiction: (1) home state; (2) significant connection, plus evidence regarding the best interests of the child; (3) emergency; and (4) default jurisdiction (no other state has jurisdiction or has declined it). The bases may overlap, so concurrent jurisdiction is common and conflicts of jurisdiction often occur. For example, the "home state" may not be the same state as the one in which the parties have "significant connections" and where there is "substantial evidence" about the child's best interests.The UCCJA, the PKPA, and the Hague Convention on Child Abduction are all designed to prevent child abduction as well as providing a mechanism for determining which court has the right to decide a custody case. These laws address the problems arising when one parent breaches another's right to custody by removing the child from his "home state" or "habitual residence" and takes him to another jurisdiction, or when the parent retains the child in violation of another's custodial rights or interests.The primary factor for determining if a state has jurisdiction to decide a custody case is the "home state" status, where it is assumed that one will find the maximum amount of evidence on the child's interests. The "home state" is the jurisdiction in which the child has lived with his or her legal custodian for at least six months or a state which was the "home state" within six months of filing. (For example, if a family lives in state A for one year, state A is the home state. If the same family lived in state A for one year and then one parent moved to state B with the children and filed in state B after living in state B for only four months, state A is still the home state).The UCCJA also allows a state to exercise jurisdiction on the basis of the children having "significant connections" with that state. Thus, under the UCCJA, even though state A is the home state, state B might exercise initial jurisdiction on the basis of significant connections. The PKPA intended to eliminate this possibility by making the "home state" the exclusive state to exercise initial jurisdiction notwithstanding that some other state had "significant connections." This is a major distinction between the UCCJA and the PKPA.These laws are also designed to avoid forum shopping, jurisdictional competition, and duplicative litigation. They establish a scheme for determining which court among one or more state courts has jurisdiction, or, if more than one has jurisdiction, which should claim it.The UCCJA and the PKPA are also designed to facilitate and promote communication among courts which have or may have concurrent jurisdiction. They require all states to honor prior custody orders. A court that receives information on possible ongoing custody litigation in another state should communicate with the appropriate court in that state. The law actually calls for a judge in state A to communicate with a judge in state B.The Jurisdictional SchemeThe UCCJA provides subject matter jurisdiction and is the exclusive method of obtaining it in child custody cases. Subject matter jurisdiction is determined by statutory definition (e.g., certain length of residence) and may not be conferred by consent of the parties. Absence of subject matter jurisdiction may be raised by the trial court or the parties at any stage of the proceedings.The UCCJA establishes a system of concurrent and potentially conflicting jurisdiction. The bases for jurisdiction are hierarchical and continuing jurisdiction always prevails. Home state jurisdiction predominates over significant connection jurisdiction. Emergency jurisdiction will trump either of those bases, but it is temporary. Finally, if no state has jurisdiction on the basis of UCCJA or PKPA rules, the state in which the child and a party are domiciled may claim it.The law eliminates potentially endless procedural custody litigation by placing the bases of jurisdiction in the aforementioned descending preferential order and by providing for virtually exclusive continuing jurisdiction in the original decree state. In addition, to achieve fairness and cooperation, mechanisms for communication and for declining jurisdiction were included.Continuing JurisdictionOnce a court properly exercises jurisdiction in a child custody matter, that state is deemed "the decree rendering state." For example, if state A were the home state and the judge in state A conferred with the judge in state B where a parent filed after only four months claiming significant connections, and those judges determined that state A should exercise initial jurisdiction, state A would then have a hearing and render a custody decree. Assume one parent continues to reside in state A while the other parent resides in state B with the children pursuant to state A's decree. Two years later the parent in state B wants to modify the custody or visitation schedule. What happens?State B is now the home state as the children have lived there for two years. State A is the decree rendering state as the initial and current order was rendered in state A. Only state A has the right to exercise jurisdiction even though state B has home state jurisdiction because state A enjoys the continuing jurisdiction of the decree rendering state. Thus, state B cannot properly exercise its jurisdiction unless state A specifically declines to exercise its continuing jurisdiction.Continuing Jurisdiction in the International ArenaThe dominance of continuing jurisdiction also applies to international cases where a custody order has been rendered under a law consistent with the UCCJA. For instance, a California decision decided by a California Family Court and affirmed by the Appellate Court held that the California courts had jurisdiction, under the UCCJA, to determine the custody of a minor Mexican national. The minor, although a Mexican national, had resided in California for several years with her Mexican national parents. The Court stated that one of the primary objectives of the UCCJA is to "avoid the disruption to the life of a child involved in relitigation of custody matters . . . [O]nce a custody order is entered by a court with jurisdiction under [the UCCJA], that court has continuing exclusive jurisdiction [which prevails over any other basis]."The court also held that no treaty or other source of international law precludes California courts from claiming jurisdiction in a case properly brought. California was "home state" and the state "with the most significant connection" to the parents and the minor child and substantial evidence relating to the minor child's well-being. Some courts construe the UCCJA to apply internationally only when a foreign custody order is at issue. Other states apply the general policies and objectives of the UCCJA to all custody jurisdiction disputes, including those in the international context.Child AbductionSince the 1970s, the State Department says it has been contacted for help in about 11,000 international child abductions where a parent was involved. The Justice Department reports some 354,100 cases of parental abductions a year, but fails to identify how many are international. The State Department estimates an average of 400 to 500 new international cases per year, a number critics charge is a vast underestimate. A recent study by the American Bar Association Center on Children and the Law shows that in 60 percent of international abduction cases, the children are never returned even though their whereabouts are known. This study shows that parents spent an average of $33,500 in search and recovery of their children, and a quarter of left-behind parents spent $75,000 or more.UCCJA section 23 provides that the general policies of UCCJA extend to the international arena. The provisions of UCCJA relating to the recognition and enforcement of custody decrees of other states apply to custody decrees and decrees involving legal institutions similar in nature to custody institutions rendered by appropriate authorities of other nations if reasonable notice and opportunity to be heard were given to all affected persons. The same goes for the general policies and objectives of the UCCJA and the PKPA.Parental kidnaping is a federal felony, calling for up to three years imprisonment. It is also a felony in most states. The federal felony provides at least three affirmative defenses: (1) custody or visitation award to defendant pursuant to UCCJA; (2) flight from a pattern of domestic violence; and (3) defendant had proper physical custody and failed to return the child for reasons beyond his control.The Hague ConventionThe UCCJA and the PKPA are not the only laws on international jurisdiction over child custody. In 1980, the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction was formed to complement our UCCJA and PKPA in the international arena. The Hague Convention is different from the UCCJA and PKPA in that it does not create recognition and enforcement standards, but demands the prompt restoration of the custody that existed before the alleged abduction.The United States ratified the Hague Convention in 1986. It went into effect in 1988, upon the enactment of its enabling legislation, the International Child Abduction Remedies Act (ICARA). This Act provides that it "shall apply to any child who was habitually resident in a contracting state immediately before any breach of custody or accessrights." The Convention's stated purpose is "to secure the prompt return of children wrongfully removed to or retained in any Contracting State," and "to ensure that rights of custody and of access under the law of one Contracting State are effectively respected in the other Contracting States." The Hague Convention's underlying policy is primarily to ascertain a speedy return of an abducted child to the state in which he or she was an habitual resident, without undertaking a full investigation of the case's merits.The remedies of the Hague Convention may be invoked when two threshold issues have been satisfied by a preponderance of the evidence. First, the moving party must establish that he or she had lawful custody rights when the child was wrongfully removed or retained. Second, the removal or retention must be from the child's "habitual residence." Articles 3 and 5(a) of the Convention provide that the removal or retention is wrongful when "(a) it is in breach of rights of custody attributed to a person . . . under the law of the state in which the child was a habitual resident immediately before the removal or retention; and (b) at the time of the removal or retention, those rights were actually exercised, either jointly or alone, or would have been so exercised but for the removal or retention." Custody rights are determined by the law of the child's "habitual residence," a term left undefined in the Convention and in the United States' implementing legislation, leaving the issue to be decided upon the facts and circumstances of the case. United States courts have held that the terms of the Convention are to be construed narrowly.ConclusionThe framework of laws determining proper exercise of custody jurisdiction is sufficient to answer most custody dispute problems. While some judges create problems by not knowing or following the jurisdictional guidelines, forum shopping in custody cases is not nearly the problem it was before the implementation of these laws. Armed with the knowledge of the "off the rack" dictates of the jurisdictional laws, an attorney can provide clients with advice well worth the fees charged.案例3——。
国际私法(双语)Chapter 13 Conflict laws of proerty
place where the transaction took place, govern title.
The law governing the right to which the assignment relates shall determine its assignability, the relationship between the assignee and the debtor, the conditions under which the assignment can be invoked against the debtor and any question whether the debtor’s obligations have been discharged.
the situs of the land is applied.
2. Title to property
Title to property is, in general, governed by
its lex situs, whether it is immovable or
movable, except that succession to movable property is governed by the law of the last domicile of the deceased.
Article 76 Classification of Movables and Immovables
国际私法(双语)Chapter 13 Conflict laws of tort
recent one is the “proper law” of the tort, adopted by the way of analogy with the proper law of the contract. The proper law is that with which the event has its closest and most real connection.
#
1. Selection of the governing law
• This stronger form of the proper law thesis was adopted by the American Law Institute’s restatement Second of the Conflict of Laws. The leading section on torts provides that “the rights and liabilities of the parties with respect to an issue in tort are determined by the local law of the state which, as to that issue, has the most significant relationship to the occurrence and the parties.”
#
1. Selection of the governing law
The selection of the law which is to govern tort liability is conceptually one of the most difficult problems in the conflict of laws. Much of the modern academic discussion and most of the case law emanates from the United States, and it is on this topic that American methodologies and methodologists chiefly concentrate.
国际私法【英文】PPT23页
国际私法【英文】
21、要知道对好事的称颂过于夸大,也会招来人们的反感轻蔑和嫉妒。——培根 22、业精于勤,荒于嬉;行成于思,毁于随。——韩愈
23、一切节省,归根到底都归结为时间的节省。——马克思 24、意志命运往往背道而驰,决心到最后会全部推倒。——莎士比亚
25、学习是劳动,是充满思想的劳动。——乌申斯基
谢谢!
6、法律的基础有两个,而且只有两个……公平和实用。——伯克 7、有两种和平的暴力,那就是法律和礼节。——歌德
8、在一起,可是人类却把它拆开。——查·科尔顿 10、一切法律都是无用的,因为好人用不着它们,而坏人又不会因为它们而变得规矩起来。——德谟耶克斯
国际私法英文案例
英文案例:1. 案例——反致RENVOIDenney v. Denney ( Royde-Smith )TS Sala 1 : 21 May 1999Application of a renvoi of return in a matter of succession1. Appeal allowed - City of Toulouse only trustees or donees of Art Collection•After considering the evidence submitted on ownership of the collection of Modern Art in Toulouse, the Supreme Court concluded that the City either heldthe collection as trustees, because the predecessor in title had handed it overin that condition, or as donees, on the basis of accepting the donation madeby the testamentary heir. The Court allowed the grounds of the appeal againstthe ruling of the Provincial Court of Appeal, because the conditions that wouldrequire the City of Toulouse to be called to the case were not present. ( Seefull judgment Legal Grounds 32. Renvoi can only be applied under limited conditions•In considering the question of which material law should apply to the succession of the deceased. a purely literal application of Article 12.2 of the Civil Codewould lead to the solution argued in the claim. However current developmentsof International Private Law involve a very precise treatment of renvoi in whichit is not accepted or rejected indiscriminately, but is applied flexibly andsubject to conditions and limitations. (See full judgment Legal Grounds 4) 3. Claim by Denney Children rejected on four grounds•The claim was rejected and the ruling of First Instance was revoked on four grounds. Firstly, that the application of renvoi in this case would becontrary to the principle of unity of succession; secondly, it would makeunenforceable the guiding principle of English Law of freedom to testate;thirdly, that it would not lead to a harmony of solutions; and fourthly, thatit would not produce greater justice for those involved. (See full judgmentLegal Grounds 4)4. Earlier ruling by Provincial Appeal Court on costs overturnedThe order of the Provincial Appeal Court in Badajoz, ordering the costs at first instance and of the appeal to be paid by the Denney children, was overturned.Because of the legal complexity of the litigious matter, the doctrinal attitudes involved, including the legal precedents of the English Courts and the Supreme Court’s lack of case law on the subject, no special orders for costs were made regarding costs for the first instance, the appeal claim or the appeal before the Supreme Court. (See judgment Legal Grounds 5.)2. 案例——(非方便法院)Forum Non Conveniens in FloridaBy Daniel T Doyle of Rumberger, Kirk & Caldwell PAKinney System, Inc. v. The Continental Insurance Co.Case No. 84-329 (Florida, January 25, 1996)In Kinney System, Inc. v. The Continental Insurance Co., the Supreme Court of Florida addressed the issue of forum non conveniens. Simply put, forum non conveniens determines whether Florida is the "convenient forum" to hear the case at issue. The Court reviewed the following certified question:Is a trial court precluded from dismissing an action on the basis of forum non conveniens where one of the parties is a foreign corporation that: (a) is doing business in Florida; (b) is registered to do business in Florida; (c) has its principal place of business in Florida.Id.The Supreme Court answered the question in the negative. That is, courts can transfer a case if certain requirements are met. This decision may have a dramatic impact on international cases and those claims where a substantial amount of the acts that form a basis for the claim occurred outside of Florida. Previously, where a corporation had its principal place of business, or in some cases where the corporation was licensed to do business (as in Florida), the case could not be dismissed on forum non conveniens grounds. Thus, the mere fact that a corporation had its principal place of business in Florida was enough to prevent the case frombeing dismissed even though the injury and the accident occurred outside of Florida.In the Kinney case, Continental Insurance Company had a contract negotiated in New York to cover Kinney's employees in a variety of different states, including Florida. Continental is a New Hampshire corporation with principal place of business in New Jersey. Kinney is a Delaware corporation with its headquarters in New York.Continental however, was registered to do business in Florida and operates a Ft. Lauderdale claims office. Kinney has a regional office and operates parking garages in Dade County, Florida. Based on these Florida connections, Continental sued Kinney in Florida Circuit Court. The trial court dismissed based on the doctrine of forum non conveniens doctrine. The Fourth District Court of Appeal reversed the trial court claiming that where a corporate party is licensed to do business in Florida with a place of business in Florida, forum non conveniens is not applicable.The Supreme Court of Florida reversed the long standing decision of Houston v. Caldwell, 359 So. 2d 858 (Fla. 1978) and adopted the more practical standard applied in federal cases. The Court in analyzing the decision applies the federal forum non conveniens doctrine in the following manner:As a prerequisite, the court must establish that an adequate alternative forum exists which possesses jurisdiction over the whole case.Next, the Court must consider all relevant private interest factors, weighing in the balance a strong presumption against disturbing plaintiff's initial forum choice.If the Court finds that the balance of private interests is it must then determine whether public interest factors tip the balance in favor of a trial in another forum.If the Court decides that the balance favors another forum, it must finally insure that plaintiffs can reinstate their suit in the alternative forum without undue convenience or prejudice.Essentially, the court will determine whether the corporation is amenable to process in the alternative forum, and whether the alternative forum offers an adequate remedy. Importantly, whether there is a less generous award available in an alternate jurisdiction is not a factor to be weighed by the court. Additionally, the courts will look at adequate access to evidence and relevant sites, adequate access to witnesses, adequate enforcement of judgments and the practicalities and expenses associated with litigation in the alternative forum.If the advantages and disadvantages of the alternative forum will not significantly undermine the private interests of any particular party, the court can look at the public interests including expenses, and the protection of dockets within the jurisdiction. Finally, so long as the foreign forum does provide a remedy, forum non conveniens can be utilized to transfer the case to that forum.Although defendants can move to have the case dismissed such that it is refiled in a new jurisdiction, the parties stipulate automatically to two things:That the action will be treated in the new forum as though it had been filed in the forum on the date it was filed in Florida, with service of process accepted as of that date; andThat the plaintiff will lose the benefit of all stipulations made by the defendant if it fails to file the action in the new forum within 120 days after the date of the Florida dismissal becomes final.In summation, the impact of the Kinney decision is dramatic. Specifically, it will allow defendants who have already existing cases to potentially have those cases transferred to a jurisdiction which may benefit the plaintiff. For example, those jurisdictions where punitive damages, and/or damages for pain and suffering, are capped. Additionally, the jurisdictions may have less generous awards than Florida. Conversely, it may force defendants to have cases brought in territories where (a) they do not have retained trial counsel and (b) where the jurisdiction is more plaintiff friendly. It is unclear as to whether all the defendants in a case must join the motion. In any event, defendants should start to scrutinize cases more closely to determine the proper forum for the cases to be tried and whether they wish to transfer to another forum if available.Child Custody JurisdictionBy Oddenino & GauleHow to Decide Which Court DecidesIntroductionThe Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction Act (UCCJA) and the Parental Kidnapping Prevention Act (PKPA) are legislative responses to the child custody jurisdiction problem. The Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction is the international response. The UCCJA began as a model act which became virtually universal state law. The PKPA, on the other hand, is federal law. The UCCJA creates a two-prong approach to determining which court decides a custody case. First, a general class of jurisdiction is established for custody cases. Second, the law provides a mechanism intended to vest the right to exercise jurisdiction in only one state at any given time. The UCCJA and the PKPA supersede all conflicting or contradictory laws.The UCCJA, the PKPA, and the Hague Convention apply only to those who have a right to custody. The UCCJA and the PKPA each prescribes four bases for jurisdiction: (1) home state; (2) significant connection, plus evidence regarding the best interests of the child; (3) emergency; and (4) default jurisdiction (no other state has jurisdiction or has declined it). The bases may overlap, so concurrent jurisdiction is common and conflicts of jurisdiction often occur. For example, the "home state" may not be the same state as the one in which the parties have "significant connections" and where there is "substantial evidence" about the child's best interests.The UCCJA, the PKPA, and the Hague Convention on Child Abduction are all designed to prevent child abduction as well as providing a mechanism for determining which court has the right to decide a custody case. These laws address the problems arising when one parent breaches another's right to custody by removing the child from his "home state" or "habitual residence" and takes him to another jurisdiction, or when the parent retains the child in violation of another's custodial rights or interests.The primary factor for determining if a state has jurisdiction to decide a custody case is the "home state" status, where it is assumed that one will find the maximum amount of evidence on the child's interests. The "home state" is the jurisdiction in which the child has lived with his or her legal custodian for at least six months or a state which was the "home state" within six months of filing. (For example, if a family lives in state A for one year, state A is the home state. If the same family lived in state A for one year and then one parent moved to state B with the children and filed in state B after living in state B for only four months, state A is still the home state).The UCCJA also allows a state to exercise jurisdiction on the basis of the children having "significant connections" with that state. Thus, under the UCCJA, even though state A is the home state, state B might exercise initial jurisdiction on the basis of significant connections. The PKPA intended to eliminate this possibility by making the "home state" the exclusive state to exercise initial jurisdiction notwithstanding that some other state had "significant connections." This is a major distinction between the UCCJA and the PKPA.These laws are also designed to avoid forum shopping, jurisdictional competition, and duplicative litigation. They establish a scheme for determining which court among one or more state courts has jurisdiction, or, if more than one has jurisdiction, which should claim it.The UCCJA and the PKPA are also designed to facilitate and promote communication among courts which have or may have concurrent jurisdiction. They require all states to honor prior custody orders. A court that receives information on possible ongoing custody litigation in another state should communicate with the appropriate court in that state. The law actually calls for a judge in state A to communicate with a judge in state B.The Jurisdictional SchemeThe UCCJA provides subject matter jurisdiction and is the exclusive method of obtaining it in child custody cases. Subject matter jurisdiction is determined by statutory definition (e.g., certain length of residence) and may not be conferred by consent of the parties. Absence of subject matter jurisdiction may be raised by the trial court or the parties at any stage of the proceedings.The UCCJA establishes a system of concurrent and potentially conflicting jurisdiction. The bases for jurisdiction are hierarchical and continuing jurisdiction always prevails. Home state jurisdiction predominates over significant connection jurisdiction. Emergency jurisdiction will trump either of those bases, but it is temporary. Finally, if no state has jurisdiction on the basis of UCCJA or PKPA rules, the state in which the child and a party are domiciled may claim it.The law eliminates potentially endless procedural custody litigation by placing the bases of jurisdiction in the aforementioned descending preferential order and by providing for virtually exclusive continuing jurisdiction in the original decree state. In addition, to achieve fairness and cooperation, mechanisms for communication and for declining jurisdiction were included.Continuing JurisdictionOnce a court properly exercises jurisdiction in a child custody matter, that state is deemed "the decree rendering state." For example, if state A were the home state and the judge in state A conferred with the judge in state B where a parent filed after only four months claiming significant connections, and those judges determined that state A should exercise initial jurisdiction, state A would then have a hearing and render a custody decree. Assume one parent continues to reside in state A while the other parent resides in state B with the children pursuant to state A's decree. Two years later the parent in state B wants to modify the custody or visitation schedule. What happens?State B is now the home state as the children have lived there for two years. State A is the decree rendering state as the initial and current order was rendered in state A. Only state A has the right to exercise jurisdiction even though state B has home state jurisdiction because state A enjoys the continuing jurisdiction of the decree rendering state. Thus, state B cannot properly exercise its jurisdiction unless state A specifically declines to exercise its continuing jurisdiction.Continuing Jurisdiction in the International ArenaThe dominance of continuing jurisdiction also applies to international cases where a custody order has been rendered under a law consistent with the UCCJA. For instance, a California decision decided by a California Family Court and affirmed by the Appellate Court held that the California courts had jurisdiction, under the UCCJA, to determine the custody of a minor Mexican national. The minor, although a Mexican national, had resided in California for several years with her Mexican national parents. The Court stated that one of the primary objectives of the UCCJA is to "avoid the disruption to the life of a child involved in relitigation of custody matters . . . [O]nce a custody order is entered by a court with jurisdiction under [the UCCJA], that court has continuing exclusive jurisdiction [which prevails over any other basis]."The court also held that no treaty or other source of international law precludes California courts from claiming jurisdiction in a case properly brought. California was "home state" and the state "with the most significant connection" to the parents and the minor child and substantial evidence relating to the minor child's well-being. Some courts construe the UCCJA to apply internationally only when a foreign custody order is at issue. Other states apply the general policies and objectives of the UCCJA to all custody jurisdiction disputes, including those in the international context.Child AbductionSince the 1970s, the State Department says it has been contacted for help in about 11,000 international child abductions where a parent was involved. The Justice Department reports some 354,100 cases of parental abductions a year, but fails to identify how many are international. The State Department estimates an average of 400 to 500 new international cases per year, a number critics charge is a vast underestimate. A recent study by the American Bar Association Center on Children and the Law shows that in 60 percent of international abduction cases, the children are never returned even though their whereabouts are known. This study shows that parents spent an average of $33,500 in search and recovery of their children, and a quarter of left-behind parents spent $75,000 or more.UCCJA section 23 provides that the general policies of UCCJA extend to the international arena. The provisions of UCCJA relating to the recognition and enforcement of custody decrees of other states apply to custody decrees and decrees involving legal institutions similar in nature to custody institutions rendered by appropriate authorities of other nations if reasonable notice and opportunity to be heard were given to all affected persons. The same goes for the general policies and objectives of the UCCJA and the PKPA.Parental kidnaping is a federal felony, calling for up to three years imprisonment. It is also a felony in most states. The federal felony provides at least three affirmative defenses: (1) custody or visitation award to defendant pursuant to UCCJA; (2) flight from a pattern of domestic violence; and (3) defendant had proper physical custody and failed to return the child for reasons beyond his control.The Hague ConventionThe UCCJA and the PKPA are not the only laws on international jurisdiction over child custody. In 1980, the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction was formed to complement our UCCJA and PKPA in the international arena. The Hague Convention is different from the UCCJA and PKPA in that it does not create recognition and enforcement standards, but demands the prompt restoration of the custody that existed before the alleged abduction.The United States ratified the Hague Convention in 1986. It went into effect in 1988, upon the enactment of its enabling legislation, the International Child Abduction Remedies Act (ICARA). This Act provides that it "shall apply to any child who was habitually resident in a contracting state immediately before any breach of custody or accessrights." The Convention's stated purpose is "to secure the prompt return of children wrongfully removed to or retained in any Contracting State," and "to ensure that rights of custody and of access under the law of one Contracting State are effectively respected in the other Contracting States." The Hague Convention's underlying policy is primarily to ascertain a speedy return of an abducted child to the state in which he or she was an habitual resident, without undertaking a full investigation of the case's merits.The remedies of the Hague Convention may be invoked when two threshold issues have been satisfied by a preponderance of the evidence. First, the moving party must establish that he or she had lawful custody rights when the child was wrongfully removed or retained. Second, the removal or retention must be from the child's "habitual residence." Articles 3 and 5(a) of the Convention provide that the removal or retention is wrongful when "(a) it is in breach of rights of custody attributed to a person . . . under the law of the state in which the child was a habitual resident immediately before the removal or retention; and (b) at the time of the removal or retention, those rights were actually exercised, either jointly or alone, or would have been so exercised but for the removal or retention." Custody rights are determined by the law of the child's "habitual residence," a term left undefined in the Convention and in the United States' implementing legislation, leaving the issue to be decided upon the facts and circumstances of the case. United States courts have held that the terms of the Convention are to be construed narrowly.ConclusionThe framework of laws determining proper exercise of custody jurisdiction is sufficient to answer most custody dispute problems. While some judges create problems by not knowing or following the jurisdictional guidelines, forum shopping in custody cases is not nearly the problem it was before the implementation of these laws. Armed with the knowledge of the "off the rack" dictates of the jurisdictional laws, an attorney can provide clients with advice well worth the fees charged.案例3——。
国际私法双语
2. 如果美国某州法院受理此案,那它将适用美国婚姻 法律规定,还是适用有关中国的婚姻法律规定? 3. 若秦香莲在中国法院提出离婚诉讼, 她是否必须 在被告所在地即陈世美原住所地起诉? 受理的中国法院适 用何国法律? 4. 若在美国法院受理陈世美起诉后,中国法院是否还 可以受理? 5. 若秦香莲同学在离婚时实际年龄还未满20周岁,那 么中国法院是否承认他们婚姻的有效性?而如果由美国法 院管辖,是否先要按中国婚姻法的规定来解决iously, if all substantive law were the same, it would make little difference which system of law was selected to govern a controversy.
But, in a world of diverse national, cultural, and ideological perspectives, there has never been a prospect of such substantive uniformity. Widespread attention has, therefore, been given throughout the history of international relations to the method and rationale used by various courts to select the proper system of law governing controversies.
An Introduction to Conflict of Laws
Conflict of laws, a subject also known as private international law, arises from the universal acknowledgment that not every human transaction can be, or ought to be, governed by local law. The affairs of men are often conducted in such a way that a legal dispute contains a foreign element, and the conflict of laws is the systematic study of how national courts, in fact and in theory , take account of such foreign elements. The main emphasis in the conflict of laws has generally been upon the rules used to select foreign law, these rules being called choice-of-law rules. It is also common to include in the subject matter of the conflict of law various related matters pertaining to the jurisdiction of courts and to the degree of respect due to foreign judgments, but in the main the classical problems in the field have been created by legal transactions in which the private law of more than one legal unit is potentially applicable and a choice must made between the competing claims. For centuries judges and scholars have been baffled in their search for acceptable procedures and for the criteria with which to conduct the search itself.
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Chapter oneIntroduction to Private International Law1. Regulative Object of Private International Law•Question 1: A company of Beijing with B company of Guangdong will sign a contract of sale of goods, which country’s law is applicable?•Question 2: If the parties in supposed question 1 are changed as A company of Beijing and B company of California State in US, what would be the applicable law then? •Question 3: Citizen A of China got married with Citizen B of US, what law would be subjected to then?Characteristic:①This kind of civil relationship is formed during international intercourse②This kind of civil relationship has one or more foreign elementssubject involving foreign element●object involving foreign element●content involving foreign element③What such civil relationship adjusts is the particular foreign civil relation2. Conflict of Laws2.1 Essence and productive conditionConflict of laws also named ‘rules of conflict’, which has distinctive meaning in private international law, and it refers to the difference in regulations of civil relationship involving civil law in two or more countries respectively, but it is required to apply these different regulations competitively, which caused the phenomenon conflicting each other on the law. In brief, conflict of laws means the conflict of applicable laws to the same civil relation involving the different civil laws of every respective country.①Civil legal systems of various countries are different each other.② A large number of civil contacts exist, a large number of international civil relations appear between various countries.③Various countries acknowledge foreigners enjoy the equal civil legal status in domestic state.④Based on practical requirements for dealing with civil and commercial relations among reciprocal countries justly, rationally, various countries acknowledge extraterritorial effect of foreign civil laws in domestic state or admit legal equality between domestic state and foreign state.2.2 Several different characteristics of conflict of laws2.2.1 Private interregional law2.2.2 Private interpersonal law2.2.3 Private intertemporal law3. Range and Definition of Private International Law3.1 Range of private international law①Different view②Range of private international law should contain the several norms as following:●legal norms on the status of foreigners in civil law●Conflict rules●Uniform substantive rules●International civil procedural norms andprocedural norms of international commercialarbitration3.2 Definition of private international lawPrivate international law is to regard foreign civil relation as regulative object, regard solving conflict of laws as the central task, regard conflict rules as the most basic norm, whilst including legal norms on the status of foreigners in civil law, and uniform substantive norms avoiding and removing conflict of laws, and international civil procedural norms and procedural norms of international commercial arbitration, which is an independent legal department.4. Sources of Private International Law4.1 Domestic legislationManifestation manner:●sporadic appearance type●special compiling and special chapter type●the code type4.2 Municipal jurisprudence4.3 International treaties4.4 International customs4.5 About doctrine as one of the sources of private international law5. The nature of Private International Law5.1 International law or domestic law?①School of international law②School of domestic law③Dualism schoolFrom the view at present, private international law primarily belongs to domestic law, but with the further development of international civil intercourse and the constant promotion of unitized sports of private international law, private international law will increase the composition or factor of international law gradually.5.2 Procedural law or substantive law?We think that private international law is composed of conflict rules, substantive norm and procedural norm, which is a synthesis of these three kinds of legal norms. Only emphasizing one side of them and denying another one or another two respects among them, or diametrically opposing to each other, which is unadvisable, not corresponding to reality either. So it is neither procedural law nor substantive law, has one kind of its own.5.3 Public law or private law?From the view of actual situation, we think that private international law has close contacts with domestic civil law. They all adjust social relations with characteristics of civil law. And private international law is the applicable law of domestic civil law. Also like the foregoing, the basic principles and systems of every national civil law are having direct influence on private international law, and many systems in private international law (Among them, especially like reservation system of public order) also were established to ensure realization of basic principle of domestic civil law. Therefore, though private international law is an independent legal department, it mainly still belongs to the category of private law.6. Basic Principle of Private International Law6.1 Sovereignty doctrine6.2 Principle of equality and mutual benefit6.3 Principle of observing international treaty and consulting international customs6.4 Principle of protecting the legitimate rights and interests of partiesPonder over following question:1. What is “conflict of laws”? Please state briefly the reason or condition why conflict of laws produce?2. State briefly several kinds of meanings of conflict of laws of different nature.3. State briefly the definition and the sources of private international law.4. Talk about the cognition for regulative object of private international law.5. Try discussing the nature of private international law.Chapter TwoHistory of Private International Law1. Private International Law at Sprouted Stage (before the 13th century)1.1 Period of Roman Law 1.2 Period of Racial Laws 1.3 Period of Territorial Laws2. Theory History of Private International Law2.1 Period of Theory of Statutes (or: Statute Theory) 2.1.1 Italian “Theory of Statutes”●About issue of jus ad rem, was applicable to territorial laws, i.e. lex situs.●About issue of persons, such as capability of civil rights of persons and capacity to act of persons which were applicable to personal laws, i.e. lex domicilii.,●About issue of behavior, was applicable to lex actus, i.e. locus regit actum doctrine.Innovation:●Could the statute of a civil-state be applicable to all people within it (including non-residents)?●Could the statute of a city state be applicable to its own residents outside the state?2.1.2 French “Theory of Statutes”达让特莱(D’Argentre,1519—1590)strict principle of territoriality●“All customs belong to substance”●“Statuta personalia” regarded as an exception of “statuta realia”●There has another kind “mixed rules” except “statuta personalia” and “statuta realia”,i.e. the same rule contains concurrently two respects of person and substance.2.1.3 Dutch “Theory of Statutes”2.2 Modern Science of Private International Law2.2.1 Story’s “Territorial Theory”斯托雷(Joseph Story 1779—1845)●V arious countries enjoy absolute sovereignty and right of jurisdiction, all people, substance, agreement concluded and behaviors engaged in their territories are restrained by this country’s law;●According to sovereignty doctrine, the l aw of any country can’t restrict persons and substances beyond its territory, namely, the law does not have extraterritorial effect;●Whether the foreign law could be applicable in domestic state should be in accordance with the stipulations of domestic law.2.2.2 Savigny’s “Sitz des Rechtsverhaltnisses” (or: “Sitz of Legal Relationship Theory”萨维尼(Savigny 1779—1861)Departed from the standpoint of universalism to internationalism, Savigny had criticized traditional “theory of statutes”, cons idered that the applicable laws which should be applied should only be the law of every place concerning foreign civil relations with its inherent “seat” according to itself characters. He had rounded territorial and extraterritorial effect issues, which w as talked volubly by the scholars of “theory of statutes”, and claimed to look on domestic law and foreign law equally, in order to achieve the following goal, i.e. we can apply to the same law and get an accordant verdict, no matter where the case was accepted and heard. The foundation of Savigny’s theory was, we should admit that “an international community among the mutual association nations” existed, and various conflict rules generally applicable all over the world existed too. Because in his view, each legal relation has its own seat like everyone with his (or her) own domicile. One’s domicile exists on a particular space, the seat of a legal relation exists on a particular space too. Since domestic laws and foreign laws are equal, so far as we can find out which country the seat of legal relation is, we can apply the law of this country directly, totally unnecessary to care about whether the law is domestic law or foreign law.●About personal relation, based on its place of domicile as the seat, applying lex domicilii [L, the law of the domicile].●About material relation, based on the place of situation of the thing as the seat, applying lex situs.●About contractual relation, according to will of the parties to determine the seat, if there is no c lear and definite declaration of will, then based on the place of a contract’s performance as the seat, applying lex loci contractus [L, OE, the law of the place where the contract is to be governed, or place of its performance].2.2.3 Mancini’s “Doctrine of Nationality Laws”孟西尼(Mancini,1817—1888)“Nationality as the Foundation of the Law of Nations”●Nationality principle ──principle of national law.●The rule of autonomy of the will ──freedom principle.●Reserve principle of public order ──sovereignty principle.2.2.4 Dicey’s “Doctrine of V ested Rights”戴西(Dicey,1835—1922)On one hand, Dicey’s theory adhered to strict territorial principle, disavowed extraterritorial effect of foreign law; On the other hand, he attempted to make the vested rights and interests according to foreign law protected, which had obviously reflected benefit and requirement of the British colonialist with numerous colonies.2.3 Contemporary Science of PrivateInternational Law2.3.1 Cook’s “Local Law Theory”库克(Cook,1873—1943)The court is not suitable to apply foreign law, but national law only forever. However,proceeding from the convenience of public interests and judicial practice, the court can be suitable to apply foreign law, which combines the rules of foreign law into the national law only.2.3.2 Currie’s “Governmental Interests Analysis”柯里(Currie,1912—1965)Currie proposed that the best method of solving conflict of laws was to analyze “governmental interests”. If only one count ry has legitimate interests, applicable to the law of this country; If there are legitimate interests in two countries, and when a country among them is the country of the court, covered by lex fori unconditionally; If two foreign country have legitimate interests, and the country of the court is the third country which has illegitimate interests, can not only be covered by lex fori, but also the applicable law the court should think in accordance with discretion.2.3.3 Reese’s “Doctrine of the Most Significant Relationship”里斯(Reese)Reese wrote with a kind of more objective attitude: “‘Restatement, Second, Conflict of Laws’ has been written from the angle of a kind of neutral court that had no interests to protect for, it only seeks to be applicab le to the most appropriate law.” On the basis of such so-called neutral court, Reese had proposed a concept of “the most significant relationship” according to the idea of “center of gravity” and “grouping of contacts”, maintained “the law of proximate con nection ground” should be applicable to the court, and had run through this kind of thought into “Restatement, Second, Conflict of Laws”.Fuld, together with “Doctrine of the Most Significant Relationship”3. Historical Development of Chinese Private International Law3.1 Legislative History of Chinese Private International Law①Legislative relic of ancient private international law of China②Abnormal development of modern private international law of China③Legislative survey of private international law of new China3.2 The Development of Chinese Science of Private International Law①Science of private international law of old China②Science of private international law of new China4. Legislative History of PrivateInternational Law4.1 Domestic Legislative History4.2 International Legislative HistoryPonder over following question:1. State briefly “theory of statutes”.2. State briefly respective meanings of “Sitz des Rechtsverhaltnisses”, “Doctrine of Nationality Laws”, “Comitas Gentium” and “Doctrine of the Most Significant Relationship”.3. State briefly some influential international organizations which were engaged in uniform private international law movement.。