如何自学英语国家概况
英语国家概况知识点(绝对全)
英语国家概况知识点（绝对全）第一部分英国第一章英国地理1. The official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2. There are three political divisions on the islands of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.3. About a hund red years ago, Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the world’s people and one fourth of the world’s land area.4. The Britain Empire was replaced by the Britain commonwealth in 1931,which is a free association of independent counties that were once colonies of Britain.5. Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.6. Britain has, for centuries, been tilting with the northwest slowly rising, and the southeast slowly sinking. The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands. The southeast and east are mainly lowlands.7. The pennies, a range of hills running from north midlands to Scottish border, are the principal mountain chain.8. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain in Britain, and the Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland is the largest lake in Britain.9. There are three natural zones in Scotland: the highlands in the north, the central lowlands, and the southern uplands. The lowlands in the center comprise mostly the forth and Clyde valleys.10. Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast are the capitals of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.11. Scotland has about 800 islands, including the Orkney, Shetlands and Hebrides.苏格兰有800座岛屿，包括奥克内群岛，谢特兰群岛和赫不里德群岛。
英语国家概况知识点总结
英语国家概况知识点总结Full name: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandOthers names: The United Kingdom /The UK/Britain/The Great Britain/The British Lion/England/The British IslesBritish Isles: 范围最大，包含了大不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛及其附近的许多小岛U K : Includes England, Scotland, Wales and Northern IrelandGreat Britain: Includes only England, Scotland and WalesArea : 242,514 square kilometers (93,635square miles) Population: about 60,587,300National capital: LondonNational Flag: The Union JackNational Anthem: God Save the Queen/KingComponents:England:1.The largest and the most populated country of UK. It occupies more thanhalf the island of Great Britain.2.Area: 130,281 square kilometers (53.7 percent)3. Population: 50,762,900(83.8 percent) 401 people per square kilo4. Capital: London (the seat of government, center of business, the heart of artsand culture, dominates England just like England dominates TheUK)Scotland:1.The second largest of the four nations both in area and population .no longerhas a separate legislature and executive, and its economy is integrated intothat of the rest of Britain. But it does have a separate administration,different legal and educational systems as well as its Presbyterian nationalchurch. Above all it has retained much of its distinct cultural identity.2.area: 77,925 square kilometers(32.1 percent)3.population: 5,116,900 (8.4persent) 65 people per square kilo4.capital: Edinburgh (on the east cost represent the capital of theregion)5.the l argest city is Glasgow (In the west)Wales:1. A peninsular jutting from England into the Irish Sea, and is the smallestamong the three nations on the island of Britain. And has been dominated byEngland for longer period than the other three nations since its officiallyunion with England in 1536(actually England has ruled Wales in 1343 butnot officially recognized)2.area: 20732 square kilometers (8.5percent)3.population: 2,965,900(4.9persent) 142 people per square kilo4.capital: Cardiff (southern Wales) serving as an important seaport andindustrial center5.Wales retained a unique cultural social and economic development,notably its national language, Welsh, and a devolved Welsh Assembly Northern Ireland:1.Often referred to as the province of Ulster, is part of the island Ireland locatedin its northeast corner. And is the smallest both in area and population among the four nations of the UK.2.area: 13,576square kilometers (5.7 percent of the UK and one six of the islandof Ireland )3.population：1,741,600（2.9 percent）4.capital:Belfast (a seaport on the east cost , is a center of shipbuilding andlinen textiles and it created the Titanic)5.。
新版英语国家概况精讲笔记
新版英语国家概况精讲笔记新版“英语国家概况”精讲笔记Ｃhapteｒ１第⼀章Land and Pｅｏｐle英国得国⼟与⼈民Ｉ、Diｆｆereｎt Nameｓ fｏr Ｂritａin aｎｄ itｓ Pａrts英国得不同名称及其各组成部分1、Gｅographｉcａl nａmes: the Brｉtｉsｈ Iｓles, GreaｔＢritaｉn ａndEｎglａnd、地理名称:不列颠群岛，⼤不列颠与英格兰。
2、Official namｅ：ｔhe ＵniteｄＫｉngdｏｍoｆ Gｒeat Ｂriｔain and Norｔhern Ｉrｅlａnd、官⽅正式名称:⼤不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
３、Tｈe BritｉsｈＩsｌes ａre maｄｅup of ｔwo ｌarｇe ｉsｌands－GｒeaｔBrｉｔain (the ｌａrger ｏnｅ) anｄ Iｒela ｎｄ， aｎｄhundｒeds oｆsmallonｅs、不列颠群岛由两个⼤岛—⼤不列颠岛(较⼤得⼀个)与爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个⼩岛组成。
4、Thｒee ｐolｉtical dｉvｉsions on ｔhｅ islａnd of Gｒeat Briｔaｉn: Englanｄ, Scotland anｄ Wales、⼤不列颠岛上有三个政治区:英格兰、苏格兰与威尔⼠。
（１) Englanｄ is iｎtｈｅ souｔhern ｐarｔｏf Grｅat Ｂritain、 It iｓｔhe largesｔ，mｏsｔ popｕlｏuｓ sectｉon、英格兰位于⼤不列颠岛南部,就就是最⼤,⼈⼝最稠密得地区。
（2) Sｃotｌand iｓｉｎthe ｎortｈｏｆGｒeaｔＢritaiｎ、 Iｔ has thrｅe nａｔural ｚonｅs （thｅＨiｇhlands in ｔhｅnorth； tｈe Ｃenｔralｌowｌands；tｈｅsｏuｔh Upｌands) Capiｔal: Edｉｎbｕrgh苏格兰位于⼤不列颠得北部。
如何自学英语国家概况
如何自学英语国家概况关于《英语国家概况》课程方面的辅导材料很少。
现在又面临课程改革,薄薄的旧版本换成了700多页的厚本,实在是让人挠头。
在这种情况下,我总结了自己的学习思路与具体的学习方法。
思路共分三步:第一步:粗读。
先看大纲,然后把课本翻看一遍,大纲没涉及的内容也要看。
第二步:精读。
要面面俱到,读完每一章后,要做练习册上的题,除此之外,把自己总结的题也要掌握,然后重读这一章。
历史要一字不漏地看,其它的内容可参阅大纲,只抓重点部分看。
第三步:记重点。
在熟悉习题的基础上,要通读全文,要看重点,依据题型去套书中的内容。
具体的学习方法如下:一、通读全文,掌握框架读书也要讲大将风范,有了具体的思路之后,还要在头脑中形成清晰的框架,从整体入手,然后,再把具体的重点加上去,这样,掌握起来,就不至凌乱。
二、找准重点,理清线索熟悉课文内容是任何一科都必不可少的。
《英语国家概况》比其它课要难,英国与美国的历史部分占很大篇幅,要作为重点去掌握,但这部分内容看起来又是那么宠杂,因此理清线索,摸清脉络之后,我们理解起来就轻松多了。
如:英国历史部分可整理成这样一条线索:early settlers——Roman invations——Anglo-Saxons——the Viking and Danish Invations——the Norman Conquest——William’s Rule——the Great Charter——the HundredYear’s War——the English Reformation——the English Renaissance——the Civil War——the Glorius Revolution——the Industrial Revolution——in the two World Wars美国历史部分可整理成这样一条线索:the war of Independence——the War of 1812——territorial expansion and Westward Movement——the Civil War——in the two World Wars——the Cold War——the Berlin Blockade——the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s——the Vietname War每个要点之后都分别有重点,尤其每次战争的背景、时间、起因、结果都需要全面了解。
英语国家概况复习整理
英语国家概况复习整理英语国家概况一、国家概况英语是世界上使用最广泛的第二语言，几乎所有英语国家都以英语为官方语言。
以下是几个代表性的英语国家概况：1. 英国（United Kingdom）英国位于欧洲大陆的西北部，由四个国家组成：英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰。
英国是一个君主立宪制国家，伦敦是其首都和最大城市。
英国是工业革命的发源地之一，对现代科学、文化和法律产生了重要影响。
2. 美国（United States）美国是一个位于北美洲的联邦共和制国家，由50个州组成。
华盛顿特区是其首都，纽约市是最大城市。
美国是世界上最大的经济体和军事力量之一，对全球政治、经济和文化具有巨大影响。
3. 加拿大（Canada）加拿大是北美洲最北端的国家，是一个君主立宪制国家。
渥太华是其首都，多伦多是最大城市。
加拿大是世界上最大的国家之一，拥有丰富的自然资源和文化多样性。
4. 澳大利亚（Australia）澳大利亚是世界上面积第六大的国家，位于南太平洋地区。
堪培拉是其首都，悉尼是最大城市。
澳大利亚以其独特的自然景观、丰富的动植物种类和多元文化而闻名。
5. 新西兰（New Zealand）新西兰位于南太平洋地区，由北岛和南岛组成。
惠灵顿是其首都，奥克兰是最大城市。
新西兰以其美丽的自然景观和友好的人民而闻名，是旅游和冒险活动的热门目的地。
二、国家特点1. 文化和历史英语国家的文化和历史各具特色。
英国的文化底蕴深厚，有着悠久的王室传统和文学艺术遗产。
美国是一个移民国家，融合了来自世界各地的文化，拥有独特的美国梦和好莱坞电影文化。
加拿大和澳大利亚等英联邦国家也保留了英国文化的一些传统，并发展了自己的多元文化。
2. 经济和科技英语国家在经济和科技领域具有强大实力。
英国在金融、教育、文化创意产业等领域发达，是世界上最重要的金融中心之一。
美国是全球最大的市场之一，科技创新领域具有很高的竞争力。
加拿大和澳大利亚等国也在自然资源开发和高科技产业方面表现出色。
英语国家概况复习指南
英语国家概况复习指南一、各章重点练习上册：Unit 1，PP. 15-17Part 1. 1,Britain is no longer an imperial country.2,the Commonwealth of Nations includes all European countries.4, the stereotype of the English gentleman never applied to the majority of the British people.5. When people outside the UK talk about England, they mistake it as Britain sometimes. 6, the Scots and Welsh have a strong sense of being British.12 the title of Prince of Wales is held by a Welsh according to tradition.Part 2. 2, characteristics of London: the culture centre, the business centre, the financial centre5, the Tower of London, is historical sight, located in the centre of London, was built by William the Conqueror6, the Anglo-Saxons were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England9the majority of people in Scotland live in the Upland.Part 3. 6 Britain is a country with a history of invasions. In 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman Empire, in the late 8th century they experienced raids from Scandinavia and in the 11th century they suffered invasions from NormansUnit 3, PP. 46-48Part 1. 1. It is no doubt that the Britain is the oldest representative democracy in the world2. In Britain, the process of the state-building has been one of evolution rather than revolution, in contrast to France and the US3,the oldest institution of government in Britain is the Monarchy.4, the divine right of kings means the sovereign derived his authority from his subject7. Britain is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy8. Britain, like Israel, has a written constitution of the sort which most countries have.9. Common laws are laws which have been established through common practice in the courts.Part 2.1, characteristics of British government: it is both a parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy, it is the oldest representative democracy in the world, it has no written form of constitution.2, Charles I , the king, was executed in the civil war.4, about the Great Council: it included barons and representatives from countries and towns, it was sometimes summoned by the kings to contribute money, it represented the aristocrats as well as communities.6, about the Constitution: it is the foundation of British governance today, Conventions and laws passed by Parliament are part of the Constitution, the common laws are part of the Constitution.8. The descriptions of the Queen‟s role: the Queen symbolizes the tradition and unity of the British state, acts as a confidante to the Prime Minister, is the temporal head of the Church of England.Part 3. 2, The doctrine of the …divine right of kings‟ held that the sovereign derived his authority from God, not from his subject8, in Britain, the official head of state is the Queen while the real centre of political life is in the House of Commons9 The British constitution consist of statute law, the common law and the conventions.11. Strictly speaking the Parliament today consist of the Queen, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.12. life peer should be nominated by Prime Minister and appointed by the sovereignPart 4. 1(In 1688, King James Ⅱ‟s daughter Mary and her husband William were invited by the politicians and church authorities to take the throne, on condition that they would respect the politicians of Parliament. The Bill of Rights was passed in 1689 to ensure that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament.)Unit 4, PP. 65-68Part 1.1, In the UK, a government cannot stand for longer than five years except in exceptional circumstances.2, anyone who is eligible to vote with 500 pounds as deposit can stand as an MP8, children from the upper-middle-class usually have a better education than those from the working or middle-class.10, one of the distinctive features about the British class-system is that it has also retained a hereditary aristocracy.11. the majority of Br itain‟s recent immigrants have mainly come from North Asia and Caribbean countries.Part 2. 1. Lords in the House of Lords cannot voted in the general election, members in the House of Commons, the UK citizens above the age of 18, the UK resident citizens of the Irish Republic.2, the House of Commons is a” vote of no confidence” decided.4, at least 326 seats in the House of Commons should a party hold in order to win the election5 the description about the Conservative party: it has been in power for an unusually long period of time, it prefers policies that protect individual‟s rights and it receives a lot of the funding from big companies, 8, about the life peer: they are not from the aristocratic families, they earned their titles through their outstanding achievement, the titles cannot be inherited by their children.10 the characteristic of the hereditary aristocracy in the UK: the noble titles can be inherited by the children, they usually own historic houses in the country, the senior members can be lords in the House of LordsPart 3. 2, the party which wins the majority seats in parliament forms the government and its party leader becomes the Prime Minister.7, There are three major parties in the UK; the Conservative party, the Labour party and the Liberal Democratic party11. A university teacher would probably read a newspaper like The Guardian while a manual worker would probably read The SunPart 4. 1(General election are very important in western democracy.According to the author, they provide opportunities for people to influence future government policies and to replace those incompetent political leaders.)Unit 5, PP. 82-83Part 1. 1,by the 1880‟s the Britain economy was dominant in the world.3, by the end of the World War II, Britain had gone heavily into debt in order to develop its manufacturing industry and borrowed large amounts from the US and France5 in the 1970s, with the soaring price of oil and high rates of inflation, Britain went through a bad period. In 1979, the Labour party had to step down from the government., 6the leaders of Conservatives, Margaret Thatcher started a series of reforms. An extensive programme of privatization was carried out, and she was successful in and all-round way Part 2. 1, about the UK economy: Britain remains one of the Group of Seven large industrial economies, Britain has experienced a relative economic decline in1945, some smaller economies have overtaken the UK in terms of output per capita2. the reason for the relative economic decline since 1945: Britain did not invest modern equipment and new products, Britain spend a high proportion of its national wealth on the military, Britain had been heavily in debt to finance the war.Part 3. 2, a low rate of domestic industrial investment coupled with a very high rate of overseas investment is a characteristic of the UK economy.3, since 1945, the UK economy has experienced relative decline rather than absolute decline. 5, in1979, the Conservative party under Margaret Thatcher came into power and carried out a programme of reform.7the UK economy can be divided into three main sectors: primary industries, second industries and tertiary industriesPart 4.1, 2(The UK has experienced an economic decline since 1945. But this is a relative decline rather than an absolute one. Britain is wealthier and more productive than it was in 1945, but since other countries developed more rapidly, it has slid from being the second largest economy to being the sixth.The British economy went through a particularly bad period in the 1970s, with high rates of inflation and devaluation of the Pound. Therefore, in the 1980s, when the Conservative party under Margaret Thatcher was in power, an extensive programme of privatization was carried out. Many state-owned business (such as steel, telecom, gas, aerospace) were turned into private companies. Privatisation was successful in controlling inflation but at the same time unemployment rate increased rapidly.)Unit 7, PP. 116-118Part 2. 1, in Britain, the great major of parents send their children to state schools 2, in Britain, children from the age of 5 to 16 can legally receive completely free education 4, The University of Buckingham is a privately funded university in Britain8,National Curriculum included: children must study the subject like English, mathematics, science and so on. Children must pass the national tests, and teachers must teach what they are told9. About the British education system: it‟s run, funded, supervised by the state,Part 3. 1, the two oldest universities in Britain are Oxford and Cambridge2,two famous public schools mentioned in the text are Eton and Winchester8 Comprehensive schools provide a general education, teaching students everything from academic subjects like literature and science to more practical subjects like cooking and carpentryUnit 8, PP. 129-131Part 1. 1, when the Second World War ended, Britain no longer was the largest military power in Western Europe4, the Prime Minister and Cabinet decide on the general direction of Britain‟s foreign policy.5,the main government department involved is the Foreign and Commonwealth Office(FCO)9. Britain is not a member of the NATO due to its disagreement with some European countries on defence policy.Part 2.2, China, Russia, France, Britain, and the United States are the permanent members of the UN Security Council3, Britain ruled a third of the globe in its imperial prime4,the present British foreign policy is mainly influenced by some of the following factors: its imperial history, its geopolitical traits, and its special relationship with the United States6 Nowadays the British foreign policy is largely shaped by its participation in the United Nations, the EU, NATO, etc.Part 3. 1, when the Second World War was over, Britain was active in setting up the United Nations and became one of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council2,the present foreign policy of Britain is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits5, the general direction of Britain‟s foreign policy is decided by the Prime Minister and Cabinet7. According to the author, Britain is a parliamentary democracy, so the government‟s foreign policy in theory represents the desires of its electorate.10Britain spends more money on defence than most other developed nations and it is the third largest spender in the world and is ranked the fifth or the sixth in terms of its military powerPart 4.5(In the author‟s opinion, the Commonwealth is a voluntary association of states which is made up of Britain and mostly of former British colonies.There are 54 members of the Commonwealth including one currently suspended member: many of these are developing countries like India and Cyprus; others are developed nations like Australia, Canada and New Zealand. The Commonwealth was set up as a forum for continued cooperation and as a sort of support network.)Unit 9, PP. 144-146Part 1. 5, The Advertising Code ensures that advertisements are legal, decent, honest and truthful.7. the Telegraph readers, for example, will be soft on crime, be quite feminist and interested in green politics.Part 2. 3, About British media: they supply people with news, keeping them informed of w hat‟s happening in the world, they help shape British culture, they provide entertainment.10. about the tabloids: they are often called “the gutter press”, they mainly deal in scandals and gossip about famous people, they carry stories with colour photos and catchy headlines.Part 3.8. for a long time the BBC had two channels. BBC One entertains people with sports, drama, current affairs, etc.; BBC Two provides special interest audience with documentaries and shows12. the media have many functions. They provide people with information about political and social problems. They carry advertising and also play an important role in forming a national culture.Unit 11, PP. 183-185Part 1. 3. Most of the people in Northern Ireland are Catholics while the majority of the people in the republic are Protestants6. After the Great Famine, there was a rapid decline of population and many Irish people emigrated to other country.8. Although the language of the Celts survived through history, their language is not the official language.Part 2. 2. In 1541, Henry VII declared to be the king of Ireland, the first English monarch to do so6. the word …Ireland‟ is used ambiguously to mean both the Republic and Northern Ireland 9．The Celts were warrior peoplePart 3. 1. Ireland is situated off the northwest coast of Great BritainUnit 12, PP. 202-204Part 1. 3. In Ireland, the President is only a symbolic Head of State and does not have executive powers8. The highest in ranking in the Irish legal system is the High Court, which has full jurisdiction and power in all matters of law.Part 2. 4, Up until 1970‟s the Irish economy was inward-looking6. All residents of Ireland, regardless of citizenship are qualified to vote at local elections Unit 15, PP. 254-255Part 1. 4. Dreaming is shared by the members of an indigenous group about how the features of their land were created.5. Dreaming helps the indigenous people to survive in the harsh environment of the desert of Australia7. European travelers declared the continent of Australia terra nullius before the British didPart 2. 1. Wombat, Koala and Kangaroo are native Australia animal,5. In late 18th century, British take over the continent of Australia and dec lare it “terra nullius”7. Under the assimilation policy, the aboriginal people should forget their own culture and take on the white culture.Part 3. 4. Most of Australia‟s population lives in the Mediterranean and temperate climates.8. Young indigenous women were forced to help the white settlers in sealing, which was one of the first industries of AustraliaPart 4.5(The policy of assimilation was implemented at the beginning of the 20th century. It was founded on the belief that the white culture was progressive and superior while the indigenous culture was inferior. To implement the policy, indigenous children were taken away from their parents to be put into protected reserves, whose purpose was to destroy the culture of the Dreaming and replace it with Christianity. The impact of the policy is devastating on the indigenous people, as their children grew up losing both their families and culture. In nature, it is the extension of the policy of segregation.)Unit 16, PP. 271-273Part 1.1, Dreaming is about a people being at one with the country which means that people do not own the land, but the land owns the people who have responsibilities of guardianship towards it2 Anglicanism is the British particular form of ProtestantismPart 2. 1, Salvation Army, Methodism and Congregationalism are different versionsof Protestantism2 Islam, Judaism and Hinduism are not, but Buddhism is now the fastest growing non-Christian belief system in AustraliaUnit 17, PP. 283-285Part 1. 1, The European settlement in Australia started in 1788 in Sydney5. The convict husbands of free wives could be assigned to work for their own families as ticket-of –leave servantsPart 2. 6, The Wakefield Scheme was implemented most thoroughly in South Australia8Today there are more” blended families” as people separate and remarry, bringing their two sets of children into their new partnershipUnit 18, PP. 295-297Part 1. 1, The Australia political system follows the Western democratic tradition, reflecting British and Northern American experience7. The …shadow cabinet‟ of the opposition can take over the government when there is a constitutional crisis10. Difference in Australia is now represented by three political parties whose basic conflicts now centre around both class and environmental issuesPart 2.1The gold rush helped to increase the population of Australia significantly 5. Tariff rates have lowered has happened in Australia economyPart 3. 3,.In the massive post-World War 11 immigration programme, Australia favoured the migrants from Britain than those from Southern and Eastern Europe7. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet are at the centre of the Australian parliamentary power下册Unit1Part 13. Most of New Zealanders live in cities and towns with more people living in the South Island than the North Island4. Maori people have given up their cultural tradition and have adopted many aspects of western life5. New Zealanders are keen to get involved in environmental protectionPart 2.3. Factors contribute to New Zealand‟s environmental achievement: Favorable geographic features, Low population and a late development of industry4. New Zealand‟s three largest ethnic groups in term of population are new Zealanders with European ancestry, Maori and people from the Pacific Island8. In 1769, James Cook visited New Zealand and claimed it for BritainUnit 2, PP. 28-29Part 1. 2, New Zealand Parliament has two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Representatives8. New Zealand has now four major markets, with the United States being the biggest onePart 2. 1. The House of State of New Zealand is the British monarch4. The three levels of local government are regional councils, territorial authorities, and community boards6. Major exports of New Zealand: dairy products, fish, woolUnit 3, PP. 48-49Part 1. 3.The first English permanent settlement was founded in California4. Massachusetts was established by English puritans who separated themselves from the Roman Catholic Church5. the state of Pennsylvania used to be inhabited by the Quakers7. by the early 1760s, the 13 English colonies in North America were ready to separate themselves from Europe8 .George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, and Abraham Lincoln were regarded as thefounding fathers of the United States of AmericaPart 2.1, the American had the mixed blood of Europeans or their descendants was correct around the time of the American Revolution4, some of the characteristics of Protestantism; challenging the authority of the Pope, salvation through faith .establishing a direct contact with God5, American values come from Puritanism: respect of education, intolerant moralism, a sense of mission8 the theory of American politics and the American Revolution originated mainly from John LockePart 3.6, Martin Luther was the first to star the Religious Reformation and next important leaders of the Reformation was John Calvin11, two most important principles of the Holy Experiment were the spirit of liberty and equality, and separation of state and church,13name two of the taxes imposed in North American colonies by the British Parliament on the event of the American Revolution: the stamp tax and the tea taxUnit 4, PP. 60-621.When the war of independence was over, the Unite State was one unified nation as it istoday3.the US Constitution set up a federal system with a strong central government6, the president has the authority to appoint federal judges, and all such court appointments are subject to confirmation by the House of Representatives9. Today, the United State has two major political parties, one is the Democratic Party formed before 1800, the other is the Republican Party, formed in the 1850s, by people in the states of the North and West10, Americans have to join a political party in order to vote or to be a candidate for public officePart 2. 5. The legislative is the only branch that can make federal laws, and levy federal taxes(it can also declare war or put foreign treaties into effect)6. The powers of the president: can vote any bill passed by Congress, has the authority to appoint federal judges when vacancies occur. Has broad powers, with the executive branch, to issue regulations and directives regarding the work of the federal department9. The powers of the president is written into the Constitution in 1787 the Bill of Rights, the judicial review, the political party system are notPart 3. 5, A federal system is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constitution parts with some rights reserved to each.6. The US federal government consist of the following three branches: the executive, the legislative and the judicial.7. The Congress is divided into the House of Representatives with 435 members who serve two-year terms, and the Senate with 100 lawmakers who serve six-year terms9. The Supreme Court is composed of 1 chief justice and 8 associate justices.Part 4. 2, (A federal system is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constitution parts, with some rights reserved to each.4.The Bill of Rights consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to theConstitution in 1791. The Bill of Rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech, the right to assemble in public places, the right to own weapons and so on.)Unit 5, PP. 77-79Part 1. 1. Alexander Hamilton was the third president of the United States3.The first factory in the United States was a cotton textile mill.5.Many people believe that the economic freedom of capitalism is crucial to America‟seconomic success.6.The stockholders make profits even when the company loses money7.One reason for America‟s affluence is that a lot of people have inherited wealth from theirparentsPart 2. 2. T he …American system‟ of mass production was first used in firearms industry 5. A part of the service industry: Banking, Management consultation, AirlinePart 3. 4. The best-known stock exchange is the New York Stock Exchange located in the Wall Street area of New York City6. The Constitution of The United State bars all kinds of internal tariffs, so manufacturers do not have to worry about tariff barriers when shipping goods from one part of the country to anotherPart 4.4(Corporation is a form of business organization. Compared with the sole proprietorship and the partnership, the corporation may survive the death of its founder or founders. Because it could draw on a pool of investors, it is a much more efficient tool for raising the large amounts of capital needed by expanding business.And it enjoys limited liability, so investors only risk the amount of their investment and not their entire assets.)Unit 8, PP. 130-131Part 1. 4. One of the things that decides whether an applicant can be accepted bya college is his/her scores on the School Aptitude Tests5. According to the author, lager universities are always better, and more desirable universities are always more expensive.6. It takes at least four years to get a bachelor‟s degree from an institution of higher learning in the USPart 2. 3. In the US school systems, the divisions are Elementary school and Secondary school8.In order to go to university, secondary school students must meet the followingrequirements: high school records and recommendations from their teachers get good scores in the SAT.9.Harvard University, Yale University and Princeton University have large endowmentsfrom wealthy benefactors.10.T o get a bachelor‟s degree, an undergraduate student is required to do the following:attending lecture and complete assignments, passing examinations, earning a certain number of credits at the end of the four years at collegeUnit 14, PP. 232-235Part 1. 1. American foreign policy has been swinging between isolationism andinterventionism since World War II2.The founding of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949 and theWarsaw Pact in 1955 split the world into two military blocs. And the Cold War began 6, when Ronald Reagan become president in 1982, he wanted to beat the Soviet Union in the space of technology race and so he initiated the Star Wars project7, in 1948 President Truman put forward the Truman Doctrine, which is generally regarded as the formal declaration of the implementation of the US containment foreign policy8. After Korean War, the US made necessary adjustment and adopted a strategy of contraction.9. At the end of the Second World War, a concrete wall, separating East and West Berlin, was built which became the symbol of the Cold War11. After the Step.11 terrorist attack, anti-terrorism became a priority on the agenda of the majority of the countries all over the world.Part 2. 1, the American foreign policy up to WW II can be described as swinging between isolationism and internationalism.6, what did US mean by containment? It would use whatever means to prevent the Soviet Union from breaking out of its sphere of influence.7, Vietnam War last about 20 years8. In 1972, President Nixon made a trip to China to improve relations with People‟s Republic of China10The Clinton Administration made the following elements: national security, economic prosperity, promotion of democracy. the three pillars of American foreign policy Part 3. 1. Up to the Second World War, American foreign policy can be described as swinging between isolationism and interventionism2, The founding of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949 and the Warsaw Pact in 1955 split the world into two military blocs with a large number of non-aligned countries in between. Arms race began11.U nder the Clinton Administration, the US national strategy was engagement andexpansion, which means the US would take a more active part in world affairs and would more actively promote market economic and American style democracy in the world. Part 4. 2, (The US put into effect the containment policy in the late 1940s. By containment, the US meant that it would use whatever means, including military force, to prevent the Soviet Union from breaking out of its sphere of influence. In order to contain communism, the US fought two was in Asia: the Korean War and the Vietnam War.3.When George W. Bush became president in 2001, he said his top advisers pursued astrategy that has significantly changed some of the principles that have been practiced in American foreign policy for years. This strategy has two prominent elements: unilateralism and faith in military strength. The review policies and international agreements from the point of view of American national interests. If they think any international agreement is not in line with American national interests, they will not hesitate to discard it.))Unit 17, PP. 294-295Part 1. 1, Canada is the largest country in North America continent3, the majority of Canadian population live in an area not far away from the Canadian-US border4.Newfoundlanders have an Irish accent because their ancestors came from Ireland8. Canada became a country in 1949 with the entry of Newfoundland into the Union.Part 2. 1. Contrast to its physical size, Canada has a small population.5.French colonists first came and settled in Canada6.Statements about Central Canada: early European settlements started from here, morethan half of Canada‟s population live in here, it has the largest cities like Toronto and MontrealUnit 18. PP. 308-310Part 1. 3, the Governor-General is the representative of the Queen and is the head of the government4,the Canadian parliament is divided into an upper house called the House of Commons, anda lower house called the Senate.6. the Constitution Act was introduced by Brian Mulroney to ensure Canadian‟s legal rightsPart 2. 1. The Prime Minister is the most influential person in the Canadian government2,The Bloc Quebecois party represents the most interest of Quebec.5. Ontario and Quebec are densely populated in Canada9. Quebec is the home of the most French-speaking people in Canada翻译1.2.Britain is a country with a history of invasions. In 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman Empire, in the late 8th century they experienced raids from Scandinavia and in the 11th century they suffered invasions from Normans3. The doctrine of the …divine right of kings‟ held that the sovereign derived his auth ority from God, not from his subject4. The British constitution consist of statute law, the common law and the conventions.5.There are three major parties in the UK; the Conservative party, the Labour party and the Liberal Democratic party6.7.8.910.It consists of a Congress that is divided into the House of Representatives with 435 members who serve two-year terms, and the Senate with 100 lawmakers who serve six-year terms, the legislative branch is made up of elected representatives from all of the states and is the only branch that can make federal laws, and levy federal taxes, declare war or put foreign treaties into effect11. The Supreme Court is composed of 1 chief justice and 8 associate justices.。
英语国家概况学习笔记---1
英语国家概况学习笔记---1英语国家概况学习笔记Land and PeopleGreat Britain is the largest island in Europe .It is made up of England , Scotland ,and Wales .Together with Northern Ireland ,It forms the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. This is the full name of the country which constitutes all these places .The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, or the United Kingdom , is “the UK ”for short. However, most people cal l the UK ”Britain”or ”Great Britain ”,and some people simply say “England” ,which is incorrect and particularly annoys the Scots.Great Britain是欧洲最大的岛屿，由英国，苏格兰和威尔士组成。
与北爱尔兰一起，它构成了大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
这是这些所有这些地方的国家的全称。
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland或United Kingdom或是简称“the UK”。
然而，大多数人称The UK 为“Britain”或“Great Britain”，还有些人只是说“England”，这是错误的，特别使苏格兰人的烦恼。
According to the 2011 census, the total population of the UK was around 63million.It is the third –largest in the European Union (behind Germany and France ) and the 22nd-largest in the word.根据2011年人口普查，英国总人口约为6300万人，是欧盟第三大（落后于德国和法国），排在第二十二位。
英语国家概况知识点总结
英语国家概况知识点总结概述:英语被广泛用于世界各地，特别是在英语国家。
英语国家是指以英语为官方语言的国家。
这些国家在文化、历史和政治方面有着共同的特点。
本文将总结关于英语国家的一些重要知识点。
1. 英语国家数量:目前，英语被作为官方语言或主要语言使用在75个国家和地区。
其中，英国、美国、加拿大和澳大利亚是英语国家中最重要的四个国家。
2. 英语的起源:英语起源于古代日耳曼语，并受到盎格鲁、撒克逊、日耳曼和诺曼底法语等语言的影响。
在中世纪，英语逐渐成为英格兰的主要语言，后来通过英国的殖民活动传播到世界各地。
3. 英语的变体:英语有多种变体，包括英国英语、美国英语、澳大利亚英语和加拿大英语等。
这些变体在发音、拼写和用法方面有所不同。
4. 英语国家的文化:英语国家的文化多样且富有活力。
英国是莎士比亚、达尔文和牛津剑桥等的故乡，以其丰富的文学、音乐和戏剧传统而闻名。
美国则以好莱坞电影、摇滚音乐和现代科技创新而著名。
澳大利亚和加拿大拥有美丽的自然风光，并注重多元文化的融合。
5. 英语国家的政治体制:英语国家有各种不同的政治体制。
英国是君主制国家，美国是联邦共和制国家，澳大利亚和加拿大则是联邦议会制国家。
这些国家在政治制度上有着明显的区别，但都保持着相对稳定的政治体系。
6. 英语的全球影响力:英语是联合国和其他国际组织的官方语言之一。
它也是全球商务和文化交流的主要语言。
掌握英语可以给人们提供更多的就业机会和交流平台。
7. 英语教育:英语是世界上最广泛学习的第二语言。
在许多英语国家，英语教育是义务教育的一部分。
英国、美国、加拿大和澳大利亚都有世界一流的教育体系，吸引着来自世界各地的留学生。
结论:英语国家在全球范围内有着重要的地位和影响力。
了解英语国家的概况能够帮助人们更好地理解英语语言及其文化背景。
掌握英语不仅是国际交流的必要工具，也是扩大人们视野和增加自身竞争力的关键。
英语国家概况教学大纲
英语国家概况教学大纲英语国家概况教学大纲随着全球化进程的不断加速，英语已经成为一门全球通用的语言。
因此，对于学习英语的学生来说，了解英语国家的概况是非常重要的。
本文将探讨英语国家概况教学大纲的设计和内容。
一、教学目标英语国家概况教学的目标是使学生对英语国家的地理、历史、文化、经济等方面有一个全面的了解。
通过学习英语国家的概况，学生可以更好地理解和运用英语，提高语言交流的能力。
二、教学内容1. 地理概况地理概况是英语国家概况教学的基础。
学生需要了解英语国家的地理位置、面积、人口等基本信息。
同时，还需要了解英语国家的自然地理特点，如地形、气候、自然资源等。
2. 历史概况了解英语国家的历史可以帮助学生更好地理解英语国家的文化和社会背景。
教学内容可以包括英语国家的历史事件、重要人物、政治制度等方面的知识。
3. 文化概况英语国家的文化多样性是学习英语的重要方面。
学生需要了解英语国家的文化传统、宗教信仰、音乐、艺术、风俗习惯等方面的知识。
可以通过介绍英语国家的节日、传统食物、民间故事等来培养学生对英语国家文化的兴趣。
4. 经济概况了解英语国家的经济情况对于学生了解英语国家的社会发展和就业机会非常重要。
可以介绍英语国家的主要产业、经济发展水平、国际贸易等方面的知识。
三、教学方法1. 多媒体教学多媒体教学是英语国家概况教学的重要手段。
通过使用图片、视频、音频等多媒体资料，可以生动形象地展示英语国家的地理、历史、文化、经济等方面的信息，激发学生的学习兴趣。
2. 小组讨论小组讨论是培养学生合作意识和思维能力的有效方法。
可以将学生分成小组，让他们在小组内讨论英语国家的某一方面，并向全班做报告。
这样可以增加学生的参与度，提高他们的口语表达能力。
3. 实地考察实地考察是英语国家概况教学的一种拓展方式。
可以组织学生参观英语国家的使馆、文化机构、企业等，让他们亲身体验英语国家的文化和社会环境。
四、教学评估教学评估是英语国家概况教学的重要环节。
自考《英语国家概况》过关指导.docx
自考《英语国家概况》过关指导《英语国家概况》是英语专业专科阶段的全国统考课程，该课程覆盖范围广、知识点多、内容繁杂、词汇量大、跳跃性强，让众多学员望而生畏。
许多学员在这门课程的学习上投入了大量的时间和精力，结果却难尽人意。
《英语国家概况》由此成为专科阶段最让考生头疼的课程，许多考生感到很吃力，有的考了多次也没有通过。
笔者根据多年的教学实践谈一点自己的体会，希望对广大自考生有所帮助。
一、课程性质《英语国家概况》是为了使考生了解英、美、加、澳、爱尔兰、新西兰等主要英语国家的地理、历史、经济、政治、文化、宗教等方面的概况。
本课程是一门实用性很强的文化知识课。
一方面通过英语阅读主要英语国家的背景材料，扩大知识面，另一方面通过学习文化知识，进行语盲基本功的训练。
巩固和提高英语水平，培养考生的跨文化交际能力。
二、教材内容及编排《英语国家概况》所涉及的英语国家彼此有深刻的历史渊源和紧密的联系。
课程章节编排以对英国的介绍开篇，着重介绍美国、加拿大和澳大利亚的状况，并简略介绍爱尔兰和新西兰，其中英国知识的学习对其他各国的学习有着重要的基础作用和背景意义。
因此，紧紧把握英语国家背景知识成为课程学习的关键。
在学习时，先粗后精，先全局后细节，先框架后具体，把握体系，理清脉络，然后再以英国知识为基础扩散到其他部分的学习，触类旁通，学习就会势如破竹，考试也就能够做到轻松自如了。
三、考试题型《英语国家概况》的考试时间为150分钟。
具体题型、题量，分值的分布情况如下表。
近年来《英语国家概况》自考试题内容分布基本遵循以下规律。
选择题50个，英国20，美国20，加拿大和澳大利亚各3个，新西兰和爱尔兰各2个。
简答题10个，英国美国各3个，加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰和爱尔兰各1个。
名词解释4个，英国美国各2个。
1999年自学考试《英语国家概况》从中文考试转为全英文考试。
自2000年，考试题型也作了较大的改变，由原来的6大题型缩减到4大题型，并根据答题字数多少的要求，先少后多，将简答题置于名词解释之后，这一改变具有一定的科学性。
英语国家概况
英语国家概况自学指导书江苏技术师范学院自学进度表总学时：80面授学时：24 自学学时：56函授英语国家概况自学指导书一、教材说明本函授课程使用教材为高等教育出版社出版，朱永涛主编的《英语国家社会与文化入门》(The Society and Culture of Major English-Speaking Countries: An Introduction) 上册。
《英语国家社会与文化入门》是一套关于主要英语国家（英国、澳大利亚和新西兰）的社会与文化背景的教科书，旨在帮助英语专业学生和英语自学者了解这些国家的社会与文化概貌，如地理、历史、政治、经济、社会生活和文化传统等方面的基本知识。
同时，通过课文的学习和各种练习的实践，达到提高英语水平的目的。
本书在课文的编写及练习的设计上力图符合中国学生的具体情况，根据中国学生的实际需要对难点作了精心注释，并设计了方便学生学习的练习。
其次，为了帮助学生理解课文，掌握英语，吸取知识，注释部分尽量做到详细、实用，力争起到教师课堂引导的作用。
注释的内容包括重大事件和人物的历史背景、典故、语言难点或学生不容易理解的地方等。
每课编有重点内容提示（Focal Points），以助于学生掌握课文的组织结构和中心思想。
每课课文后都设计了多项选择题、填空题及解释题，这些练习不仅可以帮助学生记忆各种信息，巩固和提高文化和语言知识，还可以帮助学生复习、归纳所学内容。
书后附有练习题的答案，供学习者参考。
此外，每章都编有思考题，供学生进行口语练习或用英语开展跨文化比较讨论时使用。
二、教学及自学内容具体内容如下：The United Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern IrelandIntroduction: The United KingdomFocal Points:--a complicated country with a complicated name--the effects of its imperial past--a member of the European Union--a multiracial society--remarkable class, regional and economic differences--a significant role of LondonQuestions for Thought:1.What was the British Empire? What do you know about it? In whatway is the “Empire” still felt in Britain and in the international field?2.Why does the author say that it is not possible to sum up the Britishpeople with a few simple phrases?Chapter 1 Great BritainFocal Points:--a cultural and economic dominance of England--invasion from the Roman empire--settlement of the Anglo-Saxons--King Arthur--Vikings from Scandinavia--William the Conqueror--the legend of Robin Hood--Parliament’s dominance over the throne--physical features of Scotland--a cultural division between highland and lowland--the Battle of Bannockburn--independence of Scotland for 300 years--Union with England in 1707--a strong Scottish identity--a brief introduction of Wales--a history of invasions--Wales’ unification with the UK--campaigns for independenceQuestions for Thought:1.“British history has been a history of invasion”. Please illustrate thispoint with the examples from the text. How did each of the invasions influence English culture?2.What are some general characteristics of Scotland? How did Scotlandbecome part of the union of Great Britain?3.Describe characteristics of Wales and Wales’unification with GreatBritain.4.Are there any differences between England, Scotland and Wales interms of cultural tradition?Chapter 2 Northern IrelandFocal Points:--population and physical features of Northern Ireland--economy of Northern Ireland--the Home Rule Bill--the Easter Rising of 1916--the Sinn Fein Party--the religious conflicts between the Irish and the British--a partition of Ireland in 1921--a Civil Rights Movement--the presence of British soldiers on Northern Ireland since 1969--IRA’s violence in the 1970s--Bloody Sunday--the collapse of the power-sharing--cooperation between the British and Irish governments--IRA’s refusal to hand over their weapons--future for Northern Ireland still in doubtQuestions for Thought:1.What are some of the factors in Irish and English history that affectsthe situation in Northern Ireland today?2.Different parties and groups in the United Kingdom have differentsolutions to the political problem in Northern Ireland. Please sum up their different attitudes.Chapter 3 The Government of the United KingdomFocal Points:--the monarchy--the parliament--the birth of the Prime Minister and Cabinet--the British government today--the Constitution--Parliament--the monarchy--the House of LordsQuestions for Thought:1.What are some of the characteristics of the British constitutionalmonarchy? How has the English monarchy evolved gradually to the present constitutional monarchy?2.How did the doctrine of the “divine right of kings”, according to theauthor, lead to the English Civil War? What do you know about the causes of the English Revolution in the 17th century?3.What is the history of English parliament? What role did theparliament play in the Civil War?4.Discuss the major characteristics and the main content of the Britishconstitution.5.What kind of institution is the House of Lords? What role does it playin British government?Chapter 4 PoliticsFocal Points:--general elections--the political parties: the Conservative party, the Labour party and the Liberal Democrats--recent political trends: economy with high inflation and low growth, poverty, welfare payment, unemployment--current issuesQuestions for Thought:1.Who can stand for election as an MP in the UK? Why are smallparties and independent candidates powerless in the election campaign for the formation of a government?2.What are some of the similarities and dissimilarities between the threebig parties in the UK?Chapter 5 The UK EconomyFocal Points:--absolute decline and relative decline of British economy--recent history of British economy--the current UK economy: three main sectors-“primary”industries, “secondary” industries and tertiary industries--the aerospace industryQuestions for Thought:1.What did the Conservative Party under Mrs. Margaret Thatcherpromise to do to the UK national economy in 1979? The word “reform”in the national economy was also popular when Mrs.Margaret Thatcher formed the government and decided to change the UK economy. What was her radical reform programme? Was the pragramme successful according to the author?2.What are the three main areas in national economies? Describe thedevelopment of each of them.Chapter 6 British LiteratureFocal Points:--early British literature concerned with Christianity: Beowulf, the Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer, the stories of King Arthur and his knights--the development of drama in the Renaissance: Marlowe, William Shakespeare--characteristics of the Romance writers in the 19th century: the Brontes, Charles Dickens, Sir Walter Scott, Robert Louis Stevenson--characteristics of the 20th century literature: Modernism, Postmodernism, Joseph Conrad, Virginia Woolf, D.H. Lawrence, E.M. Foster, George Orwell, John FowlesQuestions for Thought:1.Why do you think Geoffrey Chaucer was so significant in EnglishLiterature?2.Why do you think that the legend of King Arthur was so popular inthe early writing of English Literature? Can you find a similar examples in early Chinese Literature?Chapter 7 Sports in BritainFocal Points:--football: the FA and the FA Cup--tennis: Wimbledon--cricket--golf--horse racing, hunting and equestrianism: the Grand National, the Royal Ascot, “hunt saboteurs”--fishingQuestions for Thought:What are some of the major differences and similarities between the British and Chinese attitudes towards sports? What are some of the changes that have taken place recently in the Chinese attitude towards sports? How do you account for these changes?Chapter 8 British Holidays and FestivalsFocal Points:--religious holidays:: Christmas, Boxing Day, Easter--national holidays: “Trooping the Colour”--holidays in the 4 nations: Bonfire Night(Guy Fawkes Night) in England, St. Patrick’s Day in Northern Ireland, Hogmanay and Halloween inScotland and eisteddfod in WalesQuestions for Thought:Christmas is the biggest and best-loved British holiday. How do the British celebrate this holiday? In what way does this holiday and the ways of celebration in Britain reflect western cultural traditions in general and British traditions in particular? What is the biggest and best-loved holiday in China? Are there any similarities or differences between the Chinese people celebrating the biggest and best-loved holiday and the British celebrating Christmas?Chapter 9 British Education SystemFocal Points:--the purpose of the British education system--the relationship between education and social class--the present education system: comprehensive schools, grammar schools, GCSE, GCE-A, GVVQs--higher education: old universities, open universitiesQuestions for Thought:1.What are the purposes of the British education system? Pleasecomment on these purposes. What are the main purposes of the Chinese education system? Are there any differences or similarities in the education of the two nations?2.What is the Open University in Britain? What do you think of thissystem?Chapter 10 British Society: Housing, Class and RaceFocal Points:--housing: four main types of British home, namely flats, terraced houses, the “semi” and detached houses--class system in the British society: upper middle-class and lower middle-class, the hereditary aristocracy--ethnic relations in BritainQuestions for Thought:1.Why does the author say that “the way the living arrangement of asociety as a whole are organized tells us something about that society”?how does the housing in Britain reflect British society? Do you think it is also true in China? Use the changes that have taken place in the housing in your hometown to support your points.2.What are the four main types of home in Britain? How do they reflectthe cost and status of homes? What are some of the major types of home in China?Chapter 11 British Foreign RelationsFocal Points:--Britain Then and Now: imperial prime, UN, end of the great British empire--foundations of Britain’s foreign policy--how foreign policy is made--Britain and international institutions: the permanent member of the UN Security Council, the member of the European Union, the member of the Commonwealth--special relationships with the US--British security and defense policy: a member of the nuclear “club”, NATO, the lead nation of Rapid Reaction CorpsQuestions for Thought:1.What are the foundations of Britain’s foreign policy?2.Why does the author think that Britain has the “the specialrelationship” with the United States? Does this relationship still exist?Chapter 12 British MediaFocal Points:--British newspapers: The Times, The Observer, The Guardian, The Telegraph, The News of the World, The Financial Times, the tabloids --broadcast media: television and radio, the BBC, the Independent Television CommissionQuestions for Thought:1.The author says that “ the media are central to British leisure culture”,why does the author say so? What are some of the similarities and differences in terms of function between the British media and the Chinese media?2.Is the British press free from the government control and censorship?What is the relationship between the British press and politics or business?AustraliaChapter 13 Land, People and HistoryFocal Points:--an outline: the flag, the Australian national anthem, Australia’s coat ofarms, Australia’s official language, Australia’s national day--the land: location and size, geography/geology, climate--the peoplelife in AustraliaAustralia as a multicultural society--historyaboriginal society before the European settlementthe British colonization of Australiaexploration of the land by white settlersthe expansion of the British settlementearly development of the colony’s economy/agriculture establishment of local government/authorities/legislatureformation of the Commonwealth of AustraliaQuestions for Thought:Why does the author say that Australia is a multicultural society? What are some of the similarities and dissimilarities between China and Australia in this respect?Chapter 14 The Political Life in AustraliaFocal Points:--states and territoriessix states: New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, Tasmaniathree internal territoriesthe external territories--governmentthree-tier system of government: the Australian Parliament(thelegislature) and Government; six state governments and their legislatures; about 900 local government bodies at the city, town, municipal and shire level--international relationsAustralia and the UNChanges in Australian foreign policyAustralia in the Asia-Pacific regionAustralia in the South Pacific regionAustralia and the Western countriesAustralia’s nuclear policiesQuestions for Thought:Can you point out some main differences between the Australian government system and the British government system?Chapter 15 The EconomyFocal Points:--an overviewchanges in Australia’s economy after WWIIprimary industry—rural and mining sectorssecondary and tertiary industries—strong growthoverall economic performance in the past 20 years--resources and energy: minerals and metals--trade--primary industrylimitations on agriculture developmentAustralia as the world’s major exporter agricultural products--manufacturing industrythe tertiary sectorBHPQuestions for Thought:The author believes that Australia has a dynamic economy. What accounts for this according to the author? Do you agree with the author? Do you think we can learn something from Australia’s economic development?Chapter 16 The Cultural and Social LifeFocal Points:--educationtwo main types of school: government and non-government schools compulsory schoolingprimary schoolingsecondary schoolingspecial educational programs for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander studentsspecial educational services for the disabled studentsmulticultural educationassistance from the federal governmentteacher’s qualificationpost-secondary education--the arts and literaturethe arts: distinctive Australian trendsthe literaturepoetry: Henry Kendall, Henry Lawsonfictional literature: Henry Lawson, Patrick Whitedrama: David Williamson--the mediaNewspapers and magazinesRadio and television--Healthprivate and public facilities of health care in Australiathe federal government’s role in health carehealth care for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoplethe Royal Flying Doctor Servicethe Red Cross Societythe fight against AIDSthe National Campaign Against Drugs--social servicessocial security program today: the age pension, the sole parent pensionQuestions for Thought:1.What are some of the features in the education system that arespecifically Australian?2.What is Medicare in Australia? Find out those particularly Australianhealth care practices.New ZealandChapter 17 Land, People and HistoryFocal Points:--geography, land and environmentgeography: North Island, South Islandthe weatherwildlife: unique flora and faunaenvironmental issues:the Resource Management Actozone depletion--the New ZealanderspopulationMaori SocietyPacific Island PeopleLanguageHuman rightsStandard of living--Maoritangatraditions: legends about MauiMaori SocietyEthnic relationsMaori language--historyfirst settlers of the Islandscoming of European Navigators and Settlersthe Gold Rushesthe relationship between Maori and Pakehathe Social Welfare Systemthe Post-war YearsQuestions for Thought:1.Discuss the Maori culture in New Zealand. Is it similar with theAboriginal culture in Australia?2.How has New Zealand avoided the air, water and land pollutionproblems of other industrialized countries?Chapter 18 Political System, Education and EconomyFocal Points:--governmentthe ConstitutionParliamentMixed member Proportional RepresentationThe CabinetPublic ServiceThe OmbudsmanLocal Government--education--agriculturehard-won reputation as the world’s largest farmtechnologyfarm managementcrops and horticulture--forestry & fishing--overseas tradeexports: dairy products, meat and wool; forestry exports; service marketsgovernment policy and prioritiesimportsQuestions for Thought:1.Why does the author say that New Zealand’s reputation as the world’slargest farm has been hard-won? In what way is New Zealand’s agriculture similar with Australia?2.The author says that New Zealand lives by trade. Is the authorjustified by saying this? Is it true in Australia and Britain?三、教学安排本课程共有80学时，其中面授24学时。
英美概况学习要领
英美概况学习要领关于《英语国家概况》课程方面的辅导材料很少。
现在又面临课程改革，薄薄的旧版本换成了700多页的厚本，实在是让人挠头。
在这种情况下，我总结了自己的学习思路与具体的学习方法。
思路共分三步：第一步：粗读。
先看大纲，然后把课本翻看一遍，大纲没涉及的内容也要看。
第二步：精读。
要面面俱到，读完每一章后，要做练习册上的题，除此之外，把自己总结的题也要掌握，然后重读这一章。
历史要一字不漏地看，其它的内容可参阅大纲，只抓重点部分看。
第三步：记重点。
在熟悉习题的基础上，要通读全文，要看重点，依据题型去套书中的内容。
具体的学习方法如下：一.通读全文，掌握框架读书也要讲大将风范，有了具体的思路之后，还要在头脑中形成清晰的框架，从整体入手，然后，再把具体的重点加上去，这样，掌握起来，就不至凌乱。
二.找准重点，理清线索熟悉课文内容是任何一科都必不可少的。
《英语国家概况》比其它课要难，英国与美国的历史部分占很大篇幅，要作为重点去掌握，但这部分内容看起来又是那么宠杂，因此理清线索，摸清脉络之后，我们理解起来就轻松多了。
如：英国历史部分可整理成这样一条线索：early settlers——Roman invations——Anglo-Saxons——the Viking and Danish Invations——the Norman Conquest——William’s Rule——the Great Charter——the Hundred Year’s War——the English Reformation——the English Renaissance——the Civil War——the Glorius Revolution——the Industrial Revolution ——in the two World Wars美国历史部分可整理成这样一条线索：the war of Independence——the War of 1812——territorial expansion and Westward Movement——the Civil War——in the two World Wars——the Cold War——the Berlin Blockade——the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s——the Vietname War每个要点之后都分别有重点，尤其每次战争的背景、时间、起因、结果都需要全面了解。
英语国家概况完整篇复习重点Word版
英语国家概况Chapter 1 Land and People第一章英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts 英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。
4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。
自考《英语国家概况》过关指导.docx
自考《英语国家概况》过关指导《英语国家概况》是英语专业专科阶段的全国统考课程，该课程覆盖范围广、知识点多、内容繁杂、词汇量大、跳跃性强，让众多学员望而生畏。
许多学员在这门课程的学习上投入了大量的时间和精力，结果却难尽人意。
《英语国家概况》由此成为专科阶段最让考生头疼的课程，许多考生感到很吃力，有的考了多次也没有通过。
笔者根据多年的教学实践谈一点自己的体会，希望对广大自考生有所帮助。
一、课程性质《英语国家概况》是为了使考生了解英、美、加、澳、爱尔兰、新西兰等主要英语国家的地理、历史、经济、政治、文化、宗教等方面的概况。
本课程是一门实用性很强的文化知识课。
一方面通过英语阅读主要英语国家的背景材料，扩大知识面，另一方面通过学习文化知识，进行语盲基本功的训练。
巩固和提高英语水平，培养考生的跨文化交际能力。
二、教材内容及编排《英语国家概况》所涉及的英语国家彼此有深刻的历史渊源和紧密的联系。
课程章节编排以对英国的介绍开篇，着重介绍美国、加拿大和澳大利亚的状况，并简略介绍爱尔兰和新西兰，其中英国知识的学习对其他各国的学习有着重要的基础作用和背景意义。
因此，紧紧把握英语国家背景知识成为课程学习的关键。
在学习时，先粗后精，先全局后细节，先框架后具体，把握体系，理清脉络，然后再以英国知识为基础扩散到其他部分的学习，触类旁通，学习就会势如破竹，考试也就能够做到轻松自如了。
三、考试题型《英语国家概况》的考试时间为150分钟。
具体题型、题量，分值的分布情况如下表。
近年来《英语国家概况》自考试题内容分布基本遵循以下规律。
选择题50个，英国20，美国20，加拿大和澳大利亚各3个，新西兰和爱尔兰各2个。
简答题10个，英国美国各3个，加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰和爱尔兰各1个。
名词解释4个，英国美国各2个。
1999年自学考试《英语国家概况》从中文考试转为全英文考试。
自2000年，考试题型也作了较大的改变，由原来的6大题型缩减到4大题型，并根据答题字数多少的要求，先少后多，将简答题置于名词解释之后，这一改变具有一定的科学性。
2022年自考00522英语国家概况核心考点资料
2022 年自考 00522 英语国家概况核心考点资料
第一章 国土与人民
1. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ire land. 官方名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
2. Great Britain is the largest island in Europe. It is made up of England, Scotland, and Wales. Together with Northern lreland, it forms the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 大不列颠是欧洲最大的岛屿,由英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士组成。它和北爱尔兰-起构成了大不 列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
的土地,并将其分发给追随他的诺曼人。他用强大的诺曼政府取代了薄弱的撒克逊统治。 于是,封建制度在英国完全确立。
自考“英语国家概况”大纲详解（1）
英国概况 1. Land and People 国⼟与⼈民 Different names for Britain and its parts 英国的不同名称及其区域 正式名称：⼤不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
简称：联合王国，或UK.⾸都伦敦。
它包括不列颠岛和北爱尔兰。
不列颠诸岛：包括不列颠岛，爱尔兰岛和⼏百个⼩岛。
爱尔兰岛：岛的北部地区，即北爱尔兰属于联合王国；岛的南部地区，称为爱尔兰共和国或爱尔兰，1949年独⽴，⾸都是都柏林。
三个政治区域：英格兰，苏格兰，威尔⼠。
由于帝国主义扩张政策，英国成为⼀个帝国。
两次世界⼤战后，其殖民地不断独⽴，⼤英帝国逐渐消失，1931年由英联邦取代。
英联邦：是由原英国殖民地组成的⼀个⾃由联合体，各独⽴成员国间，根据贸易协议实⾏经济合作。
英联邦没有特别的权⼒，⽬前有50个成员国。
2. Origins of the Nation 英国的起源 Arrival and settlement of the Celts 凯尔特⼈的到来和迁居 ⾃公元前700年不断迁⼊，来⾃东欧及中欧，即现在的法国，⽐利时和德国南部。
三次⼊侵⾼潮： 第⼀次是公元前600年，盖尔⼈。
第⼆次是公元前400年，布⽴吞（不列颠）⼈。
第三次是公元前150年，贝尔盖⼈。
强⼤的酋长卡西弗洛诺斯，莎⼠⽐亚剧本中的⾟⽩林。
技艺：农耕，沼泽地排⽔，修建房屋，铁匠。
后裔：⼭地苏格兰⼈，爱尔兰⼈，威尔⼠⼈。
语⾔：是威尔⼠语和盖尔语的基础。
宗教：德鲁伊德教。
德鲁伊德指智者，占星家和占⼘者。
采⽤活⼈祭祀。
Basis of modern English race： the Anglo-Saxons 现代英格兰民族的基础：盎格鲁——撒克逊⼈ 三⽀⽇尔曼（条顿）部落的⼊侵： 朱特⼈：来⾃朱特兰岛（现丹麦南部）。
酋长亨及斯特和霍塞，帮助肯特国王伏泰根驱逐⽪克特⼈和苏格兰⼈后，转⽽攻击伏泰根，最终亨及斯特成为肯特国王。
英语国家概况笔记整理
英语国家概况笔记整理英语国家概况：英语是目前世界上使用最广泛的语言之一，被称为国际语言。
以下是关于英语国家的概况。
1. 英语国家概述英语国家是指以英语作为官方语言或重要语言的国家。
主要的英语国家包括英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰、爱尔兰等。
此外，英语也是许多其他国家和地区的官方语言或教育语言，如印度、菲律宾、南非等。
2. 英国英国是英语的发源地和最重要的英语国家之一。
它由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰组成。
英国是一个世界上最多元化和文化历史最悠久的国家之一，拥有众多的名胜古迹，如大本钟、巨石阵、伦敦塔等。
3. 美国美国是世界上最大的英语国家之一，拥有丰富的资源和多元文化。
美国是一个移民国家，人口大部分由来自不同国家的移民组成。
美国的经济实力雄厚，是世界上最大的经济体之一。
美国的主要城市有纽约、洛杉矶、芝加哥等。
4. 加拿大加拿大是世界上第二大国家，拥有广袤的土地和丰富的自然资源。
英语和法语是加拿大的两种官方语言，但英语在加拿大的大部分地区得到广泛使用。
加拿大是一个文化多元化的国家，各个城市和地区拥有不同的文化特点。
5. 澳大利亚澳大利亚位于南半球，是世界上最大的岛屿国家。
澳大利亚是一个拥有多种语言和文化的国家，但英语是其主要语言。
悉尼和墨尔本是澳大利亚最大的城市，也是该国的文化和商业中心。
6. 新西兰新西兰位于太平洋地区，是一个自然环境优美的国家。
英语是该国的官方语言，也是教育、商务和政府机构使用的主要语言。
新西兰是一个小而友好的国家，拥有丰富的户外活动和独特的文化。
7. 爱尔兰爱尔兰位于欧洲西部，是一个英语国家，英语是该国的官方语言。
爱尔兰是一个美丽而古老的国家，有着浓厚的文化和历史。
爱尔兰以其独特的音乐、文学和舞蹈而闻名，如爱尔兰民谣和著名的作家詹姆斯·乔伊斯。
8. 其他英语国家除了以上国家，英语也是印度、菲律宾、南非等许多国家和地区的官方语言或教育语言。
这些国家拥有丰富的历史和文化遗产，每个国家都有自己独特的文化和风景。
英语国家概况的复习重点
英语国家概况的复习重点英语国家概况六国比较国英语国家概况 - 地理、人口、气候篇 [UseMoney=8]一、地理位置,面积: 英国:The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Britain is an island country. It is surounded by the sea. It lies in the north Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe.It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the Borth sea in the east. The Britain covers an area of 244,100 square kms. It runs 1,000 kms from north to south and extends, at the widest part, about 500 kilometres. 美国:the United States of America The continental United States lies in central North America with Canada to its north.Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its South,the Atlantic Ocean to its east and the Pacific Ocean to its west.The two newest states Alaska and Hawaii are separated from the continetal United States.(Joined in 1959) The U.S. has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres(the 4th largest country in the world).It streches 2,575 kilometres from north to south and 4,500 kilometres from east to west. 爱尔兰:the Republic of Ireland(Eire) The Republic of Ireland covers an area of 70,282 sq.km.The cuntry's total boundary si 3,603 km long,of which its land border with Northern Ireland is 434 km. It is bounded on the northeast by Northern Ireland,on the east and southeast by the Irish Sea and St. Geogore's Channel and on the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean. 加拿大:Canada Canada is the world's second largest country after Russia. It has a land area of about 10 million sq.km. It covers about two fifths of North American comtinent.North to South(3,200 kilometres),east to west(6,400 kilometres).Canada and United States share a 6,378 kilometre boundary that has not been fortified for over a hundred years. Canada lies to the north of the United States.The 45th parallel marks the boundary between Canada and norhtern Vermont and New York of the United States. 澳大利亚:Australia Australia streches from 10 south to 44 south of latitude and 113 east to 154 east of longitude. Australia is the world's smallest continent with an area of 7.7 milion sq.km. But Australia is the sixth largest country in the world. It surrounded by the Tasman Sea and the Pacific Ocean to the east,by the Indian Ocean to the west,by the Coral Sea,the Atlantic Sea and Timor Sea to the north,and the Southern Indian Ocean and the Great Australian Bight to the south. 新西兰:New Zealand New Zealand is in the Southern Pacific Ocean,halfway between the equator and South Pole. About 1,500 km to the northwest,across the Tasman Sea,is Australia. To the east,10,600 km of the Pacific Ocean separate New Zealand from South America.The icy continent of Antarctica lies 2,300 km to the south. The latitude of the capital city,Wellington,is 40S;the latitude of China's capital is 40N.It is just west of the International Date line,so it is the first country to get the new day. The size of the country is similar to Britain or Japan.三、气候，人口英国: Britain has a population of 57,411,000(1990). A maritime type of climate. Winters are mild,not too cold and summers are cool,not too hot,and it has a steady reliable rainfullthroughtout the whole year. It has a small range of temperature. 美国: The United States of America,with a population of 255.5 million in July 1992,is the third most populous country in the wrold. By the year 2050,the population is expected to climb to 383 million,a50% increase. The United States is located in the middle latitudes north of the equator. And there are different types of climate in different regions. 1)A humid continental climate is found in the north-eastern part of the country.(New England) 2)In the south-eastern United States you can find a humid subtropical climate. *these two zones stretch westward across the United States until they approach the 100th meridian. 3)Beyond this point they gradually give way to the continental steppe climate of the Great Plains. 4)The Pacific northwest is favoured with a maritime climate. 5)The souther part of the Pacific coast in California has a Mediterranean climate. 爱尔兰: The population of Ireland in 1990 was estimated at 3.5 million. It is expected to grow to 4 million by 2000. The weather of Ireland is described as "mild,moist and changeable".Extreme cold,long frosts,heavy snows in winter and scorching days in summer are uncommon. 加拿大: Canada has a population of only a little over 29 million(1994).Toronto(3.4 million),Montreal(2.9 million)and Vancouver(1.3 million) are the most populous cities in Canada. Except for southwestern Saskatchewan and southeastern Alberta,Canada recieves adequate rainfall.However the climate throughout Canada is varied. 1)A maritime climate similar to that of Washington and Oregon states in the United States is found in the southwestern part of British Colombia. 2)North of these regions lie the evergreen forests of the subarctic taiga. 3)In the far north there is a polar climate with a treeless tundra zone Generally speaking the climate in Canada is unfavourable.Much of Cananda has long and cold winters with deep snow. 澳大利亚: Today(1996) Australia's population is about 18 million or about two people to the square kilometre. Most Australia do not know their continent very well because they live on the cool,wet,forested south-east coastland. This is the most pleasant part of the country and the forests are unique but it is not Australia's most common environment. Two thirds of the coutry is hot and dry. 新西兰: The population of New Zealand is 3.5 million. Approximately 10% are Maori,or part Maori. The climate in New Zealand is generally temperate,but becasue the country runs northsouth,the climate is varied. In the far north it is subtropical and in some mountainous areas of South island it is almost subarcitc.Seasonal variations are less extreme than in many other countries. 英语国家概况 - 政治篇一、基本政治制度和国家元首[UseMoney=8]英国： The United Kingdome is a constitutional monarchy:the head of States is a king or a queen. In practice,the Sovereign reigns,but does not rule:the United Kongdom is governed,in the name of the Sovereign,by His or Her Majestty's Government--a body of Ministers who are the leading members of whichever political party the electorate has voted into office,and who are responsible to Parliament. The present Sovereign is Queen Elizabeth II. 美国： The American Consitution set up a federal systerm of government which has two layers of rule.(central of federal government for the nation ,state and local governments.) The President of the Unites States is head of the executive branch. The White House is hisofficial residence. He is also head of state elected by the whole nation.(4years,two times at the most) 爱尔兰： Ireland is a parliamentary republic and a unitary state under the 1937 Consitution. The head of the state is the president.(7years) 加拿大： Canada,a self-governing memeber of the Commonwealth of Nations,is a federation of 10 povinces and two territories. Canada, along with Australia, New Zealand and some other Commonwealth countries, recognizes Britain' monarch, Queen Elizabath II, as Head of State. 澳大利亚：The Commonwealth of Australia is a federation.The Six colonies joined together as sovereign States. 新西兰： New Zealand is a sovereign independent State,which a parliament government and a constitutional monarchy立法机构 ,执法机构[UseMoney=8]二、立法机构英国:Parliament(maximum 5 years duration)Parliament consisted of the Sovereign,the House of Lords(made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal) and House of Commons(651).美国：CongressArticle I of the Constitution grants all legislative power of the federal government to a Congress composed of two chambers,a Senate(two members from each state,six year term and every even year,one-third of the Senate stands for re-election ) and a House of Representatives(based on population and its size is therefore not specified in the Constitution.435).爱尔兰：All the legislative power are vested in the national parliament.(Oireachats) Oireachats has two houses. They are the Senate(Seanad) and the House of Representives(Dail Eireann)加拿大：All the legislative power of the federal administration are vested in the Parliament of Canada,which consists of the Crown,the Senate(104) and the House of Commons(295).Therefore,laws must be passed by both Houses of Parliament and signed by the Governor-General in the Queen's name.澳大利亚：The Australian Federal Parliament is modelled on the Westminster system.It is the Legislature.It consists of the Queen and two Houses of Parliament:the House of Representatives and the Senate. 新西兰：New Zealand follows the British Parliamentary system with some varitions.Since 1950 the New Zealand Parliament has had only one chamber,the House of Representatives. (every 3 years)三、执法机构英国:The Prime Minister is apointed by the Queen.He always sits in the House of Commons.And his residence is No.10 Downing Street in London.The party which wins sufficient seats at a General Election to command a majority of supporters in the House of Commons usually forms the Government.Ministers are appointedby the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The most senior ministers compose the Cabinet.美国：The head of the departments,chosen by the President and approved by the Senate,form a council of advisers generally known as the President. This inculdes the White House staff,the Office of Management and Budget,the Council of Economic Advisers,and the Office of Emergerency Preparedness. The department are as follows(不打上来了,是书上的P305)爱尔兰：The Article 13 of the Constitution provides that the president shall appoint the prime minister(toiseach) on the nomination of the House of Representatives(Dail) and that he shall appoint the other members of the government on the nomination of the prime minister with the previous approval of the Dail.The prime minister holds office either until he chooses to resign or until he loses the support of the majority in the Dail.加拿大：Queen is represented in Canada by the Governor-General,who is appointed on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. In practice, the Governor-General acts only the advice of the Canada Prime Minister and the Cabinet, who also sit in the federal parliament.The Prime Minister and other members of the Cabinet exercise executive power as the "Government".澳大利亚：In Australia the Queen is represented by the Govenor-General.(这里和加拿大是完全一样的) The executive is the government of the day.It is formed by the party or coalition of parties,which has a majority of seats in the House of Representatives.The Executive consists of the Prime Minister and the other members of the ministry.新西兰：The leader of the party with a majority of members in the House of Representatives becomes Prime Minister.He or she and about 20 other chosen members,form the Cabinet.党派,司法机构[UseMoney=8]四、党派英国:Since the 1945 eiher the Conservative Party or the Labour Party has held power.A new party--the Social and Liberal Democratic Party was formed in 1988.美国：In general,America has a two-party system.The Democrats(the major party now) and the Republicans.爱尔兰：Ireland has a bipolar political system with two major paries,Finna Fail and Fine Gael.The Irish Labour Party is the oldest of all the parties in Ireland. The Progressive Democrats is the largest of the minor partiesafter 1987 election.加拿大：Two party system and one party rule.There are two main federal parties in Canada.They are the Liberal Party and the Progressive Conservative Party.澳大利亚：We can say that Australia has a two-and-half party system of the ALP(Australia Labour Party) on one side and the Liberal Party and National parties on the other.新西兰：For the last 50 years the two main parties have been the National party and the Labour Party.五、司法机构英国: Criminal Courts in England and Wales including: Magistrates Courts,Youth Courts and the Crown CourtsScotland: 1.the High Courts of Justiciary 2.the sheriff court 3. the district court Northern Ireland: Magistrates' courts,Country courts and the Crown CourtCivil Courts in England and Wales: are the Country Court of which there are 270.The High Court deal with the more complicated cases.Scotland:the civil courts are the sheriff court and the Court of Session.Northern Ireland:Country courts are primarily civil law courts. The magistrates' court also deals with certain limited classes of civil cases.The High Court of Justice is the superior civil law court.Appeals from country courts are dealt with by the High Court or the Court of Appeal.美国：The judicial,consists of a system of courts headed by the Supreme Court and including subordinate courts throughtout the country.And it is the organ which has the power to interpret the Constitution.The judicial system has evovlved into the present structure:the Supreme Court,11 courts of appeals,91 district courts,and three courts of special jurisdiction.爱尔兰：Statutes passed by the British Parliament before 1921 have the force of law except those repealed by the Irish Oireachats.The high court has full origianal jurisdiction and power in all matters of law.It also can determine the validity of any law within the provisions of the Constitution.The Supreme Court is the court of final appeal.(a chief jusice and six other jusices)加拿大：Canada law has its source in acts and judicial decisions,and also in British common law. Quebec is an exception since its system is based on the French civil law.The provincial and federal governments have the power to establish courts. The federal Parliament created the Supreme Court of Canada,the Federal Court and various of special jurisdiction.澳大利亚：The High Court is the most superior.It consists of a chief jusice and six other jusices.The Federal Court of Australia was established in 1977.The Family Court was established in 1976.In each state there is a Superior Court. Below it are intermediate courts commonly called District or County Courts. Below them are Magistrates Courts,Local Courts or Courts of Petty Session. 二、农业[UseMoney=8]英国: The Britain were pioneers in modern agriculture and were among the first to bring science and machinery to farming.The new farming has been called "agribusiness".There are mainly six farming types in Britain.They are arable farning,dairy fariming,stock farming,mixed farming,hill farming and market gardening. Because of the cool climate,apples,pears and plums grwo very well in Britain. The North Sea has very good fishing grounds. 美国: Yet the United States grows nearly one fourth of the world's grain and supplies a half of all the exports of grain in the world. It ranks first,second,or third in the production and export of corn, wheat, rice, soybeans, oranges, meat,milk, apples,oats,cotton,tobaoo, peanuts,and edible vegetable oil.(具体的在什么地方种什么东西可以参照书上P289-291) 爱尔兰: Agriculture generates anestimated 11% of the Ireland GNP,employs 17% of the labour force and produces 25% of total exports. The most signigicant recent development in Irish agriculture has been membership in the European Community. 加拿大: The land used for agriculture makes up only 7% in Canada. Canada farms specialize in producing wheat,food crops for animals dairy products,and fruit.Fishing and mining are quite important. The Canada Prairie is the centre of a rich wheat belt. Eastern Canada is noted for a variety of farm products. Dairying is in the lowlands of Quebec and Ontario. Fruits are grown in Western Nova Scotia. 澳大利亚: Today,agriculture is the nation's largest and most diverse industry.Australia is one of the world's leading producers of foodand natural fibres.Australia is the world's largest exporter of wool,the second largest exporter of meat,the third largest exporter of wheat and a major international supplier of sugar,dairy products,fruits,cotton and rice. Australia's agriculture importance has declined in recent years. 新西兰: Vineyards produce international award-winning red and white wines. 四、对外贸易[UseMoney=8]英国: Britain is the fifth largest trading country in the world.Napoleon called it a "nation of shopkeepers" Britain's foreign trade is mainly with other developed countries. Which accounts for 79% of exports and 85% of imports. About half with EC. Traditionally,Britain has had a deficit on visible trade and a surplus on invisible trade. 美国: Currenty U.S. exports are about 15% of the world's total.The Unites States imports about 13% of all world imports. Canada is the largest single source og goods imported by the U.S.,accounting for nearly 30% of the total. Outside of North America,Europe is the largest source of imports with about 30%,Asia provides about 18%,with smaller percentages from Latin America,Africa,and Australia. 爱尔兰: Successive Irish governments have adopted a consistent and postive approoach toward attracting overseas investment. The new foreign firms now account for over 70% of manufactured exports. Ireland is new an industrial exporter. Manufactured goods account for about two-thirds of total wxports. 加拿大: A total about four fifths of all foreign investments in Canada are American. 澳大利亚: Australia is a middle-level trading nation. The main feature of Australia's trade is that it has always involved the exchange of raw materials for finished products. Australia's trade relations with China have been developing rapidly in recent years. China accouts for about 3% of Australian total exports. 新西兰: Trade is New Zealand's linelihood.Foreign investment is increasing and financial markets are active. Western Europe and particularly Britain have traditionally been New Zealand's major export market. The main imports are industrial raw materials,capital equipment and consumer goods. New Zealand is the world's largest exporter of lamb and mutton as well as dairy products. 五、当今面临的问题[UseMoney=8]英国: Britain is the oldest industrial country in the world.The term "Britain disease" is noew often used to characterise Britain's economic decline. The Evolution of the Britain Economy since the War:1.Steady development in the 50s and 60s.2.Economic recession in the 70s.3.Economic recovery in the 80s. 这里有一部分是撒切尔的宏,微观措施比较重要(P91-92) 美国: The Untied States has a free-market economy with a dominant private sector So the economy system of the United States is principally privately owned.But today,many of American people still live under the poverty line. Unemployment,inflation,finacial deficit,and trade deficit are the troubles that alwaysface the United States. 爱尔兰: The value of imports generally exceeds that of exports. That's why Ireland has a chronic negative balance of trade. Continuing dependence on imported oil is one of the reasons for the high import bill. 加拿大: In the past few years however,Canada's unemployment rate has been high.But what is worth nothing is that the cost for manufacturing has increased while the productivity per worker has decreased as compared with the United States or with its ten trading partners. While Canada has one of the world's highest standards of living,not all regions of the country have enjoyed the same degree of prosperity. Some measures have been taken by the Federal government to help those slow grownth regions. 澳大利亚: Problems of Australia economy:1.Over-reliance on commodity exports.2.Failure to share in the expansion of international trade.3.The decline of manufaturing industries and the effects of tariffs. 二、教育[UseMoney=8]英国: Education is compulsory for between the ages of 5(4 in Northern Ireland) and 16.The protortion of young people entering higher education in universities and colleges was one in four(one in three in Northern Ireland) in 1994.There are 90 universities,including the Open University. The government education departments formulate education policies and are also responsible for the supply and trainging of teachers. Most state school education is the responsibility of local education authorities (LEAs);the rest is provided by self-governing grant-maintained(GM) schools.The British universities are governed by royal charters or by Act of Parliament and enjoy academic freedom. The universities of Oxford and Cambridge date from the 12th and 13th centries. 美国: In the United States,education is regarded as both an individual benefit and a social necessity. Formal education in the United States consisteds of elementary,secondary and higher education. Diversity is considered to be an outstanding characteristic of American education.The America Constitution makes it clear that education is a funcation of the state,not the federal government. Higher education in the United States began with the founding of Harvard College in 1636. The system of higher education in the United States has three principle funcations:teaching,research,and public serivce. Another aspect of American higher education that has drawn the world's attention is the community college and the role it plays. 爱尔兰: Schooling is complusory between ages 6 and 15. The chief lanugage of instruction is English. Ireland's oldest university is the University of Dubin. It was founded in 1591. 加拿大: Virtually all Canadians devote at least ten years to formal cation is a provincial responsibility. Canadian education is divided into three seccessive levels:elementary,secondary,and post-secondary.The oldest university is Laval University in Quebec City,origianlly founded in1663. The largest is the Universityfo Torontao with full-time enrolment of over 31,000 students. 节日、社会福利篇一、社会福利[UseMoney=8]英国: Britain is a welfare state.(The welfare state is a system of government by which the state provides the economic and social security of its citizens through its organization of health services,pensions and other ficilities.)The system is funded out of national insurance and contributions and taxation.In Britain the term applies mainly to the National Health Service--NHS(1948,the largest single employer of labour in the U.K.),national insurance and social security. Personal Social Services assist elderly people,disabled people,people with learning disabilities or mental illness,children ,and families facing special problems. The Social Security is designed to secure a basic standard of living for people in financial need.(Contributory social security benefit: Retirement pension,Unemployment Benefit,Sickness and Invalidity Benefit,Maternity Allowance and Widows' Benefit.Non-contributory social security benefits: War Pensions,Industrial injuries Disablement Benefit,Child Benefit,Family Credit) 加拿大: National health policies and programs have developed in Canada as a result of joint efforts by federal and provincial governments.A universal program for hospital care was introduced in 1958,followed ten years later by universal insurance to meet the cost of physicians'service.The Federal Government paid the provinces one-half the cost of the insurance programs.No Canada lacks access to hospital and medical care for finacial reasons. Federal,provincial and local governements provied a wide range of publicly funded and administered income security and social programs,which are complemented by the serivce of voluntary agencies. 新西兰: Treatment at public hospital is free.A percentage of doctor's fees is paid by the state.The Accident Compensation Corporation provides immediate benefits of free medical trearment for everyone who suffers personal injury by accident. New Zealand was one of the first countries in the world to establish a free national dental service for young people. Infants and pre-school children receive free health care and free immunization against a range of diseases. The social support system helps people with personal,family and financial difficulties. 二、节日(按照时间的排列,不是按照国家排列,主要是英美两国，其他国家没有涉及，因为其实和他们都是一样的）[UseMoney=8]1.New Years Day/January 1st(所有国家) New Year's Day is part of Scotish "Hogmanay"(New Year's eve)festival,which is more important than Christmas to Scots. It is a legal holiday in U.S. and most people have a day off from work.One of the biggest and most exciting places in the United States on New Year's Eve is Time Square in New Year City.On the first day of the New Year,there are a lot of activities.(Mummers Parade in Philadelphiaand the Rose Tournament in Pasadena,California.) 2.Martin Luther King's Day/Third Monday of January (美国) Martin Luther King was a black minister,who became a great leader of the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s. He delivered his best-know speech "I have a dream" before the Lincoin Memorial and he was awarded the Nobel Prize for peace in 1964. By the vote of Congress in 1968,the third Monday of every January is now a federal holiday in his honour. 3.Lincoln's Birthday/February 12 (美国) Lincoln led the country during the difficult time of Civil War and he issued the Emancipation Proclamation which officially freed all slaves in the United States. 4.Valentine's Day/February 14 (美国) Valentine's Day is a day for lovers. 5.Washington's Birthday/February 22 (美国) George Washington is remebered as a great general,as one of the founders of the Republic,as the first President of the United States of America,and also as "the Father of his Country." 6.April Fool's Day/April 1st (英国) April Fool's Day is hardly a festival,but on that day you may find that someone has tied your shoe-lace together,ot given you a false message from your employer,or play some practice jokes on you to make you an "April Fool" 7.Easter Sunday/A Sunday in March or April (英国,美国) East is the chief Christian festival,which celebrates the Resurrection of Christ,on the first Sunday after the first full moon that conincides with,or comes after,the sprign equinox. Easter Sunday,which comes from the ancient Norweigian festival of Spring sun,is the second of the two most important holidays for Christians. There are several symbols for Easter.(Egg and the hare) The Easter Parade is very popluar in the United States.The most famous one is along the Fifth Avenue in New Year City. University students susally have a week-long "Spring Break" to return home to spend the holiday with thier parents. 8.Whit Sunday/falls on the seventh Sunday after Easter(英国) It is a major festival in the Christian church. It celebrates the coming of the Holy Spirit to Christ's apostles seven weeks after his death. 节日(二)。
20天过英语国家概况分数78之魔鬼训练法
20天过英语国家概况分数78之魔鬼训练法简介对于许多学英语的人来说，英语国家概况是备考过程中的一大难点。
而如果想要在短时间内取得较好成绩，考生必须全面掌握考试内容并制定切实可行的备考计划。
本文介绍一种名为“魔鬼训练法”的备考方法，能够帮助考生在20天内通过英语国家概况考试并得到至少78分的成绩。
步骤第一步：规划备考计划备考前，考生需制定合理的备考计划。
首先，考生应详细了解英语国家概况考试的内容以及考试形式。
其次，根据自己的时间安排和学习情况，将备考计划分为三个阶段：初步认识、专项练习和总体提高。
第二步：初步认识阶段这个阶段的目标是帮助考生熟悉英语国家概况考试的内容、出题和考试须知等。
为了达成这个目标，考生需了解以下几点：1.考试形式：了解考试时间、出题形式、考试类型（选择题、填空题、解答题）。
2.考试范围：了解考试范围，包括地理、历史、政治、经济等方面。
3.历年真题分析：通过解析历年真题（至少解析三年），发现考点，感觉出题规律和难度走向。
第三步：专项练习阶段这个阶段的目标是通过专项练习巩固基础知识，提高答题速度和准确率。
具体来说，考生需进行以下几点练习：1.基础知识的熟悉：学地理则刷地理练习题，学历史则刷历史练习题（推荐为历年真题练习），掌握常见题型，并记忆重点内容。
2.时间管理的训练：考生可通过练习卷来提高答题速度和准确率，同时也可以通过模拟考试来测试自己的备考成果。
第四步：总体提高阶段这个阶段的目标是通过整体复习和总结，提高整体水平。
具体来说，考生需进行以下几点练习：1.整体复习：学习每个分科目的重点部分（例如：地理中心部分、历史题目，政治、经济热点、现状等），这里在做笔记、上市回顾等都是有益的。
2.优化练习：前面练习过程中，二模三模的复习、错题反复练习，都是很好的优化方法，构建自己的题库非常有用。
魔鬼训练法上面的步骤是考生备考的主要流程，而魔鬼训练法是考生在20天内通过英语国家概况考试取得较高成绩的附加方法。
自考名师谈如何备考“英语国家概况”
《英语国家概况》是英语专科的最后⼀门课，通过了就能拿到专科⽂凭，重要性不⾔⽽喻，可是⽐较难。
想考好，要注意以下⼏个环节： ⼀、注意树种细节的穿接。
这门课的内容很⼴，包含地理、历史、宗教、政治制度、⽂化民俗。
看书的时候死背是没有希望的，只能越背越乱，串联起来就不⼀样了。
例如，英国历史是难点，就可以将历史时间⽤国王传位做线索，把这些关于历史的知识点串联起来。
思路⼀下就明朗了：诺曼王朝的三个国王分别为WilliamI，WilliamII，HenryI，其中提到的事实就是WilliamI创建GrandCouncil，编写DomesdayBook，引⼊天主教会制度（RomanCatholicChurch），⽽HenryI的时候，创建了习惯法（CommonLaw），这样做是⽤⼈名做线索，记住了关键事件，另⼀个⽅⾯，完整地了解英国王室的概况（这对英国⽂化地了解可是⾄关重要的）可谓⼀举两得，既准备了考试，也提⾼了能⼒，还开阔了视野，增长了知识。
⼆、⼀定要背好解词。
这门考试每次有四个解词，抓住了它们，等于拿到了⼆⼗分，背的时候⼀定要细，因为这门考试的特点就是专爱挑⼀些边边⾓⾓的地⽅考，不留神就丢分，2002年考stagflation，2003年考QuebecAct，2004年考stonehedge，以后还考了outback，有的在书上就有两句话，所有只要是有⼤写字母的地⽅，还都要看⼀下。
考试⼀年就考⼀次，差⼀点就有要等⼀年，与其年年准备，不如仔细准备，⼀次考过。
三、⼀定要紧跟考核⽬标学习。
2005年以后，这门课的考核⽬标就⾏了调整，有的内容不是考核范围了，所以必须加强对考核⽬标内容的学习。
范围⽐以前⼩了，内容也就少了，只要看得细致⼀些，考试的通过就指⽇可待了。
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如何自学英语国家概况
关于《英语国家概况》课程方面的辅导材料很少。
现在又面临课程改革，薄薄的旧版本换成了700多页的厚本，实在是让人挠头。
在这种情况下，我总结了自己的学习思路与具体的学习方法。
思路共分三步：
第一步：粗读。
先看大纲，然后把课本翻看一遍，大纲没涉及的内容也要看。
第二步：精读。
要面面俱到，读完每一章后，要做练习册上的题，除此之外，把自己总结的题也要掌握，然后重读这一章。
历史要一字不漏地看，其它的内容可参阅大纲，只抓重点部分看。
第三步：记重点。
在熟悉习题的基础上，要通读全文，要看重点，依据题型去套书中的内容。
具体的学习方法如下：
一、通读全文，掌握框架
读书也要讲大将风范，有了具体的思路之后，还要在头脑中形成清晰的框架，从整体入手，然后，再把具体的重点加上去，这样，掌握起来，就不至凌乱。
二、找准重点，理清线索
熟悉课文内容是任何一科都必不可少的。
《英语国家概况》比其它课要难，英国与美国的历史部分占很大篇幅，要作为重点去掌握，但这部分内容看起来又是那么宠杂，因此理清线索，摸清脉络之后，我们理解起来就轻松多了。
如：英国历史部分可整理成这样一条线索：early settlers——Roman invations——Anglo-Saxons——the Viking and Danish Invations——the Norman Conquest——William’s Rule——the Great Charter——the Hundred Year’s War——the English Reformation——the English Renaissance——the Civil War——the Glorius Revolution——the Industrial Revolution——in the two World Wars
美国历史部分可整理成这样一条线索：the war of Independence——the War of 1812——territorial expansion and Westward Movement——the Civil War——in the two World Wars——the Cold War——the Berlin Blockade——the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s——the Vietname War
每个要点之后都分别有重点，尤其每次战争的背景、时间、起因、结果都需要全面了解。
三、对比分析，找出差别
在自学过程中，我对这种方法应用最多。
可以说对比无处不在。
例如，每个国家的政体有共同点，也有差别，差别就需要记住。
因为这往往是选择题里要出的内容。
下面就把这个政体的比较列表呈现给大家:
Country Party system Houses
Britain The conservative Party, The House of Commons
The Labour Party The House of Lorbs
The U.S. The Democrats, The Senate,
The Republic The House of Representatives
Ireland Fianna Fail, The Senate,
Fine Gael The House of Representatives
Australia The Labour Party, The Senate,
the Liberal and National Party The House of Representatives
New Zealand The National Party，
The Labour Party The House of Representatives
Canada The Liberal Party, The Senate,
the Progressive Conservative Party The House of Representatives
四、依据大纲，，做好习题
习题既包括练习册上的题，又包括在精读课文时自己总结的题。
要从出题老师的角度去分析，依据大纲会在哪一细节上命题。
例如，依据上面提到的对比分析可出这样的题：Canada’s political party system is not____?A.one party rule B.two party rule C.one and a half party rule D.no party rule.
经济方面的内容也不容忽视，容易出综合性试题，例如：New Zealand is the world leader in ____.
A.leather industry
B.fish industry
C.new industries
D.shipbuilding industry.
又如：Which is faulse in the following kinds of saying about Britain’s agricultural?A.Farming is one of Britains most important industries. B.It’s highly mechanized. C.People engaged in farming have increased lightely over recent years. D.it’s the source of most of the food and many of the raw materials of the country.
如果没有经过认真看书，就不能总结出类似的试题。
因此，自学过程中要不断积累总结知识点，自己给自己出题，加之练习册上的习题，经这样反复演练，对付考试就易如反掌了。
根据本课程的目的要求，应考者在学习中应该着重掌握以下几个环节：
1．认真阅读教材。
阅读教材是基本的教学环节。
只有把教材仔细消化了，其他学习环节才能搞好。
如果不把教材真正弄懂弄通，就忙于阅读其他教学资料或做复习题，必然事倍功半。
阅读教材前，应先看自学大纲中的学习目的和要求及内容提要，理解每一章节的要点，然后系统地读书。
读书时，首先要掌握每一章的梗概，弄清每一章的重点内容；
其次在全面理解每章内容的基础上，要把本章与以前各章内容联系起来加以思考。
2．作好读书笔记。
写读书笔记是巩固所学知识的一个重要方法，这对于自学尤为重要。
阅读教材是理解课程内容的基础，但看了书并不一定就能弄懂弄通，更不一定就能学得扎实。
要切实掌握课程内容，必须将读书与思考结合起来，手脑并用，通过写笔记用自己的英语表述出来，变成自己的东西。
写笔记的方法可以多种多样，如写内容提要、名词解释、问题解答、学习心得等等。
3．参阅有关资料。
《英语国家概况》一书中包含大量的概念、事件、时代背景、重要人物等内容。
应考者如觉得书上解释不够详细，还可适当查阅一些参考书，如百科全书等。
4．认真完成作业。
《英语国家概况》每章都设有10 道复习题，应考者应在认真读书的基础上做好这一练习，以便复习巩固所学知识。
在完成作业过程中要注意三个问题：看清题意，按复习题中提出的要求进行；仔细做题，要认真细致地对待作业中的语言，努力做到用词恰当，语法正确；尽量用自己的语言来回答问题。
书上的复习题是为应考者掌握各章的重点提供线索的，不是考试题。
考试题中会有各种变化。
5．注意联系与对比。
主要英语国家的文化同属西方文化，美国、
澳大利亚、加拿大和新西兰原属英国的殖民地，爱尔兰曾受到英国统治，从民族的组成、文化传统、风俗习惯等都和英国有着不可分割的联系，因此这些国家与英国在许多方面有许多相同的地方。
但是，由于地理、政治、经济等因素，这些国家与英国又有许多具体的区别，如英美两国政治制度虽然同属资本主义制度，但是政体上又有所区别：英国是中央集权制，而美国是联邦制等等。
因此对比学习有助于掌握这些国家的基本情况，进一步加深对这些国家的了解。