专业英语资料
会计专业英语复习资料.doc
会计专业英语复习资料.doc会计专业英语复习资料⼀、短语中英互译1、会计分录2、投资活动3、后进先出法4、客观性原则5、注册会计师6、权责发⽣制7、累计折旧8、资产负债表9、经营决策10、银⾏存款11、到期⽇12、历史成本13、source document14、nominal rate15、credit sale16、sum-of-years-digits method17、economic entity assumption18、financial position19、fixed assets20、public hearing21、income statement22、sales discount23、value added tax24、trade mark25、bank overdraft⼆、从下列选项中选出最佳答案1、Generally，revenue is recorded by a business enterprise at a point when ：( )A、Management decides it is appropriate to do soB、The product is available for sale to consumersC、An exchange has taken place and the earning process is virtually completeD、An order for merchandise has been received2、Why are certain costs capitalized when incurred and then depreciated or amortized over subsequent accounting periods？( )A、To reduce the income tax liabilityB、To aid management in making business decisionsC、To match the costs of production with revenue as earnedD、To adhere to the accounting concept of conservatism3、What accounting principle or concept justifies the use of accruals and deferrals？( )A、Going concernB、MaterialityC、ConsistencyD、Stable monetary unit4、An accrued expense can best be described as an amount ( )A、Paid and currently matched with revenueB、Paid and not currently matched with revenueC、Not paid and not currently matched with revenueD、Not paid and currently matched with revenue5、Continuation of a business enterprise in the absence of contrary evidence is an example of the principle or concept of ( )A、Business entityB、ConsistencyC、Going concernD、Substance over form6、In preparing a bank reconciliation，the amount of checks outstanding would be：( )A、added to the bank balance according to the bank statement.B、deducted from the bank balance according to the bank statement.C、added to the cash balance according to the depositor’s records.D、deducted from the cash balance according to the depositor’s records.7、Journal entries based on the bank reconciliation are required for：( )A、additions to the cash balance according to the depositor’s records.B、deductions from the cash balance according to the depositor’srecords.C、Both A and BD、Neither A nor B8、A petty cash fund is ：( )A、used to pay relatively small amounts。
(完整)心理学专业英语复习资料
心理学专业英语复习资料I. Translate the Following English Phrases into Chinese1. Research Methods 研究方法2。
Psychophysics 心理物理学3. Theories of Learning 学习理论4。
Social Cognition 社会认知5． Personality Test 人格测试6。
Extraneous Variable 无关变量7。
Longitudinal Study 纵向研究8。
Crystallized Intelligence 晶体智力9。
Motor control 运动控制10. Corpus Callosum 胼胝体11。
Group Thinking 群体思维12。
Social Loafing 社会懈怠13. Social Exchange 社会交换14. Social Approval 社会赞许15。
Diffusion of Responsibility 责任分散16。
Recency Effec 近因效应17． Trace Decay 痕迹消退18。
Retrograde Amnesia 倒摄遗忘19. Social Support 社会支持20. Self—efficacy 自我效能21。
Case Study 个案研究II. Translate the Following Chinese Word Groups into English1。
机能主义 functionalism2。
自我实现 self—actualization3．一般规律研究法 nomothetic method4。
分层抽样 stratified sampling5. 外在信度 external reliability6. 选择性注意 selective attention7。
知觉恒常性 perceptual constancy8. 自我概念 self concept9. 液体智力 fluid intelligence10. 安全型依恋 secure attachment11. 性别图示 gender schema12。
专八复习资料推荐
专八复习资料推荐专八，又叫英语专业八级考试，是英语专业本科毕业生的等级考试之一，通常被视为专业英语水平的代表。
对于考生来说，备战专八并不是一件轻松的事情，需要的不仅仅是坚定的决心和充足的时间，还需要足够的复习资料。
对于专八考试的备考资料，网上的资源丰富多彩，但我们要谨慎地选择优质的资料来进行备考。
以下是一些备受推崇的专八复习资料推荐：1.《考研英语历年真题精析》（王彦、刘洪波著）这是一本全面整理了专业英语历年真题的参考书，不仅有试题整理，还有详细的解析和词汇注解，对于备考专八来说非常实用，是备考过程中不可或缺的一本参考书。
2.《新编大学英语用法》（张道真主编）这是一本英语语言学的经典教材，既包括基础语法知识的讲解，又有丰富的语言实例和练习，可以辅助考生在专家考试中拥有英语语言学的深度理解。
3.《21天攻克雅思写作》（刘洪波著）雅思考试是全球公认的英语水平考试之一，而雅思写作是考生们比较头痛的一部分。
本参考书由专业考试解析师写作，提供简单易懂数以百计的写作实例和技巧，并对作文的常见题型进行深入讲解，可谓是一本能够帮助考生快速提升写作水平的教材。
4.《英语听力原版教材精选》（陆大龙著）英语听力考试是专八考试的重要部分，但是有效的英语听力训练却比较难找，这本书就为考生提供了宝贵的参考。
本书选取了多部优秀的英语听力原版教材，附有听力材料、听力理解和课后练习，可以帮助考生更好地掌握英语听力技巧。
5.《新东方专八写作指导》（刘毅著）刘毅老师有着丰富的英语教学经验，他的著作涉及多个考试科目。
这本参考书针对专八写作，系统地梳理了各类文章的写作方法和技巧，并附有大量的实例和模板，可以为考生的写作提供有力的支持。
除了以上推荐的参考书外，学习工具也是备考专八必不可少的。
前一段时间，网上出现了一款备受好评的英语学习App“AI易阅”。
该App基于智能语音识别和AI技术，能够为用户提供真实的英语口语训练和听力训练，以及各种题型的模拟考试。
专业英语基础知识
1.广泛使用被动语态 (客观性)
非人称语气
主体是客观现象及事物本身，而非动作的发出者，把论证 说明的对象置于句子主语的位置，既能突出中心，又能吸引读 者的注意。 Solid materials are grouped into three basic classifications: metals, ceramics and polymers. 固体材料可分为三种基本类型：金属、陶瓷和聚合物。 The structure of a material can be investigated on several levels. 材料的结构可以在几个层次上进行研究
精练性(conciseness)。
论文、综述、实验报告、教材、专利、说明书等
专业英语
Specialized English
（English for Special Science and Technology）
是结合各自专业的科技英语
有很强的专业性，涉及的面更加狭窄，
与专业内容配合更为密切。 隶属于科技英语 是科技英语的一部分，以表达科技概念、理论与
3、后置形容词短语作定语多 （精炼）
代替定语从句作后置定语，使句子简洁、紧凑，不至于累赘。 All radiant energies have wavelike characteristics, which are analogous to those of waves moving through water. All radiant energies have wavelike characteristics analogous to those of waves moving through water. 所有的辐射能都具有波的特性，与水中移动的波的特征相似。
专业英语复习资料小结
bar graph n.条形图equalization n.均衡化;均等image contrast n.图像对比度addition n.加subtraction n.减lapse v.流逝, 失效, 下降time-lapsed (时间上)相继的matrix n.矩阵motion n.运动, 动作v.运动dimension n.维数convolution n.回旋, 盘旋, 卷积boundary n.边界, 分界线blur v.涂污, 污损, 使……模糊,sharp adj.锐利的, 锋利的, 明显的locate v.定位, 位于spectra n.范围, 光谱spectrum n.光谱, 频谱phase spectrum相位频谱magnitude spectrum幅度频谱facsimile n. 传真,摹写,影印lossless compression（压缩）无损压缩lossy compression 有损压缩irretrievably adv.不能挽回地, 不能补救地CT (computed tomography) 计算机断层造影MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging ) 核磁共振成像DCT (discrete cosine transform)离散余弦变换run-length encoding行程编码Huffman encoding霍夫曼编码Image contrast图像对比度Edge filter边缘滤波Edge detection边缘检测Object recognition目标识别Run-length encoding行程编码Huffman encoding哈夫曼编码Pixel 像素Gray scale image 灰度图像Gray scale level灰度级Histogram 直方图Bar graph条形图Histogram equalization直方图均衡encryption program 加密程序deletion command 删除命令authorized user 授权的用户backup copy 备份的副本voltage surge 电涌，浪涌电压circuit breaker 断路器electronic component 电子器件data-entry error 数据输入错误electronic break-in 电路中断power line 电力线，输电线EC:Electronic Commerce 电子商务Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)电子数据交换Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT)电子资金转账embedded system 嵌入式系统radio frequency 射频schematic原理图capture记录,输入building block模块,构件EDA (Electronic Design Automation)电子设计自动化HDL: Hardware Description Language 硬件描述语言Full-custom IC（全定制集成电路）Semi-custom IC（半定制集成电路）FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) 现场可编程门阵列CD: compact disc光盘LP: long playing record慢转密纹唱片CAD: Computer Aided Design 计算机辅助设计EDA: Electronic Design Automatic电子设计自动化HDL: Hardware Description Language 硬件描述语言VHDL: VHSIC Hardware Description Language极高速集成电路(VHSIC)硬件描述语言ASIC: Application Specific Integrated Circuit专用集成电路PLD: Programmable Logic Device可编程逻辑器件PLA: Programmable Logic Array可编程逻辑阵列RTL: Register Transfer Level寄存器传送级CRT: Cathode Ray Tube 阴极射线管transducer 传感器，换能器fundamental frequency基频sonic boom声爆single-shot单脉冲raster 光栅attenuator 衰减器particle 粒子phosphor 磷，启明星vibrating 振动grading 分级，归类pervade 遍及indispensable不可缺少的demanding过分的,苛刻的luminous 发光的,明亮的legible 清晰的,易读的front-end 前端的，前期的archive 存档,档案文件user authentication 用户认证electronic purse 电子钱包information filter 信息过滤data integrity 数据完整性smart card 智能卡HTML 超文本标记语言symmetric key cryptosystem 对称密钥密码系统message authentication code 信息鉴定码unauthorized access control 未授权访问控制electronic catalog 电子目录electronic money (或cash) 电子货币search engine 搜索引擎digital signature 数字签名user interface 用户界面EFT (Electronic Funds Transfer) 电子资金转帐public key cryptosystem 公钥密码系统PDA (personal digital assistant)个人数字助理hypertext link 超文本链接3D image 三维图像credit card 信用卡Alkaline 碱性的Resolution 清晰度，分辨力Beam splitter分光镜，分色镜Photography 摄影，摄影术Lens 透镜，镜头Film 薄膜，胶卷，影片Focus 焦点TIFF: Tagged Image File Format标签图像文件格式JPEG: Joint Photographic Experts Group 联合图像专家组LCD: Liquid Crystal Display液晶显示器CCD: Charge Coupled Device电荷耦合器件user authentication 用户认证electronic purse 电子钱包symmetric key cryptosystem 对称密钥密码系统search engine 搜索引擎detection program 检测程序power source 电源digital signature 数字签名software piracy 软件侵权hard-disk drive 硬盘驱动器Programmable Logic Array 可编程逻辑阵列primary storage 主存储器electronic bulletin board 电子公告板histogram equalization 直方图均衡edge detection 边缘检测magnitude spectrum 幅度谱Liquid Crystal Display 液晶显示器full-custom integrated circuit 全定制集成电路embedded system 嵌入式系统图象传感器image sensor电子设计自动化electronic design automation模拟电子电路设计analogue electronic circuit design加密程序encryption program电子器件electronic component计算机病毒computer virusⅡ. Choose among the four choices the one that best completes the sentence. (70 points) 1. A ___B___ copy is a copy of a current file made in order to protect against loss ordamage.A. hardB. backupC. softD. file2. T h e infamous “Michelangelo” __C__ strikes thousands of computers every year onMarch 6.A. crackerB. hackerC. virusD. disease3. D ata __A____ can reduce the amount of data sent or stored by partially eliminatinginherent redundancy.A. compressionB. conversionC. configurationD. compilation4. C onfidentiality of the message is not enough in a secure communication; ____C____is also needed. The receiver needs to be sure of the sender’s identity.A. encryptionB. authorizationC. authenticationD. encapsulation5. T o access a page on the WWW, one needs a ___D_____ that usually consists ofthree parts: a controller, a method, and an interpreter.A. routerB. codeC. passwordD. browser6. T he data, when they are not encrypted, are called ___A_____.A. plaintextB. ciphertextC. hypertextD. context7. W hereas the decimal system is based on 10, the _____B___ system is based on 2.There are only two digits in the latter system, 0 and 1.A. bilateralB. binaryC. byteD. bit8. The larger the number of pixels in an image, and the lager the number of availablegray scale levels, the better the ___A__ of the image.A. resolutionB. identificationC. recognitionD. shade9. The gray scales present in a digital image can be summarized by its _C_______.A. graphB. schematicC. histogramD. diagram10．The abbreviation JPEG stands for Jointed Picture ___B_____ Group.A. ExpertsB. ExpertC. EngineersD. Engineer11.When you send a document electronically, you can also sign it. This is called___B____ signature.A. onlineB. digitalC. virtualD. simulated12. People who gain unauthorized access to a computer system for malicious purposes are called ____B____.A. HackersB. CrackersC. breakersD. intruders13. The abbreviation FPGA stands for Field ____B____Gate Array.A. ProgramB. ProgrammableC. ProgrammingD. Programmer14.To save time and bandwidth, both images and other files are often compressedbefore being ____C____.A. transferredB. transportedC. transmittedD. traversed作业如下：翻译文章"Digital Image Fundamentals"（P237~240)翻译“补充资料”中的《Computer Security》全文翻译补充资料"Electronic Commerce"中的<4. Security Services>部分翻译文章"Overview of Modern Digital Design"中的<Design automation>部分(Page 131~132)完成<课后练习>的第1题的第一段(Page 149)。
专业英语——精选推荐
专业英语⼀、词语搭配1、polysome (g)RNA and ribosomes2、pinocytosis (n)cell drinking3、exocytosis (k)expel4、plastid (i)in plants only5、Golgi complex (o)packaging6、flagella (m)whiplike7、phagocytosis (f)engulfment 8、lysosome (b)baglike structure 9、basal body (d)where flagella grow 10、vacuole(l)vacant11、nucleus (j)control room12、chemotactic (e)toward or away from a chemical stimulus13、ribosome (a)protein synthesis 14、cytoskeleton (h)weblike15、mitochondrion (c)power generator 16、C3 plant (e)moist climates 17、pigment (n)absorbs 18、light reactions (g)water oxidized 19、thylakoid (a)surrounds a lumen 20、ground state (o)most stable21、reaction center (j)a specific site22、photorespiration (l)inefficient dark reaction23、RuBP (d)electron acceptor for CO224、Calvin-Benson cycle (c)light-independent reactions25、C4 plant (m)dry climates 26、photon (h)wave and particle 27、chlorophyll (b)principal pigment 28、chloroplast (k) banana shape29、carbon cycle (i) greenhouse effect30、light-independent reactions (f)light optional⼆、判断1、F Unlike other cell membranes, the nuclear envelope has no pores.2、T Most cellular proteins are manufactured on ribosomes.3、T White blood cells work by phagocytosis.4、F Prokaryotic cells have microbodies.5、T Mitochondria are self-replicating.6、F Carotenoids are colorless molecules.7、F Grana are surrounded by stomata.8、F Photosynthesis occurs in all living thing.9、T Photon energy is inversely proportional to wavelength.10、F The reaction center in photosystem II is P70011、F Chlorophyll b is not found in any prokaryote.12、T Cyclic photophosphorylation produces additional ATP in plants.13、F The chemiosmotic theory applies to mitochondria but not to chloroplasts.14、T Light-dependent reactions take place in the chloroplast stroma.15、T The Calvin-Benson cycle may take place either in light or in the dark.16、T Light-independent reactions take place in the thylakoid membrane.17、T C3 plants grow slowly in hot, dry weather.18、T Chlorophyll a is the primary photosynthetic pigment in green plants.三、多选⼀1、Ribosomes (a)a、are organelles involved in protein synthesis2、Transformation of energy and storage of energy in the cell are the mainfunction of (d)d、mitochondria3、Chromoplasts are a type of (d)d、plastid4、Each individual cell is supported by a network of filaments and tubules known as (d)d、a cytoskeleton5、Proteins synthesized on endoplasmic reticulum are modified (c)c、in the Golgi complex6、An organelle isolated from an animal cell is found to contain large number of enzymes involved in energy transformation. This organelle is most likely to be (c)c、a mitochondrion7、In the early 1900s the discovery that the nucleus contains nucleic acids and proteins led many scientists to believe that(d)d、genes are made of protein8、In the DNA molecule (e)e、all of the above9、The double helix model of DNA structure was proposed by (b)b、Watson and Tatum10、The phosphate group in the DNA molecule (b)b、links the 5-C sugar of one nucleotide to the 3-C sugar of the next nucleotide11、DNA replication is termed semiconservative because (d)d、each new molecule has one strand from the original molecule12、Energy to power the sperm flagellum is generated by (a)a、mitochondria13、Meiosis is completed in egg cells (e)e、the egg,s time of release14、Spontaneous development of an unfertilized egg is known as (d)d、parthenogenesis15、The end product of cleavage is a (c)c、blastula16、A cell that can only give rise to cells with a specific function is（b）b、differentiated17、Morphogenesis involves a change in (c)c、cell shape四、阅读理解1、What does the passage mainly discuss?B、Why birds migrate2、According to the passage, which of the following protects birds against cold weather?C、Feathers3、In paragraph one, the word “constant” is closest in meaning to which of the following?B、Invariable4、In paragraph two, the author mentions young arctic terns as an example of birds thatB、migrate instinctively5、The passage mentions all of the following as changes that birds exposed to longer periods of darkness experience EXEPTD、increased appetite6、In the experiment mentioned in the passage, the scientists adjusted the birds,C、exposure to light五、英译汉1、If you were asked to summarize your paper in one sentence,what would you say?译：如果让你⽤⼀句话对你的⽂章进⾏总结，你会怎么说？2：Focusing on your central message.译：聚焦于你的中⼼思想。
专业英语复习资料
专业英语复习资料1. 专业词语互译：〔考其中20个〕2. 英译中：〔考其中5句〕1.It is important for a novice designer to understand the fact that beautiful and practi cal design solutions don’t appear out of thin air like magic.2.The design process is a framework of steps, incorporating both rational and intuitive phrases, that aid the designer to organize his/her work, thoughts, and feelings in an effort to produce the best design solution possible.3.The purpose of a foundation is to carry the load of a structure and spread it over a greater area, evenly and without undue settlement, to the ground beneath.4.A foundation normally consists of either plain or reinforced concrete, which should be laid sufficiently below the ground frost level to avoid the possible danger of frozen soil lifting it.5.Precast concrete blocks are made by pouring unset concrete into a mold and allowing it to harden.6.Solid walling is generally constructed of either bricks, precast concrete blocks or in-situ concrete.7.Solid ground floors are neatly always of concrete laid on hardcore beds and are reinforced with mesh reinforcement.8.The inclusion of reinforced beams in a reinforced concrete floor adds to its strength and loading capacity.9.The main advantages of flat roofs are that they are comparatively simple to construct and generally less costly than pitched roofs.10.I n the design of pitched roofs, one of the most important factors is the degree of the pitch or slope, which depends mainly on the material used to cover the roofs.11.T he disruption of road and real traffic, so often experienced when a flyover, an underpass or a service is being constructed, can be minimized in those constructions incorporating prefabrication.12.T he main advantage of factory industrialized building is that the prefabricated units can be produced to a very high standard of precision and a consistently high quality.13.T here remains very little in the world of building and civil engineering that cannot be constructed effectively and attractively by means of prefabricated units.14.T he inability of existing road systems of large towns to cope with modern traffic requirements has made tunnel construction a proposition well worth serious consideration.15.M odern equipment and ingenuity have enabled the construction of tunnels to be far less laborious than hitherto.16.T he ability of roads to enable traffic to flow freely and safely between the industrial and commercial centres contributes enormously towards a progressive economy.17.A ccording to Leonhardt, the composite concrete deck is also economical for triple-span cable-stayed suspension bridge, but only for those with a center span of up to 700 meters.18.I n planning the layout of drains (normally regarded as pipes serving one building) or sewers ( pipes serving more than one building), the pipes should, wherever possible, fall with the ground contours, so that the excavation is kept to a minimum.阅读理解〔考其中三段，题型为判断题以及单项选择题〕：Passage One: Structural DesignIn structural engineering, structural design is an iterative process of applying engineering mechanics and past experience to create a functional, economic, and, most importantly, safe structure for the public to inhabit or to use. Using structural analysis techniques and conforming to design specifications and the local design codes, the structural design engineer works to create a solution that is to everyone's benefit.Structural design is an expression of an understanding of the flow of forces. The distribution of forces is initially understood diagramatically and mathematically. Based on this scientific understanding, sketches of members and connections are developed. Structural design which is highly expressive of the flow of forces is also associated with modern architectural design.Structural design includes accommodation for the practicalities of construction, including on site assembly, shop assembled components, accessibility, and maintenance.Passage Two: Deep FoundationA deep foundation is a type of foundation distinguished from shallow foundations by the depth they are embedded into the ground. There are many reasons a geotechnical engineer would recommend a deep foundation over a shallow foundation, but some of the common reasons are very large design loads, a poor soil at shallow depth, or site constraints (like property lines). There are different terms used to describe different types of deep foundations including piles, drilled shafts, caissons, and piers. The naming conventions may vary between engineering disciplines and firms. Deep foundations can be made out of timber, steel, reinforced concrete and pre-tensioned concrete. Deep foundations can be installed by either driving them into the ground or drilling a shaft and filling it with concrete, mass or reinforced.Passage Three: Load-bearing wallA load-bearing wall or bearing wall, is one in which a wall of a structure bears the weight and force resting upon it, conducting the vertical load from the upper structure to the foundation.A bearing wall is opposed to a curtain wall, which uses the strength of a sub-wall to bear the weight of the curtain such as the brick facade on a skyscraper, and superstructure, usually a steel frame, to carry the weight of the floors and walls inside the curtain walls protection. The materials most often used to construct load-bearing walls in large buildings are concrete, block, or brick.Passage Four: Floor numberingIn most of continental Europe, as well as the British Isles and much of the Commonwealth and Latin America, the floor at the ground level is the ground floor and the floor above is the first floor, which maintains the continental European use that dates from the days of the construction of palaces.In North American usage (with certain exceptions in Quebec),however, the floor at the ground level is usually, but not always, the first floor and the floor above is the second floor; this system is also used in Russia, parts of Scandinavia outside Denmark and some countries of the former Soviet Union or Eastern bloc.China, Taiwan, and Japan follow the American system, except that the numbers used are cardinals ("1F, 2F") rather than ordinals ("1st/2nd fl." or "fl. 1/2").Passage Five: Pavement engineeringPavement engineering is a branch of civil engineering that uses engineering techniques to design and maintain flexible (asphalt) and rigid (concrete) pavements. This includes streets and highways and involves knowledge of soils, hydraulics, and material properties. Pavement engineering involves new construction as well as rehabilitation and maintenance of existing pavements. Maintenance often involves using engineering judgment to make maintenance repairs with the highest long-term benefit and lowest cost. The Pavement Condition Index (PCI) is an example of an engineering approach applied to existing pavements. Another example is the use of a falling weight deflectometer (FWD) to non-destructively test existing pavements. Calculation of pavement layer strengths can be performed from the resulting deflection data.Passage Six:. PrefabricationPrefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in a factory or other manufacturing site, and transporting complete assemblies or sub-assemblies to the construction site where the structure is to be located. The term is used to distinguish this process from the more conventional construction practice of transporting the basic materials to the construction site where all assembly is carried out.The term prefabrication also applies to the manufacturing of things other than structures at a fixed site. It is frequently used when fabrication of a section of a machine or any movable structure is shifted from the main manufacturing site to another location, and the section is supplied assembled and ready to fit. It is not generally used to refer to electrical or electronic components of a machine, or mechanical parts such as pumps, gearboxes and compressors which are usually supplied as separate items, but to sections of the body of the machine which in the past were fabricated with the whole machine. Prefabricated parts of the body of the machine may be called 'sub-assemblies' to distinguish them from the other components.Passage Seven: Types of bridgesThere are six main types of bridges: beam bridges, cantilever bridges, arch bridges, suspension bridges, cable-stayed bridges and truss bridges:(1) Beam bridges are horizontal beams supported at each end by piers. Weight on top of the beam pushes straight down on the piers at either end of the bridge.(2) Cantilever bridges are built using cantilevers — horizontal beams that are supported on only one end. Most cantilever bridges use two cantilever arms extending from opposite sides of the obstacle to be crossed, meeting at the center.(3) Arch bridges are arch-shaped and have abutments at each end. The weight of the bridge is thrust into the abutments at either side.(4) Suspension bridges are suspended from cables. In modern bridges, the cables hang from towers that are attached to caissons or cofferdams. The caissons or cofferdams are implanted deep into the floor of a lake or river.(5) Like suspension bridges, cable-stayed bridges are held up by cables. However, in a cable-stayed bridge, less cable is required and the towers holding the cables are proportionately shorter.(6) Truss bridges are composed of connected elements. They have a solid deck and a lattice of pin-jointed girders for the sides.Passage Eight: Civil EngineeringCivil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works such as bridges, roads, canals, dams and buildings.Civil engineering is the oldest engineering discipline after military engineering, and it was defined to distinguish it from military engineering. It is traditionally broken into several sub-disciplines including environmental engineering, geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, transportation engineering, water resources engineering, materials engineering, coastal engineering, surveying, and construction engineering. Civil engineering takes place on all levels: in the public sector from municipal through to federal levels, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international companies.Until modern times there was no clear distinction between civil engineering and architecture, and the term engineer and architect were mainly geographical variations referring to the same person, often used interchangeably. In the 18th century, the term civil engineering began to be used to and exchange, and in the construction of ports, harbours, moles, breakwaters and lighthouses, and in the art of distinguish it from military engineering.。
专业英语
1、（中英文互译）网络：network客户-服务器网络：C/S client –server network 文本：text音频：audio计算机培训：CT Computer Traing 信息获取：information access 视频编辑：video editing 声卡：sound card显卡：Graphics 只读光盘：ROM 光驱：CD-ROM 可擦写光盘：CD-R对象：object 数据库：database 数据库管理系统：DBMS Database Management System 查询：query符号：symbol 关系数据库：relation database 病毒：virus 潜伏：lurk蠕虫：worm 周期：cycle 漏洞：bug 数据：data集线器：hub 网桥中继器：bridge repeater 交换机：switch 路由器：router网关传输介质：gateway transmission media 多媒体：multimedia 压缩：compression 压缩方法：compression methods视频：video 音频：audio 帧：frame 图像图形：photographic2、（英汉互译）Topology:拓扑结构Ethernet:以太网FDDI:光纤分布数据接口LAN: 局域网CD-ROM:光驱CD-R:可擦写光盘MAN:城域网NIC:网络接口卡WAN:广域网BIOS:基本的输入输出系统CMOS:互补金属氧化半导体DRAM: ISO:国际标准化组织a from of communication:|images:图片full-motion video :动态视频communication:交流、沟通devices on the network:网络设备a range of frequencies : process digitized sound: infection phase:感染期attack phase:攻击期parasite :寄生虫query: 查询SQL:结构化查询语句CBT:基于计算机的培训information access:信息获取Buiness presentations:商业演示Video editing :视频编辑video conferencing:视频会议Sound card :声卡Relational database:关系数据库Database model :数据库模型database management system:数据库管理系统full-motion video:动态视频database server:数据库服务器copy a file:复制文件animations:动画Hub:集线器execute a program:执行程序network interface card:网络接口卡repeater:中继器bridge:网桥switch:交换机router:路由器gateway:网关transmission media:传输介质per pixel:像素client-server network:客户-服务器网络peer-to-peer network:点对点网络bus topology :总线型网络ring topology:环形网络tree topology:树形网络mesh topology:网型网络hub and concentrator: compression standard:压缩标准RGB&YUV: single video frames: 单个视频帧static graphics images:静态图像Email attachments:邮件附件pirate d software:盗版软件shareware: 共享computer environment:计算机环境Frames: 帧 a rectangular grid : 一个矩形网格gray levels:灰度层次Compression methods:压缩方法high-quality images:高质量的图像重点句子：1、Computer networks are data communication system made up of hardware and software计算机网络是由硬件和软件组成的数据通信系统2、A computer virus is a special kind of computer program that reproduces its own code by attaching itself to other executable files and spreads usually across disks and networks surreptitiously.计算机病毒是一个能够通过把自身附加到可执行文件的方式来复制其自身代码的特殊的计算机程序，并常常利用磁盘和网络秘密的进行传播。
安全专业英语学习资料
安全专业英语Quiz 1安全管理Safety management 事故致因accident causation不安全行为Unsafe behavior 不安全状态 unsafe state 企业安全文化organization’s safety culture 安全的工作环境safety working environment事故致因模型accident causation models 风险 risk事故预防Accident prevention 安全口号safety slogan系统安全工程System safety engineering 安全度degree of safety 1、The most important aim of safety management is to maintain and promote workers’ health and safety at work.最重要的目的是维护安全管理,促进工人的健康和安全工作。
2、Many research results also show that the traditional promotionmethods like campaigns; poster and safety slogans have seldom increased the use of safe work practices.许多研究结果还表明,传统的促销手段如运动、海报和安全口号很少增加使用安全工作实践。
3、Loss prevention is a concept that is often used in the context of hazard control in process industry.损失预防是常用于过程工业危害控制的情况下的一个概念。
4、System safety concepts are based on the idea that an optimumdegree of safety can be achieved within the constraints of system effectiveness.系统安全概念是基于这个理念，一个系统有效性的约束范围内，可以实现最佳的安全程度。
会计专业英语复习资料
Post test 1 基本概念1. Things of value owned by an entity: assets Money: cashClaims of creditors: liabilitiesClaims of investors: equity2. 2 types of sources of funds：Stronger claim: liabilitiesLesser claim: equity3. A balance sheet reports the status of an entity ....ata point of time.4. Give the fundamental accounting equation: Assets = Liabilities + Equity5. The above equation is consistent with what concept?: Dual-aspect concept6. Money-measurement concept states that accounting reports only facts that can be expressed in monetary amounts.7. A balance sheet does not report all the facts abouta business. What concept limits the amount or type of information that can be reported? Money-measurement concept8. Brown Company has 10000 dollar cash. Its owner withdraws 100 dollars for his own use. The owner is (no better or worse off) than he was before. Brown company now has (less) cash. The fact that this event affects the owner differently than it affects the company is an illustration of the entity concept.9. The entity concept states that accounts are kept for entities as distinguished from the persons who own those entities.11. The going-concern concept is: Accounting assumes that an entity will continue to operate indefinitely.12. The asset-measurement concept is: if reliable information is available, accounting focuses on the fair value of assets. Nonmonetary assets are reported at their original cost.13. An item can be reported as an asset if it passes 3 of the following: item is valuable, item was acquired at a measurable cost, item is owned or controlled by the entity.14. Goodwill is a favorable name or reputation purchased by the entity.15. An asset is classified as current if it is cash or is expected to be converted into cash in the near future, usually within one year.16. A liability is classified as current if it becomes due in the near future, usually within one year.17. Marketable securities are current assets. Investments are noncurrent assets.19. An insurance policy paid in advance of the time period covered is an example of a prepaid expense.20. A building, an item of equipment, and an automobile may all be examples of plant and property.21.Parker Company operates a furniture store. On December 31,2005,it had 30 desks that it was holding for sale. These would be reported as inventory. The desk that is used by the president of Parker Company would be reported as plant and property.22.Fox Company sold $1,000 of goods on credit to Golden Company. This would be recorded as an account receivable of Fox Company and as an account payable of Golden Company.23. Indicate whether the following statements about the balance sheet of a corporation are true or false:a. Assets list all the valuable things owned bythe entity----Fb. The amount reported for the paid-in capitalitem is approximately the fair value of the stock-----Fc. The amount reported for total equity isapproximately the fair value of the corporation’sstock---Fd. Total equities (also called “net worth”) showapproximately what the entity is worth.----Fe. Retained earnings is the amount of cashretained in the entity.-----FPost test 2 资产负债表的变更：收入的核算1.On January 2, John Brown started the BrownCompany. In January, Brown Company did thefollowing things:a. It received $5,000 cash from John Brown asits capital.b. It borrowed $10,000 from a bank, giving anote therefor.c. It purchased $4,000 of inventory for cash.d. It sold $2,000 of its inventory for $6,000 to acustomer, who paid $3,500 cash and agreed to pay$2,500 within 30 days.e. It purchased an auto for $7,000. It paid$2,000 down and gave a note to the automobiledealer for the remaining $5,000f. Brown withdrew $1,000 cash for his personaluse.g. Brown was offered $10,000 for his equity inthe business, but he refused the offer.On a separate piece of paper, prepare a roughdraft of a balance sheet for Brown Company as of theclose to business January 31, and an incomestatement for January.Brown CompanyBalance Sheet as of Jan31AssetsCash……………………………………$11,500Accounts Receivable…………………2,500Inventory………………………………….2,000Automobile………………………………7,000Total………………………………………$23,000Liabilities and EquityNotes Payable………………………$15,000Paid-in Capital…………………………5,000Retained Earnings……………………3,000Total……………………………………$23,000Brown CompanyIncome Statement for January Revenue...........................$6,000Expense ...........................$2,000Income ............................$4,0002.Brown Company's income was $4,000, but itsRetained Earnings was only $3,000. Reread the firstframe and choose the item (a-g) that explains thedifference. f3.John Brown claims that the inventory as of January31 is worth $6,000, as shown by the fact thatinventory costing $2,000 was actually sold for $6,000.Would you change the balance sheet ?...(No). This isan illustration of the asset-measurement concept.Nonmonetary assets are reported at their cost ratherthan their worth or fair value.Post test 3 会计记录和系统1. On March 5, Kay Company purchased $6,000 ofinventory, paying cash. Prepare a journal entry forthis transaction below.Journal2001 Transactions Dr. Cr.March 5Inventory6,000Cash6,0002. On March 10, Kay Company made a $15,000 sale toa customer who paid $6,000 cash and agreed to payto the other $9,000 in 30 days. The merchandise soldhad cost $8,000. Prepare a journal entry for the sale,below.Journal2001 Transactions Dr. Cr.March 10Cash6,000Accounts Receivable9,000Revenues15,0003. On March 10, Kay Company made a sale for$15,000 for merchandise that had cost $8,000.Prepare a journal entry to record the cost of the salebelow.Journal2001 Transactions Dr. Cr.March 10 Expenses8,000Inventory8,0004. Recall from the previous frames that revenuesfrom the sale on March 10 were $15,000 and that themerchandise sold had cost $8,000. Prepare theclosing entries.Journal2005 Transactions Dr. Cr.March 31Revenues15,000Retained earnings15,000March 31Retained earnings8,000Expenses8,0005-10. Omit11.A critic said that the company had $25,000 cash atthe beginning of March and $25,000 at the end ofMarch, and since its cash balance was unchanged, itcouldn't be said to have any income in March. Thiscriticism is (incorrect).12.The reason the criticism is incorrect is becauseincome is an increase in retained earnings, notnecessarily in cash. For example, the sales revenue ofKay Company in March was $15,000 and its incomewas $7,000 even though $9,000 was received in cash.Post test 4 营业收入和货币资产1. The conservation concept states that increases inequity are recognized only when they are reasonablycertain, while decreases in equity are recognized assoon as they are reasonably possible.2. The materiality concept states: disregard trivialmatters but disclose all important matters.3. What is the length of the usual accounting period?One year. Financial statements prepared for shorterperiods are called interim statements.4. Cash accounting reports items that increase ordecrease cash. Accrual accounting reports items thatchange equity or retained earnings, even thoughthese changes may not affect cash.5. Increases in equity associated with the entity’soperations during a period are revenues, anddecreases are expenses. The difference betweenthem is labeled income.6. The realization concept states that revenues are recognized when goods or services are delivered.7. H Company manufactures a table in August and places it in its retail store in September. R Smith, a customer, agrees to buy the table in October, it is delivered to him in November, and he pays the bill in December. In what month is the revenue is recognized? (November)8. The receipt of cash is a debit to Cash. What is the offsetting credit and (type of account) for the following types of sales transactions?Account Crediteda. Cash received prior to delivery. Advances from customers (a liability)b. Cash received in same period as delivery. Revenuec. Cash received after the period of delivery. Accounts receivable (an asset)9.Similarly, revenue is a credit entry. What is the offsetting debit when revenue is recognized in each of these periods?Account Debiteda. Revenue recognized prior to receipt of cash. Accounts receivableb. Revenue recognized in same period as receipt of cash. Cashc. Revenue recognized in the period following receipt of cash. Advances from customers10.In February, H Company agrees to sell a table to a customer for $600, and the customer makes a down payment of $100 at that time. The cost of the table is $400. The table is delivered to the customer in March, and the customer pays the remaining $500 in April. Give the journal entries (if any) that would be made in February, March, and April for both the revenue and expense aspects of this transaction. February:Cash100Advances from customers100March:Accounts receivable500Advances from customers100Revenue600March:Expenses400Inventory400April:Cash500Accounts receivable50011.At the end of 2005, M Company had accounts receivable of $200,000, and it estimated that $2,000 of this amount was a bad debt. Its revenue in 2005, with no allowance for the bad debts, was $600,000. A. What account should be debited for the $2,000 bad debt? RevenueB. What account should be credited? Allowance for doubtful accountsC. What amount would be reported as net accounts receivable on the balance sheet? $198,000D. What amount would be reported as revenue on the 2005 income statement? $598,00012.In 2006, the $2,000 of bad debt was written off.A. What account should be debited for this written off? Allowance for doubtful accountsB. What account should be credited? AccountsreceivablePost test 5 费用的核算；损益表1. An expenditure occurs in the period in which goodsor services are acquired. An expense occurs in theperiod in which goods or services are consumed.2. A certain asset was acquired in May. There wastherefore an expenditure in May. At the end of May,the item was either on hand, or it was not. If it wason hand, it was an asset; If it was not on hand, it wasan expense in May.3. Productive assets are unexpired costs. Expensesare expired costs.4. The matching concept states that costs associatedwith the revenues of a period are expenses of thatperiod.5. Expenses of a period consist of:a. costs of the goods and services delivered duringthat period.b. other expenditures that benefit operations ofthe period.c. losses6. If Brown company pays rent prior to the periodthat the rent covers, the amount is initially reportedas credit to cash and a debit to Prepaid Rent, which isan asset account. If Brown Company pays the rentafter the period covered, the amount is initiallyrecorded as a debit to Rent Expense and a credit toAccrued Rent, which is a liability account.7. A brand new machine owned by Fay Company wasdestroyed by fire in 2005. It was uninsured. It hasbeen purchased for $10,000 with the expectationthat it would be useful for 5 years. The expenserecorded in 2005 should be $10,000.8. Gross margin is the difference between salesrevenue and cost of sales.9. gross margin percentage: (gross margin)/(salesrevenue)10. The difference between revenues and expenses inan accounting period (or the amount by which equity[i.e., retained earnings] increased from operatingactivities during the period) is called net income.11. A distribution of earnings to shareholders is calleddividends(股利).12. retained earnings at the end of the period=retained earnings at the beginning of the period + netincome–dividends.Post test 6 存货和销售成本1. A dealer sells a television set for $800 cash. It hadcost $600. Write journal entries for the four accountsaffected by this transaction.Dr. Cash800Cr. Revenue800Dr. Cost of Sales600Cr. Inventory6002. When using the perpetual inventory method (永续盘存), a record is kept for each item, showingreceipts, issues, and the amount on hand.3. Write an equation that shows how the cost of salesis determined by deduction:Cost of sales = beginning inventory+purchases –ending inventory4.Omit5.In periods of inflation, many companies use theLIFO method in calculating their taxable incomebecause LIFO gives a higher cost of sales and hence alower taxable income.6. A company discovers that the fair value of itsinventory is $1000 lower than its cost. What journalentry should it take?Dr. Cost of Sales1,000Cr. Inventory1,0007. In a manufacturing business, what three elementsenter into the cost of a manufactured item?Direct material, direct labor, and overhead.8. Period costs become an expense during the periodin which they were incurred.9. Product costs become an expense during theperiod in which the products were sold.10. One type of overhead rate involves use of thetotal direct labor costs and total production overheadcosts for a period. Write a ratio that shows how theoverhead rate is calculated.(Total production overhead costs)/(Total directlabor costs)11. A given finished item requires $50 of directmaterials and 5 hours of direct labor at $8 per hour.The overhead rate is $4 per direct labor hour. At whatamount would the finished item be shown ininventory? $110 = 50 + 40 + 2012. An inventory turnover of 5 is generally better thanan inventory turnover of 4 because it indicates thatless capital is tied up in inventory, and there is lessrisk that the inventory will become obsolete.Post test 7 非流动资产和折旧1. The amount at which a new plant asset is recordedin the accounts includes its purchase price plus allcosts incurred to make the asset ready for itsintended use (such as transportation andinstallation).2. A plant asset is acquired in 2005. It is expected tobe worn out at the end of 10 years and to becomeobsolete in five years. What is its service life? ---Fiveyears.3. Ordinarily, land is not depreciated because itsservice life is indefinitely long.4.A plant asset is acquired in 2005 at a cost of $20000.Its estimated service life is 10 years, and its estimatedresidual value is $2000 :a. The estimated depreciable cost of the asset is$18,000b. If the straight-line depreciation method is used,the depreciation rate for this asset is 10 percent.c. What amount will be recorded as depreciationexpense in each year of the asset’s life?---$1,800d. What amount will be debited and what accountwill be credited to record this depreciation expense?Dr. Depreciation expenseCr. Accumulated depreciatione. After five years have elapsed, how would thisasset be reported on the balance sheet?1) Plant------$20,0002) Less accumulated depreciation-------$9,0003) Book value-------$11,0005. A machine is purchase on January 2, 2005, for$20,000 and its has an expected life of five years andno estimated residual value.a. If the a machine is still in use six years later, what amount of depreciation expense will be reported in for the sixth year?----zerob. What amount, if any, will be reported on the balance sheet at the end of the sixth year?1) It will not be reported.-----X2) It will be reported as follows:Machine$20,000Accumulated depreciation$20,000Book value$06. A machine is purchase on January 2, 2005, for $50,000. It has an expected service life for 10 years and no residual value. Eleven years later it is sold for $3,000 cash.a. There will be a gain of $3,000b. What account will be debited and what account credited to record this amount?Dr. CashCr. Gain on disposition of assets.7. Given an example of each of the following types of assets, and give the name of the process used in writing off the cost of the second and third type. Asset type\Example\Write-off processPlant Asset\m achine, b uilding\Depreciation Wasting asset\c oal, o il ,m inerals\Depletion Intangible asset\g oodwill, t rademark \Amortization 8. Conoil Company purchased a producing oil property for $10,000,000 on January 2, 2005. It estimated that the property contained one million barrels of oil and that the property had a service life of 20 years. In 2005, 40,000 barrels of oil were recovered from the property. What amount should be charged as an expense in 2005?------$400,0009. Wasting assets and intangible assets are reported on the balance sheet in a different way than building, equipment, and similar plant assets. The difference is that wasting assets are reported at the net amount and plant assets are reported at cost, accumulated depreciation, and net amount.10. In calculating its taxable income, a company tries to report its income as low as it can. In calculating its financial accounting income, a company tries to report its income as fairly as it can.11. As compared with straight-line depreciation, accelerated depreciation writes off more depreciation in the early years of an asset’s life and less in the later years. Over the whole life of asset, accelerated depreciation writes off the same total cost as straight-line depreciation.12. Companies usually use accelerated depreciation in tax accounting because it reduces taxable income and hence income tax in the early years.13. Assume an income tax rate of 40%. If a company calculated its financial accounting income (before income taxes) in 2005 as $6 million and its taxable income as$4 million, what amount would it report as income tax expense on its 2005 income statement?----$2,400,00014. Fill in the missing name on the following table:Income tax expense $100,000Income tax paid -60,000Deferred income tax$ 40,000 The $40,000 would be reported on the balance sheet as a liability.。
专业英语资料（国际法）
专业英语资料（国际法）1.Article 38 of the Statute of the international Court of Justice states:1.The court,whose function is to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it,shall apply:(a)international conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognised by the contesting States;(b)international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law;(c)the general principles of law recognised by civilised nations;(d)subject to the provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law.1.法院对于陈诉各项争端，应依国际法裁判之，裁判时应适用：（a）不论普通或特别国际协约，确立诉讼当事国明白承认之规条者。
（b）国际习惯，作为通例之证明而经接受为法律者。
（c）一般法律原则为文明各国所承认者。
（d）在第五十九条规定之下，司法判例及各国权威最高之公法学家学说，作为确定法律原则之补助资料者。
英语专业语言学复习资料.doc
1Arbitrariness: Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the f act that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. For example, f or the same animal dog, in English we call it /d0g/, inCh inese as “gou”, but “yilu” in Japanese.2Duality:To human language, the way meaningless elements of language at one level (sounds and letters) combine to f orm meaningf ul units (words) at anotherlevel.3A descriptive linguisticsattempts to tell what is in the language, it attempts to describe the regular structures of the language as they are used, not according to some view of how they should be used. While the prescriptive linguistics tells people what should be in the language and tries to lay down rules to tell people how to use a language. Most modern linguistics is descriptive, whereas traditional grammars are prescriptive.4Immediate constituent analysis: The approach to divide the sentence up into its immediate constituents by using binary cutting until obtaining its ultimate constituents is called immediate constituent analysis. IC analysis is a hierarchical analysis showing the dif ferent constituents at dif ferent structural levels based on the distribution of linguistic f orms. The best way to show IC structure is to use a tree diagram. The f irst divisions or cuts are known as the immediate constituents(ICs), and the f inal cuts as the ultimate constituents(UCs).5Assimilation:Sounds belonging to one word or one syllable can cause changes in sounds belonging to neighboring words or syllables. As the f ollowing sounds bring about the change, this process is called regressive assimilation.e.g. a vowel becomes [+nasal] when f ollowed by a [+nasal] consonant.6Phonetics: The study of linguistic speech sounds that occur in all human languages , how they are produced, how they are perceived, and their physical properties, is called phonetics. The task of phonetics is to identif y what are speech sounds in a language, and then to study their characteristics. It includes three main areas: articul atory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, and auditory phonetics.7 Phonology: It is the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language. It is based on a theory of what every speaker of a language unconsciously knows about the sound patterns of that language. 8 Allophone is a phonetic variant of a phoneme in a particular language.9Recursiveness：It refers to the rule which can be applied repeatedly without any def inite limit. The rules introducing prepositional phrases also introduce the important concept of recursion.10 Stress: The prominence given to certain sounds in speech. When a word has more than one syllables, one of them will be pronounced with more prominence than others. This brings us to another speech sound phenomenon, that of stress. When a word belongs to dif ferent word classes, the stress of the word will be sometimes placed on diff erent syllables. When all the words above are stressed on thefirst syllables, they are nouns, but if they have the second syllables stressed, the words become verb s. Stress may also have af unction at the sentence level. In this case, the phonetic f orm of word stress may be show which part of sentence is in f ocus.11Morphology: is thus the study of the internal structure, f orms and classes of words, intended structure relevant rule f or word f ormation.12Allomorph: An allomorph is a member of a set of morphs which represent the same morpheme. Allomorphs are phonological or orthographic variants of the same morpheme. Allophones are in complementary distribution, allomorphs are also in complementary distribution, that is to say, they cannot occur in the same environment. e.g. -s, -es, and -en are all allomorphs (in writing) of the plural morpheme.13Derivation: the f ormation of new words by adding aff ixes to other words or morphemes in morphology and word f ormation.14Acronym: words which are composed of the first letter of a series of words and are pronounced as single words. Exmples: NATO, radar and yuppy.15blending: A single new word can be f ormed by combining two separate f orms. Typically, blending is finished by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of another word. For example, brunch is f ormed by the shortened f orms of breakfast and lunch.16Compounding:is the f ormation of new words by joining two or more stems. We have three types of compounds: 1, noun compounds:noun+noun: armchair, rainbow; 2, verb compounds: verb+verb: to sleep-walk; 3, adjective compounds: verb+adjectives: stir-crazy17Root: Some morphemes like car, talk, f riend and tour can stand alone as words. Such morphemes are called f ree morphem es. A word must contain an element that can stand by itself, that is a free morpheme, such as talk. Such an element is called a root. remains when all aff ixes are stripped from a complex word, e.g. system f rom un- + system + atic + ally. 18Minimal pairs and sets: The phonologist is concerned with what differences are signif icant, or technically speaking, distinctive. A distinctive diff erence is one that brings about the change of meaning. In order to determine which are distinctive sounds, the customary practice is to set up minimal pairs-pairs of words which differ from each other only by one sound.19Stem: A “stem” is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an aff ix can be added. It may be the same as , and in other cases, dif ferent from, a root. For example, in the w ord “f riends” , “f riend” is both the root and the stem, but in the word “f riendships”, “f riendships” is its stem, “f riend” is its root. Some words (i. e., compounds ) have more than one root ,e.g., “mailman” , “girlf riend” ,ect.20Suffix: Af f ixes can be joined to the end of the root or stem, in which case they are called suff ixes.An “affix” is the collective term f or the type of f ormative that can be used, only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem). Aff ixes are limited in number in a language, and are generally classif i ed into three subtypes: pref ix, suff ix and inf ix, e. g. , “mini-”, “un-”, ect.(pref ix); “-ise”, “-tion”, ect.(suff ix).21Syntax: the term used to ref er to the structure of sentences and to the study of sentence structure.22IC analysis: the approach to divide the sentence up into its immediate constituents byusing binary cutting until obtaining its ultimate constituents. 23Semantics: the study of linguistic meaning.24Sense: the inherent part of an expression’s meaning, to gether with the context, determines its ref erent. 25Reference: (in semantics) the relationship between words and \ the things, actions, events and qualities they stand f or. An example in English is the relationship between the word tree and the object “tree” (ref erent) in the real world.26Seven types of meaning: Conceptual meaning; thematic meaning ; connotative meaning; social meaning; affective meaning；ref l ective meaning; collocative meaning;后5种称associ ative meaning27Lexical gap: the absence of a word in a particular place in a semantic field of a language. For instance, in English we have brother versus sister, son versus daughter, but no separate lexemes f or “male” and“f emale” cousin.28Pragmati cs: can be def ined as the study of languages in use. It deals with how speakers use languages in ways which cannot be predicted f rom linguistic knowledge alone, and how hearers arrive at the intended meaning of speakers. In a broad sense, pragmatics studies the principles observed by human beings when communicate with each other. We can roughly say that pragmatics takes care of meaning that is not covered by semantics. So people use the f ormula as itsdef inition:PRAGMATICS=MEANING-SEMANTICS. 29Anaphora: a process where a word or phrase (anaphor) refers back to another word or phrase which was used earlier in a text or conversation.30Cohesion: the grammatical and/or lexical relationships between the different elem ents of a text. This may be the relationship between di ff erent sentences or different parts of a sentence.31Coherence: the relationship that links the meanings of utterances in a discourse or of the sentences in a text.32Prototype: what members of a particular community think of as the best example of a lexical category, e.g. f or some English speakers “cabbage” (rather than, say, “carrot”) might be the prototypical vegetable. 33 Prototype theory: a theory of human categorization that was posited by Eleanor Rosch. Following this theory, natural categories are organized according to prototypes which are considered as the most typical or representative of the category. A robin or sparrow is regarded as a prototype of the category of “bird”. People decide whether an entity belongs to a category by comparing that entity with a prototype.34iconicity: a feature of a language which means that the structure of language reflects in some way the structure of experience, that is, the structure of the world, including the perspective imposed on the world by the speaker. Caesar’s historic words “Veni, vidi, vici (I ca me, I saw, I conquered)” is a good case to prove the iconicity of order(the similarity between temporal events and the linear arrangement of elements in a linguistic construction). Iconicity of distance a ccounts f or the fact that things which belong together conceptually tend to be put together linguistically, and things that do not belong together are put at a distance. This entails that conceptual distance corresponds to linguistic distance not merely physical distance. eg: a, I killed the chicken. b, I caused the chicken to die. Iconicity of complexity: The phenomenon that linguistic complexity ref lects conceptual complexity is usually called iconicity of complexity.35Reflective meaning: is the meaning which arises in cases of multiple conceptual meanings, when one sense of a word f orms part of our response to another sense. Ref lective meaning is the product of people’s recognition and imagination.36Ambiguity: It refers to the phenomenon that an expression has more than one meaning. Two diff erent types of ambiguity can be distinguished on the basis of what is causing it: lexical ambiguity (more than one word meaning) and structural ambiguity (more than one synt actic structure) 37The diacritics: are additional symbols or marks used together with the consonant and vowel symbols to indicate nuances of change in theirpronunciation38Complementary distribution: [p.pH] are two different phones and are varivants of the phoneme /p/such variants of a phoneme are called allophones of the same phoneme. In this case the allophones are said to be in complementary distribution, because they never occur in the same context. [p] occurred af ter [s] while [ph] occurs in other places.39syllable: A unit in speech which isof t en longer than one sound and smaller than a whole word.41 the difference between derivational affix and inflectional affix (1)Inf lectional aff ixes very of t en add a minute or delicate grammatical meaning to the stem. E.g. toys, walks, John’s, etc. In contrast, derivational aff ixes of ten change the lexical meaning.E.g. cite, citation, etc.(2)Inf lectional aff ixes don’t change the word class of the word they attach to, such as flower, flowers, whereas derivational aff ixes might or might not, such as the relation between small and smallness f or the f ormer, and that between brother and brotherhood f or the latter. (3)In English, inf lectionalaff ixes are mostly suffixes, which are always wordf inal. E.g. drums, walks, etc. But derivational aff ixes can be prefixes or suffixes. E.g. depart, teacher, etc.定义：Derivational morphemes which are used to make new words in the language and are of ten used to make words of a di ff erent grammatical category from the stem Inflectional morphemes, which are not used to produce new words, but rather to show aspects of the grammatical f unction of a word.。
专业外语教学资料 专业英语-1 introdu
4.The larger the amount of current, the farther the needle will move.
电流越大，指针移动越多。
5.The conductor is formed into coil, which is placed on a pivot between the poles of the permanent magnet. The coil is connected to the terminals of the instrument through two spiral springs. These springs supply a reacting force proportional to the deflection. When no current is flowing, the springs cause the needle to return to zero.
不精细的，
interfere with [ .intə'fiə ] 有害于。。
粗略的
indicating needle [ 'indikeiti¿ ] [ 'ni:dl ] polarity [ pəu'læriti ] n. 极性
（仪表）指针
编辑ppt
fuse [ fju:z ] n. 保险丝，熔丝
deenergize v. 不给.....通电
gear [ giə ] n. 齿轮，传动装置
insulation [ .insju'leiʃən ] n. 绝缘
dial [ 'daiəl ] n. 刻度盘
generator [ 'dʒenəreitə ] n. 发电机
地质类专业英语复习资料
1、学科名称：Mineralogy 矿物学. Petrology 岩石学. Geomorphology 地貌学. Geochemistry 地球化学. Geophysics 地球物理. Sedimentology沉积学. Structural geology 构造地质学. Economic geology 经济地质学. Stratigraphy 地层学. Paleogeography 古地理学.Precambrian前寒武纪.paleozoic 古生代.mesozoic中生代.cenozoic新生代.aqueous 水成论.uniformitarianism均变说.catastrophism灾变说.remote sensing遥感.space shuttle航天飞机.engineering geology 工程地质学.geological mapping 地质填图. 古生物学paleontology mineral composition/component of rock 岩石组分elongate shape 椭圆形. Granulite麻粒岩.halo变质环带. geologic structure地质构造. tectonic构造.debris残骸;碎片;破片;残渣.2、常见矿物mineral：Granite花岗岩. quartz石英. feldspar长石. fluorite萤石. Dolomite白云石. cassiterite锡石. stibnite辉锑矿.silica tetrahedrons硅氧四面体.sheet silicates片状硅酸盐。
chain silicates链状. framework silicates框架硅酸盐. mica云母. chert/flint 燧石. hornblende角闪石. amphibole闪石. augite普通辉石. olivine橄榄石.orthoclase正长石. 斜长石plagioclase. 硅石silica. 玛瑙agate. 碧玉jasper。
应用技术学院-计算机专业英语复习资料
应用技术学院-计算机专业英语复习资料专业英语复习资料一、请写出以下单词的中文意思。
1、floppy disk软盘2、printer打印机3、optical disk光盘4、formatting toolbar 格式工具条5、formula方程式6、relational database关系数据库7、antivirus program抗病毒程序8、fragmented破碎9、user interface用户界面10、bus line总线11、smart card智能卡12、motherboard主板13、digital camera数码相机14、fax machine传真机15、ink-jet printer喷墨打印机16、access time访问时间17、direct access直接存取18、Bluetooth蓝牙19、digital signal数字签名20、protocols协议21、operating system 操作系统22．requirements analysis 需求分析23．network security 网络安全24．data structure 数据结构25．decision support system 决策支持系统26．software crisis 软件危机27．computer virus 电脑病毒28．email attachment 电邮附件29．central processing unit ( CPU )中央处理单元30．ink-jet printer 喷墨打印机31. multimedia 多媒体32. software life cycle软件生命周期33. structured programming 结构化程序34. functional testing 功能测试35. word processor 文字处理36. code windows 代码窗口37. firewall 防火墙38. LAN local area network局域网39. hacker 黑客40. switch 开关41．数据库管理系统database management system42．传输控制协议transmission control protocol43．多文档界面multiple document interface 44．面向对象编程Object-oriented programming 45．只读存储器read-only memory46．数字视频光盘Digital Video Disc47．计算机辅助设计computer aided design48．结构化查询语言Structured Query Language49．通用串行总线Universal Serial Bus50．企业之间的电子商务交易方式EDi二、单项选择题。
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英译中1 More generally, signal processing is an operation designed for extracting, storing, and transmitting useful information. The distinction between useful and unwanted information is often subjective as well as objective.更普遍的是，信号处理，提取，存储和传输有用的信息而设计的操作。
有用和无用信息之间的区别往往是主观和客观。
2 DSP is the mathematics, the algorithms, and the techniques used to manipulate real world signals after they have been converted into a digital form. This includes a wide variety of goals, such as: enhancement of visual images, recognition of speech, compression of data for storage and transmission, etc. DSP包含数学算法，算法实现和用于现实世界信号转换成数字形式后的处理技术。
DSP包括各种各样的目标，如：提高视觉图像，语音识别，存储和传输的数据压缩，等3 The channel capacity is a function of the probabilistic description of the output conditional on each possible input. Conversely, it is not possible to achieve low error probability at rates above the channel capacity.信道容量是在每个可能的输入输出条件概率描述的功能。
相反，它是不可能实现低错误率超过信道容量的概率.4 The blocks of binary digits can be generalized into variable-length sequences of binary digits. We shall find that any given discrete source, characterized by its alphabet and probabilistic description, has a quantity called entropy associated with it.二进制位的块，可以概括为可变长度的二进制数字序列。
我们会发现，任何给定的离散源，其字母和概率描述的特点，有一个叫做熵与它相关的数量。
5 One approach to channel measurement is to allocate a certain portion of each transmitted packet for that purpose. During this period, a known probing sequence is transmitted and the receive users this known sequence either to estimate the current values for the taps in the discrete-time baseband model of the channel or to measure the actual paths in a continuous-time baseband model.通道测量的方法之一就是为此目的拨出一定比例的每个传输的数据包。
在此期间，一个已知的探测序列传输和接收用户这个已知序列估计通道的离散时间基带模型的当前值的水龙头，或在一个连续时间基带模型来衡量的实际路径。
6 I mage restoration is applied to the restoration of a known distortion for which an objective criterion can be applied.图像恢复被用于复原已知的失真，这个过程将使用一个客观的标准7 In archeology, image processing methods have successfully restored blurred pictures that were the only available records of rare artifacts lost or damaged after being photographed.在考古学中，图像处理技术方法已成为成功恢复罕见文物丢失或损失块后唯一可用记录的模糊照片8 A lot of information is required to specify the exact distribution of a random variable, and even more to specify the joint distribution of two or more variables.在指定一个随机变量的确定分布需要大量的信息如果指定两个或多个变量的联合分布则需要更多的信息9 When feedback is used around an operational amplifier, the closed loop gain of the circuit is determined by a ratio involving the input and feedback impedances used.在理想运放的电器分析过程中使用在反相输入端零电压和零电流的约束条件简化电路分析。
10 Systems are defined to be stable if every bounded input excites a bounded output. The condition for discrete-time system to be stable is that all poles of H(x) lie inside the unit circle on the Z-plane.如果每一个有界输入激发有界的输出，那么可定义系统是稳定的，离散时间系统的稳定条件是H（x）几点都在Z坐标单位圆的内部。
中译英1 Large communication system such as the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) and the Internet have incredible complexity, made up of an enormous variety of equipment made by different manufactures at different times following different design principles.大型通信系统，如公用电话交换网（PSTN）和Internet，都是异常复杂的，它们由大量的、由不同厂商在不同时期按不同设计原则出来的不同设备所设计。
2 Some discrete sources generate finite segments of symbols, such as email messages, that are statistically undeleted to other finite segments that might be generated at other times.一些离散源产生的有限长符号，如电子邮件信息，它们在统计意义上是与其他时间所产生的有现场符号段无关的。
3 1G analog system for mobile communications saw two key improvements during the 1970s: the invention of the microprocessor and the digitization of the control link between the mobilephone and the cell site.20世纪70年代，1G 模拟制式的无线通信系统见证了两项重要的技术改进：微处理器的发明及无线电话和小区之间控制链路的数字化。
4 Thus, what we call in this book digital image processing encompasses processes whose inputs and outputs are image and, in addition, encompasses processes that extract attributes from images, up to and including therecognition of individual objects.因此，书中所说的“数字图像处理”既包括输入/输出都是图像的过程，也包括从图像中提取特征等其他过程，直至对个体目标进行识别也属于本书的范畴。
5 Description, also called feature selection, deals with extracting attributes that result in some quantitative information of internet or are basic for differentiating one class of objects from another.图像描述也称为特征选取，是指从图像中提取某些特征，这些特征或者产生人们感兴趣的定量信息，或者作为区别不同目标类别的基础。
6 To process an analog signal digitally, it must first be discretized in time to yield a discrete-time signal and then quantized in amplitude to yield a digital signal.要以数字化的方式处理模拟信号，应先对模拟信号在时间上离散以产生离散时间信号，然后对其幅值量化以产生数字信号。