助动词的ppt

NO.2(TEM4 1999) He _____unwisely, but he was at least to do something helpful. A . may have acted B . must have acted C . should act D . would act
NO.3 ____he come late , give him the message. A . Had B. Should C . Would D . If
e)与疑问词搭配 与疑问词搭配
How's your father? (=is) What're you doing? (=are) Where've they gone to? (=have) Who'd have believed it? (=would) What'll you have to drink? (=will)
John's not such a good student as Bill is (≠ Bill's)
c)用于发问或附加疑问时 用于发问或附加疑问时
Will he come You haven't seen her , have you ?
3)非缩略形式的使用场合 非缩略形式的使用场合(2) 非缩略形式的使用场合
2)肯定缩略形式 肯定缩略形式
上述24个限定动词只有以下10个能有肯 定缩略形式：
am is are have has had shall will should would
下面介绍一下肯定形式与其他词语常见 的搭配现象：
a)与人称代词搭配 与人称代词搭配
I'm a student. (=I am) It's raining. (=It is ) She's been away for months. (=She has) We'd stay in this hotel if it was cheaper (=would) We'd have come if you'd asked us (=should , had ) 注意区分it's 和its :The cat is licking its tail;it's not licking its paw. 's 既可以is 也可以表示has . 'd既可以表示should ,would ,也可以表示had ,需 从上下文进行判断。
b)与名词词组搭配 与名词词组搭配
Mary's coming tomorrow evening (=is) My friend's opened a new hotel (=has) The roads're good (=are) Anna'll be going to London (=will) The camera'd been stolen (=had) The book'd be useful (=would) The guests've all gone (=have)
若改用have got/have got to形式表示，则常 用缩略形式：They've got three children. He's got to leave early .
NO.1(TEM4 2004) You ____Jim anything about it. It was none of his business. A . needn’t have told B . needn’t tell C . mustn’t have told D. mustn’t tell
3)非缩略形式的使用场合 非缩略形式的使用场合(1) 非缩略形式的使用场合
上述能用于肯定缩略形式的10个限定动词，在下 列场合不能采用缩略形式：
a)单独使用时 单独使用时
A: You've seen her,haven't you? B: Yes, I have . (≠ I've)
b)用于句子结尾时 用于句子结尾时
1）半助动词的类型(2) ）半助动词的类型
由上述诸例可知，半助动词后的主动词 无一例外地用不带to不定式，这种不定式 可以是一般式，也可以是进行体或完成 体形式。现就以be supposed to （作“应 该”解）为例来说明。
Why are you driving so fast in this area?You are supposed to know the speed limit . Mother is still not quite well. She is not supposed to be working so hard. Why haven't you finished your paper yet? You are supposed to have finished it by tomorrow.
c)与指示代词、不定代词、物主代词 与指示代词、不定代词、 与指示代词 搭配
That's fine (=is) This'll do (=will) That'd be much better (=would) Someting's got to be done (=has) Mine's blue ;yours is red (=is)
NO. 4(TEM 1996) Western Nebraska generally receives less snow than _____Eastern Nebraska. A. in B. it receives in C. does D. it does in
NO.5 If your car ____ any attention during the first 12 months, take it to an authorized dealer. A. shall need B. should need C. would need D. will need
d)表示强调时 表示强调时
A: You're not coming with me. B: I am coming whether you like it or not. (≠ I'm)
e)Have/have to作“有”/“必须”解释时通 作 “必须” 常也不用缩略形式
They have three Leabharlann Baiduhildren . (≠ They've) He has to leave early (≠ He's to)
NO.7(92) A hibernating animal needs hardly any food all through the winter,_____? A. need it B. needn’t it C. does it D. doesn’t it
NO.8(97) When you have finished with that video tape , don’t forget to put it in my drawer,_____? A. do you B. will you C. don’t you D. won’t you Do you help yourself to some fruit , _____ you? A. can’t B. don’t C. wouldn’t D. won’t
1)否定缩略形式 否定缩略形式(2) 否定缩略形式
有些否定句式能有两种缩略形式。例如： she isn't coming here alone. she's not coming here alone. 否定疑问句既能用否定缩略形式，也能用非缩 略形式。试比较： Haven't we seen this film before ? Have we not seen this film before ? 但含义有所不同：用否定缩略形式通常带有肯定 与否定双重意向；用非缩略否定形式通常带有 否定意向。（参见27.2.1)
d)与存在句引导词 与存在句引导词there搭配 与存在句引导词 搭配
There's a lot to do (=has) There've been many accidents at this corner There'll be a new film next week . (=will) She wondered if there'd been a mistake (had) He thought there'd be an answer by tomorrow (=would) 地点副词here/there也常与's(=is)搭配.例如: Here's your bicycle and there's mine.
1)否定缩略形式 否定缩略形式(1) 否定缩略形式
上述24个限定动词除去am not 的疑问形式需要 用aren't替代外，其余23个都有各自的否定缩略 形式。例如： am not , don't , couldn't , aren't , usedn't , daren't 等 在句子中例如： I'm late , aren't I? They won't be here next week . You shouldn't smoke so much . They mayn't like it . 等等
18.1 半助动词
半助动词指在功能上介乎主动词和助动 词之间、本身带有词义的一类结构。下 面就半助动词的类型以及半助动词与 it...that结构的转换关系作一些介绍。
1）半助动词的类型(1) ）半助动词的类型
从形态上看，可以分成三类： 以be为其中心成分； 以have为中心成分； 以seem等为其中心成分。 从能否与it...that结构进行转换上看又 可以分为能与不能两类 (p210-211 表 格）
18.2 助动词的缩略形式
英语有以下24个助动词能有缩略形式： am , is , are , was , were , have , has , had do , does , did , shall , should , will , would can , could , may , might , must , ought(to) need , dare , used(to)
第18讲 助动词 (Auxiliary) 18讲
Forewrd
英语的助动词分为三类：基本助动词 (Primary Auxiliary)、情态助动词 (Modal Auxiliary)和半助动词(Semiauxiliary)。 本讲将介绍的是半助动词(Semiauxiliary)以及助动词(Auxiliary）的 缩略形式(Contracted Form)。
NO.6(1994) He____ the 8:20 bus because he didn’t leave home till 8:25. A. couldn’t have caught B. ought to have caught C. shouldn’t have caught D. must not have caught
2)半助动词与“it...that”结构 半助动词与“ 半助动词与 ” (2)
为了便于说明，不妨把it...that结构称为句 型I,而把“半助动词+不定式”结构称为 句型II.例如： It appears that he has many friends. [I] He appears to have many friends. [II] 句型II中的不定式是采取一般形式、进行体 形式还是完成体形式，是采取主动态还 是被动态，取决于句型I中that-分句的限 定动词词组形式。
2)半助动词与“it...that”结构 半助动词与“ 半助动词与 ” (1)
前述带有第一类半助动词作为限定动词 词组一部分的句子不能与it...that 结 构相互转换。例如可以说The boy tended to be late.但不能说It tended that the boy was late. 而带有第二类半助动词作为限定动词词 组一部分的句子则能与it...that 结构 相互转换.例如可以说The boy seemed to be late.也可以说It seemed that the boy was late.