2013湖北省博士研究生入学考试英语联考真题详解答案
2013年考研英语真题及解析
2013年考研英语真题及解析2013年硕士研究生入学考试英语一试题（完整版）Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to probation on that day.To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 .He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews, 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant's score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 .1.[A] grant [B] submits [C] transmits [D] delivers2.[A] minor [B]objective [C] crucial [D] external3.[A] issue [B] vision [C] picture [D] moment4.[A] For example [B] On average [C] In principle[D] Above all5.[A] fond [B]fearful [C] capable [D] thoughtless6.[A] in [B] on [C] to [D] for7.[A] if [B]until [C] though [D] unless8.[A] promote [B]emphasize [C] share [D] test9.[A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success10.[A] chosen [B]stupid [C]found [D] identified11.[A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise12.[A] inspired [B]expressed [C] conducted [D] secured13.[A] assigned [B]rated [C] matched [D] arranged14.[A] put [B]got [C]gave [D] took15.[A]instead [B]then [C] ever [D] rather16.[A]selected [B]passed [C] marked [D] introduced17.[A]before [B] after [C] above [D] below18.[A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate19.[A]achieve [B]undo [C] maintain [D]disregard20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpfulPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scold her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-y ear indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decades or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quckier turnrounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposal——meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that——and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking all industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a 5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage, overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amount of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable, and wasteful,” Cline argues, Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year——about 64 items per person——and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named SKB, who, since 2008 has make all of her own clothes——and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example, can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment——including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection Line——Cline believes lasting-change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t aff ord to it.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill. [B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion. [D]lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half . In the internet age, at least in theory ,this fraction can be much reduced . By watching what people se arch for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell adwertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Adwertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responging to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Geting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. Atter all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, bloggde:"we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:[A] ease competition among themselves[B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers[D]provide better online services27. “The industry” (Line 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers[B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis[D]internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] many cut the number of junk ads[B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers[D]goes against human nature[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A] indulgence[B] understanding[C] appreciaction[D] skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years . Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence .Perhaps willfully , it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment[B] our faith in science and technology[C] our awareness of potential risks[D] our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN’s “Red List” suggest that human be ing are[A] a sustained species[B] a threaten to the environment[C] the world’s dominant power[D] a misplaced race[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet’s abundant resources[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world[C] draw on our experience from the past[D] curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four co ntested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization ”and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial . Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately “occupied the field” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion assertion of federal executive power”.The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities,even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter.In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with .Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every36. Three provisions of Ar izona’s plan were overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree,according to Paragraph4?[A] Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’information.[B] States’ independence from federal immigration law.[C] States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states’ interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states’ support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administrstion.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The social sciences are flourishing.As of 2005,there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010,the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change, security,sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to arificial fertilizers . Here , too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter:there is no radical innovation without creative destruction .Today ,the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates,rather than on topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers incl uding the keywords “environmental changed” orWhen social scientists do tackle practical issues ,their scope is often local:Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example .And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better.The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists.This year,it was proposed that system be changed:Horizon 2020,a new program to be enacted in 2014,would not have such a category ,This has resulted in protests from social scientists.But the intention is not to neglect social science ; rather ,the complete opposite.(45)____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists:one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals,and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere,such as policy briefs.[B] However,the numbers are still small:in 2010,about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these Keywords.[C] the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior . all require behavioral change and social innovations , as well as technological development . Stemming climate change , for example , is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors , many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems . And in Europe , some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development .[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%.Part B: (10 points)Section III Translation46. Directions: Translate the following text from English to Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2. (10 points)Directions:translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak os various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges had to do with creat ing a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the foemer becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment.(48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49)most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia- a yearning for contact with nonhuman life-assuming uncanny representational forms.Section III WritingParty A51 Directions:Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B: (20 points)Part B52 Directions:Write an essay of about 160 – 200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should(1) describe the drawing briefly,(2) interpret its intended meaning, and(3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2013年考研英语一真题答案解析1.【答案】A【解析】第一句提到“总体而言，当人们自己做决定时，并不擅长考虑背景信息。
2013年考研英语真题答案及解析
【答案】D
【考点】句间逻辑关系+固定结构
【解析】根据句内的逻辑关系，在对待犯罪行为方面害怕表现出太软弱，在……方面，关于……的表达应该用
介词 on，故答案为 D。
7. [A] if 如果
[B] until 直到
[C] though 尽管
[D] unless 除非
【答案】A
【考点】上下文语义衔接+固定短语
请者的____不应该取决于同一天随机选到的其他几名申请者。接着下文讲到面试官面试 MBA 申请者的结果
results，因此第 9 题应该也有结果的意思，与下文结合是达到正面的结果，因此答案是即“申请者的成功”。其
它选项带入原文重叠答案，与原义不符合。
10.[A] found 找到的 [B] studied 研究过的
【答案】D
【考点】上下文语义衔接+短语辨析
【解析】通读后面的句子，提到了法官与被告，这明显是生活当中的一个具体的实例，故答案选 D。而 A 选项
above all“首先” 是用来列举条目；B 选项 on average “平均，通常”，出现的话，周围往往应该要出现数字。C 选
项 in principle“大体上，原则上”，后面需要出现的是总结性的话语，将 A,B,C 排除。
D 选项 deliver “传递”，同样不能与 ability 搭配。A, C, D 无论从搭配上还是意思上都不合适。A 选项 grant 本身
具有赋予，授予的意思。故答案选 A。
2.[A] minor 次要的
[B] external 外部的
[C] crucial 残酷的
[D] objective 客观的
六名被告执行缓刑，那么他很有可能将下一个人送入监狱。A 选项 fond of 喜欢，B 选项 fear of 惧怕，C 选项
2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二试题(答案解析版)2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语
2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二试题（答案解析版）Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)；敬人者化学教案人恒敬之”“要学会宽恕化学教案甚至是对曾经伤害过你的人化学教案因为只有放下才能得到真正Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. ___1___, a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions of such a society have been ___2___ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment “would soon revolutionize the very ___3___ of money itself,” only to ___4___ itself several years later. Why has t he movement to a cashless society been so ___5___ in coming?Although e-money might be more convenient and may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work __6___ the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very ___7___ to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the ___8___ form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they ___9___ receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to ___10___. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of "float"-it takes several days ___11___ a check is cashed and funds are ___12___ from the issuer's account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. ___13___ electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer. Fourth, electronic means of payment ___14___ security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information ___15___ there.Because this is not an ___16___ occurrence, unscrupulous persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and ___17___ funds by moving them from someone else’s accounts i nto their own. The___18___ of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of computer science has developed to ___19___ security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic ___20___ that contains a large amount of personal data on buying habits. There are worries that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby encroaching on our privacy.时间先后顺序化学教案③后适宜用感叹号试卷试题5试卷试题B试卷试题【解析】A项的“拙作”是谦辞、1. [A] However [B] Moreover [C] Therefore [D] Otherwise2. [A] off [B] back [C] over [D] around3. [A] power [B] concept [C] history [D] role4. [A] reward [B] resist [C] resume [D] reverse5. [A] silent [B] sudden [C] slow [D] steady6. [A] for [B] against [C]with [D] on7. [A] imaginative [B] expensive [C] sensitive [D] productive8. [A] similar [B] original [C] temporary [D] dominant9. [A] collect [B] provide [C] copy [D] print10. [A] give up [B] take over [C] bring back [D] pass down11. [A] before [B] after [C] since [D] when12. [A] kept [B] borrowed [C] released [D] withdrawn13. [A] Unless [B] Until [C] Because [D] Though14. [A] hide [B] express [C] raise [D]ease15. [A] analyzed [B] shared [C] stored [D] displayed16. [A] unsafe [B] unnatural [C] uncommon [D] unclear17. [A] steal [B] choose [C] benefit [D] return18. [A] consideration [B] prevention [C] manipulation [D] justification19. [A] cope with [B] fight against [C] adapt to [D] call for20. [A] chunk [B] chip [C] path [D] trail文化活动试卷试题人有恒言曰：“百闻不如一见试卷试题”“读万卷书不如行万里路试卷试题”游学之益在于体验化学教案答案：1-5: ADBDC6-10: BBDBA11-15: ADCCC16-20: CABAD苞之生二十六年矣化学教案使蹉跎昏忽常如既往化学教案则由此而四十、五十化学教案岂有【答案详解】1. [标准答案] [A][考点分析] 本题考察逻辑关系[选项分析] 因为考察逻辑关系，所以需要我们先对填空前后的原文信息做定位分析：填空之后的信息为”a true cashless society is probably not around the corner .”（一个无现金社会不太可能马上出现），而文章之前的信息都是在说我们可能马上就进入一个无现金社会，两者之间出现了明显的转折关系，因此只有however符合题意。
武汉大学2013年博士研究生入学考试英语真题
武汉大学2013年博士研究生入学考试英语真题Part I: Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions：In this part for the test，there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage isfollowed by 4 questions or unfinished statement，and each question or unfinished statement is followedby four choices marked A，B，C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corre- sponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage 1The changing profile of a city in the United States is apparent in the shifting definitionsused by the United States Bureau of the Census. In 1870 the census official distinguishedthe nation’s urban from its “rural” population for the first time. “Urban population” was de-fined as persons living in towns of 8，000 inhabitants or more. But after 1900 it meant per-sons living in incorporated places having 2，500 or more inhabitants.Then in 1950 the Census Bureau radically changed its definition of “urban” to accountof the new vagueness of city boundaries. In addition to persons living incorporated units of2，500 or more, the census now included those who lived in unincorporated units of thatsize, and also all persons living in the densely settled urban fringe, including both incorpo-rated and unincorporated areas located around cities of 50，000 inhabitants or more. Eachsuch unit, conceived as an integrated economic and social unit with a large population nu-cleus was named a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA).Each SMSa would contain at least one central city with 50，000 inhabitants or more ortwo cities having shared boundaries and constituting, for general economic and social pur-poses, a single community with a combined population of at least 50，000, the smaller ofwhich must have a population of at least 15，000. Such an area included the country inwhich the central city is located, and adjacent countries that are found to be metropolitan incharacter arid economically and socially integrated with the country of the central city. By1970，about two-thirds of the population of the United States was living in these urbanizedareas, and of that figure more than half were living outside the central cities While the Census Bureau and the United States government used the term SMSa (by1969 there were 233 of them)，social scientists were also using new term to describe the e-lusive vaguely defined areas reaching out from what used to be simple “town” and u cit- iesa host of terms came into use: “metropolitan regions”，“polynucleated p opulationgroups”，“conurbations”，“metropolitan clusters”，“megalopolises”，and so on.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. How cities in the United States began and developed?巳.Solutions to overcrowding in citiesC. The changing definition of an urban areaA. How the United States Census Bureau conducts a census?2. Prior to 1900, how many inhabitants would a town has to have before being definedas urban?A. 500B. 8, 000C. 15, 000D. 50, 0003. According to the passage, why did the Census Bureau revise the definition of urbanin 1950?A. City borders had become less distinct.B. Cities had undergone radical social change.C. Elected officials could not agree on an acceptable definition.D. New businesses had relocated to larger cities.4. Which of the following is NOT true of an SMSA?A. It has a population of at least 50, 000.B. It can include a city’s outlying regions.C. It can include unincorporated regions.D. it consists of at least two cities.Passage 2The concept of obtaining fresh water from icebergs that are towed to populated areasand arid regions of the world was once treated as a joke more appropriate to cartoons thanreal life. But now it is being considered quite seriously by many nation especially sincesci-entists have warned that the human race will outgrow its flesh was supply faster than it runsout of food.Glaciers are as a possible source of fresh water that has been overlooked recently.Three-quarters of the Earth’s fresh water supply is still tied up in glacial ice, reservoir of un-tapped fresh water so immense that it could sustain all the rivers of the world for 1，000years. Floating on the oceans every year are 7, 659 trillion metric tons ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, more than ninety percent of themfrom Antarctica.Huge glaciers that stretch over the shallow continental shelf give birth to icebergs throughout the year. Icebergs are not like sea ice, which is formed when the sea itself free-zes；rather they are formed entirely on land, breaking off when glaciers spread over thesea. As they drift away from the Polar region, icebergs sometimes move mysteriously in adirection opposite to the wind, pulled by subsurface currents. Because they melt more slowly than smaller pieces of ice, icebergs have been known to drift as far north as 35 de-grees south of the equator in the Atlantic Ocean. To corral them and steer them to parts ofthe world where they are needed would not be too difficult.The difficulty arises in other technical matters, such as the prevention of rapidmeltingin warmer climates and the tunneling of fresh water to shore in great volume. But even if theicebergs lost half of their volume, the water they could provide would be far cheaper thanthat produced by desalination, or removing salt from water.5. What is the main topic of the passage?A. The movement of glaciersB. Icebergs as a source of fresh waterC. Future water shortagesD. The future of the world’s rivers6. How ale icebergs formed?A. They bread off from glaciers.巳.Seawater freezes.C. Rivers freeze.A. Small pieces of flowing ice converge7. With which of the following ideas would the author be likely to agree?A. Towing icebergs to dry areas is economically possible.巳.Desalination of water is the best way to obtain drinking water.C. Using water from icebergs is a very short-term solution to water shortages.A. Icebergs could not be towed very far before they would melt.8. It can be inferred from the passage that most icebergs _____________ .A. become part of glaciersB. drill toward the polar regionC. move in whichever direction the wind is blowingD. melt in the oceansPassage 3There are two ways to create colors in a photograph. One method, called additive, sits with three basic colors and adds them together to produce some other color. The sec-ond method, called subtractive, starts with white light (a mixture of all colors in the spec-trum) by taking away some or all other colors, leaves the one desired.In the additive method, separate colored lights combine to produce various other col-ors. The three additive primary colors are green, red, and blue (each proving about one-third the wavelengths in the total spectrums). Mixed in varying proportions, they can pro-duce all colors. Green and red light mix to produce yellow, red and blue light mix to pro- duce magenta, green and blue mix to produce cyan. When equal parts of all three of theseprimary-colored beams of light overlap, the mixture appears white to the eye.In the subtractive process colors are produced when dye (as in paint or color photo-graph materials) absorbs some wavelengths and so passes on only part of the spectra. The subtractive primaries are cyan (a bluish green)，magenta (a purplish pink), and yellow；these are the pigments or dyes that absorb red, green, and blue wavelengths, re-spectively, thus subtracting them into white light. These dye colors are the complementarycolors to the three additive primaries of red, green, and blue. Properly combined, the subtractive primaries can absorb all colors of light, producing black. But, mixed in varyingproportions, they too can produce any color in the spectrum.Whether a particular color is obtained by adding colored lights together or by subtrac-ting, some light from the total spectrum, the result looks the same to the eye. The additiveprocess was employed for early color photography. But the subtractive method, while re-quiring complex chemical techniques, has turned out to be more practical and is the basisof all modern color films.9. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase “passes on” as used inparagraph 3?A. Judges 巳.Let through C. Dies D. Goes over10. Which of the following is NOt a pair of additive, and subtractive primary colors?A. Yellow and blueB. Magenta and greenC. Black and whiteD. Cyan and red11. What explanation is given for the use of the subtractive method in modem colorfilms?A. Subtractive colors are more realistic.巳.The subtractive process is more efficient.C. Additive chemical techniques are too complex.D. The additive process is still being developed.12. How is the passage organized?A. The reasons for a choice are explained in depth.B. a general statement is justified by a series of historical examples.C. Two basic causes are compared. .D. Related processes are described one after the other.Passage 4The idea of humanoid robots is not new. They have been part of the imaginative land-scape ever since Karl Capek，a Czech writer, first dreamed them up for his 1921 play Possum’s Universal Robots (The word robot comes from the Czech word “drudgery”，Ro-berta. )Since then, Hollywood has produced countless variations on to theme, from the sultry False Mona in Fritz Lang’s silent masterpiece Metropolis to the withering C3PO in StarWars and the ruthless assassin of Terminator. Humanoid robots have walked into our col-lective subconscious coloring our views of the future.But now Japan’s industrial giants are spending billions of yen to make such robots real-ity. Their new humanoids represent impressive feats of engineering: when Honda intro-duced Asimo, a four-foot robot that had been in development for some 15 years walked sofluidly that its white, articulated exterior seemed to conceal a human. Honda continues tomake the machine faster, friendlier and more agile. Last October，when Asimo was induc-ted into the Robot Hall of Fame in Pittsburgh，it walked on to the stag and accepted its ownplaque.At two and a half feet tall, Sony’s QRIo is smaller and more toy-like than Asimo. It walks, understands small number of voice commands, and can navigate on its own. If itfalls over, it gets up and resumes where it left off. It can even connect senselessly totheinterpreter and broadcast what its camera eyes can see. In 2003，Sony demonstrated anupgraded QRIo Rat could run. Honda responded last December win a version of Asimothat runs at twice the speed.In 2004, Toyota joined the fray win its own family of robots, called Partners, one of which is a four-foot humanoid that plays the trumpet. Its fingers work the instrument valves,and it has mechanical lungs and artificial lips. Toyota hopes to over commercial version ofthe robot by 2010. This month, 50 Partner robots will act guides at Expo 2005 in Aichi, Ja-pan.Despite their sudden proliferation, however，humanoids are still a mechanic minority.Most of the world’s robots are faceless, footless and mute. They are bolted the floors of factories, stamping out car parts or welding pieces of metal, making more machines. Ac-cording to the United Nations, business orders for industrial robots jumped 18% in the firsthalf of 2004. They may soon be outnumbered by domestic robots, such as self-navigatingvacuum cleaners, lawn mowers and window washers, which at selling fast. But neither in-dustrial nor domestic robots are humanoid.13. In paragraph 1 the author introduces his topic by relating.A. the idea of humanoid robotsB. Karl Capek’s creation of robotsC. Hollywood’s production of robot filmsD. the origin of and popular movies about robots14. Sony’s QRIo could perform all the following tasks EXCEPt.A. walking earners freelyB. understanding some words uttered by peopleC. finding its wayD. continuing walking after it stumbles15. From the passage we may infer that Toyota’s Partner_____________.A. is much better than any other robots巳.is no more than a mechanic deviceC. may be put into mass productionD. may speak like man16. Judging from the context, this passage is probably written.A. in 2004B. in 2005C. between 2003—2004D. between 2004—2005Passage 5For years pediatricians didn’t worry much about heating hypertension in their patients.After all, kids grow so fast，it’s hard keeping up with their shoe size, let alone their bloodpressure. Sure, hypertension in adults places them at greater risk of heart attack and stroke. But nobody likes the idea of starting youngsters on blood-pressure medicine theycould wind up taking the rest of their lives. Who knows what previously unheard-of side effects could crop up after five or six decades of daily use?The rationale has been: kids grow out of so many things maybe they’ll grow out of thistoo.Now, though, comes word that high blood pressure can be destructive even in child-hood. According to a recent report in the journal Circulation, 19 of 130 children with highblood pressure developed a dangerous thickening of the heart muscle that, in adults at least, has been linked to heart failure. “No one knows if this pattern holds true for youngerpatients as well，” says Dr. Stephen Daniels, a pediatric cardiologist who led the study atChildren’s Hospital Medical Center in Cincinnati, Ohio. “But if worrisome. ”Who’s most at risk? Boys more than gir ls, especially boys who are overweight. Theirheart works so hard to force blood through extra layers of fat that its walls grow denser. Then, after decades of straining it grows too big to pump blood very well. Fortunately theabnormal, thickening can be spotted by ultrasound. And in most case getting that bloodpressure under control through weight loss and exercise or, as a last resort, drug treat- ment allows the overworked muscle to shrink to normal size.How can you tell if yours are like the 670，000 American children ages 10 to 18 withhigh blood pressure? It’s not the sort of thing you can catch by putting your child’s arms ina cuff at the free monitoring station in your local grocery. You should have a test done by adoctor, who will consult special tables that indicate the normal range of blood pressure fora particular child’s age, height and sex. If the doctor finds an abnormal result he will re- peat the test over a period of months to make sure the reading isn’t fake. He’ll also check,whether other conditions, like kidney disease, could be the sources of the trouble. Be- cause hypertension can be hard to detect the National Heart, Lung Blood Institute recom-mends annual blood-pressure checks for every child over age 3.About half the cases of hypertension stem directly from kids being overweight.And theproblem is likely to grow. Over the past 30 years the proportion of children in to U. S.whoare overweight has doubled, from 5 % to 11%or 4. 7 million kids.You can keep your children from joining their ranks by clearing the junk food fromyourpantry and hooking you kids —the earlier the betters healthy, attractive snacks likefruits(try freezing grapes or carrot sticks with salsa). Not only will they lower your children’sblood pressure: these foods will also boost their immune system and unclog theirplumb-ing. Meanwhile, make sure your kids spend more time on the playgroup than with theirplay station. Even if they don’t shed a pound, vigorous exercise will he keep their bloodvessels nice and wide, lowering their blood pressure. And of course they’ll be morelikelyto eat light and exercise if you set a good example.17. The word “ unclog’’ in the last paragraph can be replaced by______________ .A. fixB. clearC. hinderD. dismantle18. By saying “it’s not the sort of thing you can catch by putting your child’s armin acuff at the free monitoring station in your local grocery”，the writer implies _______________ .A. hypertension is hard to detect.巳.children often revue to have their blood pressure tested.C. you’ll have to pay a lot of money if you want to have your child’s blood pressurechecked in a grocery.D. in a local grocery, you are free to determine how to have your child’s bloodpres-sure examined.19. Which of the following is not suggested by the writer to control hypertension?A. Drug Treatments 巳.Weight loss C. Exercise D. Overwork20. We can conclude from the passage that ____________ .A. children with hypertension are unlikely to suffer from heart attack and stroke.巳.parent’s blood pressure decides their children’s blood pressure.C. besides overweight, there are other factors resulting in hypertension.D. vigorous exercise sometimes will lead to heart trouble.Part II: English-Chinese Translation (20%)Directions: Read the following passage and there translate the underlined parts numbered from(1 ) to (4) , from English into Chinese. Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.[21 ] Half way through the semester in this market res㊀arch course at Roanok Collegelast fall，only moments after announcing a policy of zero tolerance for cellphone use in theclassroom. Prof. Ali Nazemi heard a ring. Then he spotted a young man named NeilRo-land fumbling with his phone，thing to turn it off before being caught.“Neil, can I see that phone?” Professor Nazemi said, more in a command than aquestion. The student surrendered it. Professor Nazemi opened his briefcase,produced ahammer and proceeded to smash the offending device. Throughout the classroomstudentfaces went ashen.“How am I going to call my Mom now?” Neil asked. As Professor Sem i refuses toan-swer, a classmate offered, “You can sue. ’’[22]One thing we should be clear about was the episode in his classroom had beerplotted and scripted ahead of time with Neil Noland part of the plot all along. The phonewas an ㊀xtra of his mother’s，its service contract long expired.Professor Nazemi, in a telephone interview last week, attested to the exasperation ofcountless teachers and professors in the computer era. Their permanent war of attritionwith defiantly inattentive students has escalated from the pursuit of pigtail-pulling，spitball-lobbing and notebook-doodling to a high-tech arsenal of laptops, cellphones, Blackberriesand the like.The poor school teacher or master now must compete with texting instant-messaging,Facebook, eBay YouTube, addictinggames. com and other poxes on pedagogy.“There are certain lines you shouldn’t cross,” the professor said. “If you start tolera-ting this stuff, it becomes the norm. The more you give, the more they take. Multitasking isgood, but I want the m to do more tasking in my class. ”[23]All the advances schools and colleges have made to supposedly enhance learn-ing - supplying students with laptops equipping computer labs, creating wireless networkshave instead enabled distraction. Perhaps attendance records should include a new cate-gory: present but otherwise engaged.Naturally, there will be manly students and no small number of high-tech supporterready to lay the blame on boring lessons. One of the great condemnations in education jar-gon these days, after all, is the ^teacher-centered lesson”.[24]“I am so tired of that excuse,” said Professor 巳ugeja，may he live a long andfruitful life. “The idea that subject matter is boring is truly relative.巳oring as opposed to what? Buying shoes on ㊀巳ay? The fa ct is we’re not here to entertain. We’re here to stimu-late the life of the mind. ”“Education requires contemplation,n he continued. “It requires critical thinking. Whatwe may be doing now is training a generation of air-traffic controllers rather than scholars.And i do know I’m going to lose. MNot，one can only hope, without fight.In the end, as science-fiction writers have prophesied for years, the technology is bound to outwit the fallible human. What teacher or professor can possibly police room fullof determined goof-offs while also delivering an engaging lesson?Part III: Chinese-English Translation (20%)Directions: Translate the following paragraphs from Chinese into English. Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.中国作为一个发展中国家，面临着发展经济和保护环境的双重任务。
湖北大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题2013年.doc
湖北大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题2013年(总分：100.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Reading Compr(总题数：5，分数：20.00)The new documentary Bully is powerful stuff. Try to get through even just the opening sequence without tearing up. Hopefully it will wake up parents, teachers, and school administrators. But let's also hope they respond thoughtfully to this burning film, because too often in our rush to address a problem, American educators and politicians have a well-intentioned overreaction that minimizes common sense in favor of blanket solutions. Many schools in the United States are genuinely trying to curb child-on-child abuse and, at long last, are paying more attention to the cruel, unpleasant remarks. But at the same time, we have to remember that not every unpleasant, or even adverse, interaction between students constitutes bullying. In some places, anti-bullying policies are now so expansive that they make eye-rolling a punishable Offense, lumping it in with other forms of verbal and physical assault. Doing so not only takes a serious issue to the realm of the absurd, it also dilutes the importance of anti-bullying efforts in general. If everything is bullying, then nothing is. Some kids have already figured out how to turn the new system on its head. In some schools' zeal to address bullying, every claim is immediately elevated beyond the classroom teacher to a meeting with the principal. A parent in California said that last month that an elementary-school bully began threatening to report her victims as bullies so they would have to suffer through such a meeting—and in effect creating a bullying hall of mirrors. We've been here before. Weapons and drugs in schools are a serious problem, too. In response, school districts, states, and the federal government began to favor zero-tolerance policies. In short order, "zero-tolerance" policies became the joking point for late-night comics as kids were suspended for bringing to school aspirin, acne medicine, or a G. I. Joe doll with a small plastic gun. The obvious lesson there and with bullying is that there is no substitute for discretion and judgment by the adults in charge. In some circumstances, eye-rolling could be abusive behavior just as aspirin can be used or abused. But adults shouldn't give up the hard role of making nuanced judgment calls by creating ridiculously rigid discipline codes. Replacing thoughtless inaction with thoughtless action won't solve the problem. （分数：4.00）(1).What does the author say about people's reaction to bullying? （分数：1.00）A.They wake up thoughtfully.B.They demonstrate little common sense.C.They attach importance to the film.D.They go too far.(2).What is the strategy of the kids in dealing with anti-bullying policies? （分数：1.00）A.To assault the principal at the meeting.B.To turn the classroom into a wall of mirrors.C.To pay attention to kids' verbal remarks.D.To render them ineffective by abusing bullying.(3).The "zero-tolerance" policies towards drugs and weapons ended up being ______. （分数：1.00）A.elevatedB.suspendedC.ridiculedD.condemned(4).The word "there" in the first line of the last paragraph refers to ______. （分数：1.00）A.with eye-rolling and punishable offensesB.with verbal and physical assautC.with aspirin and acne medicineD.with drugs and weaponsOur stomachs can often be a mystery to us and many of us don't realize just how much the food we eat can impact on our mood and mental well-being. According to charity Allergy UK, a shocking 45% of us suffers with food and drink intolerances, beverage—this is called food intolerance. Food intolerance is a much more common problem than food allergy and one of the most harmful symptoms can be low mood. 1 in 4 people in the UK will suffer problems with their mood or mental health every year, with anti-depressant prescriptions increasing by over 40% in the last 5 years. Recent research from York Test Laboratories, leading experts in food intolerance testing, has found that 97% of their customers reported problems relating to mood as a significant symptom of their food intolerance, of which 73% felt that their mood had significantly improved after altering their diets to remove foods to which they reacted. In addition, in a recent paper published in the Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences, over 81% of patients reported a significant improvement in mood and mental well- being as a direct consequence of applying the dietary changes recommended by York Test. So how is it that the food we eat can have such a significant impact on our mood? Bidirectional connections between the gut and the brain are complex and are regulated in the body in three different ways: through nerves, hormones and the immune system. The gut mediates the body's immune response; at least 70 per cent of our immune system is situated in the gut and is used to expel and kill foreign invaders. Our gut contains some 100 million neurons (nerve cells), more than in either the spinal cord or the peripheral nervous system. All of these neurons lining our digestive system do much more than merely handle digestion or cause occasional nervous feelings. Our gut partly determines our mental state and plays key roles in certain diseases throughout the body. Many people will not be aware that 90% of serotonin(血清素), the brain's "happy hormone" is produced in the gut—it is for these reasons that the gut is often referred to as the 'second brain'. In addition, research has shown that depression is frequently associated with gastrointestinal (肠胃的) inflammation—a common symptom of food intolerance. By tackling unidentified food intolerances, not only will physical symptoms benefit, but mental health symptoms can often show significant improvement. There are a number of ways to identify potentially mood suppressing food intolerances. One that I recommend is scientifically validated and well researched is York Test. Its food and drink intolerance test called Food & Drink Scan can uncover potential food and drink triggers, allowing people to simply modify their diets with life changing health benef （分数：4.00）(1).The over 40 % increase of anti-depressant prescriptions in the last 5 years in the UK was attributed to ______. （分数：1.00）A.food intoleranceB.foreign invadersC.food allergyD.food triggers(2).Which is NOT one of the reasons why the gut is often referred to as the "second brain"? （分数：1.00）A.Our gut contains more nerve cells than in the spinal cord.B.The neurons in the gut contribute solely to effective digestion.C.90% of the brain's "happy hormone" is produced in the gut.D.Certain diseases result from our digestive system.(3).What frequently has a causal connection with depression? （分数：1.00）A.A psychiatric disorder.B.Bidirectional treatment.C.Gastrointestinal inflammation.D.Unidentified physical problems;(4).What is the purpose in one's taking YorkTest? （分数：1.00）A.To validate the scientific research.B.To detect the source of food intolerance.C.To invent a modification of life style.D.To prescribe anti-depressant drugs.The plan to allow the reading public to rent e-books, much as they rent movies, has proved so much more contentious than its pioneer, the former Waterstones managing director Tim Coates, had hoped. That publishers are very cautious of the idea of his new Bilbary e-rental venture, which launched this week, is perhaps not entirely surprising: although the e-rentals automatically delete themselves when the borrowing time expires, they fear the scheme might harm sales. Less controversial, however, is Mr Coates' generous pledge to donate a good chunk of Bilbary's profits to campaigns to keep open libraries threatened by government budget cuts. Hundreds of the nation's 4,000 public libraries are at risk; and campaigners' attempts to persuade courts and councils to keep them open are largely failing. Closing libraries is inevitable, the argument goes, in an era when two out of three British homes have a computer. But that is far from the whole story. While 200 million books are sold every year, more than 310 million are borrowed. The one-in-three homes without a computer are those of the nation's poorer children, many of whom live without even a table at which they can do their homework. It is with only the mildest exaggeration that Alan Bennett, the playwright and campaigner, describes the closure of libraries as an act of "child abuse". To some, the word "library" conjures only negative associations, an irrelevant anachronism in an increasingly digital world. But a good library is far more than just a place to store books. It is a gateway to knowledge, a place well able to adapt to the computer age and in doing so support the curiosity, study and research of new generations. There are, of course, some libraries that are unfit for purpose. But those that use digital technologies as an aide, rather than treat them as a threat, more than hold true to their core purpose. And those that have made the leap are seeing visitor numbers rise, not fall. Britain's libraries do not need closing but they may need changing. We can only hope that Mr. Coates' support can help many of them to do so. （分数：4.00）(1).The argument about the closing of libraries stems from ______. （分数：1.00）A.the fall of sale of booksB.the advent of digital technologiesC.the government budget cutD.the world economic recession(2).The word "anachronism" in Para. 5 might mean ______. （分数：1.00）A.chronological errorB.phonological errorC.etymological errorD.historical error(3).Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage? （分数：1.00）A.Some people believe that libraries are out of date in digital age.B.In the UK, one out of three homes don't have computers.C.It is inevitable that digital libraries will replace the existing libraries.D.Some libraries need introducing digital technologies as an aide.(4).The author's attitude toward closing libraries can be described as ______. （分数：1.00）A.positiveB.negativeC.indifferentD.neutralMichael Yessis, an emeritus professor of Sports Science at California State University, maintains that "genetics only determines about one third of what an athlete can do. But with the righttraining we can go much further with that one third than we've been going. " Yessis believes that U. S. runners, despite their impressive achievements, are "running on their genetics". By applying more scientific methods, "they're going to go much faster". These methods include strength training as well as plyometrics, a technique pioneered in the former Soviet Union. Whereas most exercises are designed to build up strength or endurance, plyometrics focuses on increasing power —the rate at which an athlete can expend energy. Nutrition is another area that sports trainers have failed to address adequately. "Many athletes are not getting the best nutrition, even through supplements, " Yessis insists. Each activity has its own nutritional needs. Few coaches, for instance, understand how deficiencies in trace minerals can lead to injuries. Focused training will also play a role in enabling records to be broken. "If we applied the Russian training model to some of the outstanding runners we have in this country," Yessis asserts, "they would be breaking records left and right. " One of the most important new methodologies is biomechanics, the study of the body in motion. A biomechanic films an athlete in action and then digitizes his performance, recording the motion of every joint and limb in three dimensions. By applying Newton's laws to these motions, "we can say that this athlete's run is not fast enough; that this one is not using his arms strongly enough during take-off," says Dapena, who uses these methods to help high jumpers. To date, however, biomechanics has made only a small difference to athletic performance. Revolutionary ideas still come from the athletes themselves. For example, during the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City, a relatively unknown high jumper named Dick Fosbury won the gold by going over the bar backwards, in complete contradiction of all the received high-jumping wisdom, a move instantly dubbed the Fosbury flop. Fosbury himself did not know what he was doing. That understanding took the later analysis of biomechanics specialists, who put their minds to comprehending something that was too complex and unorthodox ever to have been invented through their own mathematical simulations. Fosbury also required another element that lies behind many improvements in athletic performance: an innovation in athletic equipment In the end, most people who examine human performance are humbled by the resourcefulness of athletes and the powers of the human body. "Once you study athletics, you learn that it's a vexing complex issue, " says John S. Raglin, a sports psychologist at Indiana University. "Core performance is not a simple or mundane thing of higher, faster, longer. So many variables enter into the equation, and our understanding in many cases is fundamental. We've got a long way to go, " For the foreseeable future, records will be made to be broken. （分数：4.00）(1).What is the contribution of plybmetrics? （分数：1.00）A.Speeding up the rate of athletes' metabolism.B.Making clear specifications of physical exercises.C.Perfecting the technique pioneered in breaking recordsD.Helping runners develop strength and endurance.(2).The purpose of employing biomechanics films is to ______. （分数：1.00）A.provide materials for sports film shootingB.highlight areas for improvement in athletesC.assess the fitness levels of potential athletesD.skim off promising athletes through analysis(3).As regards the study of athletics, John S. Raglin believes that it is ______. （分数：1.00）A.fundamentalB.challengingplicatedD.theoretical(4).Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? （分数：1.00）A.Invention of the Fosbury Flop.B.Exploration of Athletic Performance.C.Effect of nutrition and training.D.Importance of genetics.When the press release arrived in our inboxes, we knew what would happen next. A Nobel laureate had stated that antioxidant supplements "may have caused more cancers than they have prevented. " Even the most fad-friendly sections of the UK media were bound to cover the story. In reality, Professor James Watson was only restating what we at Cancer Research UK have been pointing out for years. Large studies have repeatedly shown that, with the possible exception of vitamin D, antioxidant supplements have negligible positive effect on healthy people, at least in terms of important things such as preventing people getting cancer or dying prematurely. And some supplements—notably vitamins A, E and beta- carotene—even seem to slightly raise the risk of disease and early death. It's a topic we at Cancer Research UK come back to again and again on our science blog and on our social media pages. But huge swatches of the public remain convinced that "antioxidant" is a byword for "healthy. " What's so interesting about the antioxidant myth is its wider cultural and social dimension. Why is this perception so hard to shift? And is there anything we can do about it? One possible reason for our firm attitudes is the widespread use of the word "antioxidants" in adverts proclaiming the health benefits of various foods and drinks. This isn't for want of regulation, and the Advertising Standards Authority have repeatedly upheld complaints about adverts that make unsupported claims about antioxidants'benefits. But the much weaker claim that a product merely "contains high levels of antioxidants" leaves health claims implicit, and keeps regulators at bay. A brand of "super- broccoli"—launched with much a public spectacle in late 2011—was bred to contain high levels of a chemical that ultimately, according to the product's website, "boosts our body's Antioxidant Enzyme levels. " So good it's capitalized. So the relentless drip-drip of health product advertising—particularly against a background of continual reports of Britain's ill-health—makes our trenchant hold on the antioxidants myth all the more understandable. We need this stuff, we're told. But there's probably a deeper reason for our collective refusal to swallow the bitter pill of scientific evidence. The actual, proven things that can reduce our risks of cancer, heart disease, diabetes—and all the other chronic nasties that come with an ageing population—are somewhat more uninteresting. Don't smoke. Stay in shape. Eat a balanced diet. Limit alcohol intake. Keep active. This is hard work. And as the resolution-filled new year kicks in, the exciting prospect of a healthier life is replaced by the realization that being healthy is a long-term project. Popping a pill instead of going to the gym is a tempting prospect for many of us. Confirmatory bias is a powerful thing. But the UK population is ageing, and likely to place a greater burden on the NHS in future. We owe it to ourselves, and those will be paying for our care, to make sure we're as healthy as possible for as long as possible. Putting our faith in a word, and a pill—however comforting it may sound —to do this for us is a mirage and a fallacy. Antioxidants do not prolong our lives nor prevent cancer, despite what we want to believe. （分数：4.00）(1).The reference to a Nobel laureate's comment on antioxidant supplements is to ______. （分数：1.00）A.introduce a topicB.reinforce an argumentC.enrich the descriptionD.confirm a hypothesis(2).What does the author say that leads to people's strong belief in antioxidants? （分数：1.00）A.The lack of regulation.B.The widespread insemination of medical knowledge.C.The "super-broccoli" story.D.The overwhelming health product commercials.(3).It can be concluded that people's collective belief in antioxidants is NOT based on ______. （分数：1.00）A.deeply-rooted cultural perceptionB.the continual reports of Britain's ill healthC.the existing proven knowledgeD.confirmatory biases(4).What is the author's opinion of taking antioxidant supplements? （分数：1.00）A.Keeping fit means building a mirage.B.Antioxidants provide a promising future prospect.C.Keeping fit involves more than taking antioxidants.D.Antioxidants can help stop ageing.二、Part Ⅱ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：20.00)The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) earnestly attempts to measure which country will provide the best opportunities for a healthy, safe and prosperous life in the years ahead. Its quality-of-life index (21) the results of subjective life-satisfaction surveys how happy people say they are—to (22) determinants of the quality of life across countries. Being rich helps more than (23) else, but it is not all that (24) ; things like crime, trust in public institutions and the health of family life matter too. (25) , the index takes 11 statistically significant indicators into (26) They are a mixed bunch: some are (27) factors, Such as geography; others change only very slowly (28) time; and some factors depend on policies and the state of the world (29) . Despite the global economic crisis, times have in certain respects (30) been so good. Output growth rates have been (31) across the world, but income levels are at or near (32) highs. Life expectancy continues to (33) steadily and political freedoms have spread across the (34) . In other ways, however, the crisis has (35) a deep imprint on unemployment and personal (36) . After crunching its numbers, the EIU has Switzerland comfortably in the top spot, with Australia second. Small economies (37) the top ten, half of which are European. The Nordic countries shine, (38) the crisis-ridden south of Europe (Greece, Portugal and Spain) lags behind. The (39) European economies (Germany, France and Britain) do not do particularly well. America (40) back in 16th place. Despite their economic dynamism, none of the BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China) scores impressively. Among the 80 countries covered, Nigeria comes last: it is the worst place for a baby to enter the world in 2013. （分数：20.00）A.relegatesB.addsC.abdicatesD.linksA.prejudicedB.objectiiveC.fairD.neutralA.anythingB.somethingC.nothingD.everythingA.countsB.imploresC.diminishedD.waversA.In turnB.In retrospectD.In progressA.calculationB.accountC.implementationD.discountA.settledB.fixedC.controlledD.weightedA.onB.inC.forD.overA.atmosphereB.environmentC.economyD.wellbeingA.neverB.alreadyC.everD.yetA.acceleratingB.decliningC.recoveringD.withdrawingA.classicB.histrionicC.cubicD.historicA.increaseB.expandC.thriveD.expendA.spaceB.countryC.globeD.continentA.madeB.engravedC.createdD.leftA.securityB.invectiveC.invectiveD.scourgeA.stipulateB.distributeC.refuteA.whereasB.untilC.whereD.unlessA.highestrgestC.greatestD.richestA.recedesB.trailsnguishesD.twists三、Part Ⅲ English-Chine(总题数：1，分数：15.00)The UK has long prided itself on its road safety standards. Casualty figures are low compared with most other industrialized countries. But this positive record, coupled with the fact that the international trend continues downwards, is also why the first increase in road deaths for almost a decade should be a cause for concern. A breakdown of the 2010—11 figures shows where that concern could most usefully be directed. Deaths among drivers and passengers were up 6 per cent, with rural roads accounting for more of the rise than urban areas, and a disproportionate number of fatal accidents involving drivers under 24. The relatively high accident rate on rural roads has brought calls for a new speed limit in country areas of 40 mph. That is worth considering. There are many roads where the lack of a limit implicitly allows drivers to travel at 60 mph, even where the conditions should dictate otherwise. Arguments about the expense of new signs could be met by the introduction of a blanket limit on minor roads. Enforcement would, of course, be difficult. But the setting of a new norm would at the very least alert drivers to the dangers and foster greater caution. The number of fatal accidents involving younger drivers—it should really be no surprise that road accidents are the main cause of death among young adults—should raise questions once again about the rigor of the driving test. Consideration might also be given to whether, perhaps, the legal driving age should be raised. The downside, however, would also have to be weighed. Age may be less of a factor in accidents than inexperience, and any rise in the age at which someone may obtain a license could penalize those living in areas with poor public transport and encourage more teenagers to drive illegally. The most startling aspect of these statistics, though, is the 12 per cent rise in deaths among pedestrians. Many reasons could be advanced, not all of them related to worse behavior on the part of drivers. At least some of the increase could be attributable to technology, and the distractions of mobile devices and headphones. The danger that lurks when pedestrians are insufficiently aware of their surroundings should be spelt out more loudly and more often. There is another easy conclusion, too, that is being—but should not be drawn from the general rise in fatalities. Calls can already be heard, from MPs and others, for the Government to shelve its plan for a higher, 80 mph speed limit on motorways, or at least to put it to a Commons vote. Motorways, though, account for relatively few UK road deaths; rural roads are many times more dangerous. Concentrating on improvements to these secondary roads, and on pedestrian awareness everywhere, would be a better use of limited funds than reversing a sensible change that recognizes reality and improves enforcement. This is the message to be drawn from the latest road accident figures, and it should be heeded-even though it may not be what certain vocal groups of campaigners want to hear. （分数：15.00）(1).Arguments about the expense of new signs could be met by the introduction of a blanket limit on minor roads. Enforcement would, of course, be difficult. But the setting of a new norm would at the very least alert drivers to the dangers and foster greater caution.（分数：5.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2).Age may be less of a factor in accidents than inexperience, and any rise in the age at which someone may obtain a license could penalize those living in areas with poor public transport and encourage more teenagers to drive illegally.（分数：5.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (3).Concentrating on improvements to these secondary roads, and on pedestrian awareness everywhere, would be a better use of limited funds than reversing a sensible change that recognizes reality and improves enforcement. （分数：5.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________四、Part Ⅳ Chinese-Engli(总题数：1，分数：15.00)1. 每逢新年，人们往往要定新年决心(New Year resolutions)。
2013年考研英语真题及解析
2013年硕士研究生入学考试英语一试题（完整版）Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to probation on that day.To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 .He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews, 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant's score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMA T, a standardised exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 .1.[A] grant [B] submits [C] transmits [D] delivers2.[A] minor [B]objective [C] crucial [D] external3.[A] issue [B] vision [C] picture [D] moment4.[A] For example [B] On average [C] In principle[D] Above all5.[A] fond [B]fearful [C] capable [D] thoughtless6.[A] in [B] on [C] to [D] for7.[A] if [B]until [C] though [D] unless8.[A] promote [B]emphasize [C] share [D] test9.[A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success10.[A] chosen [B]stupid [C]found [D] identified11.[A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise12.[A] inspired [B]expressed [C] conducted [D] secured13.[A] assigned [B]rated [C] matched [D] arranged14.[A] put [B]got [C]gave [D] took15.[A]instead [B]then [C] ever [D] rather16.[A]selected [B]passed [C] marked [D] introduced17.[A]before [B] after [C] above [D] below18.[A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate19.[A]achieve [B]undo [C] maintain [D]disregard20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpfulSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scold her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores an d to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decades or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quckier turnrounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposal—— meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that——and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking all industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a 5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage, overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amount of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable, and wasteful,” Cline argues, Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year——about 64 items per person——and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named SKB, who, since 2008 has make all of her own clothes——and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example, can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment——including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection Line——Cline believes lasting-change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford to it.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D]lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half . In the internet age, at least in theory ,this fraction can be much reduced . By watching what people search for, click on and say onli ne, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell adwertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Adwertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responging to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Geting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. Atter all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, bloggde:"we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:[A] ease competition among themselves[B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers[D]provide better online services27. “The industry” (Line 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers[B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis[D]internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] many cut the number of junk ads[B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers[D]goes against human nature29. which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A] indulgence[B] understanding[C] appreciaction[D] skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years . Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence .Perhaps willfully , it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment[B] our faith in science and technology[C] our awareness of potential risks[D] our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN’s “Red List” suggest that human being are[A] a sustained species[B] a threaten to the environment[C] the world’s dominant power[D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet’s abundant resources[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world[C] draw on our experience from the past[D] curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization ”and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial . Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned pro visions the majority held the congress had deliberately “occupied the field” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion assertion of federal executive power”.The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities,even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter.In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with .Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essen ce asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree,according to Paragraph4?[A] Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’information.[B] States’ independence from federal immigration law.[C] States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress’s in tervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states’ interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states’ support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administrstion.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The social sciences are flourishing.As of 2005,there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010,the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change, security,sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to arificial fertilizers . Here , too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter:there is no radical innovation without creative destruction .Today ,the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates,rather than on topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental changed” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)____When social scientists do tackle practical issues ,their scope is often local:Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example .And whether the community’s work co ntributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better.The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists.This year,it was proposed that system be changed:Horizon 2020,a new program to be enacted in 2014,would not have such a category ,This has resulted in protests from social scientists.But the intention is not to neglect social science ; rather ,the complete opposite.(45)____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of socialscientists:one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highlyspecialized journals,and one that is problem-oriented and publishingelsewhere,such as policy briefs.[B] However,the numbers are still small:in 2010,about 1,600 of the100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of theseKeywords.[C] the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior . all require behavioral change and social innovations , as well as technological development . Stemming climate change , for example , is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors , many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems . And in Europe , some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development .[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%.Part B: (10 points)Section III Translation46. Directions: Translate the following text from English to Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2. (10 points)Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak os various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the foemer becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49)most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals orleaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia- a yearning for contact with nonhuman life-assuming uncanny representational forms.Section III WritingParty A51 Directions:Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B: (20 points)Part B52 Directions:Write an essay of about 160 – 200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should(1) describe the drawing briefly,(2) interpret its intended meaning, and(3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2013年考研英语一真题答案解析1.【答案】A【解析】第一句提到“总体而言，当人们自己做决定时，并不擅长考虑背景信息。
2013年考研英语真题及解析
2013 年硕士研究生入学考试英语一试题（完整版）Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors.But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biasedby the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants onlyto probation on that day.To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should notdepend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 .He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews, 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had13applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used inconjunction with an applicant's score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMA T, a standardised exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points ormore higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of0.075points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 .1.[A] grant [B] submits [C] transmits [D] delivers2.[A] minor [B]objective [C] crucial [D] external3.[A] issue [B] vision [C] picture [D] moment4.[A] For example [B] On average [C] In principle[D] Above all5.[A] fond [B]fearful [C] capable [D] thoughtless6.[A] in [B] on [C] to [D] for7.[A] if [B]until [C] though [D] unless8.[A] promote [B]emphasize [C] share [D] test9.[A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success10.[A] chosen [B]stupid [C]found [D] identified11.[A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise12.[A] inspired [B]expressed [C] conducted [D] secured13.[A] assigned [B]rated [C] matched [D] arranged14.[A] put [B]got [C]gave [D] took15.[A]instead [B]then [C] ever [D] rather16.[A]selected [B]passed [C] marked [D] introduced17.[A]before [B] after [C] above [D] below18.[A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate19.[A]achieve [B]undo [C] maintain [D]disregard20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpfulSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections ：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scold herunattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn ’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deethe assistant ’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department s t d o r t e o s t h a e n bargain bin inwhich the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top- down conception of the fashion business couldn ’t be more out of date or at odds with feverish worlddescribed in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline ’thsree-year indictment of “fastfashion ”In. the last decades or so,advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quckier turnrounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequentreleases, and more profit. Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposal——meantto last only a wash or two, although they don ’t a a d n v d e rt t o i s r e e n t h e a w t their w—ar—drobe every few weeks. Byoffering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking allindustry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a 5.95 knit miniskirtin all its 2300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage, overseas labor, order in volumes that strainnatural resources, and use massive amount of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world ’sanswer to consumer activist bestsellers like MichaelPollan ’T s h eOmnivore ’Dsilemma. Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable, andwasteful, C”line argues, Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year ——about 64 items perperson——and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named SKB, who, since 2008 has make all of her own clothes——and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades toperfect her craft; her example, can ’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and theenvironment——including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection Line ——Cline believes lasting-change canonly be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it infood or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they canit.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill. [B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion. [D]lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment ”(Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation. [B] enthusiasm. [C] indifference. [D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half . Inthe internet age, at least in theory ,this fraction can be much reduced . By watching what people search for, click onand say online, companies can aim “behavioural ”ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grainedinformation:Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they haveexplicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell adwertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's InternetExplorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Adwertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responging to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8,would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Geting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking,although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural adsor whether they are sticking with Microsoft ’ s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. Atter all, it has an ad business too, which it says will complywith DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly ondefault will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch,Microsoft's chief privacy officer, bloggde:"we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be thatsimple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural ” ads help advertisers to:[A] ease competition among themselves[B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers[D]provide better online services27.“The industry ” (Line 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers [B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis [D]internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] many cut the number of junk ads [B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers [D]goes against human nature29. which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A] indulgence [B] understanding [C] appreciaction [D] skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly -glowinglypositive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunityfor all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanityhas little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that wehave an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years . Look up Homo sapiens inthe "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you willread: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and thereare no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchersand organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock thatis designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence .Perhaps willfully , it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediatefuture. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, andit's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage.That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping thehistory of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which ourdescendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure,the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatenedtheexistence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment[B] our faith in science and technology[C] our awareness of potential risks[D] our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN ’s “Red List ” suggest that human being are[A] a sustained species [B] a threaten to the environment[C] the world ’s dominant power [D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet ’s abundant resources[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world[C] draw on our experience from the past[D] curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona ’s immigration l-a a w m M o d o e n s d t a ypolicy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision wasan 8-0 defeat for the Administration ’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and thestates.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona ’scontroversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutionalprinciples thatWashington alone has the power to “ establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization ” and that federallaws are noncontroversial . Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federalones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court ’s liberals, ruled that the state ftoo close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately“othe field ”and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal ’ s privileged powers.However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who comein contact with law enforcement.That b’ecsause Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigrationenforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien andSedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “ashocking assertion assertion of federal executive power ” .The White House a r g u l e a d w s t h c a o t n A f r li i c z t o e n d awith its enforcement priorities,even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter.In effect the WhiteHouse claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with .Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn ’w t ant to carry outCongress ’imsmigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected thisremarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona ’s plan were overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree,according to Paragraph4?[A] Federal officers ’ duty to withhold immigrants ’information.[B] States ’independence from federal immigration law.[C] States ’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress ’steinrvention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution. [B] undermined the states ’ interests.[C] supported the federal statute. [D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states ’support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.21. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administrstion.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any ofthe gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The social sciences are flourishing.As of 2005,there were almost half a million professional socialscientistsfrom all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social ScienceReport 2010,the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today ’s global challenges including climate changsecurity,sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological toolstoeradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to arificial fertilizers . Here , too, the problems are social: theorganization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world.To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter:there is no radical innovation without creativedestruction .Today ,the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarlydebates,rather thanon topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmentalchanged”or “climate change ” have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)____When social scientists do tackle practical issues ,their scope is often local:Belgium is interested mainly in theeffects of poverty on Belgium for example .And whether the community work co ntri’bustes much to an overallaccumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)____this is an adequate amount so long asit is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more intoday ’s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better.The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists.This year,it was proposed that system be changed:Horizon 2020,anew program to be enacted in 2014,would not have such a category ,This has resulted in protests from socialscientists.But the intention is not to neglect social science ; rather ,the complete opposite.(45)____That shouldcreate more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of socialscientists:one that is discipline-orientedandpublishing in highlyspecialized journals,and one that is problem-oriented and publishingelsewhere,such aspolicybriefs.[B] However,the numbers are still small:in 2010,about 1,600 of the100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of theseKeywords.[C] the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health anddemographicchange food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative andsecure societies.[D] the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its maingoal.Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the youngones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior . all require behavioral change and socialinnovations ,as well as technological development . Stemming climate change , for example , is as much about changingconsumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors , many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems . And in Europe , some areup in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it withincross-cutting topics of sustainable development .[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage ofallresearch and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied fromaround 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%.Part B: (10 points)Section III Translation22.Directions: Translate the following text from English to Chinese. Write your translation onANSWERSHEET2. (10 points)Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Yourtranslationshould be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creativeexpression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify andthat self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by thehomeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak os various other fundamentalurges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of theturning world, ”to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is adistinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so thatwhere the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the foemer becomes all the more urgent. Composure isa state of mind made possible by the structuring of one ’ s relation to one ’ s environment. (48) Thhomeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it eitherdidn ’texist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environmentin which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barelyever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49)most of us giveinto a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts tocall arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals orleaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basiclevel, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the useof word garden though in a “liberated sen”se, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can seebiophilia- a yearning for contact with nonhuman life-assuming uncanny representational forms.Section III WritingParty A51 Directions:Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college inviting him/her to be a judge for theupcoming English speech contest.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use “Li Ming ”instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B: (20 points)Part B52 Directions:Write an essay of about 160 –200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should(1) describe the drawing briefly,(2) interpret its intended meaning, and(3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2013 年考研英语一真题答案解析23.【答案】 A【解析】第一句提到“总体而言，当人们自己做决定时，并不擅长考虑背景信息。
2013年考研英语真题答案解析
2013年考研英语真题答案解析Section Ⅰ Use of English1. 【答案】 [A]【考点分析】上下文语义和词汇辨析【解析】本题考查动词。
根据上下文意思，首先可以排除[B]和[D]。
这句话中 that 引导一个定语从句，主要是说这一优势赋予了一种特定的能力。
[C]中transmit 为传播，不符合上下文意思。
2. 【答案】 [D]【考点分析】上下文语义【解析】 which are unbiased 这个定语从句做插入语修饰 judgment。
这句话的意思是“通过XXX因素作出公正判决的能力”，由此可以排除[A] 和 [B]。
做这一题时，我们需要理解第一句话，给我们提供了一个大的背景和条件。
第一句话说“人们不擅长利用背景信息作决定”，所以可以推出这儿并不是“通过关键信息”来做出公正的判决，而是通过其它一些信息，如外部的信息，作出判决。
根据上下文意思，可以推出 [D] 为正确答案。
3.【答案】 [C]【考点分析】上下文语义和固定搭配【解析】 big picture 是一个固定搭配，指(事情的)主要部分;重点，故选[A]。
其它词语与big 搭配，均没有这层意思。
4. 【答案】 [A]【考点分析】逻辑衔接题【解析】根据上下文的逻辑关系判断，在提出一个观点之后，接下来就是进行例证。
选项中只有[A] 表示“例如”，符合这一逻辑关系，故选[A]。
[B]表示“平均”的意思;[C]为“大体上，原则上”;[D] 为“首先”，均不符合。
5. 【答案】 [B]【考点分析】上下文语义和词汇辨析【解析】这四个选项均可以与介词 of 搭配，[A] 表示“喜欢”， [B] 表示“害怕，恐怕”， [C] 表示“能够，具有…能力”， [D] 表示“轻率的，考虑不周的”。
of 后面的短语作 judge 的定语，这句话意思是“XXX地显得对犯罪太过软弱的法官可能更倾向于给被告作出判刑的判决”。
根据上下文的意思，可以排除 [A] 和 [D]。
2013年考研英语真题及解析
2013年硕士研究生入学考试英语一试题（完整版）Section Ⅰ Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to probation on that day. To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 . He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews, 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant's score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her. Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 . 1.[A] grant [B] submits [C] transmits [D] delivers 2.[A] minor [B]objective [C] crucial [D] external 3.[A] issue [B] vision [C] picture [D] moment 4.[A] For example [B] On average [C] In principle[D] Above all 5.[A] fond [B]fearful [C] capable [D] thoughtless 6.[A] in [B] on [C] to [D] for 7.[A] if [B]until [C] though [D] unless 8.[A] promote [B]emphasize [C] share [D] test 9.[A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success 10.[A] chosen [B]stupid [C]found [D] identified11.[A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise 12.[A] inspired [B]expressed [C] conducted [D] secured 13.[A] assigned [B]rated [C] matched [D] arranged 14.[A] put [B]got [C]gave [D] took 15.[A]instead [B]then [C] ever [D] rather 16.[A]selected [B]passed [C] marked [D] introduced 17.[A]before [B] after [C] above [D] below 18.[A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate 19.[A]achieve [B]undo [C] maintain [D]disregard 20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpful Section Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1 In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scold her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment. This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decades or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quckier turnrounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposal—— meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that——and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking all industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace. The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a 5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage, overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amount of harmful chemicals. Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable, and wasteful,” Cline argues, Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year——about 64 items per person——and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named SKB, who, since 2008 has make all of her own clothes——and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example, can’t be knocked off. Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment——including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection Line——Cline believes lasting-change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford to it. 21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her [A] poor bargaining skill. [B] insensitivity to fashion. [C] obsession with high fashion. [D]lack of imagination. 22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to [A] combat unnecessary waste. [B] shut out the feverish fashion world. [C] resist the influence of advertisements. [D] shop for their garments more frequently. 23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to [A] accusation. [B] enthusiasm. [C] indifference. [D] tolerance. 24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph? [A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists. [B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability. [C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments. [D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing. 25. What is the subject of the text? [A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle. [B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth. [C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry. [D] Exposure of a mass-market secret. Text 2 An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half . In the internet age, at least in theory ,this fraction can be much reduced . By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy. In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell adwertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Adwertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responging to DNT requests. On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default. It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Geting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway. Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. Atter all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, bloggde:"we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple? 26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to: [A] ease competition among themselves [B] lower their operational costs [C] avoid complaints from consumers [D]provide better online services 27. “The industry” (Line 6,Para.3) refers to: [A] online advertisers [B] e-commerce conductors [C] digital information analysis [D]internet browser developers 28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default [A] many cut the number of junk ads [B] fails to affect the ad industry [C] will not benefit consumers [D]goes against human nature 29. which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6? [A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose [B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers [D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads 30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of: [A] indulgence [B] understanding [C] appreciaction [D] skepticism Text 3 Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all. Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to. But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years . Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline." So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence . Perhaps willfully , it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future. But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come. 31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by [A] our desire for lives of fulfillment [B] our faith in science and technology [C] our awareness of potential risks [D] our belief in equal opportunity 32. The IUCN’s “Red List” suggest that human being are [A] a sustained species [B] a threaten to the environment [C] the world’s dominant power [D] a misplaced race 33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5? [A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies. [B] Technology offers solutions to social problem. [C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise. [D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive. 34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to [A] explore our planet’s abundant resources [B] adopt an optimistic view of the world [C] draw on our experience from the past [D] curb our ambition to reshape history 35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text? [A] Uncertainty about Our Future [B] Evolution of the Human Species [C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind [D] Science, Technology and Humanity Text 4 On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states. In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization ”and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial . Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones. Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately “occupied the field” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers. However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues. Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts. The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion assertion of federal executive power”.The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities,even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter.In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with . Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim. 36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they [A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers. [B] disturbed the power balance between different states. [C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law. [D] contradicted both the federal and state policies. 37. On which of the following did the Justices agree,according to Paragraph4? [A] Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’information.[B] States’ independence from federal immigration law. [C] States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement. [D] Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement. 38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts [A] violated the Constitution. [B] undermined the states’ interests. [C] supported the federal statute. [D] stood in favor of the states. 39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement [A] outweighs that held by the states. [B] is dependent on the states’ support. [C] is established by federal statutes. [D] rarely goes against state laws. 40. What can be learned from the last paragraph? [A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress. [B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administrstion. [C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress. [D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues. Part B Directions:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The social sciences are flourishing.As of 2005,there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010,the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000. Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change, security,sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to arificial fertilizers . Here , too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter:there is no radical innovation without creative destruction . Today ,the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates,rather than on topics with external impact. Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental changed” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)____ When social scientists do tackle practical issues ,their scope is often local:Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example .And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful. The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate. The trick is to direct these funds better.The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists.This year,it was proposed that system be changed:Horizon 2020,a new program to be enacted in 2014,would not have such a category ,This has resulted in protests from social scientists.But the intention is not to neglect social science ; rather ,the complete opposite.(45)____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems. [A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of socialscientists:one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highlyspecialized journals,and one that is problem-oriented and publishingelsewhere,such as policy briefs. [B] However,the numbers are still small:in 2010,about 1,600 of the100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of theseKeywords. [C] the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies. [D] the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones. [E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior . all require behavioral change and social innovations , as well as technological development . Stemming climate change , for example , is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors , many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems . And in Europe , some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development . [G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%. Part B: (10 points) Section III Translation 46. Directions: Translate the following text from English to Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2. (10 points) Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak os various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression. One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the foemer becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand. Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49)most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basiclevel, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia- a yearning for contact with nonhuman life-assuming uncanny representational forms. Section III Writing Party A 51 Directions: Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest. You should include the details you think necessary. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use “Li Ming” instead. Do not write the address. (10 points) Part B: (20 points) Part B 52 Directions: Write an essay of about 160 – 200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should (1) describe the drawing briefly, (2) interpret its intended meaning, and(3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2013年考研英语一真题答案解析1.【答案】A【解析】第一句提到“总体而言，当人们自己做决定时，并不擅长考虑背景信息。
2013武汉大学博士入学考试英语真题答案
2013武汉大学博士入学考试英语真题答案第一篇：2013武汉大学博士入学考试英语真题答案2013武汉大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案Part I Reading ComprehensionCBADBAADBCBCDACBBDDCPart II English-Chinese Translation1.去年秋季，罗诺克学院的市场调研课业已过半。
有一天，阿里·纳齐米教授宣布课堂上禁用手机的政策。
可话音刚落，他就听到了手机的铃声。
2.我们需要明白的一点是，课堂上的这个事件事先经过策划并被写成剧本。
尼尔·诺兰德始终参与了这个具有伪装性质的行动。
被砸的是他母亲闲置的一部手机，早就停机了。
3.所有的中学和大学都为学生提供了笔记本电脑，配备了计算机实验室，构建了无线网络，所有这些进步原本是为了促进学习，结果反而分散了学生的注意力。
或许，记录学生的考勤时，应该再加上一栏：到堂但未听课。
4.“这种托词我都听腻了，”也许会长寿且成果丰硕的卜浩亚教授说，“关于课上讲授内容乏味的看法真的是相对的。
相比什么它显得乏味呢？到易贝网上买鞋？事实上，我们来这里不是为了玩乐，而是为了寻求刺激。
”Part III Chinese-English TranslationAs a developing country, China is confronted with the dual task of developing its economy and protecting its environment.However, as a country with a large population, relative insufficiency of natural resources and an expanding economy, China suffers an increasingly significant disparity between economic development and natural resources and the environment.The serious environmental problem caused by severe pollution, deteriorating ecological conditions, hugeconsumption of resources and low reclamation has already become a bottleneck for the sustainable development of the Chinese economy.Proceeding from its actual conditions, China has, in the process of promoting its overall modernization program, made environmental protection one of its basic state policies, regarded the realization of sustained economic development as an important strategy and meanwhile, carried out nationwide campaigns for pollution prevention and treatment as well as environment and ecology conservation, the conditions of environmental degradation have been controlled fundamentally.Practice shows that our practice of coordinating the relationship between economic development and environmental protection is effective.Only if man makes reasonable use of nature and keeps and harmonious relationship with it in the process of development can the civilization created by him be maintained and developed, and can he share subsistence and glory with nature and develop with nature in a coordinating way.As a member of the international community, China, while making great efforts to protect its own environment, has taken an active part in international environmental affairs, striven to promote international cooperation in the field of environmental protection, and earnestly fulfilled its international obligations.All those have given full expression to the sincerity and determination of the Chinese government and people to protect the global environment.Part IVWriting(略)第二篇：2013年武汉大学教育学研究生入学考试真题2013年武汉大学教育学研究生入学考试一、选择题教育学历史内容较多（中国远古、近现代明清、民国），近现代教育理论，提出者姓名二、辨析题1、广义教育学涵括狭义的教育学2、学习策略可以直接提高学习效率3、根据加工程度，文献可以分为一次文献、二次、三次三、简答题1、教师劳动特点2、《学记》中的教学论断3、王阳明关于儿童教育的观点及意义4、5、问卷法的优缺点四、论述题1、建构主义教学观2、用教育的功能分析案例：哲学教授通过给废纸带来希望，让失去信心的学生充满自信3、柯尔伯格的道德发展理论及其教育意义第三篇：2013年华中科技大学博士英语入学考试试题翻译和写作(真题)2013年华中科技大学博士英语翻译和写作（真题）翻译题目：汉译英1.科学家认为，出生在夏天将赋予你开朗的性情，而出生在冬天则可能给你的快乐蒙上永久的阴影。
2013年 全套真题及答案 英一
2013年全国研究生入学考试英语一试题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.To 8 this idea, they turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 .He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 .1. [A] grants [B] submits [C] transmits [D] delivers2. [A] minor [B] external [C] crucial [D] objective3. [A] issue [B] vision [C] picture [D] moment4. [A] Above all [B] On average [C] In principle [D] For example5. [A] fond [B] fearful [C] capable [D] thoughtless6. [A] in [B] for [C] to [D] on7. [A] if [B] until [C] though [D] unless8. [A] test [B] emphasize [C] share [D] promote9. [A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success10. [A] found [B] studied [C] chosen [D] identified11. [A] otherwise [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] exceptional12. [A] inspired [B] expressed [C] conducted [D] secured13. [A] assigned [B] rated [C] matched [D] arranged14. [A] put [B] got [C] took [D] gave15. [A] instead [B] then [C] ever [D] rather16. [A] selected [B] passed [C] marked [D] introduced17. [A] below [B] after [C] above [D] before18. [A] jump [B] float [C] fluctuate [D] drop19. [A] achieve [B] undo [C] maintain [D] disregard20. [A] necessary [B] possible [C] promising [D] helpfulSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweate r descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable—meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that—and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fa shion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet isnon-durable and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billi on garments a year—about 64 items per person—and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes—and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment—including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line—Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.21.Priestly criticizes her assistant for her______.[A]lack of imagination[B] poor bargaining skill[C] obsession with high fashion[D] insensitivity to fashion22.According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to______.[A] combat unnecessary waste[B] shop for their garments more frequently[C] resist the influence of advertisements[D] shut out the feverish fashion world23.The word “indictment” (Para. 2) is closest in meaning to______.[A] accusation [B] enthusiasm [C] indifference [D] tolerance24.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.[D] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.25.What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle [B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry [D] Exposure of a mass-market secretText 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted—the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, cl ick on and say online, companies can aim “behavioral” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioral ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a “do not track”(DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. Microsoft’s Internet Explorer and Apple’s Safari both offer DNT;Google’s Chrome is due to do so this year. In February, the FTC and the Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft set off the row. It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear with windows 8, would have DNT as a default.Advertisers are horrified. Human nature being what it is, most people stick with default settings. Few switch DNT on now, but if tracking is off it will stay off. Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences. People will not g et fewer ads, he says. “They’ll get less meaningful, less targeted ads.”It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioral ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method: There is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8—though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google’s on thatcount before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft’s chief privacy officer, blogged: “We believe consumers should have more control.” Could it really be that simple?26.It is suggested in Paragraph 1 that “behavioral” ads help advertisers to[A] lower their operational costs.[B] ease competition among themselves.[C] avoid complaints from consumers.[D] provide better online services.27.“The in dustry” (Para. 3) refers to[A] online advertisers.[B] e-commerce conductors.[C] digital information analysis.[D] internet browser developers.28.Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] goes against human nature.[B] fails to affect the ad industry.[C] will not benefit consumers..[D] may cut the number of junk ads.29.Which of the following is true according to Paragraph6?[A] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT.[B] DNT may not serve its intended purpose.[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers.[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioral ads.30.The author’s attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of[A]appreciation. [B] understanding.[C] appreciation indulgence. [D] skepticism.Text 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely—though by no means uniformly—glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years—so why shouldn’t we? Take a broader look at our species’ place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens in the “Red List” of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN),and you will read: “Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a mechanical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today’s technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it’s perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That’s one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment.[B] our faith in science and technology.[C] our awareness of potential risks.[D] our belief in equal opportunity.32. The IUCN’s “Red List” suggests that human being are[A] a misplaced race.[B] a sustained species.[C] the world’s dominant power.[D] a threat to the environment.33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[B] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[C] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] draw on our experience from the past.[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world.[C] explore our planet’s abundant resources.[D] curb our ambition to reshape history.35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona's immigration law Monday—a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona's controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigrations law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to "establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization" and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court's liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held that Congress had deliberately "occupied the field, "and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal's privileged powers.However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justices—Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas—agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power”. The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The Administration was in essence asserting that because it didn't want to carry out Congress's immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they[A] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph4?[A] States’ independence from federal immigration law.[B] Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’information.[C] States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B] stood in favor of the states.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] undermined the states’ interests39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] outweighs that held by the states.[B] is established by federal statutes.[C] is depe ndent on the states’ support.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B]. The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.（10 points）The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resour ce is not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development and health. (41)______ Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger, from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers. Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influencein the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact. Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental change” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since 2004.(43)____When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium, for example. And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding. (44) ____This is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite. (45)____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the100, 000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.[C] The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change, food security; marine research and the bio-economy; clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior: all require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds—including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate—varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations, it is about 15%.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic human need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an irrepressible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges has to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardeners, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring o f one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless, which are in effect homeless gardens, introduce form into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from, is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49) most of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call forth the spirit of plant and animal life, if only symbolically, through a clumplike arrangement of materials, an introduction of colors, small pools of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50) It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of the word garden though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia —a yearning for contact with nonhuman life—assuming uncanny representational forms.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college, inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160—200 words based on the following drawing .In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) interpret its intended meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET. (20points)参考答案Section I Use of English (10 points)1. A2. B3.C4.D5. B6. D7. A8. A9.D 10. C11. A 12. C 13.B 14.C 15. B16. C 17. D 18.D 19.B 20. ASection II Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)21. D 22. B 23. A 24. C 25. C26. A 27. D 28. C 29. B 30. D31. B 32. B 33. D 34. A 35. C36. A 37. C 38. B 39. A 40. DPart B (10 points)41. E 42. F 43.B 44.G 45. CPart C (10 points)46. 然而，只要看看无家可归者创造的花园的照片，你就会意识到尽管样式各异，但是这些花园除了表达（人类）装饰盒创造的欲望之外，更体现了人类其他根本的强烈愿望。
2013年考研英语二真题及答案(完整版) 2
2013年研究生入学考试英语二真题与解析英语二完型Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically.___1___, a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions of such a society have been ___2___ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment “would soon revolutionize the very ___3___ of money itself,” only to ___4___ itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so ___5___ in coming?Although e-money might be more convenient and may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work __6___ the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very ___7___ to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the___8___ form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they___9___ receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to ___10___. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of "float"-it takes several days ___11___ a check is cashed and funds are ___12___ from the issuer's account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. ___13___ electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer. Fourth, electronic means of payment ___14___ security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information ___15___ there.Because this is not an ___16___ occurrence, unscrupulous persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and ___17___ funds by moving them from someone else‟s accounts into their own. The ___18___ of thistype of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of computer science has developed to ___19___ security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic ___20___ that contains a large amount of personal data on buying habits. There are worries that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby encroaching on our privacy.1. [A] However [B] Moreover [C] Therefore [D] Otherwise2. [A] off [B] back [C] over [D] around3. [A] power [B] concept [C] history [D] role4. [A] reward [B] resist [C] resume [D] reverse5. [A] silent [B] sudden [C] slow [D] steady6. [A] for [B] against [C]with [D] on7. [A] imaginative [B] expensive [C] sensitive [D] productive8. [A] similar [B] original [C] temporary [D] dominant9. [A] collect [B] provide [C] copy [D] print10. [A] give up [B] take over [C] bring back [D] pass down11. [A] before [B] after [C] since [D] when12. [A] kept [B] borrowed [C] released [D] withdrawn13. [A] Unless [B] Until [C] Because [D] Though14. [A] hide [B] express [C] raise [D]ease15. [A] analyzed [B] shared [C] stored [D] displayed16. [A] unsafe [B] unnatural [C] uncommon [D] unclear17. [A] steal [B] choose [C] benefit [D] return18. [A] consideration [B] prevention [C] manipulation [D] justification19. [A] cope with [B] fight against [C] adapt to [D] call for20. [A] chunk [B] chip [C] path [D] trail英语二阅读原文及出处：Text 1In an essay, entitled “Making It in America,”in the latest issue of The Atlantic, the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton country aboutjust how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill has only two employees today, “a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog, and the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines。
2013年考研英语(一)、(二)真题、答案及解析[完整版]
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2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates(NETEM)Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgment which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorized that a judges 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 .He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviews had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five .This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardized exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or herDr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20.1.[A] grants [B]submits [C]transmits [D]delivers2.[A]minor [B]objective [C]crucial [D]external3.[A]issue [B]vision [C]picture [D]moment4.[A]For example [B]On average [C]In principle [D]Above all5.[A]fond [B]fearful [C]capable [D]thoughtless6.[A]in [B]on [C]to [D]for7.[A]if [B]until [C]though [D]unless8.[A]promote [B]emphasize [C]share [D]test9.[A]decision [B]quality [C]status [D]success10.[A]chosen [B]studied [C]found [D]identified11. [A]exceptional [B]defensible [C]replaceable [D]otherwise12. [A]inspired [B]expressed [C]conducted [D]secured13. [A]assigned [B]rated [C]matched [D]arranged14. [A]put [B]got [C]gave [D]took15. [A]instead [B]then [C]ever [D]rather16. [A]selected [B]passed [C]marked [D]introduced17. [A]before [B]after [C]above [D]below18. [A]jump [B]flat [C]drop [D]fluctuate19. [A]achieve [B]undo [C]maintain [D]disregard20. [A]promising [B]possible [C]necessary [D]helpfulSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scold her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decades or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quckier turnrounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers tosee clothes as disposal— meant to last only a wash or two, alth ough they don’t advertise that—and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking all industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a 5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage, overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amount of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable, and wasteful,” Cline argues, Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year—about 64 items per person—and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named SKB, who, since 2008 has make all of her own clothes—and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example, can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment—including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection Line—Cline believes lasting-change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford to it.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her ______.[A] poor bargaining skill [B] insensitivity to fashion[C] obsession with high fashion [D] lack of imagination22. According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to ______.[A] combat unnecessary waste [B] shut out the feverish fashion world[C] resist the influence of advertisements [D] shop for their garments more frequently23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation. [B] enthusiasm. [C] indifference. [D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A] V anity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT; Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before.Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, blogged: “we believe consumers should have more control.” Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to ______.[A] ease competition among themselves [B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers [D] provide better online services27. “The industry” (Line 6,Para.3) refers to ______.[A] online advertisers [B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis [D] internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default ______.[A] many cut the number of junk ads [B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers [D] goes against human nature29. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The author’s attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of ______.[A] indulgence [B] understanding [C] appreciation [D] skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years—so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species’place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens in the “Red List” of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: “Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organizations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today’s technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it’s perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by ______.[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment [B] our faith in science and technology[C] our awareness of potential risks [D] our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN’s “Red List” suggest that human being are ______.[A] a sustained species [B] a threaten to the environment[C] the world’s dominant power [D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to ______.[A] explore our planet’s abundant resources[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world[C] draw on our experience from the past [D] curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future [B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind [D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote，the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Construction, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset. The balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v United States ，the majority overturned three of the four contested provision of Arizena’s controversial plan plan to have states and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Construction principles that Washington alone has power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization” and that federal laws precede states laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state polices that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthory Kennedy，joined by Chief Justice John Robrts and the Court’s liberals，ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. on the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately “occupied the field”and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.However，the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement .That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power”. The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities ,even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter .In effect, the White House claimed that it claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. The provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they ______.[A]deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers[B]disturbed the power balance between different states[C]overstepped the authority of federal immigration law[D]contradicted both the federal and state policies37. On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph 4?[A]Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’ information[B]States’ independence from federal immigration law[C]States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement[D]Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts ______.[A]violated the Constitution [B]undermined the states’ interests[C]supported the federal statute [D]stood in favor of the states39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement ______.[A] Outweighs that held by the states [B] Is dependent on the states’ support[C] Is established by federal statutes [D] Rarely goes against state laws40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a millionprofessional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development and health. (41)__________ Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger, from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers. Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42)__________This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental changed” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since 2004, (43)__________ When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example. And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)__________ this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014,would not have such a category ,This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite. (45) __________That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem- oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.[C] the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior. All require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate-varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations, it is about 15%.Section III TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge;(46) yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which isa distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49)most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New Y ork City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a “liberated”sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.Section IV WritingPart A51. Directions:Write an email of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address.Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly, 2) interpret its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.（20 points）2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题答案Section I Use of English (10 points)1-5. ADCAB 6-10. BADDA 11-15. DCBDB 16-20. CACBCSection II Reading Comprehension (50 points)Part A (40 points) 21-25. BDADC 26-30. BDCAD 31-35. BADCC 36-40. CCDAD Part B (10 points) 41-45. EFBGCSection ⅢTranslation (10 points)46. 然而，当人们观看那些由无家可归的人创建的花园的照片时，人们能会深深的震撼。
2013年博士英语试卷 完整版
2013MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1．请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。
2．试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。
3．试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。
书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。
4．标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。
5．听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。
国家医学考试中心PAPER ONEPart 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%）Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a questionabout what is said, The question will be read only once, After you hearthe question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D.Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. A cough B. Diarrhea C. A fever D. V omiting2. A. Tuberculosis B. Rhinitis C. Laryngitis D. Flu3. A. In his bag. B. By the lamp.C. In his house.D. No idea about where he left it.4. A. He’s nearly finished his work.B. He has to work for some more time.C. He wants to leave now.D. He has trouble finishing his work.5. A. A patient B. A doctor C. A teacher D. A student6. A. 2.6 B. 3.5 C. 3.9 D. 1367. A. He is the head of the hospital. B. He is in charge of Pediatrics.C. He went out looking for Dan.D. He went to Michigan on business.8. A. He has got a fever. B. He is a talented skier.C. He is very rich.D. He is a real ski enthusiast.9. A. To ask local people for help.B. To do as Romans do only when in Rome.C. Try to act like the people from that culture.D. Stay with your country fellows.10.A. She married because of loneliness.B. She married a millionaire.C. She married for money.D. She married for love.11.A. Aspirant B. Courageous C. Cautious D. Amiable12.A. He was unhappy. B. He was feeling a bit unwell.C. He went to see the doctor.D. The weather was nasty.13.A. You may find many of them on the bookseller’ shelves.B. You can buy it from almost every bookstore.C. It’s a very popular magazine.D. It doesn’t sell very well.14.A. A general practitioner. B. A gynecologist.B. An orthopedist D. A surgeon.15.A. Chemotherapy B. Radiation C. Injections D. Surgery Section BDirection:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, readthe four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Dialogue16.A. It is a genetic disorder.B. It is a respiratory condition in pigs.C. It is an illness from birds to humans.D. It is a gastric ailment.17.A. Eating pork.B. Raising pigs.C. Eating chicken.D. Breeding birds.18.A. Running nose.B. Inappetence.C. Pains all over.D. Diarrhea.19.A. To stay from crowds. B. To see the doctor immediately.C. To avoid medications.D. To go to the nearby clinic.20.A. It is a debate.B. It is a TV program.C. It is a consultation.D. It is a workshop.Passage One21.A. About 10,000,000.B. About 1,000,000.C. About 100,000.D. About 10,000.22.A. A cocktail of vitamins.B. A cocktail of vitamins plus magnesium.C. The combination of vitamins A, C and E.D. The combination of minerals.23.A. The delicate structures of the inner ear. B. The inner ear cells.C. The eardrums.D. The inner ear ossicles.24.A. General Motors. B. The United Auto Workers.C. NIH.D. All of above.25.A. An industrial trial in Spain.B. Military trials in Spain and Sweden.C. Industrial trials in Spain and Sweden.D. A trial involving students at the University of Florida.Passage Two26.A. The link between obesity and birth defects.B. The link between obesity and diabetes.C. The risk of birth abnormalities.D. The harmful effects of obesity.27.A. Neural tube defects. B. Heart problems.C. Cleft lip and palate.D. Diabetes.28.A. 20 million. B. 200 million.C. 400 million.D. 40 million.29.A. A weight-loss surgery. B. A balanced diet.C. A change of life style.D. More exercise.30.A. Why obesity can cause birth defects.B. How obesity may cause birth defects.C. Why obesity can cause diabetes.D. How obesity may cause diabetes.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection:In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A B C and D .are given beneath each of them. You are tochoose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then markyour answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31. Having a bird’s eye view from the helicopter, the vast pasture was __________ with beautiful houses.A. overlappedB. segregatedC. intersectedD. interspersed32. As usual, Singapore Airlines will reduce trans-pacific capacity in _________ seasons this year.A. sternB. slackC. sumptuousD. glamorous33. As to the living environment, bacteria’s needs vary, but most of them grow best ina slightly acid ___________.A. mechanismB. miniatureC. mediumD. means34. Under an unstable economic environment, employers in the construction industry place great value on ___________ in hiring and laying off workers as their volumes of work wax and wane.A. flexibilityB. moralityC. capacityD. productivity35. In a stark _________ of fortunes, the Philippines –once Asia’s second richest country – recently had to beg Vietnam to sell its rice for its hungry millions.A. denialB. reversalC. intervalD. withdrawal36. Web portal Sohu has gone a step further and called for netizens to join in an all-out boycott of __________ content.A. wholesomeB. contagiousC. vulgarD. stagnant37. Experts urge a reforesting of cleared areas, promotion of reduced-impact logging, and _____________ agriculture, to maintain the rain forest.A. sustainableB. renewableC. revivableD. merchandisable38. In the U.S., the Republican’s doctrines were slightly liberal, whereas the Democrats’ were hardly _____________.A. rationalB. radicalC. conservativeD. progressive39. Officials from the Department of Agriculture confirmed that the __________ floods and drought this summer did not affect the country’s grain output.A. ripplingB. waningC. fluctuatingD. devastating40. It is believed that the Black Death, rampant in the Medieval Europe __________, killed 1/3 of its population.A. at largeB. at randomC. on endD. on averageSection BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phase underlined. There are four words or phases beneath each sentence, Choose the word orphase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it issubstituted for the underlined part, Mark your answer on theANSWER SHEET.41. Christmas shoppers should be aware of the possible defects of the products sold ata discount.A. deficitsB. deviationsC. drawbacksD. discrepancies42. The goal of this training program is to raise children with a sense of responsibility and necessary courage to be willing to take on challenges in life.A. despiseB. evadeC. demandD. undertake43. After ―9.11‖, the Olympic Games severely taxed the security services of the host country.A. improvedB. burdenedC. inspectedD. tariffed44. The clown’s performance was so funny that the audience, adults and children alike, were all thrown into convulsions.A. a fit of enthusiasmB. a scream of frightC. a burst of laughterD. a cry of anguish45. We raised a mortgage from Bank of China and were informed to pay it off by the end of this year.A. loanB. paymentC. withdrawalD. retrieval46. The advocates highly value the ―sport spirit‖, while the opponent devalue it, asserting that it’s a sheer hypocrisy and self-deception.A. fineB. suddenC. finiteD. absolute47. Whenever a rattlesnake is agitated, it begins to move its tail and make a rattling noise.A. irritatedB. tamedC. stampedD. probed48. The detective had an unusual insight into criminal’s tricks and knew clearly how to track them.A. inductionB. perceptionC. interpretationD. penetration49. My little brother practices the speech repeatedly until his delivery and timing were perfect.A. presentationB. gestureC. rhythmD. pronunciation50. In recent weeks both housing and stock prices have started to retreat from their irrationally amazing highs.A. untimelyB. unexpectedlyC. unreasonablyD. unconventionallyPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Video game players may get an unexpected benefitfrom blowing away bad guys—better vision. Playing ―action‖ video games improves a visual ability __51__ tasks like reading and driving at night, a new study says. The ability, called contrast sensitivity function, allows people to discern even subtle changes __52__ gray against a uniformly colored backdrop. It’s also one of the first visual aptitudes to fade with age. __53__ a regular regimen of action video game training can provide long-lasting visual power, according to work led by Daphne Bavelier of the University of Rochester.Previous research shows that gaming improves other visual skills, such as the ability to track several objects at the same time and __54__ attention to a series of fast-moving events. Bavelier said, ―A lot of different aspects of the visual system are being enhanced, __55__.‖The new work suggests that playing video games could someday become part of vision-correction treatments, which currently rely mainly on surgery or corrective lenses. ―__56__ you’ve had eye surgery or get corrective lenses, exposing yourself to these games should help the optical system to recover faster and better, you need to retrain the brain to make use of the better, crisper information that’s coming in __57__ your improved eyesight,‖ Bavelier said.Expert action gamers in the study played first-person shooters Unreal Tournament 2004 and Call of Duty 2. A group of experienced nonaction gamers played The Sims 2, a ―life simulation‖ video game. The players of nonaction video games didn’t see the same vision __58__, the study says. Bavelier and others are now trying to figure out exactly why action games __59__ seem to sharpen visual skill. It may be that locating enemies and aiming accurately is a strenuous, strength-building workout for the eyes, she said. Another possible __60__ is that the unpredictable, fast-changing environment of the typical action game requires players to constantly monitor entire landscapes and analyze optical data quickly. 51. A. crucial forB. available inC. resulting fromD. ascribed to52. A. in disguise ofB. in shades ofC. in search ofD. in place of53. A. This is howB. That’s whyC. It is not thatD. There exists54. A. paidB. paysC. payD. paying55. A. thoughB. not to sayC. not just oneD. as well56. A. UntilB. WhileC. UnlessD. Once57. A. as opposed toB. in addition toC. as a result ofD. in spite of58. A. benefitsB. defectsC. approachesD. risks59. A. in caseB. in advanceC. in returnD. in particular60. A. effectB. reasonC. outcomeD. conclusionPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B,C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Passage oneThere is plenty we don’t know about criminal behavior. Most crime goes unreported so it is hard to pick out trends from the data, and even reliable sets of statistics can be difficult to compare. But here is one thing we do know: those with a biological predisposition to violent behavior who are brought up in abusive homes are very likely to become lifelong criminals.Antisocial and criminal behavior tends to run in families, but no one was sure whether this was due mostly to social-environmental factors or biological ones. It turns out both are important, but the effect is most dramatic when they act together. This has been illustrated in several studies over the past six years which found that male victims of child abuse are several times as likely to become criminals and abusers themselves if they were born with a less-active version of a gene for the enzyme monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), which breaks down neurotransmitters crucial to the regulation of aggression.Researchers recently made another key observation: kids with this ―double whammy‖ of predisposition and an unfortunate upbringing are likely to show signs of what’s to come at a very early age. The risk factors for long-term criminality –attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, low IQ, language difficulties – can be spotted in kindergarten. So given what we now know, should n’t we be doing everything to protect the children most at risk?No one is suggesting testing all boys to see which variant of the MAO-A gene they have, but what the science is telling us is that we should redouble efforts to tackle abusive upbringings, and even simple neglect. This will help any child, but especially those whose biology makes them vulnerable. Thankfully there is already considerable enthusiasm in both the US and the UK for converting the latest in behavioral science into parenting and social skills: both governments have schemes in place to improve parenting in families where children are at risk of receiving poor care.Some people are uncomfortable with the idea of early intervention because it implies our behavior becomes ―set‖ as we grow up, compromising the idea of free will. That view is understandable, but it would be negligent to ignore what the studies are telling us. Indeed, the cost to society of failing to intervene －in terms of criminal damage, dealing with offenders and helping victims of crime －is bound to be greater than the cost of improving parenting. The value to the children is immeasurable.61. Researchers have come to a consensus: to explain violent behavior ________.A. in terms of physical environmentB. form a biological perspectiveC. based on the empirical dataD. in a statistical way62. When we say that antisocial and criminal behavior tends to run in families, asindicated by the recent findings, we can probably mean that ___________.A. a particular gene is passed on in familiesB. child abuse will lead to domestic violenceC. the male victims of child abuse will pass on the tendencyD. the violent predisposition is exclusively born of child abuse63. The recent observation implicated that to check the development of antisocialand criminal behavior ___________.A. boys are to be screened for the biological predispositionB. high-risk kids should be brought up in kindergartenC. it is important to spot the genes for the risk factorsD. active measures ought to be taken at an early age64. To defend the argument against the unfavorable idea, the author makes it apoint to consider ___________.A. the immeasurable value of the genetic research on behaviorB. the consequences of compromising democracyC. the huge cost of improving parenting skillsD. the greater cost of failing to intervene65. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Parenting Strategies for KidsB. The Making of a CriminalC. Parental EducationD. Abusive ParentingPassage twoAfter 25 years battling the mother of all viruses, have we finally got the measure of HIV? Three developments featured in this issue collectively give grounds for optimism that would have been scarcely believable a year ago in the wake of another failed vaccine and continuing problems supplying drugs to all who need them.Perhaps the most compelling hope lies in the apparent ―cure‖ of a man with HIV who had also developed leukemia. Doctors treated his leukemia with a bone marrow transplant that also vanquished the virus. Now US Company Sangamo Biosciences is hoping to emulate the effect patients being cured with a single shot of gene therapy, instead of taking antiretroviral drugs for life.Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is itself another reason for optimism. Researchers at the World Health Organization have calculated that HIV could be effectively eradicated in Africa and other hard-hit places using existing drugs. The trick is to test everyone often, and give those who test positive ART as soon as possible. Because the drugs rapidly reduce circulating levels of the virus to almost zero, it would stop people passing it on through sex. By blocking the cycle of infection in this way, the virus could be virtually eradicated by 2050.Bankrolling such a long-term program would cost serious money –initially around $3.5 billion a year in South Africa alone, ring to $85 billion in total. Huge as it sounds, however, it is peanuts compared with the estimated $1.9 trillion cost of the Iraq war, or the $700 billion spent in one go propping up the US banking sector. It also look small beer compared with the costs of carrying on as usual, which the WHO says can only lead to spiraling cases and costs.The final bit of good news is that the cost of ART could keep on falling. Last Friday, GlaxoSmithKline chairman Andrew Witty said that his company would offer all its medicines to the poorest countries for at least 25 per cent less than the typical price in rich countries. GSK has already been doing this for ART, but the hope is that the company may now offer it cheaper still and that other firms will follow their lead.No one doubt the devastation caused by AIDS. In 2007, 2 million people died and 2.7 million more contracted the virus. Those dismal numbers are not going to turn around soon – and they won’t turn around at all without huge effort and investment. But at least there is renewed belief that, given the time and money, we can finally start riddling the world of this most fearsome of viruses.66. Which is the following can be most probably perceived beyond the first paragraph?A. The end of the world.B. A candle of hope.C. A Nobel prize.D. A Quick Fix.67. According to the passage, the apparent “cure” of the HIV patient who had alsodeveloped leukemia would ___________.A. make a promising transition from antiretroviral medication to gene therapyB. facilitate the development of effective vaccines for the infectionC. compel people to draw an analogy between AIDS and leukemiaD. would change the way we look at those with AIDS68. As another bit of good news, ___________.A. HIV will be virtually wiped out first in AfricaB. the cycle of HIV infection can be broken with ARTC. the circulating levels of HIV have been limited to almost zeroD. the existing HIV drugs will be enhanced to be more effective in 25 years69. The last reason for optimism is that ___________.A. governments will invest more in improving ARTB. the cost of antiretroviral therapy is on the declineC. everybody can afford antiretroviral therapy in the worldD. the financial support of ART is coming to be no problem70. The whole passage carries a tone of ___________.A. idealismB. activismC. criticismD. optimismPassage ThreeArchaeology can tell us plenty about how humans looked and the way they lived tens of thousands of years ago. But what about the deeper questions? Could early humans speak, were they capable of self-conscious reflection, did they believe in anything?Such questions might seem to be beyond the scope of science. Not so. Answering them is the focus of a burgeoning field that brings together archaeology and neuroscience. It aims to chart the development of human cognitive powers. This is not easy to do. A skull gives no indication of whether its owner was capable of speech, for example. The task then is to find proxies (替代物)for key traits and behaviors that have stayed intact over millennia.Perhaps the most intriguing aspect of this endeavor is teasing out the role of culture as a force in the evolution of our mental skills. For decades, development of the brain has been seen as exclusively biological. But increasingly, that is being challenged.Take what the Cambridge archaeologist Colin Renfrew calls ―the sapient (智人的) paradox (矛盾)‖. Evidence suggests that the human genome, and hence the brain, has changed little in the past 60,000 years. Yet it wasn’t until about 10,000 years ago that profound changes took place in human behavior: people settled in villages and built shrines. Renfrew’s paradox is why, if the hardware was in place, did it take so long for humans to start changing the world?His answer is that the software –the culture –took a long time to develop. In particular, the intervening time saw humans vest (赋予) meaning in objects and symbols. Those meanings were developed by social interaction over successive generations,passed on through teaching, and stored in the neuronal connections of children.Culture also changes biology by modifying natural selection, sometimes in surprising ways. How is it, for example, that a human gene for making essential vitamin C became blocked by junk DNA? One answer is that our ancestors started eating fruit, so the pressure to make vitamin C ―relaxed‖ and the gene became unnecessary. By this reasoning, early humans then became addicted to fruit, and any gene that helped them to find it was selected for.Evidence suggests that the brain is so plastic that, like genes, it can be changed by relaxing selection pressure. Our understanding of human cognitive development is still fragmented and confused, however. We have lots of proposed causes and effects, and hypotheses to explain them. Yet the potential pay-off makes answers worth searching for. If we know where the human mind came from and what changed it, perhaps we can gauge where it is going. Finding those answers will take all the ingenuity the modern human mind can muster.71. The questions presented in the first paragraph ___________.A. seem to have no answers whateverB. are intended to dig for ancient human mindsC. are not scientific enough to be answered hereD. are raised to explore the evolution of human appearance72. The scientists find the proxy to be ___________.A. the role of cultureB. the passage of timeC. the structure of a skullD. the biological makeup of the brain73. According to Renfrew’s paradox, the transition from 60,000 to 10,000 years agosuggests that ___________.A. human civilization came too lateB. the hardware retained biologically staticC. it took so long for the software to evolveD. there existed an interaction between gene and environment74. From the example illustrating the relation between culture and biology, wemight conclude that ___________.A. the mental development has not been exclusively biologicalB. the brain and culture have not developed at the same paceC. the theory of natural selection applies to human evolutionD. vitamin C contributes to the development of the brain75. Speaking of the human mind, the author would say that ___________.A. its cognitive development is extremely slowB. to know its past is to understand its futureC. its biological evolution is hard to predictD. as the brain develops, so as the mindPassage FourDespite the numerous warnings about extreme weather, rising sea levels and mass extinctions, one message seems to have got lost in the debate about the impact of climate change. A warmer world won’t just be inconvenient. Huge swathes (片) of it, including most of Europe, the US and Australia as well as all of Africa and China will actually be uninhabitable--- too hot, dry or stormy to sustain a human population.This is no mirage. It could materialize if the world warms by an average of just 4°C, which some models predict could happen as soon as 2050. This is the world our children and grandchildren are going to have to live in. So what are we going to do about it?One option is to start planning to move the at-risk human population to parts of the world where it will still be cool and wet. It might seem like a drastic move, but this thought experiment is not about scaremongering (危言耸听). Every scenario is extrapolated from predictions of the latest climate models, and some say that 4°C may actually turn out to be a conservative estimate.Clearly this glacier-free, desertified world---with its human population packed into high-rise cities closer to the poles---would be a last resort. Aside from anything else, it is far from being the most practical option: any attempt at mass migration is likely to fuel wars, political power struggles and infighting.So what are the alternatives? The most obvious answer is to radically reduce carbon dioxide levels now, by fast-tracking green technologies and urgently implementing energy-efficient measures. But the changes aren’t coming nearly quickly enough and global emissions are still rising. As a result, many scientists are now turning to ―Earth’s plan B‖.Plan B involves making sure we have large scale geoengineering technologies ready and waiting to either suck CO2 out of the atmosphere or deflect the sun’s heat. Most climate scientists were once firmly against fiddling with the Earth’s thermostat, fearing that it may make a bad situation even worse, or provide politicians with an excuse to sit on their hands and do nothing.Now they reluctantly acknowledge the sad truth that we haven’t managed to reorder the world fast enough to reduce CO2 emissions and that perhaps, given enough funding research and political muscle, we can indeed design, test and regulate geoengineering projects in time to avert the more horrifying consequences of climate change.Whatever we do, now is the time to act. The alternative is to plan for a hothouse world that none of us would recognize as home.76. To begin with, the author is trying to remind us of ____________.A. the likelihood of climate change making life inconvenientB. the warning against worsening climate changeC. the inevitable consequence of global warmingD. the misconception of a warmer world77. As the thought experiment shows, those at risk from global warming will ____________.A. live with the temperature raised by an average of 4°CB. have nowhere to go but live in the desertC. become victims as soon as 2050D. move closer to the poles78. It is clear from the passage that a practical approach to global warming is _________.A. to reduce massively CO2 emissionsB. to take protective measures by 2025C. to prepare a blueprint for mass migrationsD. to launch habitual constructions closer to the poles。
2013年硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案
2013年硕士研究生入学考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 .He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonsonh found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 .1. [A] grants [B] submits [C] transmits [D] delivers2. [A] minor [B] objective [C] crucial [D] external3. [A] issue [B] vision [C] picture [D] moment4. [A] For example [B] On average [C] In principle [D] Above all5. [A] fond [B] fearful [C] capable [D] thoughtless6. [A] in [B] on [C] to [D] for7. [A] if [B] until [C] though [D] unless8. [A] promote [B] emphasize [C] share [D] test9. [A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success10. [A] chosen [B] studied [C] found [D] identified11. [A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise12. [A] inspired [B] expressed [C] conducted [D] secured13. [A] assigned [B] rated [C] matched [D] arranged14. [A] put [B] got [C] gave [D] took15. [A] instead [B] then [C] ever [D] rather16. [A] selected [B] passed [C] marked [D] introduced17. [A] before [B] after [C] above [D] below18. [A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate19. [A] achieve [B] undo [C] maintain [D] disregard20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpfulSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scold her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decades or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable——meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that——and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage, overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable, andwasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year——about 64 items per person——and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes——and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment——including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection Line——Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start sho pping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D] lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted—the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a “do not track” (DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users c ould tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. Microsoft’s Internet Explorer and Apple’s Safari both offer DNT; Google’s Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and the Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft set off the row. It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear with windows 8, would have DNT as a default.Advertisers are horrified. Human nature being what it is, most people stick with default settings. Few switch DNT on now, but if tracking is off it will stay off. Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences. People will not get fewer ads, he says. “They’ll get less meaningful, less targeted ads.”It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method: There is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8—though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google’s on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft’s chief privacy officer, blogged: “We believe consumers should have more control.” Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in P aragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to[A] ease competition among themselves.[B] lower their operational costs.[C] avoid complaints from consumers.[D] provide better online services.27. “The industry” (Line 6, Para.3) refers to[A] online advertisers.[B] e-commerce conductors.[C] digital information analysis.[D] internet browser developers.28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default.[A] may cut the number of junk ads.[B] fails to affect the ad industry.[C] will not benefit consumers.[D] goes against human nature.29. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose.[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT.[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers.[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads.30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of[A] indulgence.[B] understanding.[C] appreciation.[D] skepticism.Text 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely —though by no means uniformly —glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years — so why shouldn’t we? Take a broader look at our species’ place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens in the “Red List” of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversatio n of Nature (IUCN), and you will read: “Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has as its flagship project a mechanical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today’s technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it’s perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That’s one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment.[B] our faith in science and technology.[C] our awareness of potential risks.[D] our belief in equal opportunity.32. The IUCN’s “Red List” suggests that human beings are[A] a sustained species.[B] a threat to the environment.[C] the world’s dominant power.[D] a misplaced race.33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet’s abundant resources.[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world.[C] draw on our experience from the past.[D] curb our ambition to reshape history.35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday—a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration.But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majorit y overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization” and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, rul ed that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held that Congress had deliberately “occupied the field,” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice—Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas—agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power”.The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could.It never did so.The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either.Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Thre e provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph 4?[A] Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’information.[B] States’ independence from federal immigration law.[C] States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states’ interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states’ support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41—45, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource is not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development and health.(41) . Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger, from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers. Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42) . This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact. Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental change”or “climate change”have increased rapidly since 2004. (43) .When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium, for example. And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding. (44) . This is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had acategory specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite. (45) . That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented andpublishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers publishedglobally included one of these keywords.[C] The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories, including health anddemographic change; food security; marine research and the bio-economy; clean, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal.Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behaviour: all require behavioural change and social innovations, aswell as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some areup in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.[G] During the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all researchand development funds — including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate — varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations, it is about 15%.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; 46) yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges has to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. 47) A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. 48) The gardens of the homeless which are in eff ect homeless gardens introduce form into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environmentin which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from, is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, 49) most of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call forth the spirit of plant and animal lift, if only symbolically, through a clumplike arrangement of materials, an introduction of colors, small pools of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world.50) It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden, though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia—a yearning for contact with nonhuman life—assuming uncanny representational forms.Section III WritingP art ADirections:Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college, inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part BDirections:Write an essay of 160~200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) interpret its intended meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案详解Section ⅠUse of English1. [标准答案] [A][考点分析] 上下文语义和固定搭配题。
2013年考研英语二真题及答案解析
2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.（10 points）Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically.1, a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions of such a society have been2for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment “would soon revolutionize the very3of money itself,” only to 4itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so5in coming?Although e money might be more convenient and may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work6the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very7to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the8form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they9receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to10. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of “float”—it takes several days11a check is cashed and funds are12from the issuer s account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime.13electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer. Fourth, electronic means of payment may14security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information15there.The fact that this is not an16occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and17from someone else s accounts. The18of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer science is developing to19security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic20that contains a large amount of personal data on buying habits. There are worries that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.1. ［A］However［C］Therefore ［D］Otherwise2. ［A］off［B］back［C］over［D］around3. ［A］power ［B］concept ［C］history［D］role4. ［A］reward ［B］resist［C］resume［D］reverse5. ［A］silent ［B］sudden［C］slow［D］steady6. ［A］for［B］against［C］with［D］on7. ［A］imaginative ［B］expensive［D］productive8. ［A］similar ［B］original ［C］temporary ［D］dominant9. ［A］collect ［B］provide ［C］copy ［D］print10. ［A］give up ［B］take over ［C］bring back ［D］pass down11. ［A］before ［B］after［C］since ［D］when12. ［A］kept ［B］borrowed ［C］released ［D］withdrawn13. ［A］Unless ［B］Until ［C］Because［D］Though14. ［A］hide［B］express［C］raise［D］ease15. ［A］analyzed ［B］shared［C］stored［D］displayed16. ［A］unsafe ［B］unnatural［C］uncommon ［D］unclear17. ［A］steal［B］choose［C］benefit［D］return18. ［A］consideration ［B］prevention ［C］manipulation ［D］justification19. ［A］cope with ［B］fight against ［C］adapt to［D］call for20. ［A］chunk［B］chip［C］path［D］trailSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.（40 points）Text 1In an essay entitled “Making It in America,” the author Adam Da vidson relates a joke from cotton country about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill has only two employees today, “a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog, and the dog is there to keep the man away from the ma chines.”Davidson s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle class incomes today is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign worker.In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job，could earn an average lifestyle. But, today, average is officially over. Being average just won t earn you what it used to. It can t when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra—their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment.Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But there s been an acceleration. As Davidson notes, “ In the 10 years ending in 2009, ［U.S.］factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of everythree manufacturing jobs—about 6 million in total—disappeared.”There will always be changed—new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I.Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to post high school education.21.The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate.［A］the impact of technological advances［B］the alleviation of job pressure［C］the shrinkage of textile mills［D］the decline of middle class incomes22.According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to.［A］work on cheap software［B］ask for a moderate salary［C］adopt an average lifestyle［D］contribute something unique23.The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that.［A］gains of technology have been erased［B］job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed［C］factories are making much less money than before［D］new jobs and services have been offered24.According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is.［A］to accelerate the I.T. revolution［B］to ensure more education for people［C］to advance economic globalization［D］to pass more bills in the 21st century25.Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?［A］New Law Takes Effect［B］Technology Goes Cheap［C］Average Is Over［D］Recession Is BadText 2A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic included settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay, and who would make some money and go home. Between 1908 and 1915, about 7 million people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for example, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, “uccelli di passaggio,” birds of passage.Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide newcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or brand them as aliens to be kicked out. That framework has contributed mightily to our broken immigration system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We don t need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strict definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health care aides and physicists are among today s birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas. They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them. They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle. Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means openingup the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes, including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.26.“Birds of passage” refers to those who.［A］immigrate across the Atlantic［B］leave their home countries for good［C］stay in a foreign country temporarily［D］find permanent jobs overseas27.It is implied in Paragraph 2 that the current immigration system in the U.S..［A］needs new immigrant categories［B］has loosened control over immigrants［C］should be adapted to meet challenges［D］has been fixed via political means28.According to the author, today s birds of passage want.［A］financial incentives［B］ a global recognition［C］opportunities to get regular jobs［D］the freedom to stay and leave29.The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated.［A］as faithful partners［B］with economic favors［C］with legal tolerance［D］as mighty rivals30.Which is the best title for the passage?［A］Come and Go: Big Mistake［B］Living and Thriving: Great Risk［C］Legal or Illegal: Big Mistake［D］With or Without: Great RiskText 3Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard wired responses.Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open mindedness.But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren t exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we re doing. Subjects exposed to fast food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases—or hire outside screeners.John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly “thin slice” in formation reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in “thick sliced” long term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a much longer evaluation: two days, not two seconds.Our ability to mute our hard wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: dog can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term. Although technologymight change the way we react, it hasn t changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high speed trend.31.The time needed in making decisions may.［A］vary according to the urgency of the situation［B］prove the complexity of our brain reaction［C］depend on the importance of the assessment［D］predetermine the accuracy of our judgment32.Our reaction to a fast food logo shows that snap decisions.［A］can be associative［B］are not unconscious［C］can be dangerous［D］are not impulsive33.To reverse the negative influences of snap decisions,we should.［A］trust our first impression［B］do as people usually do［C］think before we act［D］ask for expert advice34.John Gottman says that reliable snap reaction are based on.［A］critical assessment［B］“thin sliced” study［C］sensible explanation［D］adequate information35.The author s attitude toward reversing the high speed trend is.［A］tolerant［B］uncertain［C］optimistic［D］doubtfulText 4Europe is not a gender equality heaven. In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely family friendly until women are part of senior management decisions, and Europe s top corporate governance positions remain overwhelmingly male. Indeed, women hold only 14 percent of positions on Europe corporate boards.The Europe Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women—up to 60 percent. This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year, Europe Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membership. But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up.Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate ladder fairly as they balance work and family?“Personally, I don t like quotas,” Reding said recently. “But I like what the quotas do.” Quotas get action: they “open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling,” according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions.I understand Reding s reluctance—and her frustration. I don t like quotas either; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, government by the capable. But, when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered.After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as well as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top position—no matter how much “soft pressure” is put upon them. When women do break thr ough to the summit of corporate power—as, for example, Shery Sandberg recently did at Facebook—they attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule.If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all women—whether CEOs or their children s caregivers—and all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society.36.In the European corporate workplace, generally.［A］women take the lead［B］men have the final say［C］corporate governance is overwhelmed［D］senior management is family friendly37.The European Union s intended legislation is.［A］ a reflection of gender balance［B］ a reluctant choice［C］ a response to Reding s call［D］ a voluntary action38.According to Reding, quotas may help women.［A］get top business positions［B］see through the glass ceiling［C］balance work and family［D］anticipate legal results39.The author s attitude toward Reding s appeal is one of.［A］skepticism［B］objectiveness［C］indifference［D］approval40.Women entering top management become headlines due to the lack of. ［A］more social justice［B］massive media attention［C］suitable public policies［D］greater “soft pressure”Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A G for each numbered paragraph (41 45).Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）［A］Live like a peasant［B］Balance your diet［C］Shopkeepers are your friends［D］Remember to treat yourself［E］Stick to what you need［F］Planning is everything［G］Waste not, want notThe hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love of good food with living on benefits. After bills, Tony has ￡60 a week to spend, ￡40 of which goes on food, but 10 years ago he was earning ￡130,000 a year working in corporate communications and eating at London s best restaurants at least twice a week. Then his marriage failed, his career burned out and his drinking became serious.“Th e community mental health team saved my life. And I felt like that again, to a certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well. It gave me the validation and confidence that I d lost. But it s still a day by day thing.”Now he s living in a council flat and fielding offers from literary agents. He s feeling positive, but he ll carry on blogging—not about eating as cheaply as you can—“there are so many people in a much worse state, with barely any money to spend on food”—but eating well on a budget. Here s his advice for economical foodies.41.Impulsive spending isn t an option, so plan your week s menu in advance, making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel template for a week of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: it s not just cost effective but helps you balance your diet. It s also a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly, because, being human, you ll sometimes change your mind about what you fancy.42.This is where supermarkets and their anonymity come in handy. With them, there s not thesame embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little greengrocer. And if you plan properly, you ll know that you only need, say, 350g of shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whatever weight is pre packed in the supermarket chiller.43.You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer—that s not good enough. Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish. Planning ahead should eliminate wastage, but if you have surplus vegetables you ll do a vegetable soup, and all fruits threatening to “go off”will be cooked or juiced.44.Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers, delis and fish sellers regularly, even for small things, and be super friendly. Soon you ll feel comfortable asking if they ve any knuckles of ham for soups and stews, or beef bones, chicken carcasses and fish heads for stock which, more often than not, they ll let you have for free.45.You won t be eating out a lot, but save your pennies and once every few months treat yourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant—￡1.75 a week for three months gives you ￡21—more than enough for a three course lunch at Michelin starred Arbutus. It s ￡16.95 there—or ￡12.99 for a large pizza from Domino s: I know which I d rather eat.Section III Translation46.Directions:Translate the following text from English to Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2.（15 points）I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was, what happened in the news and even the day of the week. I ve been able to do this, since I was 4.I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs. My mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away neatly. When I think of a sad memory, I do what everybody does—try to put it to one side. I don t think it s harder for me just because my memory is clearer. Powerful memory doesn t make my emotions any more acute or vivid. I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hospital the daybefore. I also remember that the musical Hair opened on Broadway on the same day—they both just pop into my mind in the same way.Section IV WritingPart A47.Directions:Suppose your class is to hold a charity sale for kids in need of help. Write your classmates an email to1) inform them about the details and2) encourage them to participate.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. U se “Li Ming” instead. Don t write your address.（10 points）Part B48.Directions:Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should1) interpret the chart, and2) give your comments.You should write about 150 words.（15 points）某高校学生兼职情况【2013年试题超精解】1.［答案］［A］［考点］上下文逻辑关系［解析］此类考题形式表明本题考查上下文之间存在的逻辑关系，理解上下文并破解其逻辑关系是解题的关键。
2013年湖北卷英语试题及答案
2013·湖北卷第二部分词汇知识运用(共两节，满分45分)第一节多项选择(共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分)从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
21．Poetry written from the ________ of the urban youth tends to reveal their anxiety over a lack of sense of belonging.A．perspective B．priorityC．participation D．privilege21. A考查名词辨析。
perspective看法，观点，视角；priority 优先考虑的事，重点，优先权；participation参加，参与；privilege特别待遇，优惠，特权。
句意：以城市青年的视角写的诗倾向于揭示他们缺乏归属感的焦虑。
22 Carbon dioxide, which makes a ________ between us and the sun, prevents heat from getting out of the atmosphere easily, so the earth is becoming warmer.A．difference B．comparisonC．connection D．barrier22. D考查名词辨析。
difference 差别，不同；comparison 比较，对比；connection 联系，关联；barrier障碍，屏障。
句意：在我们和太阳之间形成一道屏障的二氧化碳很容易阻止热量进入大气层，所以地球更暖和了。
23．While intelligent people can often ________ the complex, a fool is more likely to complicate the simple.A．sacrifice B．substituteC．simplify D．survive23. C考查动词辨析。