教育技术专业英语第十九章翻译

第十九章sectionA survey methodssurvey rearch is the method of gathering data from respondents thought to be representative ofsome population,using an instrument composed of closed structure or open-ended items (questions).this is perhaps the dominant from of data collection in the social sciences,providing for efficient collection of data over broad populations,amenable to administration in person,by telephone,amd over the internet.some forms of survey research by telephone or the interent may be completely automated.Key terms and conceptsthe survey instrument is name given to the schedule of question or respone items to be posed to respondents.it is equivalent to the terms questionnaire or interview schedule,depending on the type of survey research being conducted. interviews and questionnairesordinarily,interviews refers to the face-to-face administration of a survey instrument,whereas quwstionnaires refers to mail or other indirect methods of administration.items are the individual survey question or statements for which a response is solicited from the respondent.Data Collection Modes1.Face-to-face interviewing is usually the most expensive but it can obtain the highest response rate because it maximizes engagement with the respondent and imposes the lowest burden on the respondent.For the same reasons,face-to-face interviews can support longer instruments.It is also the best data collection type for open-ended responses.2.Mail surveys are usually among the least expensive modes,are often best for sensitive items, and there is no interviewer bias.However,mail surveys are a poor choice for open-ended items or complex survey designs as they place a high burden on the respondent.3.Telephone interviewing has the advantage of speed of data collection while supporting longer instruments than mail surveys and supporting open-ended responses,though not as well as face-to-face interviewing.4.Web surveys are often the least expensive to administer yet can be fast of data collection,particularly since implementation time may be low.Web surveys can be administered to very large populations,even internally.调查研究的方法是收集数据从受访者认为是代表一些人口,使用一个仪器由封闭的结构或开放式项目(的问题)。

这也许是最主要的数据收集在社会科学中,提供有效的数据收集在广泛的人群,服从政府的人,通过电话,amd在因特网上。

某些形式的调查研究通过电话或网络营销可能完全自动化。

关键术语和概念这项调查仪器的名字给了时间表的问题或响应项目对受访者。

它与术语问卷或面试时间表,根据类型的调查研究正在进行。

访谈和问卷调查通常,面试指的是政府的一个测量工具面对面,而问卷指邮件或其他间接的方法管理。

项目是个体调查问题或声明的反应是请求从被申请人。

数据收集方式1。

面对面的面试通常是最昂贵的,但它可以获得最高的响应速度,因为它最大限度地参与被申请人和征收最低被申请人负担。

出于同样的原因,面对面的访谈可以支持更长时间的工具。

它也是最好的数据集合类型的响应。

2。

邮件调查通常是最昂贵的模式,通常最适合敏感物项,没有面试官偏见。

然而,邮件调查是一个贫穷的首选项或复杂的调查设计开放式作为他们的地方一个高负担被申请人。

3。

电话面试的优点是速度的数据收集工具同时支持长比邮件调查和支持开放式的反应,尽管不是以及面对面的面试。

4。

网络调查往往最昂贵的管理还可以快速的数据收集,尤其是实现时间可能较低。

网络调查可以被输送到非常大的人口,即使在内部。

SectionBThe experimental method is usually taken to be the most scientific of all methods,the "method of choice". The main problem with all the non-experimental methods is lack of control over the situation.The experiment is sometimes described as the cornerstone of psychology:This is partly due to the central role experiments play in many of the physical sciences and also to psychology's historical view of itself as a science.A many of the physical sciences and also to psychological research uses the experimental method.An experiment is a study of one cause and effect.It differs from non-experimental methods in that it involves the deliberate manipulation of one variable,while trying to keep all other variables constant.Experiments in the Laboratory:In psychological experiments,we try to keep all aspects of the situation constant except one-the one we are looking at.For example,suppose we want to investigate which of two methods is more successful at teaching children to read.The aspect that we vary is called the indepedent variable and we change this in a very precise way.In this example,the teaching method is the independent variable.We call the factor which we then measure,in our example it would be some measure of the children's reading ability,the dependent variable(DV),because if our ideas are correct,it depends on the independent variable.In our example,the children's reading ability depends on the teaching method used.The variable which is being manipulated by the researcher is therefore called the independent variable and the dependent variable is the change in behavior measured by the researcher.实验方法通常被认为是最科学的方法,”方法的选择”。

主要的问题与所有的非实验方法是缺乏控制这种情况。

这个实验是有时被描述为基石的心理学:这部分是由于中央的角色扮演实验在许多的物理科学和心理学的历史视图作为一门科学的本身。