营养学-矿物质

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第八节 矿物质
(五)Dietary recommendation
Calcium (AI) (mg/d)
age(y) 0~ 0.5~ 1~ 4~ 7~ 11~ 14~
calcium 300 400 600 800 800 1000 1000
age(y) 18~ 50~
孕妇 早期 中期 晚期 乳母
calcium 800 1000
维持细胞膜的稳定性
(二) calcium absorption and metabolism
1、吸收(absorption )
主动转运(active transport)
Ca
被动扩散(passive diffusion)

第八节 矿物质
Factors influencing calcium absorption
92 elements in the earth crust
Elements and minerals
All of the elements on earth, apart from the carbon-containing organic compounds made in living organisms, are known as “minerals”.
comparison of Selenium excess before versus after
人体硒中毒(恩施)
脱发、脱甲、指(趾)甲变形
第八节 矿物质
2. The food components and food processing
the native antagonist of minerals in food. (Phytic acid、 oxalic acid)
3. Human body's own factors
inadequate intake of minerals human body's own functional deficiency increased consumption or requirements
二、钙 calcium
Body fluids
第八节 矿物质 Minerals
营养与食品卫生学教研室
Objectives
※ 1. Features of minerals ※ 2.The cause of excess or deficiency of minerals
3. physiological functions in the body ※ 4. absorption, metabolism and influencing factors(Ca、
营养生物地球化学病因学说 Nutrient biogeochemical cause theory
克山病病例的分布图
地壳硒含量的分布图
1960年代恩施发现人畜 原因不明脱发掉甲病
1965年送检的“有毒玉米”Se含量为一般地区1000倍。从而证实 人畜脱发掉甲是硒中毒所致。 同时也发现了恩施地区是世界上硒含量最高地区
in women with different age layers.
2008
第八节 矿物质
(四)Status assessment
There are no reliable biochemical indicators to accurately assess calcium status.
1. Epidemiological survey 2. Biochemical indicators 3. Calcium balance trials 4. Measures of bone mass and bone mineral density
Carbon、 hydrogen、 oxygen、 nitrogen minerals
Classification
常量元素
> 0.01%body weight,
(macroelements):
Ca、P、Na、K、Cl、Mg、S
微量元素
<0.01%body weight
(trace elements):
第八节 矿物质
有20余种元素被认为是构成人体组织、 参与机体代谢、维持生理功能所必需
必需微量元素 可能必需微量元素
潜在毒性
功能未知元素
铁铜锌 硒铬碘
钴钼
锰硅 镍硼

氟铅 镉汞 砷铝 锡锂
锶铷 稀土元 素等
WHO 1996年
※(一)矿物质的特点 Features of minerals
第八节 矿物质
Iron、 Zinc) ※ 5. deficiency and excess. (Ca、 Iron、 Zinc)
6. status assessment (Ca、 Iron、 Zinc) 7. food sources and dietary recommendations
一、Overview 第八节 矿物质
2、signal transduction pathways
参与信号传导通路
3、promote the enzyme`s activity
促进酶的活动 4、blood-clotting cascade
ubiquitous
血液凝固的级联反应 5、maintain stability of the cell membrances
* Factors influencing iron absorption
1) the amount of iron in the diet 2) the type of iron present /bioavailability 3) other dietary constituents: amino acid, lactose,
800 1000 1200 1200
第八节 矿物质
Sources of calcium (mg/100g)
虾皮(991) 黑芝麻(780) 雪里蕻(230) 沙丁鱼 (550) 豆腐 (510)
ຫໍສະໝຸດ Baidu
无花果(250) 果味酸奶(150) 全脂牛奶(115) 虾(325)
青豆(33)
第八节 矿物质
三、铁 Iron
AI and UL values of minerals for Chinese adults


铁(女)


AI(mg) 800
350
20
1.5
3.5
UL(mg) 2000
700
50
3.0
10
比值
2.5
2.0
2.5
2.0
3.0
AI:适宜摄入量
UL:可耐受最高摄入量
第八节 矿物质
※(二)The cause of excess or deficiency
Rickets 儿童佝偻病
osteoporosis
骨质疏松
※ Calcium excess
Evidence for calcium toxicity is rare and adverse effects are limited to people taking high-level calcium supplements.
Distribution of iron in the body
功能性铁
Functional iron
贮存铁(25%30%)
Storage iron
血红蛋白(60%70h%em)oglobin
肌红蛋白3% myoglobin
含铁酶类 I1r%on enzymes
铁蛋白 ferritin
含铁血黄素 hemosiderin
High intakes of calcium might reduce the absorption of other essential trace elements.
人群试验研究
人群横断面分析
Cross-sectional survey
图3 补钙与不同年龄段女性高胆固醇血症发生的相关性分析 Figure 3. Effects of calcium supplementation on hypercholesterolemia
1.Composition of the earth crust
Minerals distribute unevenly in the earth·s crust. The mineral content of food or water can vary dramatically depending on the minerals in the soil.
Soft tissue
bone
teeth
1% calcium
99% calcium
Distribution of calcium in the body
(一)Physiological function of calcium
1、formation of the major inorganic bone and teeth component 构成骨骼和牙齿的成分
2. Dietary factors: Protein intake other minerals intake.
3. Body factors: blood Ca concentration、 age、 hormone immobility
第八节 矿物质
※(三)Calcium deficiency
1.Minerals are not changed during digestion or when the body uses them. Minerals are not destroyed by heat, light, or alkalinity.
第八节 矿物质
2. Minerals are the only nutrients obtained from either food or native water. 3.There are synergistic and antagonistic interaction between mineral-mineral, mineral-other nutrient.
(1)human·s own factors
Absorbility varies during physiological stage/life cycle (2)dietary factors Phytate oxalate fiber Ca:P lactose; casein phosphpeptides
vitamin C、mineral、phytic acid、 4) physiological period, during development,
(二) absorption and metabolism
1、 absorption
IRE, iron-response element LIP, labile iron pool TF transferrin TfR transferrin receptor DMT, Divalent metal transporter 1,DMT1
(3)other
2.Excretion and storage
第八节 矿物质

第八节 矿物质
Factors influencing calcium excretion
1. Normal is 65~70% of ingested Ca to be excreted in the feces and urine.
blood
muscle
cytochrome oxidase peroxidase
Liver Spleen bone marrow
(一) Physiological function of iron
1.参与体内氧的运送和组织呼吸过程 (oxgen transportation and tissue respiration) 2.维持正常的造血功能 (maintain blood-producing function) 3.其他重要功能 (others) 维持正常免疫功能(maintaining immune function)
Fe Cu Cu Zn Fe Zn
Fe Cu Zn
第八节 矿物质
4. Minerals unbalance distribution in body
iodine
Calcium phosphorus
iron cobalt
第八节 矿物质
5. A narrow margin of safety between the physiological and toxic dose
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