2016年四川大学英语文化部分考研真题
四川大学考研英语基础英语样题
英语语言文学专业和外国语言学及应用语言学专业参考题（基础）考试科目：英语专业基础适用专业：英语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学研究方向：英美文学、美国文化研究、加拿大文化研究、欧洲文化研究、现代英语及语言理论、英语翻译理论与实践、现代外语教育及教育技术（注意：答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题上不给分）样题：Part One Reading Comprehension (40 points)I. Cloze Test (10 points)Choose one of the four answers marked [A], [B], [C], [D] to complete the article. Write your answer on the answer sheet. Be sure that the number of the answers is in agreement with the number of the blanksMusic comes in many forms; most countries have a style of their own. At the turn of the century when jazz was born, America had no prominent 1 of its own. No one knows exactly when jazz was 2 ,or by whom. But it began to be heard in the early 1900s.Jazz is America‟s contribution to popular music. In contrast to classical music, which 3 formal European traditions, jazz is spontaneous and free form. It bubbles with energy, 4 the moods, interests, and emotions of the people. In the 1920s jazz 5 like America, and as it does today. The 6 of this music are as interesting as the music itself. American Negroes, or blacks, as they are called today, were the jazz 7 . They were brought to Southern States as slaves. They were sold to plantation owners and forced to work long hours. When a Negro died, his friends and relatives8 a procession to carry the body to the cemetery. In New Orleans, a band often accompanied the procession .On the way to the cemetery the band played slow, solemn music suited to the occasion. But on the way home the mood changed. Spirits lifted. Death had removed one of their 9 , but the living were glad to be alive. The band played happy music, improvising on both the harmony and the melody of the tunes 10 at the funeral. This music made everyone want to dance. It was an early form of jazz.1. [A] music [B] song [C] melody [D] style2. [A] discovered [B] acted [C] invented [D] designed3. [A] forms [B] follows [C] approaches [D] introduces4. [A] expressing [B] explaining [C] exposing [D] illustrating5. [A] appeared [B] felt [C] seemed [D] sounded6. [A] origins [B] originals [C] discoveries [D] resources7. [A] players [B] followers [C] fans [D] pioneers8. [A] demonstrated [B] composed [C] hosted [D] formed9. [A] number [B] members [C] body [D] relations10. [A] whistled [B] sung [C] presented [D] showedII. Reading comprehension: (30 points)In this section there are three passages followed by a total of fifteen multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and write your answer on the answer sheet.Passage 1Lloyds TSB, the UK‟s biggest high street bank, is being forced to withdraw a memo which orders its branch staff not to switch customers into accounts that would pay them higher rates of interest. The bank will today write to every one of its 2,600 branches to “clarify” the contents of an internal memo, which tells staff it is “unacceptable” to inform current account customers that they could make better return by shifting spare cash into accounts with higher returns. The average balance in a Lloyds TSB account is understood to be 2,000 and if half of every balance was moved into an alternative instant access account operated by Lloyds, the bank would have to pay an estimated $160 million in additional interest in a year. Lloyds, which has 7 million customers and last year made more than $3 billion profit, pays 0.3 per cent interest on its current account. Its instant access account offers 3.4 per cent. The memo told staff they could lose out on incentive scheme rewards—including cash bonuses and foreign holidays—if they were caught switching cash out of low interest accounts.A spokeswoman for Lloyds TSB said the memo, entitled Key Sales and Service Objectives, was designed to improve service levels and had been “quoted out of context”. It was written by Mike Mitchell, the bank‟s national sales manager, and circulated in January. It was designed to stop its staff opening new accounts merely to receive incentive scheme points. Staff are allowed, however, to make other suggestions to customers, including selling them financial services such as unit trust investments and private health insurance, which generate substantial profits for the bank. Branch workers who successfully sell such products receive incentive scheme rewards, directlyre lated to how much profit the bank makes from them. The bank‟s spokeswoman said: “The spirit of this memo, of putting customers first, has been obfuscated by sentences which are meant to say one thing but may be interpreted as saying another.” In some cas es, she claimed, those with high sums to invest can get better returns from their existing current accounts because the interest rate rises as the balance goes up. But she admitted that the memo tells staff that all current account switches “must be initiated by the customer”, and that staff are not allowed to advise customers their money might earn better returns in alternative accounts. The only time such suggestions can be made, says the memo, is in a formal one-to-one interview with the customer. The bank insisted that the memo was designed to improve customer service, but it has angered branch staff, who believe they are being ordered not to operate in the customers‟ best interestsThe Lloyds‟ spokeswoman added: “We agree that this memo may be misinterpreted.” The bank‟s deputy chief executive, Michael Fairley, has intervened and will be rewriting the memo. 1. According to the passage, Lloyds TSB is going to withdraw its internal memo circulated in January because .[A] it has been made known to the general public[B] it has been opposed by all its customers[C] it is misinterpreted by its branch staff[D] it is considered against customers‟ best interests2. The spokeswoman for Lloyds TSB‟s comment that the memo had been “quoted out of context” could be considered .[A] a confession of the bank‟s malpractice[B] a guarantee of improvement of the bank‟s service[C] a response to criticisms of the memo[D] a hint to withdraw and rewrite the memo3. It can be concluded from the passage that according to the memo, the branch staff .[A] will get no cash bonuses if they sell private health insurance to customers[B] will receive no incentive scheme rewards if found shifting customers cash into higher interest accounts[C] cannot make any suggestions in a formal one-to-one interview with customers[D] shall never tell customers the interest rates of different accounts4. The word “obfuscated” used in paragraph 3 can be replaced by .[A] clarified [B]strengthened [C] obscured [D] weakened5. According to the passage, all of the following are true EXCEPT that .[A] the interest rate of an instant access account is higher than that of a current account[B] the interest rate can rise as the balance in an account goes up to a certain level[C] the memo does not allow account switches initiated by customers[D] the memo encourages bank workers to sell more financial services to customersPassage 2Imagine a world in which there was suddenly no emotion—a world in which human beings could feel no love or happiness, no terror or hate. Try to imagine the consequences of such a transformation. People might not be able to stay alive: knowing neither joy nor pleasure, neither anxiety nor fear, they would be as likely to repeat acts that hurt them as acts that were beneficial. They could not learn: they could not benefit from experience because this emotionless world would lack rewards and punishments. Society would soon disappear: people would be as likely to harm one another as to provide help and support. Human relationships would not exist; in a world without friends or enemies, there could be no marriage, affection among companions, or bonds among members of groups. Society‟s economic underpinnings would be destroyed: since earning would not bring enjoyment, there would be no incentive to work. In fact, there would be no incentives of any kind. For as we will see, incentives imply a capacity to enjoy them.In such a world, the chances that the human species would survive are next to zero, because emotions are the basic instrument of our survival and adaptation. Emotions structure the world for us in important ways. As individuals, we categorize objects on the basis of our emotions. True, we consider the length, shape, size, or te xture, but an object‟s physical aspects are less important than what it has done or can do to us—hurt us, surprise us, anger us or make us joyful. We also use categorizations colored by emotions in our families, communities, and overall society. Out of our emotional experiences with objects and events comes a social feeling of agreement that certain things and actions are “good” and others are “bad”, and we apply these categories to every aspect of our social life—from what foods we eat and what clothes we wear to how we keep promises and which people our group will accept. In fact, society exploits our emotional reactions and attitudes, such as loyalty, morality, pride, shame, guilt, fear and greed, in order tomaintain itself. It gives high rewards to individuals who perform important tasks such as surgery, makes heroes out of individuals for unusual or dangerous achievements such as flying fighter planes in a war, and uses the legal and penal system to make people afraid to engage in antisocial acts.6. The reason why people might not be able to stay alive in a world without emotion isthat .[A] they would not be able to tell the texture of objects[B] they would not know what was beneficial and what was harmful to them[C] they would not be happy with a life without love[D] they would do things that hurt each other‟s feelings7. According to the passage, people‟s learning activities are possible because they .[A] enjoy being rewarded for doing the right thing[B] know what is vital to the progress of society[C] believe that emotions are fundamental for them to stay alive[D] benefit from providing help and support to one another8. It can be inferred from the passage that the economic foundation of society is dependenton .[A] the ability to make money[B] the will to work for pleasure[C] the capacity to enjoy incentives[D] the categorizations of our emotional experiences9. Emotions are significant for man‟s survival and adaptation because .[A] they provide the means by which people view the size or shape of objects[B] they are the basis for the social feeling of agreement by which society is maintained[C] they encourage people to perform dangerous achievements[D] they generate more love than hate among people10. The emotional aspects of an object are more important than its physical aspects in thatthey .[A] help society exploit its members for profit[B] encourage us to perform important tasks[C] help to perfect the legal and penal system[D] help us adapt our behavior to the world surrounding usPassage 3Astronomers have witnessed the biggest bang since the big bang—the moment about 15 billion years ago when the universe was created in a massive explosion. The huge burst of energy from the edge of the universe is estimated to be second only to the moment of creation in its explosive force, releasing more energy in two seconds than the sun will give out in it lifetime. Scientists hope the explosion—known as a gamma-ray burst because it emits energy in the form of gamma radiation—will shed light on the earliest stages in the evolution of the stars and galaxies.Gamma-ray bursts cannot be seen by the human eye, but if they could the sky would light up like a camera flash each time they occurred. They are by far the most energetic events in the universe and, until now, have remained largely a mystery.The latest gamma-ray burst to be detected accurately occurred last December. Using a network of telescopes and satellites, the astronomers were able to calculate its distance from Earth at about 15 billion light years. This means it must have happened soon after the big bang itself, while the intensity of the radiation revealed it to be the biggest bang recorded by man. Scientists from the American National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the California Institute of Technology are to announce details of their analysis this week. The huge distance between the source of the explosion and the Earth suggests gamma-ray bursts are up to 10 times larger than previously thought, said Jonathan Katz, professor of physics at Washington University in St Louis. “Gamma-ray bursts may be the most distant things we will ever see and as such will act as beacons to probe into the very distant regions of the universe when stars and galaxies were first formed.”American spy satellites looking for the radiation released from Soviet nuclear tests first detected gamma-ray bursts in 1967 but the details were kept classified until 1973. For nearly 25 years scientists were hampered in their efforts to find an explanation for the huge explosions because they lasted no longer than a few seconds. The inability to explain them led to speculation that gamma-ray bursts were the remnants of nuclear battles between alien civilizations, or even the exhaust energy of extraterrestrial spaceships going into warp drive. Two satellites, the American Compton gamma-ray observatory and the Italian-Dutch Bepposax satellite, have now been able to locate the precise direction of gamma-ray bursts within seconds of them occurring. John Quenby, professor of physics at Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine in London, said the most likely explanation for gamma-ray burst is that they result from the enormous energy released when two very dense objects—called neutron stars—collide.11. According to the passage, “the big bang” is used to express all of the followingEXCEPT .[A] the huge energy burst which created the universe[B] the energy burst which took place in the center of the universe[C] the explosion which took place in the form of gamma radiation[D] the explosion which happened about 15 billion years ago12. According to the passage, gamma-ray bursts .[A] were detected accidentally[B] were first detected by Soviet nuclear experts[C] were made known to the public after 1973[D] were soon given clear and detailed explanation13. It can be concluded from the passage that the study of the big bang will probably .[A] lead to the discovery of earliest human civilizations[B] tell how and when the universe was formed[C] display the intensity of nuclear radiation[D] make it possible to communicate with other civilizations14. Which of the following is NOT directly stated but can be inferred from the passage?[A] Gamma-ray explosion is very, very far away from the Earth.[B] Scientists believe that the universe was formed out of the big bang.[C] Gamma-ray bursts lasted only a very short period of time.[D] Scientists are still working hard to find more plausible explanation for the big bang.15. Which of the following can be used as the best title of the passage?[A] Gamma-ray Bursts and Nuclear Ears between Alien Civilizations.[B] Astronomy and the Creation of Universe.[C] Big Bang Theory Explains the Mystery of Universe.[D] Big Bang II Sheds Light on Evolution of Universe.Part Two English-Chinese Translation (30 points)Translate the following passages into Chinese. Each translated passage will account for 15 points. Give the number of the passage on your answer sheet.Passage 1For the great majority of automobile workers, the only meaning of the job is in the pay check, not in anything connected with the work or the product. Work appears as something unnatural, a disagreeable, meaningless and stultifying condition of getting the pay check, devoid of dignity as well as of importance. No wonder that this puts a premium on slovenly work, on slowdowns, and on other tricks to get the same pay check with less work. No wonder that this results in an unhappy and discontented worker—because a pay check is not enough to base one…s self-respect on.Passage 2One morning when he was walking out in the hills a girl passed him, then slowed her car to ask if she could give him a lift. Claude would have said that she was just the sort who would never stop to pick him up, --yet she did, and she talked to him pleasantly all the way back to town. It was only twenty minutes or so, but it was worth everything else that happened on his trip. When she asked him where she should put him down, he said at the Antlers, and blushed so furiously that she must have known at once he wasn‟t staying there.Part Three Chinese-English Translation (30 points)Translate the following passage into English:中华文明以其顽强的凝聚力和隽永的魅力，历经沧桑，完整地延续下来。
四川大学外国语学院638 基础英语、918 英语专业综合知识考
四川大学外国语学院638 基础英语、918 英语专业综合知识考研全套资料真题答案辅导笔记模拟卷2015年弘毅考研川大分部研究生团队已达50多人，涵盖经济、法学、文学、新传、外国语、艺术、历史、旅游、数学、化学、生物、电子、材料、机械、电气、计算机、环境、水土、水利、化工、发酵、行管、教经、社保、商院、体育、马克思、护理、口腔、公卫、预防、药学等30多个院系专业，是目前专业课考研最权威的专业团队，以“弘毅川大考研论坛”为基石，各个专业的学长学姐给您答疑解惑。
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川大MTI样题 参考答案
国内近年出版的用英语编写的高级英语阅读、翻译、写作教材，以及任何大学语文教材和应用文写作类书籍（汉语）。
《汉语写作与百科知识》样题第一部分百科知识（50’）请简要解释以下段落中划线部分的知识点1.这次股市波动在全球都有一定的关联影响，这说明全球化在逐步进展。
过去中国认为自己的市场是一个相对比较小型的市场，也是一个正在建设中的、比较幼年的市场，或者说是在转轨经济中逐步发展的新兴市场。
由于全球经济一体化的进展，股市波动相互之间关联密切，这也说明中国的市场还需要加速发展，我们要进一步提高直接融资的比重，进一步把资本市场建设得更好、更快、更加国际化。
关于流动性过剩问题。
流动性偏多是全球的现象，中国也存在流动性偏多的问题。
美国财政赤字那么大，它那儿的流动性也很丰富，产油国资金也很丰富。
因此，资金面上的宽松是全球一体化之下相互影响的现象。
宏观调控当局都应该重视这个问题，做好自己的工作，对于过剩的流动性应该采取稳健的、适当收缩的政策。
2.端午原是个防病防灾的日子，却因大诗人屈原增添了纪念层面的意义，增添了爱国情怀和报国无门的悲情、齐心协力救助生命的悲壮；因了陶渊明酷爱重阳，因了他酷爱的菊的勾连，重阳节衍生了“颂陶”的文化意蕴，歌颂他“人淡如菊”的精神境界，“重阳无酒”也成了知识分子安贫乐道的形象写真。
3.1994年起，比尔·盖茨开始了他的收藏爱好。
作为拥有600亿美元财富的收藏者，盖茨想买什么就可以买什么，而他购买艺术品似乎也完全凭个人的兴趣，没有明确的学术或商业性目标。
还有很多不知名的微软富翁也有收藏艺术品的爱好，这些微软人囊中的巨额财富和近乎疯狂的收藏行为对美国艺术市场产生巨大的推动作用，证明了微软公司在文化市场中有多重要。
一个软件公司创造的巨额财富使大量重要艺术作品流向微软人手中，流向西雅图。
4.2009年3月的全国“两会”上，吴邦国提出，今年要着力加强社会领域立法，继续完善经济、政治、文化领域立法。
四川大学英语考研题目及答案
四川大学英语考研题目及答案I. Vocabulary and Grammar (20 points)1. The committee is expected to make a decision by the end of the month.- A) to make- B) making- C) made- D) having madeAnswer: A2. The book provides an _______ insight into the life of the famous scientist.- A) in-depth- B) in-deep- C) depth- D) deeplyAnswer: A3. Despite the heavy rain, the construction work was _______ on schedule.- A) behind- B) ahead- C) on- D) offAnswer: C4. The new policy has been _______ to improve the workingconditions of the employees.- A) implemented- B) implied- C) simplified- D) multipliedAnswer: A5. The teacher asked the students to _______ the text and then write a summary.- A) analyze- B) announce- C) announce- D) assembleAnswer: AII. Reading Comprehension (40 points)Passage 1: The Impact of Technology on Education6. What is the main idea of the passage?- A) Technology has a negative impact on education.- B) The integration of technology in education is inevitable.- C) Technology has completely replaced traditional teaching methods.- D) Technology has both advantages and disadvantages in education.Answer: B7. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a benefit of using technology in education?- A) It can make learning more interactive.- B) It can provide personalized learning experiences.- C) It can reduce the need for physical textbooks.- D) It can increase the cost of education.Answer: DPassage 2: The Importance of Cultural Exchange8. What does the author suggest about cultural exchange?- A) It is essential for global understanding.- B) It is only beneficial for developing countries.- C) It should be limited to certain cultural groups.- D) It is a waste of time and resources.Answer: A9. The author uses the example of the _______ to illustrate the benefits of cultural exchange.- A) United Nations- B) Olympic Games- C) World Trade Organization- D) International Space StationAnswer: BIII. Cloze Test (20 points)[Passage with 10 blanks to be filled with the appropriate word from the given options.]10. The _______ of the new bridge has greatly facilitated the transportation between the two cities.- A) completion- B) commencement- C) cancellation- D) collapseAnswer: A11. The _______ of the old building was due to its historical significance.- A) preservation- B) demolition- C) renovation- D) abandonmentAnswer: AIV. Translation (English to Chinese) (10 points)12. The government has pledged to tackle the issue of air pollution with a series of new measures.- 政府承诺将采取一系列新措施解决空气污染问题。
四川大学357英语翻译基础2010-2016年专业课真题试卷
2011 年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 考试科目：英语翻译基础 科目代码： 357 适用专业：英语笔译(MTD、英语口译(MTI)
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四川大学英语专业真题试卷及答案
2024年四川大学英语专业真题试卷及答案2024年四川大学英语专业真题试卷及答案一、选择题1、Which of the following is NOT a characteristics of the English language? A. Phoneme. B. Morpheme. C. Lexeme. D. Grammar. 答案：D. Grammar.2、Which of the following best defines “semantics”? A. The study of meaning in language. B. The study of language and its relationship to culture. C. The study of the structure of language. D. The study of the relationship between language and behavior. 答案：A. The study of meaning in language.3、Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. A morpheme can be a free form. B. A morpheme can be a bound form. C. A free form cannot be a morpheme. D. A bound form cannot be a morpheme. 答案：C. A free form cannot be a morpheme.4、The word “fig” is related to which of the following words?A. Figtree.B. Figure.C. Figment.D. Figures. 答案：B. Figure.5、“Bird” is to “nest” as “flower” is to which of the following?A. garden.B. petal.C. bloom.D. rose. 答案：A. garden.二、判断题1、A syllable in English contains both a consonant and a vowel sound. 答案：正确。
2016年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(四川卷) 英语试题及答案(学生版)
2016年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（四川卷）英语试题一、阅读理解（本大题共小题，每小题____分，共____分。
）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
ABasketball Statistician Help WantedThe Athletic Department is looking for students to help assist staff during the Fall 2016, Winter 2016-17 and Spring 2017 semesters. Students in this position will be keeping live statistics during basketball games. Students must meet all of the following requirements:Good computer skillsAvailable evenings and weekendsKnowing basketball rules and statisticsStudents interested in working for the Athletic Department should contact the Athletic Coordinator at their respective(各自的) campuses.TP/SS Athletic Coordinator, Michael Simone,240-567-1308Rockville Athletic Coordinator, Jorge Zuniga,240-567-7589Springfield Athletic coordinator, Gary Miller,240-567-2273Germantown Athletic Coordinator, GavriChavan, 240-567-69151.When will the job start?（）A. In May 2016B. In May 2017C. In September 2016D. In September2017 2．Who is more likely to get job? （）A. Sam, English major ,member of the college basketball teamB. Judy, IT staff with night classes,children’s basketball team coachC. Ted, computer major, basketball fan,free on evenings and weekendsD. Molly, part_time programmer,high school basketball player ,new mother3.Whom should you contact if you want to apply for the job in Rockville? （）A. MichaelB. JorgeC. GauriD. GaryBIf you could have one superpower, what would it be?Dreaming about whether you would want to read minds, see through walls, or have superhuman strength may sound silly, but it actually gets to the heart of ____.Every day in our work, we are inspired by the people we meet doing extraordinary things to improve the world.They have a different kind of superpower that all of us possess: the power to make a difference in the lives of others.We’re not saying that everyone needs to contribute their lives to the poor. Your lives are busy enough doing homework, playing sports, making friends, seeking after your dreams. But we do think that you can live a more powerful life when you devote some of your time and energy to something much larger than yourself. Find an issue you are interested in and learn more. Volunteer or, if you can, contribute a little money to a cause. Whatever you do, don’t be a bystander. Get involved. You may have the opportunity to make your biggest difference when you’re older. But why not start now?Our own experience working together on health, development, and energy the last twenty years has been one of the most rewarding parts of our lives. It has changed who we are and continues to fuel our optimism about how much the lives of the poorest people will improve in the years ahead.4. What does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 refer to? （）A. Your life style.B. Your life value.C. Your trouble in life.D. Your life experience.5.Why does the author say they are inspired every day? （）A. They possess different kinds of superpowers.B. They have got the power to change the world.C. Some people around them are making the world better.D. There are many powerful people in their life and work.6. What does the author stress in Paragraph 5? （）A. Learning more and contributing more to a cause.B. Rising above self and acting to help others.C. Working hard to get a bigger opportunity.D. Trying your best to help the poor.7. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? （）A. The author believes the lives of the poorest will get better.B. Much more progress will be made in the near future.C. The work on health is the most valuable experience.D. People’s efforts have been materially rewarded.CIn the depths of the French Guianese rainforest, there still remain unusual groups of indigenous(土著的) people. Surprisingly, these people live largely by their own laws and their own social customs. And yet, people in this area are in fact French citizens because it has been a colony(殖民地) of the French Republic since 1946. In theory, they should live by the French law is often ignored or unknown, thus making them into an interesting area of “lawlessness” in the world.The lives of these people have finally been recorded thanks to the effects of a Frenchman form Paris called Gin. Gin spent five months in early 2015 exploring the most remote corners ofthis area, which sits on the edge of the Amazon rainforest, with half its population of only 250,000 living in its capital, Cayenne.“I have a special love for the French Guianese people. I have worked there on and off for almost ten years,” says Gin. “I’ve been able to keep firm friendships with them. Thus I have been allowed to gain access to their living environment. I don’t see it as a lawless land. But rather I see it as an area of freedom.”“I wanted to show the audience a photographic record touching upon the uncivilized life,”continues Gin. “I prefer to work in black and white, which allows me to show different specific worlds more clearly.”His black-and-white pictures present a world almost lost in time. These pictures show people seemingly pushed into a world that they were unprepared for. These local citizens now have to balance their traditional self-supporting hunting lifestyle with the lifestyle offered by the modern French Republic, which brings with____not only necessary state welfare, but also alcoholism, betrayal and even suicide.8. Why does the author feel surprised about the indigenous people in French Guiana? （）A. They seldom follow the French law.B. They often ignore the Guianese law.C. They are separated from the modern world.D. They are both Guianese and French citizens.9. Gin introduced the special world of the indigenous Guianese as _________.（）A. a tour guideB. a geographerC. a film directorD. a photographer10. What is Gin’s attitude towards the lives of the indigenous Guianese? （）A. Cautious.B. Doubtful.C. Uninterested.D. Appreciative.11. What does the underlined word “it” in the last paragraph refer to? （）A. The modern French lifestyle.B. The self-supporting hunting.C. The uncivilized hunting.D. The French Republic.DA warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good night’s sleep. But now a study has found it really does help people nod off—if it is milked from a cow at night.Researchers have discovered that “night milk”contains more melatonin(褪黑激素), which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.The study, by researchers from Seoul, South Korea, involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night.Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime, according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food.Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep longer.While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now, taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night.Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content, which helps people to relax.Milk is also sugar-free and additive-free with nutritionists recommending skimmed milk as the best choice before bed as it is the least fattening. The more fat you take in before bedtime, the greater burden you will put on your body at night.12. According to the text, the mice fed with daytime milk_______.（）A. started sleep more easilyB. were more anxiousC. were less activeD. woke up later13. Which of the following is true of melatonin according to the text? （）A. It’s been tested on mice for ten times.B. It can make people more energetic.C. It exists in milk in great amount.D. It’s used in sleeping drugs.14.What can be a suitable title for the text? （）A. Night Milk and SleepB. Fat, Sugar and HealthC. An Experiment on MiceD. Milk Drinking and Health15. How does the author support the theme of the text? （）A. By giving examples.B. By stating arguments.C. By explaining statistical data.D. By providing research results.二、补全信息（本大题共5小题，每小题____分，共____分。
四川大学翻译硕士英语考试样题
翻译硕士英语考试科目：211翻译硕士英语适用专业：英语口译（MTI）、英语笔译（MTI）（试题共14页）（注意：答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题上不给分）I. Vocabulary and grammar (30’)Multiple choiceDirections: Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. Mark your answers on your answer sheet.1. The forests were very dry because of the dry spell.A. tree lineB. explorersC. draftD. drought2. Self-denial is one of their tenets.A. reasonsB. doctrinesC. rentersD. figures3. The Iranians did not see eye to eye with the Americans about releasing the hostages.A. viewB. scareC. agreeD. quarrel4. The most pressing problem any economic system faces is how to use its scarce resources.A. puzzlingB. difficultC. terrifyingD. urgent5. The firm of Bonnin and Morris in Philadelphia was probably the first American company to manufacture porcelain.A. silverwareB. crystalC. chinaD. linen6. Children who come from deprived families are frequently poor readers.A. without respectB. without experienceC. without fundsD. without legs7. They raised a hue and cry just outside the gate.A. surrenderedB. built a temporary shelterC. made a great deal of noiseD. flew the flag8. Carlo showed us his diagram if the machine.A. insidesB. screwsC. sketchD. masterpiece9. The beggar solicited passers-by for money.A. requestedB. scowled atC. bargained withD. chased10. He took on so much work, he had no time for pleasure.A. allowedB. increasedC. accomplishedD. assumed11. Essentially, a theory is an abstract, symbolic representation of _________realityA. what it is conceivedB. that is conceivedC. what is conceived to beD. that is being conceived of12. Using many symbols makes _______ to put a large amount of information on a single map.A. possibleB. it is possibleC. it possibleD. that possible13. A vacuum tube is a glass tube from which most of the air has been removed, _______ an almost complete vacuum.A. creatingB. createsC. is creatingD. it creates14. Booker T. Washington, acclaimed as a leading educator at the turn of the century, _____ of a school that later became the Tuskegee Institute.A. took chargeB. taking chargeC. charge was takenD. taken charge15. True hibernation takes place only among _______ animals.A. whose blood is warmB. blood warmC. warm-bloodedD. they have warm blood16. In central Georgia, archaeological evidence indicates that Native Americans first inhabited the area________.A. since thirteen centuriesB. thirteen centuries agoC. the previous thirteen centuriesD. thirteen centuries were before17. In ________, the advent of the telephone, radio, and television has made rapid long-distance communication possible.A. one hundred years laterB. one hundred years agoC. the one hundred years sinceD. the last one hundred years18. ________, The Yearling, won a Pulitzer Prize.A. Marjorie Rawlings’best work wasB. Marjorie Rawlings’best workC. Her best work was Marjorie Rawlings’D. That Marjorie Rawlings’best work19. Abstraction goes into the making of any work of art, ________ or not.A. whether the artist being aware of itB. the artist is being aware whetherC. whether the artist is aware of itD. the artist is aware whether20. Not until 1931 ________ the official anthem of the United StatesA. “The Star-spangled Banner”did becomeB. when “The Star-spangled Banner”becameC. did “The Star-Spangle Banner”becomeD. became “The Star-spangled Banner”II. Reading comprehension (40’)Section 1 Multiple choice (20’)Directions: In this section there are reading passages followed by multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your answer sheet.Passage AJustice and injustice in criminal adjudication are more than abstract concept; in modern America each term conjures up its own paradigm image. Justice occurs in a somber courtroom where a robber reaches a legal decision. Injustice is a bloodthirsty mob bearing lit torches, intimidating on the doors of the jail desperate to wreak revenge upon the suspected wrongdoer held within.This image of injustice provides many normative insights. One that courts have frequently drawn is that in criminal adjudication emotion is unalterably opposed to reason and thus to justice itself. Taking this principle a step farther, courts have urged that the more a legal issue might provoke popular rage, the harder courts must work to insulate the legal decision from emotive influence. The classic example is capital sentencing, an occasion which evokes strong emotions. Here the Supreme Court has worked to ensure that “any decision to impose the death sentence be, and appear to be, based on reason rather than caprice or emotion”. The Court has, over a period of years, undertaken an extensive regulatory project aimed at suppressing emotive influence in capital cases by mandating rationalistic ruled to guide sentencing. This insistence upon the injustice of all emotion stems from a misconception of emotion and its influence upon criminal punishment. Although the mob at jail scene illustrates that anger can lead to injustice, it does not support the proposition that all decisions influenced by anger are morally tainted. Anger can be justified and have moral decision making is complex; untangling it involved a close examination of emotion than the law has generally undertaken.This has obvious significance for criminal law as a form of social concord. But it is also important or its alleged role as a restraint on power. Criminal law does little or nothing to restrict the efforts of the various professionals now responsible for preventing and reshaping deviant behavior. Rather it is them who have colonized its territory, as in the welfare of the professional authority that legitimates them and because they enter into the enabling role of the state as dispenser of benefits. This is to say nothing of other forms of market and bureaucratic power and social control exercised by groups other than government. Under these conditions the alleged protections of the criminal law seem premised on a nineteenth century view of the state and society; those interested in the law in the twentieth century must look to the potential of administrative law rather than to criminal law. Either way critical writers would be wasting their time here.Whilst there is a lot of truth in this picture of the declining importance of criminal law, it issensible not to exaggerate its loss of functions. From a critical point of view it would seem to retain a crucial ideological significance as being the form of closet touch with public. It is hard to credit the idea that these central liberal (bourgeois) notions have been displaced by the newer disciplines and strategies.1.The reason for the insulation of emotions in criminal adjudication is due to_______.A. the severity of the possible punishmentB. the social concern for the adjudicationC. the Supreme Court decisionD. the ideal of keeping order2. According to the author’s opinion, the origination of the insistence upon the injustice of all emotion is __________.A. that emotion is inevitably against reason and justiceB. the misunderstanding of emotion and its influenceC. the courts’hard work to prevent the legal decision from emotive influenceD. that the death sentence was based on reason through suppressing emotive influence3. Regards to the role of anger in adjudication, which statement is INCORRECT?A. Only part of the decisions is influenced by anger, though it can bring biases.B. Though moral decision-making is complex, anger can be justifiedC. Some decisions influenced by anger can be morally taintedD. Because of anger, moral decision-making is quite complicated4. The declining importance of criminal law is a consequence of ___________.A. the loss of importance of criminal law and increase of interest in government as a benefit dispenserB. the exaggeration of the importance of criminal law and decrease of interest in government affairsC. the new trend in legal studiesD. the new ideas pouring out in the administrative law field5. The review is primarily ___________.A. dubiousB. objectiveC. partialD. criticalPassage BThe Eskimos believe that a human being is made up of a body, a soul, and a name, and it not complete unless it has all three. This belief has a great effect on the Eskimo’s daily life and runs like a golden thread through the Eskimo culture.As for the soul of man, the Eskimos do not claim to know exactly what it is—but then, who does? They see it, however, as the beginning of life, the initiator of all activities within a being, and the energy without which life cannot continue.An Eskimo’s name is believed to have a life of its own. It combines all the good qualities and talents of all the persons who have been called by it. One may imagine it as a procession ofancestors stretching into the dim past and surrounding the present bearer of the name with a sort of magic protective aura.Many Eskimos believe that a newborn baby cries because it wants its name and will not be complete until it gets it. Immediately after a birth the angakok (medicine man) or some wise elders of the tribe gather to name the child. The name that is selected must be the name of someone who has died recently. The choice may in some cases call for much conjuring and soothsaying, and in other cases be self-evident. When my son was born, everyone realized that it was his great-grandfather, Mequsaq, who had died a few months before, who had been reborn in him. The newborn infant had a slight squint in the very same eye that old Mequsaq had lost to the cannibals in Baffin Land. This was taken as a sign from the name spirit that the baby should be called Mequsaq.When, in 1927, I returned to Thule for a visit, I found that no fewer than five little girls had been named Navarana after my dear late wife. So great was the confidence in Navarana’s ability and character that there was believed to be enough for all five children. It was thus a beautiful and touching memorial to her, though a slightly expensive one for me, since I had to give all the little girls presents.More often he newborn child was given several names, so as to have the highest possible protection, and certain names became great favorites. Calling so many by the same name was often very confusing. This custom was continued in Christianized Greenland. In the little settlement of Kook, in the Upernavik district, all five hunters were called Gaba (after the archangel Gabriel). I was told that some years before, a great man called Gaba had died, and after his death several unmistakable signs indicated that his spirit was still active. To please the spirit, many boy babies were named after it. In order to distinguish between them they called them “fat Gaba,”“Little Gaba,”etc.A Polar Eskimo would never mention himself by name. Doing so could break the name’s magic protection. And since the ever jealous spirits are always listening, it could cause great trouble. It seemed strange to me in the beginning, when I met somebody in the dark of winter, that I was never able to get any information other than “Oanga”(it is I). Finally I learned to know them all by their voices.The Eskimo people believe also in the magic protective power of amulets, However, it isn’t the amulet itself that protects from harm—it is the properties that the amulet possesses. It is almost always the boys and the men who are given amulets, for they are the ones who expose themselves to all the dangers of nature while the women stay at home. When a girl is given amulets, it is usually to insure that she have strong sons. Great care goes into the selection of amulets. My wife Navarana carried a little ball of polished wood with her always. Wood cannot feel pain, and possession of it means great wealth; thus it is thought that a wooden amulet can insure the owner a rich and painless life.One of the most popular amulets is the foot of a raven, which is put on a string around the necks of newborn babies. This is believed to be a very valuable charm because no bird can get along under as hard conditions as does the raven. The raven finds food where other animals starve to death—it can live on almost nothing.At the end of my first walrus hunt at Thule, Ayorsalik, one of the hunters, decided that raven meat was to be eaten in my honor. The purpose of the raven feast, he said, was to make sure that the good luck I had had that morning would continue indefinitely.Two of the younger men shot three ravens that had been hovering expectantly near our campfire. Ayorsalik out the pot on to boil, and the ravens were skinned and cooked.Their taste was revolting, and later I ate that bird only in times of great hunger. On this occasion Ayorsalik handed me all three hearts and livers with his fingers; they went down, but they almost came up again. I don’t know whether this ritual had any effect. But later on, whenever I had sizable game, Ayorsalik claimed I would lose the ravens’power if I were not to share with him.Another interesting custom of the Eskimos is their ceremony of reverence for ancestors. On the rock of Agpat, near Thule, where the burial ground was, both men and women would sit for hour after hour in quiet meditation. Dressed in their finest clothing, they would stare out over the horizon without moving. They believed that during this stillness they received the wisdomof their ancestors. It is the nearest thing to religious devotion I have seen among them, and it is, I think, the most beautiful form of worship I have ever seen.To the Eskimo, nature is full of evil spirits ready to work ill if a sin or breach of taboo is committed. When a tribe is afflicted with sickness or bad weather or starvation, it is up to the angakok to find out how the people, knowingly or unknowingly, have offended the spirits. He can summon his helping spirits, he can travel to the underworld, under the sea, and through rocks, and thus find out where the trouble is.Essentially, angakoks are people who are experienced in the state of trance. I have often observed even the people serving in our house at Thule in a state of trance, sometimes for days on end. To understand the Eskimos, it is necessary to remember the long depressing winter with its black darkness and its aura of lurking evil, and the summer with its perpetual sunshine that wearies the mind and confuses the senses. Every fall we had a veritable epidemic of evil spirits along with the storms and the darkness of winter setting in. There was always panic at this time.The Eskimos know no benevolent god. They believe that the spirits of the angakoks and the protective spells of names and amulets are their only defense against a cold and hostile land.6. If asked “Who is it?”an Eskimo would answer only “It is I,”because______.[A] he would not want anyone to know who he was[B] if he said his own name he would break its spell[C] he did not know his actual name[D] Both A and B.7. There is evidence in the passage that the author’s wife had______.[A] won the Eskimos’approval during several visits[B] many names[C] been accepted by the Eskimos only because of their love for her husband.[D] been an Eskimo herself8. According to the passage, Eskimos depend most heavily on______.[A] evil spirits[B] charms and magic[C] a helpful god[D] nature9. The word “revolting”in paragraph 12 means______.[A] shocking[B] rebellious[C] nauseating[D] wicked10. The Eskimo believed that sitting quietly near their buried ancestors_______.[A] was the best way to express faith in God[B] helped the hunters to find food[C] gave them the wisdom of their ancestors[D] was the best way to pay tribute to the dead.Section 2 Answering questions (20’)Directions: Read the following passages and then answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each passage. Use only information from the passage you have just read and write your answer in the corresponding space in your answer sheet.Questions 1～3What do we mean by leisure, and why should we assume that it represents a problem to be solved by the arts? The great ages of art were not conspicuous for their leisure-at least, art was not an activity associated with leisure. It was a craft like any other, concerned with the making of necessary things. Leisure, in the present meaning of the word, did not exist. Leisure, before the Industrial Revolution meant no more than “time”or “opportunity”; “If your leisure serv'd, I would speak with you”, says one of Shakespeare's characters. Phrases which we still use, such as “at your leisure”, preserve this original meaning.But when we speak of leisure nowadays, we are not thinking of securing time or opportunity to do something; time is heavy on our hands, and the problem is how to fill it. Leisure no longer signifies a space with some difficulty secured against the pressure of events: rather it is a pervasive emptiness for which we must invent occupations-Leisure is a vacuum, a desperate state of vacancy--a vacancy of mind and body. It has been commandeered by the sociologists and the psychologists: it is a problem.Our diurnal existence is divided into two phases, as distinct as day and night. We callthem work and play. We work so many hours a day, and, when we have allowed the necessary minimum for such activities as eating and shopping, the rest we spend in various activities which are known as recreations, an elegant word which disguises the fact that we usually do not even play in our hours of leisure, but spend them in various forms of passive entertainment or entertainment--not football but watching football matches; not acting, but theatre-going; not walking, but riding in a motor coach.We need to make, therefore, a hard-and-fast distinction not only between work and play but, equally, between active play and passive entertainment. It is, I suppose, the decline of active play —of amateur sport—and the enormous growth of purely receptive entertainment which has given rise to a sociological interest in the problem. If the greater part of the popu1ation, instead of indulging in sport, spend their hours of leisure ‘viewing' television programmes, there will inevitably be a decline in health and physique. And, in addition, there will be a psychologicalproblem, for we have yet to trace the mental and moral consequences of a prolonged diet of sentimental or sensational spectacles on the screen. There is, if we are optimistic, the possibility that the diet is too thin and unnourishing to have much permanent effect on anybody. Nine films out of ten seem to leave absolutely no impression on the mind or imagination of those who see them: few people can give a coherent account of the film they saw the week before last, and at longer intervals they must rely on the management to see that they do not sit through the same film twice.We have to live art if we would be affected by art. We have to paint rather than look at paintings, to play instruments rather than go to concerts, to dance and sing and act ourselves, engaging all our senses in the ritual and discipline of the arts. Then something may begin to happen to us: to work upon our bodies and our souls.It is only when entertainment is active, participated in, practiced, that it can properly be called play, and as such it is a natural use of leisure. In that sense play stands in contrast to work, and is usually regarded as an activity that alternates with work. It is there that the most fundamental error enters conception of daily life.Work itself is not a single concept. We say quite generally that we work in order to make a living: to earn, that is to say, sufficient tokens which we can exchange for food and shelter and all the other needs of our existence. But some of us work physically, tilling the land, minding the machines, digging the coal; others work mentally, keeping accounts, inventing machines, teaching and preaching, managing and governing. There does not seem to be any factor common to all these diverse occupations, except that they consume our time, and leave us little leisure.We may next observe that one man's profession or work is often another man’s recreation or play. The merchant at the week-end becomes a hunter (he has not yet taken to mining); the clerk becomes a gardener; the machine-tender becomes a breeder of bull—terriers. There is, of course, a sound instinct behind such transformations. The body and mind are unconsciously seeking compensation--muscular coordination, mental integration. But in many cases a dissociation is set up and the individual leads a double life--one half Jekyll, the other half Hyde. There is a profound moral behind that story of Stevenson's for the compensation which a disintegrated personality may seek will often be of an anti-social nature. The Nazi party, for example, in its early days was largely recruited from the bored--not much from the unemployed as from the street-corner society of listless hooligansScientific studies have been made of street-corner society, out of which crime, gangsterdom, and fascism inevitably develop. It is a society with leisure--that is to say, spare time--and without compensatory occupation. It does not need a Satan to find mischief for such idle hands to do. They will spontaneously itch to do something: muscles have a life of their own unless they are trained to purposeful actions. Actions, or rather activities, are the obvious reflex to leisure; they consume it, and leave the problem solved.But work is also activity, and if we reach the conclusion that all our time must be filled with one activity or another, the distinction between work and play becomes rather meaningless, and what we mean by play is merely a change of occupation. We pass from one form of activity to another; one we call work, and for that we receive pay; the other we call play, and for that we receive no pay--on the contrary, we probably pay a subscription.1. The author points out two kinds of danger that may arise from the misuse of leisure. One of them is the result of purely passive entertainment; the other results when work and play are not properly coordinated What are the two dangers? Which of them is particularly harmful to society?2. The author says that most films are not good enough to leave a permanent impression on our minds. Is this, in his opinion, a good thing or a bad thing? In what way?3. What, in the author’s opinion, is the real difference between work and play? Or is there no difference at all between them? .Questions 4～5History tells us that in ancient Babylon, the cradle of our civilization, the people tried to build a tower that would reach to heaven. But the tower became the tower of Babel, according to the Old Testament, when the people were suddenly caused to speak different languages. In modern New York City, a new tower, that of the United Nations Building, thrusts its shining mass skyward. But the realization of the UN’s aspirations—and with it the hopes of the peoples of the world—is threatened by our contemporary Babel: about three thousand different languages are spoken throughout the world today, without counting the various dialects that confound communication between peoples of the same land.In China, for example, hundreds of different dialects are spoken; people of some villages have trouble passing the time of day with the inhabitants of the next town. In the new African state of Ghana, five million people speak fifty different dialects. In India more than one hundred languages are spoken, of which only fourteen are recognized as official. To add to the confusion, as the old established empires are broken up and new states are formed, new official tongues spring up at an increasing rate.In a world made smaller by jet travel, man is still isolated from many of his neighbors by the Babel barrier of multiplying languages. Communication is blocked daily in scores of ways. Travelers find it difficult to know the peoples of other nations. Scientists are often unable to read and benefit from the work being carried on by men of science in other countries. The aims of international trade, of world accord, of meetings between nations, are blocked at every turn; the work of scholars, technologists, and humanists is handicapped. Even in the shining new tower of the United Nations in New York, speeches and discussions have to be translated and printed in the five official UN languages—English, French, Spanish, Russian and Chinese. Confusion, delay, suspicion, and hard feelings are the products of the diplomatic Babel.The chances for world unity are lessened if in the literal sense of the phrase, we do not speak the same language. We stand in dire need of a common tongue a language that would cross national barriers, one simple enough to be universally learned by travelers, businessmen, government representatives, scholars, and even by children in school.Of course, this isn’t a new idea. Just as everyone is against sin, so everyone is for a common language that would further communication between nations. What with one thing and another —our natural state of drift as human beings, our rivalries, resentments, and jealousies as nations —we have up until now failed to take any action. I propose that we stop just talking about it, as Mark Twain said of the weather, and do something about it. We must make the concerted, massive effort it takes to reach agreement on the adoption of a single, common auxiliary tongue. Let’s take a quick look at the realities of the problem. One of the main barriers to the adoption of the common language is the fact that there is Babel even among the possible languages we canchoose. A number of different simplified languages vie for the spot of the language, and their respective advocates defend and attack with the fervor of political campaigners. Basic English, for example, with its vocabulary of only 850 words with which virtually anything can be expressed, has many advocates. But the Soviet Union and many nations of Asia and South America object to it. Why English? They ask. Why not Basic Russian, Basic Spanish, even Basic Latin?In addition to the “basics”of languages now in use, there is another type—the so-called “constructed languages,”of which some six hundred have made their appearance since the end of the nineteenth century, most of them almost immediate failures. The two best-known survivors among them are, of course, Esperanto and Interlingua.Esperanto was published in 1887 by a Russian-Polish physician names Zamenhof, who had worked on it for ten years. He gave it to the world not under his own name but under the pseudonym Doktoro Esperanto, meaning “Doctor Hopeful.”Esperanto is based on regularity and ease of grammar, with a vocabulary from Roman-Germanic roots. By the end of the century Esperanto had taken hold in western Europe.Interlingua made its appearance much later—in 1951. A group of linguists from many nations took nearly thirty years to perfect it. Essentially, Interlingua is Latin stripped of its difficulties. Its introducer, Dr. Alexander Gode, refers to it as “a kind of twentieth century kitchen Latin.”Indeed, Interlingua can be read by most college-trained people almost at sight.I do not by any means consider myself an authority on the relative merits of the various proposed common languages, but Dr. Mario Pei, of Columbia University in New York City, has written a fine book on the subject called One Language for the World. In this book Dr. Pei says he believes that it makes little difference which language or what kind of language becomes the international language, as long as agreement can be reached among the people of the world on any one.For my own part, it seems to me that the main requirement of an international language is that it be easily learned. Thus it should have the simplest possible spelling and grammar and pronunciation, and the smallest possible vocabulary. An adult should be able to master such a language within three months if he gives several hours a day to the study of it.What can be done concretely to achieve the goal of a working common language? I believe that the UNESCO arm of the United Nations should call a meeting of leading linguists from each of its member nations. (This would include most of the major populated areas of the world.) As Dr. Pei recommends, the purpose of the conference would be to select an already existing language agreeable to a preponderance of the nations represented. Such an agreement won’t come without determined effort: it may take more than one conference to reach agreement; it may take many more. The important thing is that some positive action be taken.Such a conference should be called without further delay; we are sorely in need of this first step. Only with an international language in use, with the proceedings of the UN published in it, with children in schools all over the world learning it as their second language, can we close the gap between the “one world”so recently established in terms of travel time and the one world we hope for in terms of human understanding and co-operations.Because I believe strongly that without the closing of this gap international accord is only a vain hope, I’ve taken it upon myself to try to implement this proposal. Since it is most unlikely that either UNESCO or the nations involved have funds to finance the linguists’conference, I think that one of the great philanthropic foundations, such as the Ford, Carnegie, or Rockefeller Foundation, should undertake to make it possible.。
2016高考英语四川真题与答案.docx
26.What does the author stress in Paragraph 5?
A.Learning more and contributing more to a cause.
B.Rising above self and acting to help others.
C.Working hard to get a bigger opportunity.
theAthlຫໍສະໝຸດ ticCoordinator at their respective(
各自的) campuses.
学科.网
TP/SS Athletic Coordinator, Michael Simone,240-567-1308
Rockville Athletic Coordinator, Jorge Zuniga,240-567-7589
A.They possess different kinds of superpowers.
B.They have got the power to change the world.
C.Some people around them are making the world better.
D.There are many powerful people in their life and work.
四川大学外国语学院《638基础英语》历年考研真题及详解专业课考试试题
目 录2011年四川大学外国语学院638基础英语真题及详解2010年四川大学外国语学院638基础英语真题及详解2009年四川大学外国语学院638基础英语真题及详解2008年四川大学外国语学院638基础英语真题及详解2007年四川大学外国语学院638基础英语真题及详解2011年四川大学外国语学院638基础英语真题及详解Part One Reading Comprehension (40 points)I. Cloze Test (10 points)Choose one of the four answers marked A, B, C, D to complete the article. Write your answer on the answer sheet. Be sure that the number of the answers in agreement with the number of the blanks.Today, the world wide web can be used both to (1) information and to make it (2) to others. Information (3) on web pages is viewed by (4) of browser. The sources of information linked in this way can be located on any computer (5) is also part of the web. Each information source (6) to an indefinite member of other web pages. Hypertext and hyperlinks allow users acting as receivers of information to (7) from one source of information to another, (8) for themselves which information they wish to (9) to their browser and which links they want to (10) . The addresses of web pages can be found by using the many hundreds of general and specialized search engines which provide (11) to databases which hold information on them. Once a web pages has been found, hyperlinks may point (12) other places (13) interest on the web. Addresses of web pages also (14) in other more conventional media, such as magazines, newspapers and television programs, and on posters.Web pages, in their (15) , facilitate access to information made available by other (16) of media of example, collections held in librariesor programs broadcast on television.Most web pages offer interactive opportunities which go (17) merely allowing visitors freedom as to when and how they visit a page and where they might choose to go next. Feedback can be kept formal via a questionnaire which can be filled (18) , or informal by providing an address for e-mail or even by (19) a digital guest book for comments left for other users to read. Although all web pages are protected so that unauthorized visitors cannot make unsolicited changes to them, it is also possible to (20) access to pages on the internet to those holding a password.1. A. believe B. retrieve C. perceive D. conceive2. A. available B. obtainable C. achievable D. amicable3. A. displayed B. displaying C. displayable D. is displayed4. A. medium B. vehicle C. agent D. means5. A. what B. that C. which D. it6. A. maybe linked B. may be linked C. may is linked D. may linked7. A. wonder B. wander C. stray D. ramble8. A. deciding B. decided C. decide D. to decided9. A. transition B. transmit C. transform D. transfer10. A. flip B. slip C. skip D. skim11. A. success B. access C. assess D. possess12. A. about B. on C. at D. to13. A. on B. of C. in D. at14. A. to appear B. appeared C. appearing D. appear15. A. sequence B. order C. turn D. switch16. A. modes B. forums C. shapes D. forms17. A. beyond B. over C. against D. further18. A. up B. out C. with D. over19. A. install B. installed C. installing D. installs a20. A. constrain B. confine C. restrict D. limit【答案与解析】1.B retrieve 检索; 恢复; 重新得到。
四川大学2016独家真题
四川大学2016年博士研究生英语入学考试试题考生请注意：1.本试题共5大题，共11页，请考生注意检杏.考试时间为180分钟2. 1-70题答案请填写在机读卡相应处，否则不给分。
3.翻译和作文题答在答题纸上，答在试题上不给分。
书写要求字迹消楚、工整。
I. Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each)Directions: Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneWhen a person begins a mediatedor immediate encounter, he already stands in some kind of social relationship to the others concerned, and expects to stand in a given relationship to them after the particular encounter ends. This, of course, is one of the ways in which social contacts are geared into the wider society. Much of the activity occurring during an encounter can be understood as an effort on everyone’s part to get through the occasion and all the unanticipated and unintentional events that can cast participants in an undesirable light, without disrupting the relationships of the participants. And if relationships are in the process of change，the object will be to bring the encounter to a satisfactory close without altering the expected course of development. The perspective nicely accounts, for example, for the little ceremonies of greeting and farewell which occur when people begin a conversational encounter or depart from one. Greetings provide a way of showing that a relationship is still what it was at the termination of the previous co-participation, and, typically, that this relationship involves sufficient suppression of hostility for the participants temporarily to drop their guards and talk. Farewells sum up the effect of the encounter upon the relationship and show what the participants may expect of one another when they next meet. The enthusiasm of greetings compensates for the weakening of the relationship caused by the absence just terminated, while the enthusiasm of farewells compensates the relationship for the harm that is about to be done to it by separation.It seems to be a characteristic obligation of many social relationships that each of the members guarantees to support a given face for the other members in given situations. To prevent disruption of these relationships, it is therefore necessarily for each member to avoid destroying the others’ face. At the same time, it is often the person’s social relationship with others that leads him to participate in certain encounters with them, where incidentally he will be dependent upon them for supporting his face. Furthermore, in many relationships, the members come to share a face, so that in the presence of third parties an improper act on the part of one member becomes a source of acute embarrassment to the other members. A social relationship, then, can be seen as a way in which the person is more than ordinarily forced to trust his self-image and face to the tact and good conduct of others.1 .The last word of the first sentence, nam ely “ends' is most likely B .[A] a noun, meaning “purposes” or “objectives”[B] a verb, meaning “comes to a finish”[C] a postpositional adjective, me aning “finishing”[D] an adjective, meaning “purposeful”2. According to the author, if any unexpected difficulties occur in a social contact,B .[A] the relationships between the participants break up[B] those who participate will be in an unintentional event[C] all participants would try to maintain their relationships|D] the participants will certainly get through an activity3. Which of the following is NOT an idea of the author? C[A] The participants hope their relationship would be the same as they met last.[B] Greetings are just as important as farewells in a social encounter.[C] Before every greeting there is always sufficient hostility to suppress.[D] If their relationship changes, the participants want it to change as they hoped.4. The last sentence of the second paragraph means that . A[A] one’s self-image is dependent on how others behave[B] face and self-image are two different kinds of relationships[C] social relationship is something that is forced on all participants[D] to get along well with others is a process of giving each other face5. The best title for this passage may well be . A[A] Face and Social Relationship [B] How to Conduct Socially[C] Greetings and Farewells [D] Conversational SociologyPassage Two（Tips:出现人名字的地方用笔圈出来，数字用笔圈出来）The poet William Blake wrote in the early nineteenth century: “Great things are done when men and mountains meet.”Great things indeed were done on Mount Everest in May of 1996. Also poignant things, foolish things, deadly things：Hundreds of climbers from eleven different expeditions were on the mountain ---- thirty-one near the summit ---- when a freakish and fierce-some storm blew in. Eight climbers perished, the highest one-day death toll since the first expedition tried to reach the top of the world’s tallest peak in 1921.Adventurers have always sought challenges: deeper jungles, wider oceans, newer worlds. But mountains have been special. Perhaps it’s their size, the ir power, their resistance to conquest. InPatrick Mey ers’s play K2, a marooned climber on the Himalaya peak that gives the play its name delivers this li ne: “Mountains are metaphors.” And so they are. Climbers search not just for summits but also for themselves. They reach up to reach in.That helps explain why Everest has been enveloped by “Mountain Madness，”the name of a Seattle company that offers guided tours of the peak for about $65,000 (plus airfare to Nepal). New technology and equipment have also helped: lighter gear, warmer clothing, better radios and telephones. And the adventure can be shared, practically in real time, with Internet browsers around the world.But the community of high-mountain explorers now is gripped by soul-searching and second-guessing. Everest, after all, is not a theme peak. Some of the dead were experienced guides who lost their lives trying to save less agile amateurs. Said Mark Bryant, editor of Outside Magazines:“Some of us have been asking: Is it right that an average climber can order an ascent of Everest out of a catalog?” An Australian mountaineer, Tim McCartney-Snape, told the Associated Press: “Some things should remain sacred, and Everest is one of them. Even the strongest and toughest have found it can be extremely difficult just existing at that altitude, without other people depending on you.On Everest, dependency can lead to heroism and to tragedy. One frostbitten amateur, Seaborne Weathers of Dallas, was plucked from a rocky ledge at 22,000 feet by a Nepalese army helicopter — an act of incredible bravery. And Rob Hall, a guide who had climbed Everest several times, stayed on its slope with a dying customer. After learning they were hopelessly trapped, Hall managed to place a satellite telephone call to his pregnant wife, Jan, in New Zealand. “Hey, look,” he told her, “don’t worry about me.” At that moment, Hall remembered Harold, the character in K2 who muses: “Understanding has no meaning. Holding on, just holding on, that has meaning. Like Harold, he knew the mountain was still a mountain. Still a goal. Still a dream. And he couldn’t hold on. Rob Hall died before rescuers could reach him.6. Which of the following statements best describes the author’s point of view?[A] Amateurs should not be encouraged to climb Mount Everest.[B] Guided tours of Mount Everest have become a source of enormous profits.[C] In the past, Mount Everest has made heroes out of ordinary men and women.[D] Mount Everest should remain a metaphor to be talked about.7. The sentence “They reach up to reach in”may be best paraphrased by “”[A] To know the inherent meaning of a mountain, one needs to climb up to the top[B] In conquering the mountain, one finds a proof of oneself[C] Mountaineers must climb upward in order to climb inside it[D] One needs to climb up to the top to see why a mountain is metaphorical8. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT .[A] Mountain climbing can have a live report simultaneously[B] Mountaineers can be located instantly during their climbing[C] New technology significantly reduces risks and dangers in mountain climbing {D} It is more dangerous to have someone depending on you during mountain climbing9. In the last paragraph,Harold’s saying “Understanding has no meaning” means.[A] determination is more vital than thinking[B] persistence and action require reasoning[C] one should avoid misunderstanding the situation[D] it is meaningless to think in mountaineering10. Most likely, the author of this passage is .. [A] a historian[B] a mountaineer[C] a tourist guide [D] a reporterPassage 3The Hertz Corporation, the U.S. Air Force, Hyatt Hotels Corporation, the City of Dallas, and the Neiman-Marcus Group, Inc., have one thing in common----all have purchased the services of Feedback Plus. Feedback Plus is an agency that dispatches profe ssional shoppers who pose as customers. These “mystery” shoppers visit the client’s business, purchase products or services and report back to the client on the quality of service they receive. The City of Dallas hired Feedback Plus to see how car-pound employees treat citizens picking up their cars. The Air Force is using professional shoppers to assess customer service at their on-base supply stores. Banks, hospitals, and public utilities are also hiring mystery shoppers. Vickie Henry, chief executive of Feedback Plus, notes that many similar firms compete for client’s business, and service really differentiates one firm from another. Although Henry has a database of 8,800 people who serve as professional shoppers, she sometimes assumes the role of mystery shopper herself. During a recent visit to an upscale women's apparel store, she observed the type of customer service most companies attempt to avoid. None of the many salespeople on the sales floor said hello when she entered the store. When she removed a skirt from a clothing rack, none of the salespeople approached her. Finally, several minutes after entering the store, Henry approached a salesperson and asked to use the dressing room. Needless to say, service at this firm did not receive high marks from Feedback Plus.As organizations experience increased competition for clients, patients, and customers, awareness of the importance of public contact increases. They are giving new attention to the old adage “First impressions are lasting impressions.” Re search indicates that initial impressions do indeed tend to linger. Therefore, a positive first impression can set the stage for a long-term relationship.We are indebted to Susan Bixler, president of Professional Image, Inc., and author of Professional Presence, for giving us a better understanding of what it means to possess professional presence. Professional presence is a dynamic blend of poise, self-confidence, control and style that empowers us to be able to command respect in any situation. Once acquired, it permits us to be perceived as self-assured and thoroughly competent. We project a confidence that others can quickly perceive the first time they meet us.Bixler points out that, in most cases, the credentials we present during a job interview or when we are being considered for a promotion are not very different from those of other persons being considered, [t is oar professional presence that permits us to rise above the crowd. Debra Benton, a career consultant, says, “Any boss with a choice of two people with equal qualifications will choose the one with style as well as substance.” Learning to create a professional presence is one of the most valuable skills we can acquire.The development of professional presence begins with a full appreciation ofthe power of first impressions. The tendency to form impressions quickly at the time of an initial meeting illustrates what social psychologists call a primacy effect in the way people perceive one another. The general principle is that first impressions establish the mental framework within which a person is viewed, and later evidence is either ignored or reinterpreted to coincide with this framework.11. For all of the following walks of life EXCEPT the the professional presence has beendiscussed in this passage.[A] economic [B] military[C] academic [D] medical12. The underlined word “apparel” in the first paragraph means ““[A] apparatus [B] cosmetics[C] clothing [D] specialty13. Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?[A] No first impressions would ever change in the later contacts.[B] How one composes oneself determines how one is evaluated by others.[C] Social psychology is a science that stipulates the principles for social behaviors.[D] Opportunities in jobs or promotions are for those who differ from their competitors.14. The underlined word : “poise” in the third paragraph means:[A] proper comportment [B]desirable position[C] careful pause [D] positive assurance15. Which of the following is likely to be the title of this article?[A] The Power of First Impression[B] The Primacy Effect in Marketing[C] Social Psychology in Business[D] The Importance of FeedbackPassage FourYou can’t drive if you’re blind, or blind drunk, but an alarming number of Americans find themselves, at least occasionally, driving in a blind rage. “It’s a major social issue，”says Dr. Ricardo Martinez, administrator of the National Highway Traffic Safe ty Administration. “A 3,000-pound car in the hands of rude, hostile person is a lethal weapon.”A report on “road rage” to be released this week by the American Automobiles Association concluded that “motorists ... are increasingly being shot, stabbed, beaten, and run over for i nane reasons.” And inanity is not confined to young louts in “Baywatch” T-shirt: young men are by far the most common perpetrators, but middle-aged men and women can be equally big jerks. The most common manifestation of road rage was aggressive tailgating, followed by headlight flashing, “obscene gestures”, blocking other vehi cles, and verbal abuse. Drivers have been assaulted with weapons ranging from partially eaten burritos to canes (“a favorite with the elderly and disabled”）to golf clubs ---- and other vehicles, including buses, bulldozers, forklifts, and military tanks. “In terms of fatal crashes, drunks are a muchbigger menace,”says David Willis, president of the AAA Foundation of Traffic Safety. “But the average motorist doesn’t encounter a drunk very often, while in a place like Washington, D.C., at least once a week yo u’ll have an encounter with some crazy guy on the road.”Naturally, the phenomenon has given rise to its own therapeutic movement, whose leading practitioner is a Whittier, California, psychologist named Arnold Nerenburg. Nerenburg, who calls himself “America’s Road Rage Therapist”, has identified four stimuli that provoked road rage. The most common is feeling endange red by someone else’s driving --- for example, when another driver cuts you off or follows too closely. Others are resentment at being forced to slow down, righteous indignation at someone who breaks traffic rules or steals your parking space and ----perhaps the most dangerous, because it opens the door to an escalating exchange of hostilities ----anger at another driver who takes his own road rage out on you.The fact that most drivers are mutual strangers contributes to the volatility of highway confrontations. “There’s a deep psychological urge to release aggre ssion against an anonymous other,” Nerenburg says.Road-rage therapy tends toward the common-sensical---- “Take a deep breath and just let it go,” Nerenburg recommends. But it might help to consider that you might not be all that anonymous to the other driver. One of his patients realized the depth of his problem after he yelled an obscenity at the woman in the next car ----who turned out to be his boss s wife.16 .Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?[A] More and more Americans are using their cars to express their anger.[B] Old people and women are milder in temperament during driving.[C] Common sense might be the basis for overcoming road rage.[D] If people know each other, road rage would not happen.17. According to American Automobile Association, thepeople are more likely than all the others to be road-angered.[A] young [B] middle-aged[C]old [D] handicapped18. Which of the following is a justifiable cause for road rage, according to Dr. Nerenburg?[A] Another driver fails to observe a traffic law.[B] The parking space is occupied by another car.[C] The lane is taken by a slowly-moving car.[D] Another driver flashes the head-light.19. The underlined word “lethal” in the first paragraph means:[A] powerful[B] illegal[C] dangerous[D] deadly20. What might be the deep problem that one of Nerenburg’s patients had realized?[A] He faces a lawsuit of sex harassment.[B] He is in danger of being fired.[C] He will be fined by traffic police.[D] He falls ill and has to see a doctor.Passage FiveMost people, asked if they can think without -speech, would probably answer, “Yes, but it is not easy for me to do so. Still I know it can be done.” Language is but a garment! But what if language is not so much a garment as a prepared road or groove? It is, indeed, in the highest degree likely that language is an instrument originally put to uses lower than the conceptual plane and that thought arises as a refined interpretation of its content. The product grows, in other words, with the instrument and the thought may be no more conceivable, in its genesis and daily practice, without speech than is mathematical reasoning practicable without the lever of an appropriate mathematically symbolism. No one believes that even the most difficult mathematical proposition is inherently dependent on an arbitrary set of symbols, but it is impossible to suppose that the human mind is capable of arriving at or holding such a proposition without the symbolism.The writer, for one, is strongly of the opinion that the feeling entertained by so many that they can think, or even reason, without language is an illusion. The illusion seems to be due to a number of factors. The simplest of these is the failure to distinguish between imagery and thought. As a matter of fact, no sooner do we try to put an image into conscious relation with another than we find ourselves slipping into a silent flow of words. Thought may be a natural domain apart from the artificial one of speech, but speech would seem to the only road we know of that leads to it.21. In the first line, the underlined phrase can best be replaced by[A] most of the people [B] more people[C] more than one people [D] many people22. In line 3, the word ‘groove” is probably closest in meaning to[A] later growth [B] designated slot[C] particular path [D] ready-made viaduct23. Which of the following statements would the author of the passage agree?[A] Thought came into being earlier than language[B] It is language that makes conceptual thought possible[C] Thought is no different from mathematics because it depends on symbolism[D] Both thought and language are the interpretation of propositions.24. Which of the following statements is true according to the author?[A] The imagery is the precondition of thought[B] Thought has to be bore in words.[C] Imagery is an explanation of words.[D] Once we use words, we make mistakes.25. The idea of this passage is held by[A]some people including the writer.[B] the writer himself alone[C] most people but the writer[D] one of the people other than the writerPassage SixStrikes and strikebreaking, lockouts and boycotts, all pit one side against the other in labor disputes. Ultimately, the negative effects of such actions ---- including resentment, fear, and distrust ---- linger for months or years after a dispute has been resolved.Increasingly, more productive techniques such as mediation and arbitration are being used to settle disagreements between labor and management. Either one may come into play before a labor contract expires or after some other strategy, such as a strike, has proven ineffective.Mediation is the use of a neutral third party to assist management and the union during their negotiations. This third party (the mediator) listens to both sides, trying to find common ground for agreement. The mediator also tries to encourage communication between the two sides to promote compromise, and generally keep the negotiation moving. Initially, the mediator may meet privately with each side. Eventually, however, the goal is to get the two sides to settle their differences at the bargaining table.Unlike mediation, the arbitration step involves a formal hearing. Just as it may be the final step in a grievance procedure, it may also be used in contract negotiations when the two sides cannot agree on one or more issues. At this point, the arbitrator hears the formal positions of both parties on outstanding, unresolved issues. The arbitrator then analyzes these positions and makes a decision on the possible resolution of the issues. If both sides have agreed in advance that the arbitration will be binding, that means they must accept the arbitrator’s decision.If mediation and arbitration are unsuccessful, then according to the Taft-Hartley Act, the president of the United States can obtain a temporary injunction to prevent or to stop a strike if it would endanger national health or security.26. According to the author, with the solution of a labor crisis[A] the tension between labor and management can continue[B] labor and management do not trust each other any more[C] the negative effect of actions like strike would be resolved[D] a long time is needed to bring the dispute to an end27. To resolve a labor dispute, one should[A] resort to mediation or arbitration from the start[B] make sure that the labor contract expires[C] take other steps before going to mediation or arbitration[D] strike first and then accept mediation or arbitration28. Which of the following is true of mediation?[A] The mediator makes final decisions after meeting with both sides.[B] To avoid bias, the mediator cannot meet either side in advance.[C] The primary task is to help both sides bargain with each other.[D] The mediator can be a representative from either the labor or the management.29. The pre-condition for an arbitration to be authoritative is that[A] both sides agree in advance to abide by the decision made[B] a formal hearing must be conducted just like in a court trial[C] the decision is focused on the most outstanding and unresolved issues[D] there is no bargaining allowed by arbitration，unlike mediation30. In the last sentence, the underlined word “injunction” most likely refers to[A] a formal declaration [B] a subpoena [C] a lawsuit protocol [D] an official orderVI Vocabulary (10%; 0-5 mark each)31. Dr. Norman Bethune came from Canada to help the Chinese people in their war against Japanese aggression.[A] in the way [B] all the way [C] along the way [D] by the way32. Throughout history, he who knows the art of war uses force only as the last[A] resort [B] rescue [C] refrain [D] recant33. After a careful investigation and evaluation，the city hall decided to the old house.[A] dismantle [B] destroy [C] demolish [D] delineate34. The monument was so small that it appears to be more for than for memorial.[A] significance [B] indifference [C] oblivion [D] memory35. Millions of years ago the Vesuvian volcano destroyed Pompeii, but today it is[A] dormant [B] Pacifying [C] ignited [D] pictured36. Because humans have to talk about the limitless world by means of limited language sounds, there is a great between the world and language.[A] apathy [B]anomaly [C] asymmetry [D] agnosticism37. If an organism is quite successful in getting used with the environment that is new to it, we say that the organism is very[A] agile [B] adjustable [C] adoptive [D] adaptive38. When we do Planning, we Should take a11 relevant factors into consideration in order to as much as possible the difficult cases or even failures.[A] forestall [B] forerun [C] foretell [D] forecast39. is the practice of putting yourself in a position of another person in order to understand his/her feelings.[A] affectionate [B]empathy[C] pathology [D] affiliation40. In schools and universities, some courses are compulsory, which one has to take, while the others are( ) , either freely of as required.[A] optimal [B] opaque [C] optical [D] optional41. When one applies for a job position, one needs to ( ) one's resume, describing one's educational as well as working experiences.[A] submit [B] subject [C] submerge [D] subside42. As industry grew，so ( ) did the need for more and more skilled industrial workers.[A] much[B] as to[C] too[D] as for43. The rescue team worked hard to search for the missing mountaineers,( ) the heavy and icy snowstorm.[A] in spite [B] despite [C] although [D] disregard44. “Breaking Bad” is the most thrilling TV drama series ( ) I have watched in several years.[A] as [B] what [C] which [D] that45. The revised feasibility report handed in by the draft team is good enough, ( )a few spelling errors on some pages.[A] except for [B] except that [C] excepting [D] except46. It is mandatory that the engineering project ( ) accomplished by the end of this year.[A] is [B] has been [C] be[D] will be47. ( ) the advice from the councilor, we would not have finished the task so smoothly.[A] out of [B] what with [C] but for [D] instead of48. The traffic accident has claimed 5 lives, the cause of which is still ( ) investigation.[A] under [B] beyond [C] for [D] beneath49. Even though the bell for dismissing class has rung，the teacher is still talking ( )[A] over [B] forward [C] off [D] away50. Since the negotiation with the management has come to a deadlock, the worker's union decide to take ( ) the street.[A] to [B] over [C] down [D] away withIII Cloze (10%; 0.5 mark each)In the last decade, giving birth at home has become an increasingly popular option for some couples. Assisted by a physician or a nurse-midwife，many women have successfully given birth at home (51) A to healthy babies. In fact, some studies indicate that ―一for (52)<C>uncomplicated pregnancies --- home delivery is as safe as hospital delivery. (53) [B] Advocates of home birth argue that the atmosphere in a hospital --- with all its forbidding machines，rules, regulations, and general lack of “homeyness”---- is stressful. (54) [B] Therefore ，giving birth in a hospital detracts from what should be a joyous, natural human experience. Supporters of home birth further argue that hospitals are (55) [C] meant to deal with illness and that the delivery of a baby should not be viewed as an illness.On the other side of the argument, critics of home birth argue that if emergency medical (56) [A] procedures are necessary, giving birth at home may be (57) [B] downright dangerous. Furthermore, hospital practices in labor and delivery have changed (58) [D] radically in the last decade, particularly with the increased popularity of the Lamaze method. Thus hospitals are not the strange, forbidding environments they once were. (59) [A] Most hospitals, for example, allow fathers to be present (60) [A] at the entire labor and delivery, and many allow the father to be present (61) [A] in the operating room during the cesarean deliveries. Many hospitals have (62) [D] altogether created birth centers, homelike rooms with comfortable beds and armchairs, that allow labor and delivery to (63) [C] occur in a。
四川大学2016年博士入学英语考试真题与答案解析
四川大学·2016年·博士入学英语考试真题与答案解析————————————————————————————————————————完形填空Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer，that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright. Intelligence，it 5，is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep，burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning—a 7 process—instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn，and one of the things they‘ve apparently learned is when to 8 。
Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence？That’s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we ‘ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise，it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I’ve ever met. Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner，14 ，is running a small cale study in operant conditioning. We believe that 15 animals ran the labs，they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience，our faithfulness，our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 ，not merely how much of it there is. 18 ，they would hope to study a 19 question：Are humans actually aware of the world they live in？20 the results are inconclusive. 1. ［A］Suppose［B］Consider［C］Observe［D］Imagine 2. ［A］tended［B］feared［C］happened［D］threatened 3. ［A］thinner［B］stabler［C］lighter［D］dimmer 4. ［A］tendency［B］advantage［C］inclination［D］priority 5. ［A］insists on［B］sums up［C］turns out［D］puts forward 6. ［A］off ［B］behind［C］over［D］along 7. ［A］incredible［B］spontaneous［C］inevitable［D］gradual 8. ［A］fight［B］doubt［C］stop［D］think 9. ［A］invisible［B］limited［C］indefinite［D］different 10. ［A］upward［B］forward［C］afterward［D］backward 11. ［A］features［B］influences［C］results［D］costs 12. ［A］outside［B］on［C］by［D］across 13. ［A］deliver［B］carry［C］perform［D］apply 14. ［A］by chance［B］in contrast［C］as usual［D］for instance 15. ［A］if［B］unless［C］as［D］lest 16. ［A］moderate［B］overcome［C］determine［D］reach 17. ［A］at［B］for［C］after［D］with 18. ［A］Above all［B］After all［C］However［D］Otherwise 19. ［A］fundamental［B］comprehensive［C］equivalent［D］hostile 20. ［A］By accident［B］In time［C］So far［D］Better stillI am afraid to sleep. I have been afraid to sleep for the last few weeks. I am so tired that, finally, I do sleep, but only for a few minutes. It is not a bad dream that wakes me ; it is the reality I took with me into sleep . I try to think of something else.Immediately the woman in the marketplace comes into my mind.I was on my way to dinner last night when I saw her . She was selling skirts. She moved with the same ease and loveliness I often saw in the women of Laos. Herlong black hair was as shiny as the black silk of the skirts she was selling . In her hair, she wore three silk ribbons, blue ,green, and white. They reminded me of my childhood and how my girlfriends and I used to spend hours braiding ribbons into our hair.I don’t know the word for “ribbons”, so I put my hand to my own hair and , with three fingers against my head , I looked at her ribbons and said “Beautiful.” She lowered her eyes and said nothing. I wasn’t sure if she understood me (I don’t speak Laotian very well).I looked back down at the skirts. They had designs on them: squares and triangles and circles of pink and green silk. They were very pretty. I decided to buy one of those skirts, and I began to bargain with her over the price. It is the custom to bargain in Asia. In Laos bargaining is done in soft voices and easy moves with the sort of quiet peacefulness.She smiled, more with her eyes than with her lips. She was pleased by the few words I was able to say in her language, although they were mostly numbers, and she saw that I understood something about the soft playfulness of bargaining. We shook our heads in disagreement over the price; then, immediately, we made another offer and then another shake of the head. She was so pleased that unexpectedly, she accepted the last offer I made. But it was too soon. The price was too low. She was being too generous and wouldn’t make enough money. I moved quickly and picked up two more skirts and paid for all three at the price set; that way I was able to pay her three times as much before she had a chance to lower the price for the larger purchase. She smiled openly then, and, for the first time in months, my spirit lifted. I almost felt happy.The feeling stayed with me while she wrapped the skirts in a newspaper and handed them to me. When I left, though, the feeling left, too. It was as though it stayed behind in marketplace. I left tears in my throat. I wanted to cry. I didn’t , ofcourse.I have learned to defend myself against what is hard; without knowing it, I have also learned to defend myself against what is soft and what should be easy.I get up, light a candle and want to look at the skirts. They are still in the newspaper that the woman wrapped them in. I remove the paper, and raise the skirts up to look at them again before I pack them. Something falls to floor. I reach down and feel something cool in my hand. I move close to the candlelight to see what I have. There are five long silk ribbons in my hand, all different colors. The woman in the marketplace! She has given these ribbons to me!There is no defense against a generous spirit, and this time I cry, and very hard, as if I could make up for all the months that I didn’t cry.89. According to the writer, the woman in the marketplace ____B____ .A. refused to speak to her.B. was pleasant and attractive.C. was selling skirts and ribbons.D. recognized her immediately.解析：B。
2016四川考研英语二真题及答案解析,考研英语二答案
2016四川考研英语二真题及答案解析,考研英语二答案(ctrl D收藏即可)。
更多考研信息请关注我们网站的更新!2016四川考研英语二真题及答案解析Section 1 Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Happy people work differently. They’re more productive, more creative, and willing to take greater risks. And new research suggests that happiness might influence__1__firm’s work, too.Companies located in places with happier people invest more, according to a recent research paper.__2__, firms in happy places spend more on R&D (research and development). That’s because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking__3__for making investments for the future.The researchers wanted to know if the__4__and inclination for risk-taking that come with happiness would__5__the way companies invested. So they compared U.S. cities’average happiness__6__by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas.__7__enough, firms’investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were__8__.But is it really happiness that’s linked to investment, or could something else about happier cities__9__why firms there spend more on R&D? To find out, the researchers controlled for various__10__that might make firms more likely to invest –like size, industry, and sales –and for indicatorsthat a place was__11__to live in, like growth in wages or population. The link between happiness and investment generally__12__even after accounting for these things.The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms, which the authors__13__to “less codified decision making process”and the possible presence of “younger and less__14__managers who are more likely to be influenced by sentiment.”The relationship was__15__stronger in places where happiness was spread more__16__.Firms seem to invest more in places where most people are relatively happy, rather than in places with happiness inequality.__17__ this doesn’t prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer-term view, the authors believe it at least__18__at that possibility. It’s not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment would help__19__how executives think about the future. “It surely seems plausible that happy people would be more forward-thinking and creativeand__20__R&D more than the average,”said one researcher.1. [A] why [B] where [C] how [D] when2. [A] In return [B] In particular [C] In contrast [D] In conclusion3. [A] sufficient [B] famous [C] perfect [D] necessary4. [A] individualism [B] modernism [C] optimism [D] realism5. [A] echo [B] miss [C] spoil [D] change6. [A] imagined [B] measured [C] invented [D] assumed7. [A] Sure [B] Odd [C] Unfortunate [D] Often8. [A] advertised [B] divided [C] overtaxed [D] headquartered9. [A] explain [B] overstate [C] summarize [D] emphasize10. [A] stages [B] factors [C] levels [D] methods11. [A] desirable [B] sociable [C] reputable [D] reliable12. [A] resumed [B] held [C]emerged [D] broke13. [A] attribute [B] assign [C] transfer [D]compare14. [A] serious [B] civilized [C] ambitious [D]experienced15. [A] thus [B] instead [C] also [D] never16. [A] rapidly [B] regularly [C] directly [D] equally17. [A] After [B] Until [C] While [D] Since18. [A] arrives [B] jumps [C] hints [D] strikes19. [A] shape [B] rediscover [C] simplify [D] share 20. [A] pray for [B] lean towards [C] give away [D] send out1. [标准答案] [C]how[考点分析] 连词辨析[选项分析] 根据语境，“新发现表明：快乐可能会影响工作__的稳定。
2016年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试四川卷英语试卷和答案解析
2016年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（四川卷）英语ABasketball Statistician Help WantedThe Athletic Department is looking for students to help assist staff during the Fall 2016，Winter 2016﹣17and Spring 2017 semesters．Students in this position will be keeping live statistics during basketball games．Students must meet all of the following requirements：•Good computer skills•Available evenings and weekends•Knowing basketball rules and statisticsStudents interested in working for the Athletic Department should contact the Athletic Coordinator at their respective（各自的） campuses．•TP/SS Athletic Coordinator，Michael Simone，240﹣567﹣1308•Rockville Athletic Coordinator，Jorge Zuniga，240﹣567﹣7589•Springfield Athletic coordinator，Gary Miller，240﹣567﹣2273•Germantown Athletic Coordinator，GavriChavan，240﹣567﹣69151. When will the job start？A. In May 2016B. In May 2017C. In September 2016D. In September20172. Who is more likely to get job？A. Sam，English major，member of the college basketball teamB. Judy，IT staff with night classes，children’s basketball team coachC. Ted，computer major，basketball fan，free on evenings and weekendsD. Molly，part﹣time programmer，high school basketball player，new mother3. Whom should you contact if you want to apply for the job in Rockville？A. MichaelB. JorgeC. GauriD. GaryBIf you could have one superpower，what would it be？Dreaming about whether you would want to read minds，see through walls，or have superhuman strength may sound silly，but it actually gets to the heart of what really matters in your life．Every day in our work，we are inspired by the people we meet doing extraordinary things to improve the world．They have a different kind of superpower that all of us possess：the power to make a difference in the lives of others．We’re not saying that everyone needs to contribute their lives to the poor．Your lives are busy enough doing homework，playing sports，making friends，seeking after your dreams．But we do think that you can live a more powerful life when you devote some of your time and energy to something much larger than yourself．Find an issue you are interested in and learn more．Volunteer or，if you can，contribute a little money to a cause．Whatever you do，don’t be a bystander．Get involved．You may have the opportunity to make your biggest difference when you’re older．But why not start now？Our own experience working together on health，development，and energy the last twenty years has been one of the most rewarding parts of our lives．It has changed who we are and continues to fuel our optimism about how much the lives of the poorest people will improve in the years ahead．4. What does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 refer to？A. Your life styleB. Your life valueC. Your trouble in lifeD. Your life experience5. Why does the author say they are inspired every day？A. They possess different kinds of superpowersB. They have got the power to change the worldC. Some people around them are making the world betterD. There are many powerful people in their life and work6. What does the author stress in Paragraph 5？A. Learning more and contributing more to a causeB. Rising above self and acting to help othersC. Working hard to get a bigger opportunityD. Trying your best to help the poor7. What can be inferred from the last paragraph？A. The author believes the lives of the poorest will get betterB. Much more progress will be made in the near futureC. The work on health is the most valuable experienceD. People’s efforts have been materially rewardedCIn the depths of the French Guianese rainforest，there still remain unusual groups of indigenous（土著的） people．Surprisingly，these people live largely by their own laws and their own social customs．And yet，people in this area are in fact French citizens because it has been a colony（殖民地） of the French Republic since 1946．In theory，they should live by the French law is often ignored or unknown，thus making them into an interesting area of “lawlessness” in the world．The lives of these people have finally been recorded thanks to the effects of a Frenchman from Paris called Gin．Gin spent five months in early 2015 exploring the most remote corners of this area，which sits on the edge of the Amazon rainforest，with half its population of only 250，000living in its capital，Cayenne．“I have a special love for the French Guianese people．I have worked there on and off for almost ten years，”says Gin．“I’ve been able to keep firm friendships with them．Thus I have been allowed to gain access to their living environment．I don’t see it as a lawless land．But rather I see it as an area of freedom．”“I wanted to show the audience a photographic record touching upon the uncivilized life，”continues Gin．“I prefer to work in black and white，which allows me to show different specific worlds more clearly．”His black﹣and﹣white pictures present a world almost lost in time．These pictures show people seemingly pushed into a world that they were unprepared for．These local citizens now have to balance their traditional self﹣supporting hunting lifestyle with the lifestyle offered by the modern French Republic，which brings with it not only necessary state welfare，but also alcoholism，betrayal and even suicide．8. Why does the author feel surprised about the indigenous people in French Guiana？A. They seldom follow the French lawB. They often ignore the Guianese lawC. They are separated from the modern worldD. They are both Guianese and French citizens9. Gin introduced the special world of the indigenous Guianese as ．A. a tour guideB. a geographerC. a film directorD. a photographer10. What is Gin’s attitude towards the lives of the indigenous Guianese？A. CautiousB. DoubtfulC. UninterestedD. Appreciative11. What does the underlined word “it” in the last paragraph refer to？A. The modern French lifestyleB. The self﹣supporting huntingC. The uncivilized huntingD. The French RepublicDA warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good night’s sleep．But now a study has found it really does help people nod off﹣if it is milked from a cow at night．Researchers have discovered that “night milk” contains more melatonin（褪黑激素），which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety．The study，by researchers from Seoul，South Korea，involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night．Those given night milk，which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin，were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime，according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food．Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep longer．While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now，taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night．Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content，which helps people to relax．Milk is also sugar﹣free and additive﹣free with nutritionists recommending skimmed milk as the best choice before bed as it is the least fattening．The more fat you take in before bedtime，the greater burden you will put on your body at night．12. According to the text，the mice fed with daytime milk ．A. started sleep more easilyB. were more anxiousC. were less activeD. woke up later13. Which of the following is true of melatonin according to the text？A. It’s been tested on mice for ten timesB. It can make people more energeticC. It exists in milk in great amountD. It’s used in sleeping drugs14. What can be a suitable title for the text？A. Night Milk and SleepB. Fat，Sugar and HealthC. An Experiment on MiceD. Milk Drinking and Health15. How does the author support the theme of the text？A. By giving examplesB. By stating argumentsC. By explaining statistical dataD. By providing research resultsBoth men and women are living longer these days in industrialized countries． (1) In general，they can expect to live six or seven years more than men．One reason for this is biological．One important biological factor that helps women live longer is the difference in hormones between men and women．(2) Between the ages of about 12and 50，women produce hormones that are involved in fertility（生育能力）．These hormones also have a positive effect on the heart and blood flow．In fact，women are less likely to have high blood pressure or to die from heart attacks．(3)They help the body defend itself against some kinds of infections．This means that women generally ger sick less often and less seriously than men．The common cold is a good example：women，on average，get fewer colds than men．(4)Scientists are still not exactly sure how genes influence aging，but they believe that they do．Some think that a woman’s body cells have a tendency（向） to age more slowly than a man’s．Others think that a man’s body cells have a tendency to age more quickly．(5)16. A. However，women，on average，live longer.B. The biological factor plays an important part.C. Women are also helped by their female genes.D. The female hormones also protect the body in another way.E. Recent research seems to support both of these possibilities.F. Therefore，women are more healthy than men and can live a better life.G. Hormones are chemicals which are produced by the body to control carious bodyfunctions.17. A. However，women，on average，live longer.B. The biological factor plays an important part.C. Women are also helped by their female genes.D. The female hormones also protect the body in another way.E. Recent research seems to support both of these possibilities.F. Therefore，women are more healthy than men and can live a better life.G. Hormones are chemicals which are produced by the body to control carious bodyfunctions.18. A. However，women，on average，live longer.B. The biological factor plays an important part.C. Women are also helped by their female genes.D. The female hormones also protect the body in another way.E. Recent research seems to support both of these possibilities.F. Therefore，women are more healthy than men and can live a better life.G. Hormones are chemicals which are produced by the body to control carious bodyfunctions.19. A. However，women，on average，live longer.B. The biological factor plays an important part.C. Women are also helped by their female genes.D. The female hormones also protect the body in another way.E. Recent research seems to support both of these possibilities.F. Therefore，women are more healthy than men and can live a better life.G. Hormones are chemicals which are produced by the body to control carious bodyfunctions.20. A. However，women，on average，live longer.B. The biological factor plays an important part.C. Women are also helped by their female genes.D. The female hormones also protect the body in another way.E. Recent research seems to support both of these possibilities.F. Therefore，women are more healthy than men and can live a better life.G. Hormones are chemicals which are produced by the body to control carious bodyfunctions.Lainey finished third grade．She had good grades and could read (21)grade level，but she did not like to read．On a family car trip，her Aunt Dede pulled out a copy of Harry Potter，as a surprise for her (22)．But Lainey took one look at it， (23)her eyes，and said，“Boring!”Aunt Dede，a teacher，had read the book to her students，and they loved it．(24)the youngest children in the class were(25)by the story．They(26)with great interest and then(27) joined in grand conversations about Harry′s adventures．“How can you say it′s (28)？Have you read it？”asked Aunt Dede．“No，it′s too long and it doesn′t have any(29)．”complained Lainey．“Oh，that′s where you are(30)；there are lots of pictures．Every page is full of pictures； you just have to read the words to(31)them．It′s like magic．”“Nice try，Aunt Dede，”Lainey replied(32)from the back seat．Another(33)was in order．“Well，if you don’t want to read it，give it(34)．Maybe your mom would(35)hearing the story．”The book sailed through the air to Aunt Dede and she began to read it aloud．By the end of the first chapter，(36)were coming from the back seat：“Please read a little (37)．”Lainey is an example of an(38)reader．As shown here，Lainey can become(39)about reading when(40)with literature on topics that interest her，and when the people around her model involvement in the reading process．21. A. within B. on C. to D. above22. A. daughter B. niece C. student D. friend23. A. opened B. dried C. rolled D. shaded24. A. Even B. Still C. Just D. Yet25. A. surprised B. annoyed C. puzzled D. attracted26. A. read B. told C. listened D. wrote27. A. suspected B. anxiouslyC. calmlyD. enthusiastically28. A. amazing B. boring C. ridiculous D. conversations29. A. pictures B. stories C. adventures D. conversations30. A. crazy B. foolish C. wrong D. different31. A. see B. match C. show D. recognize32. A. sourly B. patiently C. eagerly D. shyly33. A. idea B. try C. belief D. behavior34. A. away B. out C. in D. back35. A. enjoy B. admit C. mind D. finish36. A. decisions B. requests C. comments D. promises37. A. more clearly B. longer C. louder D. more carefully38. A. Unpleasant B. Innocent C. unwilling D. independent39. A. astonished B. worried C. confused D. excited40. A. Presented B. concerned C. disturbed D. replaced41. The giant panda (1) （love） by people throughout the world．Chinese scientists (2) （recent） had a chance to study a wild female panda with a newborn baby．She was a very (3) （care）mother．For 25days，she never left her baby，not even to find something (4) （eat）!She would not let any other pandas come near．She licked the baby constantly to keep it clean．Any smell might attract natural (5) （enemy）that would try to eat the little comforting pats．The mother held the baby in her front paws much the way a human does． (6) it cried，she rocked it back and forth and gave it little comforting pats，The mother continued to care for the young panda (7) more than two years．By that time，the panda no longer needed (8) （it）mother for food．However，it stayed with her and leaned about the ways of the forest．Then，after two and a half years，themother (9) （drive）the young panda away．It was time for her to have a new baby， (10) it was also time for the young panda to be independent．(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)42. 假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文．文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处．每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改．增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词．删除：把多余的词用斜线（\）划掉．修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词．注意：1．每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；2．只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分．It is Mother’s Day today．Though it’s a western festival，it’s popular in China now．Mom has a full﹣time job，so she has to do most of the houseworks．She is a great mother．Both Dad or I planned to do something on Mother’s Day．We get up early in the morning．Dad cleaned the house，and then went on shopping．When he came back，I found a bunch of flowers in her hand．I asked Mom to stay in the sitting room and I cooked in kitchen．The dishes what I cooked were Mom’s favoritiest．At dinner，we said to her，“Happy Mother’s Day！”Mom was grateful and moving．43. 某中学生英文报正举办“The Season I Like Best”的征文活动．请用英文写一篇短文投稿，内容包括：1．你最喜欢的季节；2．你喜欢该季节的两条理由（如：气候、景色、活动、感受…）．注意：1．词数100左右；2．题目已为你写好；3．行文连贯，语篇完整；4．文中不得透露个人真实信息．答案和解析1~3.【答案】C、C、B【解析】【小题1】这是一篇招聘广告．体育部门招聘学生担任助理数据记录员．他们负责记录篮球比赛中的现场数据．具体要求有：良好的计算机技能，晚上和周末有时间，熟悉篮球规则和数据．有兴趣的学生可以与各个校区的体育协调员联系．细节理解题．第一段The Athletic Department is looking for students to help assist staff during the Fall 2016，Winter 2016﹣17and Spring 2017 semesters．说明开始时间是2016年秋季，故选C．【小题2】细节理解题．广告中对应聘者有具体要求Students must meet all of the following requirements：Good computer skills．Available evenings and weekends．Knowing basketball rules and statistics．熟悉电脑，篮球规则，周末和晚上有时间．故选C．【小题3】细节理解题．广告中有具体联系方式Rockville Athletic Coordinator，Jorge Zuniga，240﹣567﹣7589，如果感兴趣可以联系协调员．故选B．4~7.【答案】B、C、B、A【解析】文章用超能力引出话题：假如一个人有了超能力会怎么样？想像一下你会读心术，会透视，或者拥有超人的力量，听起来有点傻，当其实这也是每个人看待生活的意义．每个人都可以拥有超能力：通过自己的付出，帮助别人，做对别人生活有意义的事．无论做什么，哪怕是一件小事，只要不是袖手旁观，每个人都能在改变自己的同时，也为别人点燃乐观向上的生活希望．猜测句意题．文章中说到we are inspired by the people we meet doing extraordinary things to improve the world．我们都会受到别人的鼓励，做一些有意义的事去不断提高我们生活的世界．这就是生活的意义．故选B．推理判断题．后一句说doing extraordinary things to improve the world．我们遇到的很多人都可以通过做一些有意义的事去不断提高我们生活的世界．故选C．推理判断题．But we do think that you can live a more powerful life when you devote some of your time and energy to something much larger than yourself．每个人都可以追逐自己的梦想，但如果你花一点时间和精力去做比自己的梦想更有意义的事，你会发现你的生活更有意义．故选B．推理判断题．文章最后一句说：It has changed who we are and continues to fuel our optimism about how much the lives of the poorest people will improve in the years ahead．帮助别人不但可以改变我们自己，也可以点燃那些最贫穷的人们积极乐观的生活希望．故选A．8~11.【答案】A、D、D、A【解析】【小题1】本文通过一个摄影记者向人们展示了法国的Guianese人，和现代法国的生活风格给他们带来影响．推理判断题．根据第一段第二句Surprisingly，these people live largely by their own laws and their own social customs．令人吃惊的是，这些人主要靠自己的法律和他们的社会风俗生活．可知A项符合题意．【小题2】推理判断题．根据第四段第一句“I wanted to show the audience a photographic record touching upon the uncivilized life，”我想展示给观众一个摄影记录，让他们触摸到不文明的生活．第五段第一句His black﹣and﹣white pictures present a world almost lost in time．他的黑白照片呈现了一个几乎失去的世界．可知他是一个摄影师，故选D．【小题3】推断判断题，根据第三段第一，二句 I have a special love for the French Guianese people．I have worked there on and off for almost ten years，”我对法国Guianese人有一个特殊的爱．我在那里工作了将近十年．所以对法国Guianese人是心存感激的，故选D．【小题4】词义猜测题．根据最后一段最后一句中the lifestyle offered by the modern French Republic，被法兰西共和国提供的生活风格，可知后面的定语从句中it指现代法国的生活风格．故选A．12~15.【答案】B、D、A、D【解析】【小题1】最新的科研成果表明——晚上采集的牛奶含有更多的褪黑激素（melatonin），摄入者能更好地睡眠以及睡更长的时间．在结论之前已经经过了白鼠测试——摄入晚上采集的牛奶的老鼠比白天采集的牛奶的老鼠安静（不活跃），睡得更香，时间更长．这个研究成果已经用来帮助有睡眠问题的人——注射褪黑激素针剂以帮助睡眠．细节推理题第四段中“Those given night milk，which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin，were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime”说明：那些被喂了夜间含有十倍褪黑激素奶的老鼠，要比吃了白天收集的奶的老鼠，更不活跃，也更不焦虑．也就是说，被喂食了日间奶的老鼠会更活跃，更焦虑些；故选B【小题2】判断推理题． A项错误，并非是给老鼠注射了十次，而是晚上采集的牛奶含有的褪黑激素是白天的10倍；B，褪黑激素能让人降低活跃度；C 并非含有大量的褪黑激素，文章中也没有提到；D项正确．【小题3】内容归纳题．本文主要讲的是晚上采集的牛奶和睡眠的关系．晚上产的牛奶含有更多的褪黑激素，而褪黑激素能帮助睡眠．因此选A．【小题4】写作结构题．本文主题是——晚上采集的牛奶和睡眠的关系．晚上产的牛奶含有更多的褪黑激素，而褪黑激素能帮助睡眠．通过举例老鼠实验进行有力的论证．16~20.【答案】A、G、D、C、E【解析】【小题1】文章是一篇科技报道，讲述了女人比男人长寿的原因。
2000_2016考研英语历年真题和答案
2016考研英语一真题及答案完整版SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends, _1_ those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker. A young man can __2_ a likely spouse on his own andthen ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations, or the young man'sparents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in theselection. 4, a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. 5aspouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying 6 a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days, _ 7 _ by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and _ 8 _ prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony the bride’s and groom’s wrists, and 10 a candle around a circle of happily in with the wife’s parents and may 12 with them up to a year, 13 they can build a new house nearby. Divorce is legal and easy to 14 , but not common. Divorced persons are 15 with some disapproval. Each sprouse retains 16 property he or she 17 into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is 18 equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice 19 up: The divorced male doesn’t have a waiting period before he can remarry 20 the woman must wait ten months.1.[A]by way of[B]on behalf of [C]as well as [D]with regard to2.[A]adapt to [B]provide for [C]compete with [D]decide on3.[A]close [B]renew [C]arrange [D]postpone4.[A]Above all [B]In theory [C]In time [D]For example5.[A]Although [B]Lest [C]After [D]Unless6.[A]into [B]within [C]from [D]through7.[A]since [B]but [C]or [D]so8.[A]copy [B]test [C]recite [D]create9.[A]folding [B]piling [C]wrapping [D]tying10.[A]passing [B]lighting[C]hiding [D]serving11. [A]meeting [B]collection [C]association [D]union12. [A]grow [B]part [C]deal [D]live13. [A]whereas [B]until [C]if [D]for14. [A]obtain [B]follow [C]challenge [D]avoid15. [A]isolated [B]persuaded [C]viewed [D]exposed16. [A]whatever [B]however [C]whenever [D]wherever17.[A]changed[B]brought [C]shaped[D]pushed18.[A]withdrawn[B]invested[C]donated[D]divided19. [A]breaks [B]warms [C]shows [D]clears20.[A]so [B]while [C]once [D]in thatText 1France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runaways. The parliament also agreed to ban websites that “incite excessive thinness”by promoting extreme dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. That’s a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death-as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth.The bans, if fully enforced,would suggest to women (and many men) that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. And perhaps faintly,they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques.The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.In contrast to France’s actions, Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models. The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states: “We are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people.”The charter’s main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week (CFW), which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute. But in general it relies on a name-and-shame method of compliance.Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.21. According to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?[A]New runways would be constructed.[B]Physical beauty would be redefined.[C]Websites about dieting would thrive.[D]The fashion industry would decline.22. The phrase “impinging on”(Line2, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A]heightening the value of.[B]indicating the state of.[C]losing faith in.[D]doing harm to.23. Which of the following is true of the fashion industry?[A]New standards are being set in Denmark.[B]The French measures have already failed.[C]Models are no longer under peer pressure.[D]Its inherent problems are getting worse.24. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for[A]pursuing perfect physical conditions.[B]caring too much about models’character.[C]showing little concern for health factors.[D]setting a high age threshold for models.25. Which of the following may be the best title of the text?[A]A Challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body Ideals[B]A Dilemma for the Starving Models in France[C]Just Another Round of Struggle for Beauty[D]The Great Threats to the Fashion IndustryText 2For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate “the countryside”alongside the royal family, Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what makes them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save “the beauty of natural places for everyone forever.”It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience “a refreshing air.”Hill’s pressures later led to the creation of national parks and green belts. They don’t make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it. It needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The Conservatives’planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even authorizing“off-plan”building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent. Only Ukip, sensing its chance, has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its Campaign to Protect Rural England struck terror into many local Conservative parties.The sensible place to build new houses, factories and offices is where people are, in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents StirlingAckroyd recently identified enough sites for half a million houses in the London area alone, with no intrusion on green belt. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces.The idea that “housing crisis”equals “concreted meadows”is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them. Under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones?Development should be planned, not let rip. After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe’s most crowded country. Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative—the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.26. Britain’s public sentiment about the countryside____[A]didn’tstart till the Shakespearean age.[B]has brought much benefit to the NHS.[C]is fully backed by the royal family.[D]is not well reflected in politics.27. According to Paragraph 2, the achievements of the National Trust are now being____[A]gradually destroyed.[B]effectively reinforced.[C]largely overshadowed.[D]properly protected.28. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3?[A]Labour is under attack for opposing development.[B]The Conservatives may abandon “off-plan”building.[C]The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence.[D]Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation.29. The author holds that George Osborne’s preference____[A]highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure.[B]shows his disregard for the character of rural areas.[C]stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis.[D]reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas.30. In the last paragraph, the author shows his appreciation of____[A]the size of population in Britain.[B]the political life in today’s Britain.[C]the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain.[D]the town-and-country planning in Britain.Text 3“There is one and only one social responsibility of business,”wrote Milton Friedman,a Nobel prize-winning economist “That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.”But even if you accept Fiedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders money,things may not be absolutely clear-cut.New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies –at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms is America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR , according to an estimate by EPG,a consulting firm ,This could add value to their businesses in three ways.First, consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal”that a company’s products are of high quality.Second, customers may be willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect way to donate to the good causes is helps. And third,through a more diffuse “halo effect,”whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under America’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company's products as part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensiveCSR programmes tendedto getmore lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms' political influence, rather than their CSR stand,that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seen to influenced by a company’s record in CSR. "We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about 20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials," says one researcher. Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies. But at least have demonstrated that whencompanies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.31. The author views Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR with[A] tolerance[B] skepticism[C] uncertainty[D]approval32. According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company[Al winning trust from consumers.[B] guarding it against malpractices.[C] protecting it from being defamed.[D] raising the quality of its products.33.Theexpression "more lenient" (Line 2, Para. 4)is closestin meaning to [Al more effective.[B] less controversial.[C] less severe.[D] more lasting.34. When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company's CSR record[Al has an impact on their decision.[B] comes across as reliable evidence.[C]increases the chance of being penalized.[D] constitutes part of the investigation.35. Which of the following is true of CSR, according to the last paragraph ? [Al Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked.[B]Thenecessaryamount of companies'spending on it is unknown.[C] Companies' financial capacityforithasbeenoverestimated.[D] Ithasbroughtmuchbenefittothebankingindustry.Text 4There will eventually come a day when The New York Times cases to publish stories on newsprint .Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. “Sometime in the future “the paper’s publisher said back in 2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside ,there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print .The infrastructure required to make a physical newspapers -printing presses .delivery truck -isn’t just expensive ;it’s excessive at a time when online-only competition don’t have the same set financial constraints . Readers are migrating away from print away,And although print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be high and circulation lowe ,but rushing to eliminate its print editor would be a mistake ,says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.Peretti says the Times shouldn't waste time getting of the print business, only if they go about doing it the right away “Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them “he said, “but if you discontinue it, you're going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you." Sometimes that's worth making a change anyway". Peretti gives example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming. "It was seen as a blunder." he said. The move turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti were in charge at the times? "l wouldn't pick year to end print."he said. “I would raise and make it into more of a legacy product.”The most loyal costumer would still gel the product they favor. the idea goes, and they’d feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in. "So if you're overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping," peretti said. "Then increase it at rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue." In other words, if you're going to print product, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which may be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year —more than twice as much as a digital-only subscription."It's a really hard thing to do and it's a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn't have a legacy business," Peretti remarked. "But we're going to have questions like that where we have things we're doing that don't make sense when the market.Change and the world changes. In those situations, it's better to be more aggressive than less aggressive."36.The New York Times is considering ending its print edition partly due[A]the high cost of operation.[B]the pressure form its investors.[C]the complaints form its readers[D]the increasing online ad asles.37.Peretti suggests that,in face of the present situation,the Times should[A]seek new sources of readership.[B]end the print edition for goog.[C]aim for efficitent management.[D]make strategic adiustments.38.It can inferred form Paragraphs 5 and 6 that a “legacy product”[A]helps restore the glory of former times.[B]is meant for the most loyal customers.[C]will have the cost of printing reduced.[D]expands the popularity of the paper39.Peretti believes that,in a changing world,[A]legacy businesses are becoming outdated[B]cautiousness facilitates problem-solving.[C]aggressiveness better meets challenges.[D]traditional luxuries can stay unaffected.40.Which of the following would be the best title of the text?[A]Shift to Online Newspapers All at Once[B]Cherish the Newspapers Still in Your Hand[C]Make Your Print Newspaper a Luxury Good[D]Keep Your Newspapers Forever in FashionPart BDirections:Reading the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A—G for each of the numbered paragraphs(41—45)，There are two extraSubheadings,Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)[A]Create a new image of yourself[B]Have confidence in yourself[C]Decide if the time is right[D]Understand the context[E]Work with professionals[F]Mark it efficient[G]Know your goalsNo matter how formal orinformal theworkenvironment,the way you present yourself has an impact.This isespecially truein first impressions.According to researchfrom PrincetonUniversity, people assessyour competence,Trustworthiness, and likeability in just a tenth of a second, solelybased ontheway you look. The different between today’sworkplace and the “dress for success”era is that the range of optionsis so muchbroader. Normshaveevolvedandfragmented.In some settings, red sneakers or dress T—shirts canconveystatus;inother not somuch. Plus, whatever image we present is magnified by social—media services like LinkedIn.Chances are, your headshots are seen much more often now than adecade or two lennials, it seems, face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding.It can beconfusing.So how do we navigate this?How do we know when to invest in anupgrade?And what’s the best way to pull off one that enhances our goals？Here are some tips:41.As an executive coach, I’ve seen image upgrades be particularlyhelpfulduring transitions—when looking for a new job , stepping into a new or morepublic role ,or changing work environments. If you’re in a period of change or just feeling stuck and in a rut, now may be a good time. If you’re not sure, ask forhonest feedback from trusted friends, colleagues and professionals .Look for cues about how others perceive you. Maybe there’s no need for an upgrade and that’s OK.42Get clear on what impact you’re hoping to have. Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it? For one person, the goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professional image. For another, it may be to be perceived as more approachable, or more modern and stylish. For someone moving from finance to advertising, maybe they want to look ore “SoHo.”(It’s OK to use characterizations like that.)43Look at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of your environment? What conveys status? Who are your most important audience? How do the people you respect and look up to prevent themselves? The better you understand the cultural context, the more control you can have over your impact.44Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context. Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like Crew. Try a hair stylist instead of a barber. Work with a professional photographer instead of your spouse of friend. It’s not as expensive as you might think.45The point of a style upgrade isn’t to become more vain or to spend more time discussing over what to wear. Instead, use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue. Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to opinions. Buy all your clothes once with a stylist instead of shopping alone, one article of clothing a time. Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Mental health is our birthright. (46) We don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy; it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend a broken bone. Mental health can't be learned, only reawakened. It is like the immune system of the body, which under stress or through lack of nutrition or exercise can be weakened, but which never leaves us. When we don't understand the value of mental health and we don't know how to gain access to it, mental health will remain hidden from us. (47) Our mental health doesn’t really go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud. it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem —confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in our common sense. It allows us to have perspective on our lives —the ability to not take ourselves too seriously, to laugh at ourselves, to see the bigger picture, and to see that things will work out. It's a form of innate or unlearned optimism. (48) Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles with kindness if they are in pain and with unconditional love no matter who they are.Mental health is the source of creativity for solving problems, resolving conflict, making our surroundings more beautiful, managing our home life, or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier. It gives us patience for ourselves and toward others as well as patience while driving, catching a fish, working on our car. or raising a child. It allows us to see the beauty that surrounds us each moment in nature, in culture, in the flow of our daily lives.(49)Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives, it is perfectly ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions. It has been available even in the most mundane of life situations to show you right from wrong, good from bad, friend from foe. Mental health has commonly been called conscience, instinct, wisdom, common sense, or the inner voice. We think of it simply as a healthy and helpful flow of intelligent thought. (50) As you will come to see, knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.PartA52.Directions:Suppose you are a librarian in your university. Write a notice of about 100 words, providing the newly-enrolled international students with relevant information about the library.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice. Use “LI Ming”instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160—200 words based on the foiiowing pictures.in your essay,you should1) describe the pictures briefly,2) interpret the meaning,and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points)答案：In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends, as well as those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker. A young man can decide on a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to arrange the marriage negotiations, or the young man’s parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. In theory, a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. After a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying into a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days, but in the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and recite prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, tying cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s wrists, and passing a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the union. Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife’s parents and may live with them up to a year, until they can build a new house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to obtain, but not common. Divorced persons are viewed with some disapproval. Each spouse retains whatever property he or she brought into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is divided equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice shows up: The divorced male doesn’t have a waiting period before he can remarry while the woman must wait ten months.21.B physical beauty22.D doing harm to23.A New Standards24.C showing little25.A A Challenge26.D is not27.A gradually destroyed28.B The Conservatives29.D reveals30.D the town31.B skeptical32.A winning33.C less severe34.A has an impact35.B The necessary36.A the high37.D make strategic38.B is meant for39.C aggressiveness40.C Make your print41.Decide if the time is right42.Know your goals43.Understand the context44.Work with professionals45.Mark it efficient46. We don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy; it is built into us in the same way that our bodiesknow how to heal a cut or mend a broken bone.我们不必学习如何保持健康的心理；它与生俱来，正如我们的身体知道如何让伤口痊愈，如何让骨折好转。