计算机系统一些专业名词的中文英文对照

二，计算机组成原理中英对照篇

Computer systems consist of hardware and software. Hardware is the physical part of the system. Once designed，hardware is difficult and expensive to change. Software is the set of programs that instruct the hardware and is easier to modify than hardware.

计算机系统由硬件和软件组成。硬件是系统的物理部分。硬件一旦设计完毕，要修改是困难的，并且花费也大。软件是指挥硬件的程序集合，比硬件容易修改。

Every computer has four basic hardware components:每台计算机都有如下4种基本硬件部件:

? Input devices. 输入设备

? Output devices. 输出设备

? Main memory. 主存储器

? Central processing unit(CPU).中央处理器

A PROCESSOR 处理器

A processor is composed of two functional units—a control unit and an arithmetic/logic unit—and a set of special workspaces called registers.

处理器由两个功能部件(控制部件和算术逻辑部件)与一组称为寄存器的特殊工作空间组成。

The Control Unit 控制部件

The Arithmetic and Logic Unit 算术逻辑部件

Registers 寄存器

MEMORY SYSTEMS 存储系统

Memory Devices 存储器

RANDOM-ACCESS MEMORY 随机存储器

READ-ONLY MEMORY 只读存储器

MAGNETIC DISKS 磁盘

CD-ROMS 只读光盘

MAGNETIC TAPE 磁带

INPUT/OUTPUT SYSTEM 输入输出(I/O系统)

Programmed I/O(程序控制I/O)

Programmed I/O，also known as direct I/O，is accomplished by a program executing on the processor itself to control the I/O operations and transfer the data.

程序控制I/O，又称直接I/O，由在处理器上执行的程序去控制I/O操作和传送数据。

Memory-Mapped I/O(存储器映射I/O)

Memory-Mapped I/O is another form of programmed I/O that maps the device connections to bits in memory address space，

存储器映射I/O是另一种程序控制I/O，它把I/O设备连接映射成存储器地址空间中的位组，

Interrupt I/O(中断I/O)

Because of the low efficiency of pure programmed or memory-mapped I/O in high-performance system，so interrupt is produced.

由于对高性能系统来说纯程序控制I/O或存储器映射I/O的效率都很低，所以又出现了中断方式。

Coprocessor I/O(协处理器I/O)

When the processor is being used to control I/O and move the data，there is a loss of processor efficiency. Thus the idea naturally arises to use a second processor or coprocessor for I/O.

当处理器用于控制I/O和传送数据时，其效率下降。因而自然会想到用第二个处理器或协处理器去处理I/O。

I/O devices 输入输出设备:

1.INTERACTIVE INPUT 交互性输入

2.DIRECT INPUT 直接输入

3.SPEECH RECOGNITION 语音识别

4.SENSOR INPUT 传感器输入

5.DISPLAY OUTPUTS 显示输出

6.PRINTERS FOR DOCUMENT OUTPUTS 文本打印机

BUSES AND CONTROLLERS 总线和控制器

Centralized Control.A single hardware control unit will recognize a request and grant access to the bus to a requesting device.It is the responsibility of the controller to resolve simultaneous requests and assign priority to the requests.At least three designs are used for centralized controllers:daisy chain，polling with a global counter，and polling with local counters.

集中式控制。用一个控制器硬件去识别总线请求并允许请求设备去访问总线。该控制器的责任是处理同时来的多个请求并对这些请求安排优先级。集中式控制器至少有3种方式:菊花链式、带全局计数器的轮询和带局部计数器的轮询。

Distributed Control.Distributed control，also known as decentralized control，distributes the control function between all the devices on the bus.The major advantage of decentralized control is that the system is easily expandable by the addition of modules.As with centralized control，there are three basic designs:daisy chain，polling，and independent requests.

分布式控制。分布式控制又称分散式控制，它把控制功能分布在总线上的所有设备中。分散式控制的主要优点是通过增加模块使系统容易扩充。与集中式控制一样，分散式控制也有3种基本方式:菊花链、轮询和独立请求。

Synchronous Communication. 同步通信

Asynchronous Communication. 异步通信