《叙事、文体与潜文本——重读英美经典短篇小说》读书笔记

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掌握英美短篇小说的技巧:总结分享

掌握英美短篇小说的技巧:总结分享

掌握英美短篇小说的技巧:总结分享。

一、先读概要英美短篇小说通常篇幅较短,有时只有几页甚至只有几十行。

但是,短篇小说的情节通常安排紧凑,语言也较为简练,所以很容易让人产生阅读疲劳。

因此,在阅读英美短小说之前,建议先读一遍概要,了解故事大意和悬念,这样有助于把握故事情节的转折点和结局,也可以帮助读者更加专注于文本。

二、注重语言细节英美短篇小说的语言精炼,注重细节。

在阅读过程中,注意观察作者用词的特点和技巧,了解作者的文化背景和思想倾向,同时也可以从中学习一些语言细节和表达技巧。

比如,通过对比作者使用的动词、形容词和副词,可以了解文本的情感色彩和文化价值观。

此外,英美短篇小说通常会运用一些比喻和象征手法,这些手法不仅可以增强作品的艺术感染力,也可以帮助读者更好地理解文本的内涵。

三、重视故事结构故事结构是英美短篇小说的核心之一。

它主要包括情节、人物和主题三个要素。

在阅读英美短篇小说时,需要仔细研究这三个要素之间的关系和发展,注意故事的节点和高潮,并思考作者想要表达的主题和意义。

此外,在了解故事结构的基础上,还可以尝试借鉴其中的一些写作技巧,比如跳跃式叙事、多视角叙事、闪回和字里行间等。

四、不断拓展阅读材料英美短篇小说种类繁多,涉及到很多不同的文学流派和文化背景。

为了更好地掌握英美短篇小说,需要不断拓展阅读材料,涉猎不同的题材和风格,了解不同作者的写作特点和文化背景。

这不仅可以拓展学习者的思维和视野,也可以帮助读者更好地掌握英语语言和文化。

掌握英美短篇小说需要一定的阅读技巧和方法。

通过先读概要、注重语言细节、重视故事结构和不断拓展阅读材料,可以帮助读者更好地理解文本和把握故事情节,提高阅读水平和语言能力。

英美小说读后感

英美小说读后感

英美小说读后感第一篇:英美小说读后感Freedom ——My Impression of The Declaration of Independence “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.”First of all, I truly believe that all that is about impendence of a country or person should be treated seriously.The Declaration of Independence, drafted by Thomas Jefferson, is the fundamental element of founding of United State.The content of Declaration of Independence can be divided into three parts.First part is foreword and it declares the purpose of this declaration.Second part is a generalization of Capitalism’s political thought.And the rest part enumerates the guilt of the British Empire and makes a statement of being independent.I am emphasizing the importance of independence again.We are living in such peaceful year that we are not as eager about independence as they did.So we can’t experience the ecstasy of being free.Freedom is the main point of this declaration.Because freedom is the foundation, we must first make ourselves free.Without freedom, we act like a slave.“All men are created equal”.Equality is also a main point.In this declaration, they demanded equal right as Brittan does.This piece of law is applicable nowadays.Not only does equality mean we demand equal rights as the other do but also it means governor should be punished as usual when they break the law.“They are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.”This time I would like to focus on the line “pursuit of Happiness”.The phrases became popular after publishing.However, someone had mistaken that we have right to pursuit happiness for that we have right to be happy.The meanings of these two sentences are absolutely different.Apparently, we can pursuit our happiness through hard working, but it is impossible that we have happiness without exertion.Meanwhile, “pursuit of happiness” remin ds me of a movie named Pursuit of Happiness.The man in the movie struggled for a long time and finally he succeeded.He pursuit his dream and he was happy in the end.What impressed me most is that we must pay for our own happiness.In a word, we are created equal and we should fight for our equal rights.Moreover, we have right to pursuit happiness but we must struggle for ourselves.Independent—— My Impression of The Great Gatsby For an ordinary lady, what are required characters? Is it self-loving or independent? I will work it out later.Daisy was a miserable woman because she lost love and dignity, being tricked by two men, Tom and Gatsby.I can’t find a more unfortunate woman than Daisy.I come to a conclusion: woman should be independent, self-loving.Daisy used to love Gatsby and she had escape home, tolerating the condemnations from others, even in the last night before wedding she drank a lot and threw the wedding ring away.But she finally gave in because she had to live on.Without materials, she can’t live and she knew love is also realistic.Paying her whole life, she married Tom.T om was a selfish, vulgar, hypercritical man.He married Daisy to fulfill his vanity even he didn’t love Daisy at all.During the five-year marriage, Daisy gradually lost herself and lost her dignity.In order to live a better life, Daisy tolerated her husband’ affairs.Meanwhile,Gatsby showed up.He became more charming and richer.Gatsby did a lot to achieve his broken “American Dream” through seeing Daisy’s regret and shock.What a poor man!Gatsby showed his apartment and procession to Daisy and Daisy was moved and dangling.At that time, Daisy was controlled by these two men.What’s surprised, Daisy let Gatsby take the blame of vehicular manslaughter.If Daisy had been independent and self-loving, she would have not married T om who she didn’t love at all, and she would have not been degraded.It reminds me of nowadays phenomenon.Many young ladies become mistress of the rich old man because of materials and abandon their boyfriend.They satisf y the old man’ every need.But finally, young ladies become old and get nothing from old man.A battle of women is not how to attract fascinate man but to be independent and be herself.A successful woman should keep on her road of life in her own way.She is said to pursuit her dream and maintain her career.Another topic I want to discuss about is “American Dream”, which is actually the theme of The Great Gatsby.The main character, Gatsby, a poor man at the very beginning, had a “American Dream”.He wanted to m arry Daisy.But his dream was broken because Daisy refused to marry him.It was the first time that his “American Dream” had broken.Gatsby became rich later and did a lot to let Daisy come to his house, including moving to the house next to Nick, holding a lot of luxury parties.He made it.Daisy came to his house and fell in love with him again.At last Daisy let Gatsby take the blame of vehicular manslaughter and she fled away with T om.What’s ridiculers is that Gatsby still believed Daisy would stay with him.Apparently, it was the second time that his dream had broken.What a miserable man and poor woman!Five Lessons——My Impression of The Five People You Meet in the Heaven Life and Death is metempsychosis.Mitch Albom's The Five People You Meet in Heaven weaves together three stories, all told about the same man: 83-year-old Eddie, the head maintenance person at Ruby Point Amusement Park.As the novel opens, readers are told that Eddie is only minutes away from death as he goes about his typical business at the park.And after Eddie died, he met five people in the heaven.Each soul has a story to tell, a secret to reveal, and a lesson to share.Through them Eddie understands the meaning of his own life even as his arrival brings closure to theirs.The first person Eddie met in the heaven was a stranger, blue man.Actually, Eddie met the blue man when he was a child.Eddie caused the blue man’ death indirectly and he felt sorry for the blue man.The blue man taught him a lesson.“No life is a waste.The only time we waste is the time we spend thinking we are alone”.Life never will be meaningless.All the thing we do and all the experiences we suffer are meaningful.We should enjoy our life.The second person he met in the heaven was his Captain, who had shot at his leg.He knew that the Captain did this for his good and the Captain died of explosion.The Captain also taught a lesson to Eddie.Death is not the end of everything.Self-sacrifice is a part of life.Sometimes you think you have lost a thing then you are giving it to other.We should be generous and give a helping hand.Your life will be wonderful after giving and donating.The third person he met in the heaven was Ruby, the wife of the amusement park’s founder.She told the truth of Eddie’s father’s death.She taught the third les son to Eddie.To forgive other is kind of mercy to yourself.We should learn to forgive those who have hurt you or you just simply don’t like.The forth person he met in the heaven is his wife,Margaret.Eddie loved his wife very much, and so Margaret did.Margaret told Eddie that life is limited while love is unlimited.As for myself, I know that I can keep loving my parents even though they are not alive any more.Love is everlasting.The last person he met in the heaven was a Philippine girl, Tara.Eddie caused her death directly.He felt sorry for her but Tara forgave him.Because Tara knew that Eddie had saved a girl’s live.Eddie ruined a girl’s live but he saved another girl’s live.Everything happened in the world is related.The Five People You Meet in the Heaven reminds me of a TV series named Touch.Everything is associated.The idea of this book and that TV series is similar to Buddhism idea——Metempsychosis.Because we believe that we have future life, we pay attention to what we have said and what we have done in case that we would be punished in the coming future life.第二篇:英美著名小说总结一、英国文学1.Kingsley Amis---Lucky Jim《幸运的吉姆》,Sense and Sensibility《理智与情感》,Emma《爱玛》,Lady Susan《苏珊太太》,Love and Friendship《爱情和友谊》,Mansfield Park《曼斯菲尔德庄园》,Persuasion 《劝导》,Northanger Abbey《诺桑觉寺》3.Arnold Bennett---The Old Wives’ T ale 《老妇人的故事》4.Elizabeth Bowen---The Death of the Heart《心之死》5.Charlotte Bronte---Jane Eyre 《简·爱》6.Emily Bronte---Wuthering Heights《呼啸山庄》7.Anthony Burgess---A Clockwork Orange 《发条椅子》8.Samuel Butler---The Way of All Flesh《众生之路》9.A.S.Byatt---Possession 《占有》10.Lewis Carroll---Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland 《爱丽丝仙境历险记》11.Angela Carter---The Company of Wolves《狼之一族》12.Agatha Christie---Murder on the Orient Express《东方快车谋杀案》13.Ivy Compton-Burnett---A Family and a Fortune《家庭和财富》14.Joseph Conrad---Heart of Darkness《黑暗的心》, Lord Jim 《吉姆爷》15.Daniel Defoe---Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂游记》16.Charles Dickens---David Copperfield 《大卫·科波菲尔》A Christmas Carol 《圣诞欢歌》A Child's History of England 《写给孩子看的英国历史》A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》American Notes《旅美札记》Pictures from Italy《意大利风光》Bleak House 《荒凉山庄》Chimes 《钟声》David Copperfield 《大卫·科波菲尔》Domby and Son《董贝父子》Great Expectations《远大前程》Hard Times《艰难时世》17.Sir Arthur C.Ddyle---Adventure of Sherlock Holmes《福尔摩斯历险记》18.Margaret Drabble---The Waterfall《瀑布》19.Daphne Du Maurier---Rebecca《蝴蝶梦》20.George Eliot---Middlemarch《米德尔马契》21.E.M.Forster---Howards End《霍华德庄园》, A Passage to India《印度之旅》22.John Fowles---The French Lieutenant’s Woman《法国中尉的女人》23.John Galsworthy---The Man of Property 《财主》24.William Golding---Lord of the Flies 《蝇王》25.Graham Greene---The Human Factor《成事在人》26.Thomas Hardy---Tess of the D’Urbervilles《苔丝》, Jude the Obscure《无名的裘德》27.Aldous Huxley---After Many a Summer《许多个夏天之后》28.Henry James---Daisy Miller《戴茜·米勒》29.James Joyce---A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man《青年艺术家画像》,Ulysses《尤利西斯》30.Rudyard Kipling---Kim《金姆》31.Charles Lamb---Tales from Shakespeare 《莎士比亚故事集》wrence---Sons and Lovers 《儿子与情人》33.John Le Carred---The Spy Who Came in from the Cold《冷战谍魂》34.Doris Lessing---The Grass Is Singing《野草在歌唱》35.David Lodge---Nice Work《好工作》36.W.Somerset Maugham---The Moon and Sixpence《月亮和六便士》, Of Human Bondage《人性的枷锁》37.Iris Murddoch---The Black Prince《黑王子》38.George Orwell---Nineteen Eighty-Four《1984》39.Salman Rushdie---Midnight Children《午夜的孩子》40.Sir Walter Scott---Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》41.C.P.Snow---The Affair《丑闻》42.Muriel Spark---The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie《简·布罗迪小姐的青春》43.Robert Louis Stevenson---Treasure Island《金银岛》44.Jonathan Swift---Gulliver’s Travels《格列佛游记》45.William M.Thackeray---Vanity Fair 《名利场》46.Evelyn Waugh---A Handful of Dust《一掬尘土》47.H.G.Wells---The Invisible Man 《隐形人》48.Oscar Wilde---The Picture of Dorian Gray 《道利·格雷的肖像》49.Virginia Woolf---Mrs Dalloway《黛洛维夫人》, T o the Lighthouse《到灯塔去》二、美国文学1.Sherwood Anderson---Winesburg, Ohio《小城畸人》2.James Baldwin---Go T ell It on the Mountain《高山上的呼喊》3.Saul Bellow---Seize the Day《勿失良辰》, Henderson the Rain King 《雨王韩德森》4.Willam S.Burroughs---The Naked Lunch 《裸体午餐》5.Willa Cather---My Antonia 《我的安东尼亚》6.Kate Chopin---The Awakening《觉醒》7.Stephen Crane---The Red Badge of Courage 《红色英勇勋章》8.Theodore Dreiser---Sister Carrie《嘉莉妹妹》, An American Tragedy《美国悲剧》9.Ralph Ellison---Invisible Man《隐形人》10.William Faulkner---Go Down, Moses《去吧,摩西》, The Sound and the Fury《喧哗与骚动》11.F.Scott Fitzgerald---The Great Gatsby 《伟大的盖茨比》12.Alex Haley---Roots 《根》13.Nathaniel Hawthorne---The Scarlet Letter《红字》14.Joseph Heller---Catch-22 《22条军规》15.Ernest Hemingway---The Sun Also Rises《太阳照常升起》, The Old Man and the Sea《老人与海》16.James Jones---From Here to Eternity《乱世忠魂》17.Maxine Hong Kingston---The Woman Warrior《女勇士》18.Harper lee---T o Kill a Mockingbird《杀死一只知更鸟》19.Sinclair Lewis---Main Street 《大街》20.Jack London---The Call of the Wild 《野性的呼唤》Martin Eden 《马丁·伊登》21.Norman Mailer---The Naked and the Dead《裸者与死者》22.Carson McCullers---The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter 《寂寞的心》或《心是孤独的猎手》23.James A.Michener---Centennial24.Margaret Mitchell---Gone with the Wind 《乱世佳人》25.Toni Morrison---The Bluest Eye 《最蓝的眼睛》26.Vladimir Nabokov---Lolita 《洛丽塔》27.Frank Norris---The Octopus《章鱼》28.J.D.Salinger---The Catcher in the Rye《麦田里的守望者》29.Erich Segal---Man, Woman and Child 《男人、女人和孩子》30.Upton Sinclair---The Jungle 《丛林》31.John Steinbeck---The Grapes of Wrath《愤怒的葡萄》32.Harriet Beecher Stowe---Uncle Tom's Cabin 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》33.William Styron---Sophie's Choice《苏菲的抉择》34.Mark Twain---The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》The Prince and the Pauper《王子与贫儿》35.Alice Walker---The Color Purple《紫色》36.Robert Penn Warren---All the King's Men《国王班底》37.Edith Wharton---The Age of Innocence 《纯真年代》38.Thornton Wilder---The Bridge of San Luis Rey 《圣路易斯雷的大桥》39.Thomas Wolfe---Look Homeward, Angel《天使,望故乡》40.Herman Wouk---The Winds of War《战争风云》41.Richard Wright---Native Son《土生子》42.Louisa May Alcott---Little Women 《小妇人》第三篇:英美文学名著读后感A review of the great Gatsby It’s a story described for the 20's through the perfect artistic form to sell “the American dream” which liquor nouveau riche Gates compared pursues vanishing, has promulgated the American society's tragedy.Gates and bids good-bye compared to and the black eyebrow coloring alizarin red love originally is the very ordinary love story.But theauthor makes a masterly opening move, compared to the girl which is in love treats as Gates the youth, the money and the status symbol, treats as the method pursue wealthy material life “the American dream”.Gates compares in order to pursue the black eyebrow coloring alizarin red to exhaust own sentiment and the ability and wisdom, finally ruined own life.He naively thought that, Had the money to be able to revive an old dream, redeems the love which lost.He was what a pity wrong.He looked at mistakenly black eyebrow coloring alizarin red this vulgar superficial woman.He looked at mistakenly on the surface the debauchery but the spiritual sky empty bored society.He lives in the illusion, is gotten rid by the black eyebrow coloring alizarin red, is desolate for the society, finally has cast the tragedy which is unable to recall.The Gates ratio is the 20's models American youth.His bitter experience is precisely the happy song smiles the dance “knight the time” the portrayal.After telling the story briefly ,i just want using the new criticism approach analyze this movie.I trust after numerous people watched this movie who will be attracted by the passion of love and the cruelty money society.This movie reflect a kind of social phenomenon in America.Everybody go after fame and money ,all kinds of people chasing you around when you rich and also they will gone when you lose everything.Director compared and contrast the Gates and Daisy in the movie ,both of them are tragedies.Daisy abandon true love Gates due to the money and Gates dead for the worthless love.It is also the America society tragedy.The America dream is an incorrect attitudes towards money and life.The large amount of environment description which also reflect the huge social gap.The uppertendom live a luxury and dissipation life but the underclass live in extreme misery.All of thetechnique of expression in order to criticize the unhealthy characteristics of the times.Darren 01310512y24第四篇:小说读后感小说的读后感篇一:巴金小说读后感《家》《春》《秋》是巴金的《激流三部曲》。

《英美小说叙事理论研究》读书笔记思维导图

《英美小说叙事理论研究》读书笔记思维导图

引用文献
人名索引
未名译库·新叙事理论译丛
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《北大欧美文学研究丛书》编委 会名单
绪论
上篇 传统小说叙事理论
1
概述
第一章 18世纪 2
英国小说叙事 理论
3 第二章 司各特
和奥斯丁论小 说叙事
4 第三章 英国19
世纪中期小说 叙事理论
5 第四章 美国19
世纪中期小说 叙事理论
中篇 现代小说叙事理论
1
概述
第五章 现代小 说理论的奠基
2
人:亨利·詹
目录
05 下篇 后经典小说叙事 理论
07 人名索引
06 引用文献
08
未名译库·新叙事理论 译丛
《英美小说叙事理论研究》探讨的不少问题在以往的研究中被忽略,书中不少观点在国内外均属于首次提出。 上篇和中篇所采用的把小说家叙事观点与创作实践相结合的研究方法同以往的研究相比有所创新,对英美不同小 说叙事传统的对比研究也构成了一种新的途径。下篇清理了后经典叙事理论中相关概念、术语的混乱,纠正了种 种偏误。
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《英美小说叙事理论研究》
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本书关键字分析思维导图
理论
世纪
文学
传奇
小说家
读者
概念
小说
研究ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
故事 传统
表现
叙事
叙事学
规范
现代
问题
经典
亨利詹姆斯
目录
01 《北大欧美文学研究 丛书》编委会名单
03
上篇 传统小说叙事理 论

读《英美小说叙事理论研究》有感,书评

读《英美小说叙事理论研究》有感,书评

读《英美小说叙事理论研究》有感《英美小说叙事理论研究》是一部有分量的学术成果。

本文将阐述它的三个主要特点: 从内容上讲, 该书跨越三个世纪, 丰富博实; 在方法上, 研究者注重微观突破, 理论细读运用得恰倒好处; 就创新而言, 研究者善于综合, 把宏观透视和微观分析有机结合, 能成一家之言。

同时, 论文还将说明, 小说的学说, 即叙事学, 之所以大, 是由小说本身的兼容性所决定的。

小说融传、剧、诗、文、史于一体, 这就是小说后来居上的原因, 也是文类发展的一个基本规律。

《英美小说叙事理论研究》值得研究。

申丹、韩加明、王丽亚是理想的学术团队, 他们学有专长, 术又相通, 分则各成其美, 合则相错如秀。

申丹精研20 世纪西方小说叙事理论,论文不断, 成果厚重, 是叙事学界异常活跃的领军人物。

韩加明专治18 世纪英国文学, 又以小说为重点, 无论是负笈海外, 还是教学国内, 都不离本业, 经年累月, 腹笥颇深。

王丽亚善于打硬战, 她对19 世纪文坛重镇亨利·詹姆斯情有独钟, 用力甚勤, 同时又多方阅读,大有外围突破的魄力。

研究时段的互补是他们三人组合的一大优势。

他们三人团队的另一个优势也是得天独厚的。

申丹留学英伦的爱丁堡, 韩加明深造于美国的康奈尔, 王丽亚读博在中国的北大, 三国之学养, 越界之运思, 成就了一部名副其实的大书———《英美小说叙事理论研究》。

英美小说叙事理论, 上下三百年, 大到理论家的殚精竭虑之作, 小到小说家作品里的吉光片羽, 林林总总, 极为浩繁。

研究这样一个课题, 对研究者来说, 无异于攀登连绵不断的群峰, 训练有素的团队自然必不可少, 但也离不开全景在胸的气度。

《英美小说叙事理论研究》的第一个特点是, 内容博富, 视野开阔。

众所周知, 叙事研究向来以驳杂繁多著称, 18世纪和19 世纪姑且不论, 仅以20 世纪而言,数其荦荦大者, 就有十家左右: 以普罗普为中坚的斯拉夫形式主义; 巴赫金所独创的对话理论; 克莱恩和布斯为首的芝加哥亚里士多德学派; 黎科等人所奉行的阐释学和现象学叙事理论; 热奈特等力主的结构主义叙事学; 卢卡奇和詹明信等人标举的马克思主义叙事学说; 弗莱潜心钻研的传奇研究等。

关于欧美著名文学作品的读后感优秀三篇

关于欧美著名文学作品的读后感优秀三篇

关于欧美著名文学作品的读后感优秀三篇《经典诵读》是一本非常好的书,里面包含了许多诗人在作诗时所流露出的丰富感情,还有很容易理解的诗意……我觉得《经典诵读》是一本能让不爱学习的孩子记得清清楚楚的一本书,每个诗意和注释都很通俗易懂,能让我们较容易记住。

《经典诵读》里的诗有的是告诉我们做人的道理,有的是让我们惜时如金,有的是教会我们要做一个有高尚道德品质、懂礼貌的好孩子……而且在有时背诗背累了还可以阅读《经典诵读》里的成语故事,这样既能让人放松放松,同时也能学到广泛的知识和道理。

在《经典诵读》里面的《独坐敬亭山》中,作者李白写出了他孤独的思想感情。

“众鸟高飞尽”这句诗描写了敬亭山的景色,描述了鸟儿们已经高飞远去;“孤云独去闲”这句诗中的“孤”字写出了作者孤独、孤单的心境,仿佛作者就是天上的那一朵云彩十分自在,慢悠悠地越飘越远;“相看两不厌”这里是指现在只剩下我和敬亭山了,我们俩都彼此相望互不满足,谁能理解我此时的心情?“只有敬亭山”大概只有这座和我相望着的高大的敬亭山吧!此时,我也己陶醉其中,仿佛我就是作者正在与敬亭山相互对望着……我觉得作者写诗的主要意图就是要写出自己的孤独,从而赞美敬亭山。

每次我背书时就会有一种快乐,既可以自我模拟一下,又学到了知识,这样不是很有趣吗?真是一举两得…我现在已经成为了一名背诗爱好者了,我也希望自己能写出几篇自己的诗歌和散文,最好还能在各种征文中获奖!近段时间一直在拧一些乱乱的文字,看得乱流突袭,开始发觉在生活中讲话都失去语感。

于是产生了懒惰情绪,不愿意再在艰涩晦深的问题中继续停留,转而回身读一些小时候所看的东西。

第一本看的,便是《简爱》。

《简爱》是英国文学史上的一部经典传世之作,它成功地塑造了英国文学史中第一个对爱情、生活、社会以及宗教都采取了独立自主的积极进取态度和敢于斗争、敢于争取自由平等地位的女性形象。

对于《简爱》,早先我是完全被它的语言所打倒。

如痴如醉,魂牵梦萦,有段时间张口闭口都在学那种英国式优雅的口吻。

独特的理论建树 创新的文本阐释——评申丹新作《叙事、文体与潜文本》

独特的理论建树 创新的文本阐释——评申丹新作《叙事、文体与潜文本》

“ 含 作 者 ” 一 概 念 是 在 形 式 主 义 盛 行 之 时 隐 这 由美 国著 名 修 辞 学 家 韦 恩 ・布 思 首 度 提 出 , 便 在 以 文本 的掩 护下 , 持对 作 者 意 图以及 作 者 与 读 者之 保 间交 流 的继续 关 注 , 成 为 叙 事 学界 的一 个 核 心概 后 念 。 作 家 在 创 作 某 一 作 品 时 的立 场 ( “隐 含 作 者 ” 即 的 立 场 ) 往 有 别 于 其 在 现 实 生 活 中 的 立 场 ( “真 往 即 实 作 者 ” 立 场 ), 且 同一 个 作 家 在 创 作 不 同 作 品 的 并 时也 可 能会 采取 各 不相 同 的立 场 , 些 作 品也 就会 这 隐 含 不 同 的作 者 形 象 。 然 而 , 多 造 诣 高 深 的 西 方 众 学者 从字 面上 理 解 布 思关 于作 者 写作 时 “ 造 了 ” 创
到 充 分 的 回旋 余 地 后 来 的 乐 曲 , 极 简 单 的 音 符 谱 出 缓 慢 悠 用 远 的 音 乐 , 人 生 哲 思 这 把 弓 拉 得 满 满 的 。 一 位 文 把 学 批 评 理 论 家 的成 熟 论 著 , 可 以 营 造 出 这 般 优 美 也 的审美 效果 。
进 一 步 ” 学 术 力 作 。 该 书 分 为 上 下 两 篇 : 篇 深 的 上 人 辨 析 和 澄 清 一 些 核 心 理 论 概 念 , 括 “隐 含 作 包 者 ”、 不 可 靠 叙 述 ” “ 述 视 角 ”, 进 一 步 倡 导 “ 和 叙 并 叙 事学 与文体 学 相结 合 的研 究方 法 , 下 篇 的 小 说 为 解 读做 好 铺 垫 。下 篇 重 点 阐 释 几 位 著 名 作 家 的 八 篇 经 典 短 篇 , 的 是 打 破 阐 释 框 架 的 束 缚 , 掘 出 目 挖

英语短篇小说读后感

英语短篇小说读后感

英语短篇小说读后感英语短篇小说读后感契诃夫是世界文坛上一位罕见的艺术家。

他的小说经受了百年的时间检验,依然闪耀着独特的艺术光彩。

契诃夫的着眼点总是平凡的人的日常生活,他是个描写日常生活中的最平凡事情的现实主义者。

但是他从不陷入日常生活的“泥沼”,他对生活素材认真细致地进行“观察、选择”,而在创作过程中又进行“推测、组合”,使生活素材形象化,平平常常的似乎是偶然的现象中揭示出生活的本质。

所以我很喜欢契诃夫的作品。

在这本短篇小说选中,我最喜欢的还是其中的《变色龙》,《钉子上》和《万卡》。

《变色龙》告诉了我们:在沙皇俄国将军家中的一条狗比平民百姓还要重要,巡逻官奥楚美洛夫之流在有权势者的家犬前摇尾乞怜,而对老百姓却张牙舞爪,蛮横娇纵。

《变色龙》就是契诃夫送给人世的一面镜子,一个警示,在百余年后的今天同样还是有人身上有着“变色龙”的奴性,表里不一;《万卡》可以说是《苦恼》的姐妹篇。

都是抒情心理短篇小说。

主要写的是:九岁童工的稚真心灵,他的学徒生活的苦楚,他对祖父和家乡的眷恋——这一切在篇幅不大的作品中巧妙地互相穿插和渗透,短短几页字就写出了童工生活中的酸甜苦辣,给读者留下了深刻的印象;短篇小说《钉子上》和《一个文官之死》一样,都展现了但是沙皇俄国在官场上的丑态:强者霸道、倨傲专横,弱者低头哈腰、不敢反抗。

臭虫般的切尔维亚科夫以及他的奴才们的心理正是这种官场生活的产物。

读了这本小说选后,我更能体会到当时沙皇俄国官场上的险恶与蛮横,也看清了当时和如今的“变色龙”就是墙头草,哪边是强者就拥护哪边,即使那强者并不是善良的那一方。

《契诃夫短篇小说选》给我了很多启迪,让我了解到不少沙皇俄国的当年!英语短篇小说读后感莫泊桑是19世纪末法国伟大的批判现实主义作家和短篇小说家、自然主义文学流派的杰出代表,与契珂夫、欧?亨利并称为“世界三大短篇小说之王”。

他的小说以其精湛的艺术技巧和行云流水般的文笔、及纯粹的语言,成为展现法语美丽的典范之作,在法国乃至世界文学史上占据着无可替代的地位。

英文原著小说读书笔记

英文原著小说读书笔记

‎‎‎‎英文原著小‎说读书笔记‎篇一:‎英语‎小说读书笔‎记 Boo‎k s an‎d Nov‎e ls B‎o oks ‎a nd N‎o vels‎Book‎s and‎Nove‎l sBoo‎k s an‎d Nov‎e ls 篇‎二:‎英语小说‎读书笔记‎英语小说读‎书笔记 t‎h ere ‎a re t‎w o op‎p osit‎e gan‎g s na‎m ed s‎o cs a‎n d gr‎e aser‎s. ki‎d s wh‎o se b‎a ckgr‎o unds‎are ‎v ery ‎r ich ‎a re c‎a lled‎soci‎a ls, ‎w e na‎m e it‎as s‎o cs. ‎t he p‎o or k‎i ds a‎r e ca‎l led ‎g reas‎e rs, ‎b ecau‎s e th‎e ir h‎a ir a‎r e co‎v ered‎with‎grea‎s e an‎d the‎y oft‎e n we‎a r gr‎e asy ‎c loth‎e s. t‎h ere ‎a re f‎u ll o‎f con‎t radi‎c tion‎betw‎e en t‎h em. ‎t he m‎a in c‎h arac‎t er i‎s pon‎y boy,‎he i‎s the‎youn‎g est ‎g reas‎e r, a‎n d he‎hate‎s the‎socs‎beca‎u se h‎e alw‎a ys g‎e ts j‎u mped‎by t‎h em. ‎d arry‎and ‎s odap‎o p ar‎e his‎elde‎r bro‎t hers‎, and‎they‎both‎drop‎p ed o‎u t of‎scho‎o l to‎work‎in o‎r der ‎t o ra‎i se m‎o ney ‎f or p‎o nybo‎y ‘s ‎s tudy‎. thr‎o ugh ‎s eein‎g a m‎o vie ‎t oget‎h er w‎i th a‎rich‎but ‎k ind ‎g irl,‎cher‎r y, p‎o nybo‎y rea‎l izes‎that‎not ‎a ll s‎o cs a‎r e ba‎d. jo‎h nny ‎i s hi‎s bes‎tfri‎e nd, ‎h e us‎e d to‎be v‎e ry w‎e ak, ‎b ut a‎f ter ‎b eing‎jump‎e d by‎4 so‎c s, h‎e bee‎s mad‎and ‎u sual‎l y br‎i ngs ‎a swi‎t chbl‎a de w‎i th h‎i m, a‎n d if‎ther‎e is ‎a nyon‎e who‎want‎sto ‎p lay ‎t rick‎s on ‎h im, ‎h e wi‎l l ki‎l l th‎a t on‎e. su‎d denl‎y, in‎a we‎e k, j‎o hnny‎dies‎in a‎fire‎,bob‎(his ‎f rien‎d) is‎kill‎by s‎o meon‎e unw‎i llin‎g ly, ‎d ally‎(the ‎m ost ‎v iole‎n t gr‎e aser‎) kil‎lhim‎s elf ‎b ecau‎s e jo‎h nny’‎s dea‎t h. p‎o nybo‎y gro‎w s a ‎l ot, ‎r eali‎z e th‎e lov‎e of ‎h is f‎a mili‎e s an‎d fri‎e nds,‎and ‎p romi‎s es t‎o be ‎a goo‎d man‎, and‎not ‎f ight‎anym‎o re..‎this‎is r‎e ally‎ahe‎r oic ‎s tory‎, and‎i le‎a rnt ‎a lot‎from‎it..‎firs‎t of ‎a ll, ‎i rea‎l ized‎that‎we s‎h ould‎n’t a‎s sess‎anyo‎n e ju‎s t by‎know‎i ng a‎b out ‎h is b‎a ckgr‎o und.‎in t‎h e bo‎o k, p‎o nybo‎y tho‎u ght ‎t hat ‎l ife ‎w as u‎n fair‎-socs‎alwa‎y s wi‎n, gr‎e aser‎s alw‎a ys l‎o se. ‎s ocs ‎c ould‎easi‎l y go‎to c‎o lleg‎e, bu‎t gre‎a sers‎some‎t imes‎must‎drop‎out ‎o f sc‎h ool ‎t o wo‎r k fo‎r the‎i r li‎v ings‎. so ‎h e ha‎t ed s‎o cs a‎sif ‎f rom ‎h is b‎i rth.‎but ‎h e gr‎a dual‎l y re‎a lize‎d tha‎t som‎e soc‎s are‎kind‎, but‎some‎grea‎s ers ‎a re a‎l ike ‎a hoo‎d. so‎we s‎h ould‎also‎know‎peop‎l e de‎e ply ‎b efor‎e jud‎g ing ‎t hem,‎and ‎b elie‎v e th‎e tru‎t h mo‎r e th‎a n ou‎r sub‎j ecti‎v e th‎i ngs.‎s econ‎d ly, ‎n o ma‎t ter ‎h ow o‎u r ba‎c kgro‎u nds ‎a ndf‎a mili‎e s ar‎e, we‎shou‎l d ha‎v e ki‎n d an‎d bra‎v e he‎a rts.‎in t‎h e st‎o ry, ‎p onyb‎o y sa‎w man‎ygre‎a sers‎crim‎e and‎figh‎t jus‎t bec‎a use ‎o f th‎e ir i‎d enti‎f y, h‎e tho‎u ght ‎t hat ‎w as t‎o tall‎y wro‎n g. e‎v en h‎i s dy‎i ng f‎r iend‎, joh‎n ny t‎o ld h‎i m to‎stay‎gold‎whic‎h mea‎n s to‎be k‎i nd, ‎s impl‎e and‎pure‎in a‎seri‎o us h‎e alth‎cond‎i tion‎. on ‎t he o‎t her ‎h and,‎pony‎b oy t‎h ough‎t gre‎s ers ‎h ave ‎t hes‎a me r‎i ghts‎as s‎o cs, ‎a nd h‎e nev‎e r lo‎w ered‎his ‎h ead ‎i n fr‎o nt o‎f soc‎s.the‎r e ar‎e als‎osom‎e thin‎g goo‎d abo‎u t lo‎v e. a‎t the‎begi‎n ning‎, pon‎y boy ‎t houg‎h t th‎a t da‎l ly, ‎h is e‎l dest‎brot‎h er f‎u lly ‎c once‎n trat‎e d on‎work‎i ng a‎n d ma‎k ing ‎m oney‎, but‎neve‎r car‎e d ab‎o ut h‎i m an‎d sod‎a pop,‎and ‎h e wa‎s dis‎l ike ‎a you‎n g ma‎n any‎m ore,‎more‎like‎an a‎d ult.‎but ‎o nce ‎p onyb‎o y wa‎s sic‎k ver‎y ser‎i ousl‎y, he‎saw ‎d ally‎cryi‎n g fo‎r the‎firs‎t tim‎e whe‎n he ‎w as a‎s leep‎-goin‎g-to-‎w aken‎-up. ‎a nd w‎h en t‎h ey w‎e re h‎a ving‎a ru‎m ble ‎w ith ‎a gan‎g of ‎s ocs,‎he w‎a sal‎w ays ‎c over‎e d wi‎t h hi‎s two‎elde‎r bro‎t hers‎. fro‎m tha‎t, he‎knew‎his ‎s mall‎fami‎l y wo‎u ldn‎e ver ‎b e sh‎o rt o‎f lov‎e, an‎d his‎brot‎h ers ‎l oved‎him ‎m uch ‎m ore ‎t han ‎h e co‎u ld i‎m agin‎e. in‎my r‎e al l‎i fe, ‎w hen ‎m y te‎a cher‎s and‎pare‎n ts a‎r e st‎r ict ‎w ith ‎m e, i‎shou‎l dn’t‎thin‎k tha‎t the‎y don‎’t lo‎v e me‎, it ‎i s ju‎s t an‎o ther‎, mor‎e dee‎p way‎to l‎o ve. ‎t he w‎r iter‎wrot‎e thi‎s boo‎k whe‎n he ‎w as o‎n ly a‎teen‎a ger ‎a s fo‎u rtee‎n-goi‎n g-to‎-fift‎e en, ‎i n th‎e sam‎e age‎as m‎e. so‎it i‎s mor‎e eas‎y for‎me t‎o get‎clos‎e to ‎h im a‎n d un‎d erst‎a nd h‎i m. b‎u t he‎trul‎y exp‎e rien‎c ed a‎l li ‎e xper‎i ence‎d and‎some‎t hing‎i ha‎v e ne‎v er i‎m agin‎e d. s‎o i s‎h ould‎lear‎n som‎e thin‎g goo‎dfro‎m him‎, and‎keep‎away‎from‎thin‎g bad‎he h‎a d do‎n e. t‎h is b‎o ok r‎e ally‎taug‎h t me‎a lo‎t, an‎d i w‎i ll s‎p are ‎n o ef‎f orts‎to d‎o the‎good‎thin‎g s it‎brin‎g to ‎m e!篇三‎:‎英语小说读‎后感 th‎e wom‎e n in‎whit‎e it ‎i s a ‎s tory‎of g‎r eed ‎a nd e‎v il, ‎i nnoc‎e nce ‎a ndb‎e tray‎a l, c‎o nfus‎e d id‎e ntit‎i es a‎n d cr‎u el d‎e cept‎i ons.‎it a‎l so c‎o ntai‎n s lo‎v e.wh‎e nmr.‎hart‎righ‎tand‎miss‎fair‎l e we‎r e se‎p arat‎e d,th‎e y st‎i ll m‎i ssed‎each‎othe‎r muc‎h in ‎t heir‎own ‎m inds‎and ‎n ever‎give‎up t‎h is l‎o yal ‎l ove.‎i n th‎e end‎, the‎gain‎e d a ‎h appy‎endi‎n g. i‎t rem‎i nded‎me o‎f the‎thin‎g s we‎once‎love‎d.som‎e time‎s,we ‎a re e‎a ger ‎a bout‎some‎t hing‎,such‎as h‎o bbie‎s and‎drea‎m s.we‎thin‎k we ‎c an k‎e ep i‎t ete‎r nall‎y in ‎o ur m‎i nd b‎u t if‎alwa‎y s is‎impo‎s sibl‎e.we ‎f orge‎t it ‎w itho‎u t th‎i nkin‎g whe‎n we ‎p ut o‎u r th‎o roug‎h att‎e ntio‎non ‎o ther‎s,suc‎h as ‎s tudy‎or c‎a reer‎. at ‎l ast,‎w e lo‎s e to‎o muc‎h lov‎e we ‎o nce ‎t ook ‎p osse‎s sion‎of. ‎t hey ‎a lway‎s are‎most‎beau‎t iful‎thin‎g s in‎our ‎l ife.‎i do ‎h ope ‎w e ca‎n pay‎more‎atte‎n tion‎to f‎i nd a‎n d pr‎e serv‎e thi‎s bea‎u ty.i‎n thi‎s nov‎e l, i‎espe‎c iall‎y adm‎i re l‎a ura’‎s sis‎t er m‎a rian‎. she‎is k‎i nd, ‎c alm ‎a nd c‎l ever‎. wal‎t er i‎s a h‎a ndso‎m e an‎d cap‎a ble ‎m an, ‎m aria‎n and‎laur‎a spe‎n t 4 ‎m onth‎s lea‎r ning‎draw‎i ng f‎r om w‎a lter‎, i’m‎sure‎she ‎l oved‎walt‎e r, b‎u t sh‎e was‎self‎l ess ‎a nd m‎a de a‎l l he‎r eff‎o rts ‎t o he‎l p th‎e cou‎p le b‎e tog‎e ther‎. she‎isn’‎t a b‎e auti‎f ulw‎o man,‎but ‎s he i‎s fav‎o red ‎b y th‎e rea‎d ers.‎w illi‎a m wi‎l kie ‎c olli‎n s wa‎s an ‎e ngli‎s hno‎v elis‎t,pla‎y wrig‎h t, a‎n d au‎t hor ‎o f sh‎o rt s‎t orie‎s. he‎was ‎v ery ‎p opul‎a r du‎r ing ‎t he v‎i ctor‎i an e‎r a an‎d wro‎t e 30‎nove‎l s, m‎o re t‎h an 6‎0 sho‎r t st‎o ries‎, 14 ‎p lays‎, and‎more‎than‎100 ‎n onfi‎c tion‎essa‎y s. c‎o llin‎s was‎a li‎f elon‎g fri‎e nd o‎f cha‎r les ‎d icke‎n s. a‎the ‎i nvis‎i ble ‎m an p‎h enom‎e non.‎in t‎h e fi‎s t pl‎a ce, ‎t echn‎o logy‎may ‎b reed‎endl‎e ss g‎r eedl‎e ss. ‎t his ‎i s we‎l lil‎l ustr‎a ted ‎w ith ‎g riff‎i n, w‎h o us‎e d te‎c hnol‎o gy a‎s a t‎o ol t‎o mak‎e a f‎o rtun‎e,eve‎ncon‎d uct ‎o ther‎evil‎beha‎v ior.‎in t‎h e se‎c ond ‎p lace‎, if ‎a sci‎e ntis‎t doe‎s not‎have‎a se‎n se o‎fjus‎t ice ‎a nd r‎e spon‎s ibil‎i ty, ‎m isus‎e wil‎l ens‎u re. ‎t his ‎s cien‎t ist ‎i s ju‎s t a ‎c ase ‎i n po‎i nt, ‎h epl‎a ned ‎t o be‎g in a‎reig‎n of ‎t erro‎r, us‎i ng h‎i s in‎v isib‎i lity‎to t‎e rror‎i ze t‎h e na‎t ion ‎w ith ‎k emp ‎a s hi‎s sec‎r et c‎o nfed‎e rate‎. in ‎a wor‎d, th‎i s is‎both‎thou‎g ht-p‎r ovok‎i ng a‎n din‎t eres‎t ing ‎s tory‎.the ‎m ayor‎of c‎a ster‎b ridg‎e hard‎y mai‎n ly r‎e flec‎t s th‎e mai‎n cha‎r acte‎r’st‎r agic‎a lly ‎f ate ‎t o il‎l ustr‎a te t‎h e st‎r ong ‎f orce‎and ‎b lind‎func‎t ion ‎o f fa‎t e. h‎u man ‎b eing‎s can‎neve‎r esc‎a pe f‎r om t‎h e pu‎z zle ‎a nd g‎r ief,‎whic‎h is ‎m anip‎u late‎d by ‎t ragi‎c ally‎fate‎. in ‎t hen‎o vel,‎hard‎y’s m‎a in c‎h arac‎t ers ‎s eem ‎t o be‎vict‎i ms o‎f a b‎l ind ‎f ate.‎hard‎y’s p‎e ssim‎i sm i‎s mai‎n ly p‎o rtra‎y ed b‎y cha‎r acte‎r’s f‎a te. ‎t he f‎a ilur‎e of ‎h ench‎a rd a‎n d lu‎c etta‎can ‎b e re‎f lect‎e d ha‎r dy’s‎view‎that‎huma‎n bei‎n gs a‎r e ne‎v er f‎r ee e‎n ough‎to e‎x ert ‎t heir‎own ‎w ill ‎o n th‎euni‎v erse‎. thr‎o ugh ‎r eadi‎n g th‎e nov‎e l, t‎h e th‎i ng i‎m pres‎s ed m‎e mos‎t is ‎h ardy‎’s de‎e psy‎m path‎i es a‎r e re‎s erve‎d for‎thos‎e peo‎p le w‎h o ar‎e una‎b le t‎o pro‎t ect ‎t hems‎e lves‎agai‎n stf‎a te. ‎h ardy‎does‎not ‎s ee t‎h em a‎s hel‎p less‎vict‎i ms. ‎i ndee‎d, th‎e re a‎r e fr‎e quen‎t exp‎r essi‎o ns o‎f hop‎e for‎the ‎f utur‎e. th‎a t is‎the ‎r eal ‎s igni‎f ican‎c e of‎hard‎y’s p‎e ssim‎i sm.j‎a maic‎a inn‎sau‎n t pa‎t ienc‎e is ‎a lso ‎a vic‎t im t‎o the‎crue‎l ty o‎f her‎husb‎a nd. ‎s econ‎d ly, ‎l oyal‎t y an‎dcou‎r age.‎a s au‎n t pa‎t ienc‎e is ‎l oyal‎to h‎e r hu‎s band‎, so ‎m ary ‎i s lo‎y al t‎o her‎aunt‎. mar‎y has‎cour‎a ge a‎n d st‎r engt‎h of ‎c hara‎c ter ‎w hich‎prev‎e nts ‎h er f‎r om r‎u nnin‎g awa‎y fro‎mjam‎a ica ‎i nn. ‎s he s‎t ays ‎t o pr‎o tect‎her ‎a unt ‎f rom ‎j oss ‎m erly‎n,and‎tell‎s him‎on t‎h eir ‎f irst‎even‎i ng t‎h at i‎f he ‎e ver ‎h urts‎pati‎e nce ‎s he w‎i ll s‎e t th‎e law‎agai‎n st h‎i m. t‎h is s‎h ow o‎fcou‎r age ‎s aves‎her ‎f rom ‎t he b‎u lly.‎in a‎word‎, i ‎l ove ‎t his ‎s tory‎, re‎s pect‎mary‎’s co‎u rage‎and ‎a dmir‎e the‎auth‎o r’ s‎imag‎i nati‎o n an‎d wis‎d om.’‎grea‎t exp‎e ctat‎i on i‎f we ‎n ever‎poss‎e s an‎y thin‎g, we‎will‎not ‎m ind ‎w e lo‎s t so‎m ethi‎n g. s‎i nce ‎w e do‎n’ t ‎w ant ‎t o be‎very‎rich‎,we ‎w ill ‎n ot f‎e ll d‎e spon‎d bec‎a use ‎p oor.‎the ‎t itle‎o th‎i s bo‎o k is‎grea‎t exp‎e ctat‎i onw‎h ich ‎m ake ‎a n im‎p ress‎i on o‎n i h‎a ve l‎e arnt‎a lo‎t fro‎m thi‎s nov‎e l. i‎beli‎e ve t‎h e re‎a lge‎n tlem‎e n ar‎e not‎thos‎e who‎are ‎r ich,‎they‎shou‎l d al‎s o be‎gene‎r ous ‎a nd k‎i nd. ‎a nd, ‎m oney‎may ‎b uy m‎a ny t‎h ings‎, but‎it c‎a n’t ‎b uy f‎r iend‎s hip ‎a nd h‎a ppin‎e ss. ‎i t is‎not ‎w orth‎gain‎i ngt‎h e mo‎n ey a‎n d so‎c ial ‎p osit‎i on a‎t the‎cost‎of l‎o sing‎the ‎p reci‎o us t‎h ings‎. cha‎r les ‎d icke‎n s wa‎s an ‎e ngli‎s h wr‎i ter ‎a nd s‎o cial‎crit‎i c. h‎e cre‎a ted ‎s ome ‎o f th‎e wor‎l ds m‎o st m‎e mora‎b lef‎i ctio‎n al c‎h arac‎t ers ‎a nd i‎s gen‎e rall‎y reg‎a rded‎as t‎h e gr‎e ates‎t nov‎e list‎of t‎h e vi‎c tori‎a npe‎r iod.‎duri‎n g hi‎s lif‎e, hi‎s wor‎k s en‎j oyed‎unpr‎e cede‎n ted ‎f ame,‎and ‎b y th‎e twe‎n tiet‎hcen‎t ury ‎h is l‎i tera‎r y ge‎n ius ‎w as b‎r oadl‎y ack‎n owle‎d ged ‎b y cr‎i tics‎and ‎s chol‎a rs. ‎h is n‎o vels‎and ‎s hort‎stor‎i es c‎o ntin‎u e to‎be w‎i dely‎popu‎l ar. ‎h is m‎a in w‎o rk i‎n clud‎i ng t‎h e pi‎c kwic‎k pap‎e rs, ‎o live‎r twi‎s t, d‎a vid ‎c oppe‎r fiel‎d, gr‎e at e‎x pect‎a tion‎and ‎s o on‎.篇二:‎英文‎小说读后感‎之飘 go‎n e wi‎t h th‎e win‎d飘(又名‎:‎傲慢与偏见‎)简介:‎ g‎o ne w‎i th t‎h e wi‎n d is‎a ro‎m anti‎c dra‎m a an‎d the‎nove‎l wri‎t ten ‎b y ma‎r gare‎t mit‎c hell‎, whi‎c h se‎t s th‎e ame‎r ican‎civi‎l war‎as t‎h e ba‎c kgro‎u nd. ‎t he n‎o vels‎prot‎a goni‎s t, s‎c arle‎t toh‎a ra i‎s the‎daug‎h ter ‎o f a ‎p lant‎e r, w‎h o is‎rich‎and ‎s tand‎i ng i‎n geo‎r gia ‎u sa. ‎f athe‎r ger‎a ld i‎s an ‎i rish‎immi‎g rant‎. arr‎i ving‎in g‎e orgi‎a, ge‎r ald ‎i s pe‎n nile‎s s bu‎t he ‎w ins ‎t he o‎w ners‎h ip o‎f the‎mano‎r of ‎t arot‎by g‎a mbli‎n g. a‎f ter ‎t hat,‎he b‎e gan ‎t he v‎e ntur‎e in ‎t his ‎r ed l‎a nd, ‎w eavi‎n g hi‎s ame‎r ican‎drea‎m. un‎t il 4‎3 yea‎r s ol‎d, he‎is m‎a rrie‎d wit‎h the‎daug‎h ter ‎n amed‎elle‎n of ‎a fre‎n ch i‎m migr‎a nt i‎n eas‎t coa‎s t kn‎o t. g‎e rald‎is g‎o od-n‎a ture‎d, bu‎t bad‎-temp‎e red ‎a nd t‎h eyo‎u ng w‎i fe h‎a s a ‎g ood ‎f amil‎y edu‎c atio‎n and‎stri‎c t mo‎r al v‎a lues‎. she‎mana‎g es t‎h e da‎y-to-‎d ay a‎f fair‎s of ‎t he e‎s tate‎as a‎whol‎e on ‎h er o‎w n, e‎v en s‎e ts t‎h e bl‎a ck s‎l aves‎to t‎h e do‎c tor.‎beca‎u se o‎f the‎s e, t‎h e co‎u ples‎get ‎t he r‎e spec‎t s fr‎o m th‎e whi‎t e ma‎n or a‎n d wo‎n the‎love‎of t‎h e bl‎a ck s‎l aves‎. the‎i r da‎u ghte‎r sca‎r lett‎is g‎r own ‎u p in‎this‎envi‎r onme‎n t.《飘‎》所讲述的‎是一个以美‎国南北战争‎为背景的爱‎情故事。

英语短篇小说读后感

英语短篇小说读后感

英语短篇小说读后感英语短篇小说读后感契诃夫是世界文坛上一位罕见的艺术家。

他的小说经受了百年的时间检验,依然闪耀着独特的艺术光彩。

契诃夫的着眼点总是平凡的人的日常生活,他是个描写日常生活中的最平凡事情的现实主义者。

但是他从不陷入日常生活的“泥沼”,他对生活素材认真细致地进行“观察、选择”,而在创作过程中又进行“推测、组合”,使生活素材形象化,平平常常的似乎是偶然的现象中揭示出生活的本质。

所以我很喜欢契诃夫的作品。

在这本短篇小说选中,我最喜欢的还是其中的《变色龙》,《钉子上》和《万卡》。

《变色龙》告诉了我们:在沙皇俄国将军家中的一条狗比平民百姓还要重要,巡逻官奥楚美洛夫之流在有权势者的家犬前摇尾乞怜,而对老百姓却张牙舞爪,蛮横娇纵。

《变色龙》就是契诃夫送给人世的一面镜子,一个警示,在百余年后的今天同样还是有人身上有着“变色龙”的奴性,表里不一;《万卡》可以说是《苦恼》的姐妹篇。

都是抒情心理短篇小说。

主要写的是:九岁童工的稚真心灵,他的学徒生活的苦楚,他对祖父和家乡的眷恋——这一切在篇幅不大的作品中巧妙地互相穿插和渗透,短短几页字就写出了童工生活中的酸甜苦辣,给读者留下了深刻的印象;短篇小说《钉子上》和《一个文官之死》一样,都展现了但是沙皇俄国在官场上的丑态:强者霸道、倨傲专横,弱者低头哈腰、不敢反抗。

臭虫般的切尔维亚科夫以及他的奴才们的心理正是这种官场生活的产物。

读了这本小说选后,我更能体会到当时沙皇俄国官场上的险恶与蛮横,也看清了当时和如今的“变色龙”就是墙头草,哪边是强者就拥护哪边,即使那强者并不是善良的那一方。

《契诃夫短篇小说选》给我了很多启迪,让我了解到不少沙皇俄国的当年!英语短篇小说读后感莫泊桑是19世纪末法国伟大的批判现实主义作家和短篇小说家、自然主义文学流派的杰出代表,与契珂夫、欧?亨利并称为“世界三大短篇小说之王”。

他的小说以其精湛的艺术技巧和行云流水般的文笔、及纯粹的语言,成为展现法语美丽的典范之作,在法国乃至世界文学史上占据着无可替代的地位。

创新意识与经典重读_评_叙事_文体与潜文本_重读英美经典短篇小说_

创新意识与经典重读_评_叙事_文体与潜文本_重读英美经典短篇小说_
2.“整 体 细 读 ”与 “潜 藏 文 本 ”: 批评实践的范例及运作
《潜文本》一书中最吸引眼球的部 分,当 属 对“整 体细读”的 介 绍 和 讨 论。 什 么 是 “整 体 细 读”呢? 申 丹指出,所谓的 “整 体 ”主 要 表 现 在 三 个 方 面:“一 是 对作 品 中 各 成 分 之 间 的 相 互 作 用 加 以 综 合 考 察;二 是对 作 品 和 语 境 加 以 综 合 考 察;三 是 对 一 个 作 品 与 相 关 作 品 的 相 似 和 对 照 加 以 互 文 考 察 ”(13)。 而 “细 读”则主要有两个特点:“一是既关注遣 词 造 句,又 关
读者推导的这一写作者的形象(37)。但 是 在 西 方 叙 事学 界,对 于 隐 含 作 者 的 理 解 却 呈 现 出 两 种 相 反 的 走向:第一种理 解 偏 向 “隐 含”,第 二 种 理 解 偏 向 “作 者”。可以说,申丹对“隐含作者”的这种 论 述 帮 助 我 们廓 清 了 关 于 这 个 概 念 的 批 评 迷 雾,进 而 使 得 我 们 更为清晰地认识这个概念的本质内涵。
批评界大都只注意到爱伦·坡短篇小说的唯美 主义现象,而 忽 略 了 其 中 的 道 德 现 象 这 一 “潜 藏 文 本”。《潜文本》以坡的著名作品《泄密的心》为 例,从 “不可靠叙述”这 一 角 度 切 入,从 “文 本、文 外、文 间 ” 三个层面,对其展开研读,从而发掘出 小 说 中 掩 盖 在 表层文本下的道德寓意。尤其值得称 道 的 是,《潜 文 本》还在分析实践的过程,发现了现有理 论 模 式 的 不 足,并对此做出相应的补充和修正,进 而 又 反 过 来 丰 富了批评理论。
申丹近著《叙事、文体 与 潜 文 本———重 读 英 美 经 典短篇小说》(下简称《潜文本》)① 一书是在当 下 经 典 重读热潮中难得一见的佳作。

英美文学名著读后感

英美文学名著读后感

英美文学名著读后感读后感是指读了一本书,一篇文章,一段话,几句名言,一段音乐,或者一段视频后,把具体感受和得到的启示写成的文章。

以下是“英美文学名著读后感”,希望给大家带来帮助!【篇一:《简爱》读后感】《简爱》是一部英国文学史上的经典之作。

它的伟大在于成功地塑造了一位坚持维护独立人格,最求个性自由,主张人生平等,不向命运屈服的坚强女性形象。

小说的主人公简爱从小父母双亡,过着寄人篱下的生活。

小小年纪就承受着与同龄人不一样的待遇:姨妈的嫌弃,表姐的蔑视,表哥的侮辱和毒打……以至被抛弃送进环境恶劣的劳渥德学校。

读到这里,我既为简爱的不幸遭遇感到难过,又为这些人的冷酷无情而感到气愤。

道貌岸然的布洛克尔赫斯特先生不但当着全体师生的面诋毁她,还让她在众人面前示众。

可以说简爱的童年是不幸的。

然而,在这些不幸和苦难面前,她并没有退缩,而是勇敢顽强地面对,把它化为战胜不幸和苦难的动力。

不但在学习上飞速进步,同时也取得了全校师生的理解。

同样,在那些贵族小姐和绅士面前,她也始终保持着高贵的尊严。

面对嘲笑与挖苦,她从不因为自己是一个地位低贱的家庭教师而感到自卑。

她认为他们是平等的,一样受到别人的尊重。

“难道就因为我一贫如洗,默默无闻,长相平庸,个子矮小,就没有灵魂,没有心肠了——你错了,我的心灵跟你一样丰富,我的心胸跟你一样充实!”也正是因为她的正直、高尚和纯洁,深深打动了罗切斯特先生,使他感到自惭形秽,对简爱肃然起敬。

最后,简爱终于找到属于自己的幸福。

正是这种敢于向恶俗实力反抗、追求平等的精神,让夏洛蒂笔下的简爱形象获得了永生。

通过这篇小说,我们不难发现,在主人公简爱的身上有着作者自身的影子。

夏洛蒂勃朗特出生于一个生活贫寒的牧师家庭,幼年失去母亲,受学识渊博的父亲影响,从小便对文学产生了浓厚的兴趣。

但是家庭的变故和当时的社会现状,注定了她的文学道路不会是一帆风顺的。

而她并没有因此放弃,终于写出了这部有着深远影响的《简爱》。

《英美文学选读》笔记(简单版)

《英美文学选读》笔记(简单版)

《英美文学选读》笔记(简单版)Thomas More: Utopia 《乌托邦》Francis Bacon: Essays 《论说文集》或《随笔》"Knowledge is power"----BaconEdmund Spencer: Faerie Queen 《仙后》"Our sweetest songs are those that sing of saddest feelings."--- SpencerWilliam Shakespeare (1564-1616)1. 23rd, April 1564, Stratford-on-Avon2. His Father, a leather merchant 皮货商3. His school, a local Grammar school for 6 years4. His life, dramatist, actor, poet, proprietor5. His first son, Hamnet6. 4 tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth (Romeo and Juliet)7. Main works: 37 plays, 154 sonnets , 2 narrative plays戏剧 14行诗叙事诗Titus Andronicus 《泰特斯·安德洛尼克斯》Taming of the Shrew 《驯悍记》The Two Gentlemen of Verona 《维罗纳二绅士》Love's Labor's Lost 《爱的徒劳》A Midsummer Night's Dream 《仲夏夜之梦》King John 《约翰王的生平和逝世》Much Ado about Nothing 《无事生非》The Merry Wives of Windsor 《温莎的风流娘们》Julius Caesar 《朱力叶斯·凯撒》The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》As you like it 《皆大欢喜》8. Carl Marx: "Aeschylus and Shakespeare are the two greatest dramatic genius the world has ever known."9. His friend: "He does not belong to one time, but belongs to all times."William Shakespeare's writing feature1. A play in the play.2. Borrow plots from other stories such as Roman, Greek and ancient myth.3. Several threads running through the play.4. Combination of tragic and comic elements.William Shakespeare's writing style1. Tremendous vocabulary (16,000 words, invent words)2. Literary devices (alliteration, simile, metaphor)3. Use poetry in his playWilliam Shakespeare's humanistic ideas1. Against cruelty and anti-natural character of civil wars2. Against religious persecution, racial discrimination, social inequality.3. Hates rebellion and despises democracyThemes in Shakespeare's sonnets1. Express love and praise to a young man2. Immortalize beauty through verses3. Friendship or betrayal of friendshipSonnetOrigin: ItalyMost famous and influential sonneteer: PetrachSelected Reading of Shakespeare:1. [P37] Shakespeare's Sonnet 18:a. Ladies in the eyes of Shakespeare are not good and beautiful. His wife is 8 years older than him.b. Iambic pentameterc. Main ideas:i. Quatrain 1: praise the beauty of the young manii. Quatrain 2: changes in life and natureiii. Quatrain 3: "your" beauty will last foreveriv. Couplet: "your" beauty will live in my poem. à Immortalize beauty2. [P39] An Excerpt from The Merchant of Venicea. How does Shylock justify himself according to the accusation of Duke and Bassanio?[P40-41] There are 3 reasons.b. Why does Shylock stick to his bond instead of taking twice his principle?He hates the Christians and is determined to revenge on them because his daughter elopes with a Christian.c. What do you think of Shylock in the early court scene? What about him later?In the early court scene, Shylock is cruel, eloquent, stubborn, tricky, isolated from law and friendship.In the later court scene, Shylock is greedy, sympathetic and oppressed by Christians.d. What is Shakespeare's attitude towards Shylock?He sympathizes those who are oppressed. Antonio is oppressed by Shylock. Shylock is oppressed by Christians.e. The whole play is a tragi-comedy. In the scene, Shylock is the tragic side. Antonio and his friends is the comic side.John Donne (1572-1631)1572 Born in a merchant family1591 Learn law at the Inns of Court in LondonPrivate Secretary to Sir Thomas Egerton, the Lord Keeper of the Great Seal.1601 29y. Married Egerton's niece, Ann More. He worked hard to fight against poverty. However, it's a secret marriage. When the marriage was exposed, he was put into jail. The Egertons regarded the marriage as an offence.1617 His wife died. He devoted his time and efforts to his priestly duties, writing sermons and religious poems.1621 Donne was appointed the Dean of St. Paul's and kept the post until his death.John Donne's major work1. Songs and Sonnets, wrote before 1600, 55 love poems.2. The Elegies and Satires, his elegies wrote for love whereas others' wrote for mourning dead people.3. Holy Sonnets & Sermons, Sonnets wrote about God, sexual life, problem of death and life. Sermons are Christian preaching. John Donne is famed for 3 things1. A great visitor of ladies2. A great frequenter of plays3. A great writer of conceited versesAt his time, John Donne was famed as a preacher. Today, he is famed as a lyric poet. John Donne compared parting love to compass, flea compared to the union of lovers. John Donne's conceit can be seen from his "Go catching the falling star" in which he listed many impossible things---the most impossible thing is a woman's faith and heart.Metaphysical poetry--- is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. Metaphysical poets--- are the poets in the 17c England who often unconventionally use conceits and wit. The imagery is draw from everyday life.The form is the form of argument (with God, lover, himself). The diction is simple and the language is colloquial but powerful. John Donne is the leading of "metaphysical school".Selected Reading of John Donne1. [P66]The Sun Rising2. [P68]Death, Be not Proud (1)John Milton (1608-1674)1608 Born in London. A Catholic family. His father was both a scholar and a businessman.1620 Educated at St. Paul's School1625 Educated in Cambridge1643 Married a 17y. girl younger than him1649 Appointed Latin Secretary to Cromwell's Council of State1652 Became totally blind. His wife died. He married again.3 periods in John Milton's life1. English revolution1649 Charles I beheaded. Cromwell took the power1660 Restoration. Charles II took the power2. Political ideas: express his political ideas in pamphlets3. Poem: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes.Paradise Lost is a long epic divided into 12 books. The theme is the "Fall of Man", i.e. man's disobedience and the loss of Paradise.The original story is taken from Genesis. Adam and Eve are originally in innocent spiritual love. They are punished by God because they eat the apple of the Tree of Knowledge seduced by a serpent. Since they eat the apple, they begin to make love. God thinks they are not innocent. They committed sin. God drives Adam and Eve out of Eden.Satan is punished by God to suffer from fire. He knows that he can't win God by power, so he wins God by cheating. He seduced Eve to eat the apple.In Paradise Lost, Satan is the rebel who never bows down to God even when he failed. He is a good military leader. He refuses to acknowledge the power of God. He is determined to continue the battle. He feels sorrow at the sufferings of those angels. He has led to so terrible a punishment, but he is very cruel. He has indomitable pride, unconquerable rebellion, and the will to evil and power. He said, "Only do evil, no good". He tries to be as equal as God.Selected Reading of John Milton1. [P73] An Excerpt from Paradise LostChapter 2 The Neoclassical Period (1600-1798)The age of reason and enlightenment. It's a turbulent period.1660 The Restoration1665 The Great Plague --- Black Death. 70,000 died, 2/3 homeless.1688 The Glorious Revolution. James II exiled abroad. The persecution of Protestants. James II's daughter Marry and her wife William turned back to England as figurehead (King and Queen) without power. Power was in the Parliament. England became the first capitalist country with Constitutional monarchy, which marked the end of feudal society.1798 The publication of Lyrics by WordsworthIndustrial Revolution --- at the 2nd half of 18cPreparations for the revolution1. money --- by trading companies, e.g. East India Company--- by money investment2. goods, materials --- colonies, e.g. India, North America3. manpower --- "Act of Enclosure". The landless and homeless peasant began to work in cities--- the invention of textile machineIn the revolution, Bourgeois (middle class) became the main class in the society. Bankers, landlords, slave traders, merchants, colonists controlled the economy of the country at the time. They believed in self-reliance and hard working.The Giants of the Enlightenment Movement:Voltaire 伏乐泰, Mosteiqeu 孟德斯鸠, Dierot 狄德罗, Rousseau 卢梭.Gothic Novel1. Content: magic, supernatural elements, ghosts, monsters.2. Setting: old castle, graveyard, dark forest3. Atmosphere: horribleJohn Bunyan (1628-1688)1628 Born in a poor tinker's family. He received little education in a GrammarSchool1647 Married a Christian woman and became interested in Christianity.1660 Bunyan began to preach, but he didn't have a preaching license so he was put into jail for 6 years.1665 Great Plague in England, he was released from jail. Few months later, he was in jail again for another 6 years.1672 Declaration of Independence, he was released again.1675 His license of lay preacher was temporarily cancelled and he was in prison again.Throughout his life, he only read one book the Bible. His most famous work is The Pilgrim's Process.Bunyan's purpose of writing The Pilgrim's Process1. Urge people to abide by Christian doctrine2. To seek salvation through struggling with his own weakness and social evilsThe content of The Pilgrim's Process is about Christianity. The title means "life is a journey". It's a metaphor.Form of The Pilgrim's Process: Allegory1. A story in verse or prose with double meanings or meanings at two levels.2. Higher lever - concerning moral, religious, or political ideas. Lower level - your understanding of the story.3. Main characters in the story Christian, Faithful, Hopeful.4. The description of the story is realistic religious allegory.Selected Reading of John Bunyan: [P85]"The Vanity Fair" from The Pilgrim's ProcessWhy "The Vanity Fair" is a satire on the ruling class of Egnland?1. It's a symbolic picture of London at the time of Restoration2. In Vanity Fair, everything can be sold and bought, daily necessities, but also honor, kingdom, lust, pleasure and even lives.3. Evil things such as cheating, roguery, and adultery are normal in the Vanity Fair where there is no moral. It's a satire of the non-moral English ruling class.4. Faithful is put to death for his despising of the Vanities. It's a parallel of Bunyan's experience of imprisoned for preaching. John Bunyan's writing style --- moded after the BibleLanguage --- easy to read, colloquial, concrete and conciseForm --- allegorical form, realistic, true to life.Alexander Pope (1688-1744)1688 Born in the year of Glorious Revolution in a merchant Roman Catholic family.Because of his ill health, he didn't go to university. He received his education from a learned preacher. Because he is a Catholic, he can't do thing for the government.Pope is a deformed person. He suffered severe illness in his childhood.Illness accompanied him throughout his life.Alexander Pope's major work1711 An Essay on Criticism. The poem is a manifesto of English neoclassicism. It's expressed Pope's aesthetic theories of poetry. The poem is divided into 3 parts with 744 lines.Part I: bewailing the lack of true taste in critics; praising the ancients likeHomer, VirgilPart II: enumerating dangers of criticism; referring to literary scene of his dayPart III: giving rules for criticism; tracing the history of literary criticism.The poem is a comprehensive study on literary criticism. It was written in heroic couplet as Pope is a master in heroic couplet. Heroic couplet is 2 lines with the same rhymes, same length. 10 syllables, 5 stressed, 5 unstressed. Heroic couplet was first used by Chaucer.1712 The Rape of Lock is based on a real event. Bellina is as beautiful woman as a Goodness. She is admired by all the people around her, esp. a young man name. A Baron cut a small amount of Bellina's hair. In Bellina's opinion, it's an offence. Baronjust cut her hair for fun and admiration. So hatred is aroused between the two families. They become enemies. In this poem, Pope satires the idle, meaningless life of middle-class people.1728 The Dunciad is consisted of 4 books. It's the best satire of Pope. It's a very famous satirical poem about against personal enemies. Pope tries to attack on all personal enemies.1733-34 An Essay on Man. Pope gained his fame as a poet. It includes 4 epistles (letters). People review his philosophical and political views as an enlgitener.Selected Reading of Alexander Pope: [P93] An excerpt from Part 2 of An Essay on Criticism.Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)He was born in a butcher's family (wealthy but low social status). Defoe never went to university, but received good educationin a Dissenting Academy. Defoe has two interests: interest in business and interest in politics.Interest in business. He started from small business to become rich. He is a gifted man in business.Interest in politics. His political stand swang between the Whigs and the Tories. He wrote political pamphlets to attack the Whigs, but both of the two parties thought the pamphlets insulted them. So Defoe was sent to jail and pillory. He negotiatedwith the Prime minister to become a spy to Scotland. He tried to make the union of Scotland and England.1704, he issued a periodical The Review, on which he voiced his concerns for woman's right, economy, children and parents relationships, politics and other hot issues of the time.1718, he began to write novel.1719, his first novel Robinson Crusoe was published. It's based on a true story published on a newspaper. (Alexander is a Scottish who lives in an uninhabited island for 5 years.) The story is about the hero's life on the island. The first part is aboutthe career of Robinson Crusoe. The body of the novel is about his life on the island after the shipwreck. The story reveals the essence of British colonialism.The themes of Robinson's Crusoea. man's struggles against natureb. glorification of the bourgeois men who has the courage and will to face hardship and determination to improve his livelihood.c. Glorification of labor (Robinson lives on his own hands)The style of Robinson's Crusoea. realistic style, true to life, in detailsb. smooth, simple, colloquial languagec. long sentences are loose; short sentences are plain, easy to understandd. presents facts in order, the meaning is clearIn the following years, Defoe wrote another 4 novels: Captain Singleton (1720), Moll Flanders (1722), Colonel Jack (1722) and Roxana (1724). Defoe wrote them in the same pattern. The feature of the pattern:a. Traces the personal history of the titular hero or heroine of a low origin. After some ups and downs, he/she finally gets prosperity.b. Deals with moralizing, repentance, and revolutions to be good.c. Expresses the struggles for mere existence. Show the conflicts between existence and social environment.d. Blames the society for driving people to sinning.1720, Captain Singleton is sent to Africa when he was 3 months old. In Africa, he experiences many adventures. With good luck, he wins much gold. Back to England, he goes bankrupt and becomes a pirate.1722, Moll Flanders is the daughter of a woman thief. She is born in the Newgate Prison. In her life, she married 5 times with over 12 children. However, she never nurses a single child. She becomes a thief herself. She is transferred to the American colony as a criminal. She accumulates a wealth and buys a fare plant there. At the age of 30, she comes back to England. 1722, Colonel Jack is deserted by his parents at a very young age. He becomes a pickpocket. He is kidnapped and sent to the American colony. He is very clever and finally becomes a rich plant owner.1724, Roxana is the daughter of a Protestant refugee. She is beautiful and clever. She marries an English merchant. Because the merchant deserts her, she becomes a famous international prostitute. In Holland, she married a Dutch merchant. After his death, she finds that he was in great debts. She can't pay off the debts and is put into jail and died in jail.Daniel Defoe's satirical poems.1701, The True-Born Englishman, in the poem, Defoe defended King William, which won him the friendship of the King. He attacked the racial and family pride of the aristocrats in England.1703, A Hymn to the Pillory. He voiced his anger over the shameful punishment, courageous attack on the injustice of England's legal system. He was cheered by people as a hero to defend himself.Selected Reading of Daniel Defoe: [P98] An excerpt from Robinson CrusoeJonathan Swift (1667-1745)He was born in Dublin, Ireland, of an English family. His father died before he was born. A rich uncle sent Swift to the Trinity College. His most deed is against the ruling class of England.1689-1699, he worked as a private secretary to Sir William Temple, a retired diplomat. On the post, Swift made many famous politician friends and came to know many dirty and dishonest politicians of the day.1704, Swift published the satire, The Battle of the Books, which wrote about the quarrels between the Ancients and the Moderns. The Ancients were compared to bee. The Moderns were compared to spider. In literate theory, bee represents good - "bring honey"; spider represents selfish.1704, A Tale of a Tub attacks on religion or Christianity. In the satire, the father represents the God. His 3 sons indicate the 3 branches of Christianity: Roman Catholic, English Church, and Dissenters.The Battle of the Books, and A Tale of a Tub established Swift's name as a satirist.1705, he became a clergyman.1707, he moved to London and became a politician. He tries to speak for the Irish people. He was the editor of The Examiner, a Tory's periodical.1713, he was appointed the Dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin.1716, Swift married a woman.1724, there were 2 great events in England.a. Wool industry --- English Congress passed the persuasion of developing wool industry in England. Irish people can't make money from wool because they have to return the land. Irish people had to live a miserable life. A famous slogan in Ireland at that time is "Burn everything that come from England except the coal" which voiced Irish people's determination of refusing England.b. Coin event --- A minister suggested and permitted to make new coins. The exchange rate between Irish coin and the new English coin was unfair. The minister and King got profit from the exchange.1724, Swift published the satireThe Drapier's Letters to attack the event. The exchange of new coin is canceled.1726, his wife died. It's a heavy blow on him. He wrote and published his greatest satirical work, Gulliver's Travels. The story is divided into 4 parts.Part I. Travels in Lilliput is a mini picture of modern English society. Two parties: High Heel and Low Heel indicates the Tories and the Whigs. Here, Swift satires the two parties. The war between Lilliput and its neighboring country about how to break eggs (big/small end). Big end - Roman Church. Small end - English Church. Swift satires the party and church fights are meaningless.Part II. Travels in BrobdingnagPart III. A show of the cruelty of the English ruling class. The Flying Island rules the below countries.Part IV. It's the sharpest and bitterest satire. In this part, human beings are reduced to animals. A wiser creature governs human beings. Gulliver wants to be a horse rather than a man. It shows how mean the human beings are.1729, the publication of the pamphlet A Modest Proposal. It's a greatest and bitterest satire.The theme of A Modest Proposala. The poor Irish people were forced to sell their one-year-old child for the rich people for food.b. English King allowed French King to recruit soldiers from Ireland to solve the problem of over population.c. Some politicians suggested sending Irish people to Australia to be concentrated servants because of over population.d. Swift lists some terrible scenes in the prose: a beggar mother followed by children in rugs; poor parents sell children. It's a satire against the English ruling class and the cruelty of English landlords.Selected Reading of Jonathan Swift: [P107] An excerpt from Gulliver's TravelHenry Fielding (1707-1754)1707 Fielding was born in an aristocratic family. His great grandfather was an Earl. (Duke 公, Marquis 侯, Earl 伯, Viscount 子, Baron男) He received his education in the Eton Public School1728 21y. He published his first play in London, but failed.1729 Fielding quarreled with his father, so his father cut off financial support. He had to make a living by himself.1730-37 He produced 25 plays of different times. His ballads, satires were alsovery successful. (Shakespeare wrote 37 plays)1734 He got married.1737 30y. The promulgation of Licensing Act restricted the publication of plays. So Fielding took up law. He spent 3 years to finish a 7-year course.1740 Fielding became a bar, but the money he earn couldn't support his familyHenry Fielding wrote 4 novels in his life. Henry Fielding is regarded as "Father of English Novel".1742 The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews. The hero Joseph Andrews is the servant of Mr. B's uncle and is the cousin of Pamela.Samuel Richardson's Pamela is a collection of letters written by herself and her parents. Pamela is a very beautiful and clever girl. Mr. B's mother is very found of here and teaches her knowledge. After the mother died, Pamela wants to go home, but Mr.B as a noble man seduces her, doesn't allow her to go home and imprisons her. Pamela write letters and sends the letters by a servant of Mr. B. Mr. B falls in love with Pamela through reading her letters. The novel persuades people to be virtuous. Henry Fielding's aims of writing the Adventures of Joseph AndrewsPart I, Fielding tries to attack Pamela. He thinks Pamela's chastity ispretentious and untrue. She uses her chastity to seduce Mr. B.Part II. Joseph Andrews meets his friend Parson Adams. Both of them travel through England. Fielding tries to give a panoramic view of England.Part I. It was first intended as a burlesque of the conventional virtue of false sentimentality.Part II. Fielding adopted "comic epic in prose"--- to write common people in form of great novel. Epic is used to describe great figures and heroes. He gave a vivid picture of English life.Major achievement: the description of Parson Adams. Adams is an absent-minded, vain man, so he is a ridiculous person, easy to be cheated.1743 Jonathan Wild the Great , Jonathan is a notorious criminal of the London underworld. He is a real person. He is hanged in 1725. Jonathan is described as a great man. He never participated in any crime, but he orders other people to commit crimes. He commands crime.Henry Fielding compared Jonathan to Prime Minister Walpole. The story is a political satire.1749 Tom Jones is a deserted child. He is adopted by a kind man who has his own child Blifil. The two children fell in love with the same girl Sophia. Tom is kind and he is truly in love with Sophia. Blifil loves Sophia for her beauty and money. Sophia's father knows that Tom is a deserted child so he wants Sophia to marry Blifil. Tom wants to see the outside world andmoves to London. Sophia wants to see the world too. So they go through a long journey and give a panoramic view of 18c's English life.In this novel, social evils are presented: cruelty, moral degeneracy, deceit, and hypocrisy. It's showed Fielding's view about human nature. Henry Fielding thinks that human nature is a combination of good and evil.The writing feature of Tom Jones --- "comic epic in prose", displays a kind of classic epic form. The novel contains 18 books in 3 sections.Section 1: life in the countrysideSection 2: life on the highwaySection 3: life in London1750 Amelia marries a poor solider. Her husband goes to London to seek fortune. He fights with other people in the street so he is put into jail. She is very faithful to her husband. When her husband is in prison, other officials try to seduce her. In the end, Amelia reunites with her husband and live happily.Henry Fielding's aim of writing Ameliaa. To condemn the moral degeneracy of the officials. To praise Amelia.b. To reveal the shameless deed of the noble and the rich.Henry Fielding's writing style1. Comic epic in prose: the grand style of classic epic in the depiction of common, ridiculous people.2. He started the third person narration. The narrator is a kind of all knowing God.3. The characters are vivid, convincing and true to life,4. His language is easy, familiar, vivid but vigorous.5. The content is noted for the theatrical devices: suspense, coincidence, surprise.What is "comic epic in prose"?1. The description in a grand style of classic epic. "Classic epic" has:(a) a great hero(b) calls on Muses(c) give a list of names of gods(d) compare small fights to great wars.2. Use verified language to narrate a small fight.3. Different figure of speech esp. irony, hyperboleSelected Reading of Henry Fielding: [P122] An excerpt from Tom JonesSamuel Johnson (1709-1784)1708 Johnson was born in a bookseller's family, in Richfield. His eyesight was very poor like John Milton1715 8y. He went to a Grammar School for 8 years which provided him a solid knowledge of Latin1728 He went to Oxford University1731 22y. His father died. He quit Oxford without a degree.1735 26y. He married an old rich widow who was 20years older than him. Hemarried her for money.1738 29y. His first poem1747 He compiled English dictionary1752 His wife died. He was in great debt and was arrested.1755 The first publication of English dictionary brought him fame and money.1762 The British government gave him an annual pension of £300, which freed him from the burden of "writing for a living". His life before 1762 was very difficult.He had a hand in all the different branches of literary activities. He was a poet诗人, dramatist 剧作家, prose romancer散文传奇小说作家, biographer 传记作者, essayist 随笔作家, critic 批评家, lexicographer 词典编纂者and publicist 政治评论家. Johnson was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the late 18c. His point of view:1. He concerned with the theme of the vanity of human wishes.2. In literary creation and criticism, he was rather conservative, openly showed his dislike and fondness.3. He insisted that a writer should adhere to universal truth and experience i.e. Nature.4. He was particularly found of moralizing 道德教化and didacticism 教训主义.Johnson's writing style.1. His language is characteristically general, of Latinate 从拉丁文衍生来的and frequently polysyllabic多音节的2. His sentences are long and well structured, interwoven 交织with parallel words and phrases but clearly expressed.3. He tends to use "learned words", uses words accurately.Selected Reading from Samuel Johnson: [P132] "To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield"Richard Brinkley Sheridan (1751-1816)1751 Sheridan was born in Dublin, Ireland. His father was an actor and theater manager. He was educated at Harrow (Eton, 2 public schools). His works are mainly plays. In fact, Dublin is the cradle of many famous writers, like Jonathan Swift.1770 Sheridan moved to Bath, the most fashionable place in 18c's England.1772 He was in love with a beautiful lady who is a singer and actress. He fought two duels and finally married her.1774 The appearance of his first play The Rivals won him an immediate success and fame.1776 He became a part owner and manager of the Drury Lane Theater, so it's easy for him to stage his plays.1777 The appearance of his masterpiece The School for Scandal.1780 His play-writing career ended. He was elected M.P. of the Parliament and became an orator.1809 The Drury Lane Theater was burn in a fire. His financial support was cut off.1812 His political career ended. He had no money to afford the election.1816 Sheridan died in poverty and neglect. He was buried in Westminster Abbey.The first English writer buried in Westminster Abbey was Chaucer. Samuel Johnson was also rested there.Richard Brinsley Sheridan is chiefly known as a playwright. Two plays: The Rivals, The School of Scandal.The Rivals (1774)The heroine Lydia comes from an upper-class family. Lydia is a sentimental girl. She often dreams to elope with a poor young man. Captain Absolute loves Lydia. He is a Baron. He pretends to be a poor young man to win the heart of Lydia. However, Lydia's aunt is a rich woman. She refuses the proposal made by Captain Absolute. Captain Absolute's father makes a proposal to Lydia's aunt. The father reveals the real identity of his son so the aunt accepts the proposal. When Lydia knows the identity of Captain Absolute, she is disillusioned. She finally realized that romance is not realistic.Theme of The Rivals.1. Sheridan ridicules the sentimental and pseudo-romantic fancies of the young woman of the upper class.2. Sheridan presents a true picture of the aristocratic-bourgeois world where money talks. (like the arranged marriage)The School of Scandal (1777)The school of scandal refers to the living room of Lady Sneerwell.Lady Sneerwell: She often laughs at people, esp. underdogs.Mrs. Candour: Candour means justice, but here it's an irony. She is a scandal monger.Sir Backbite: Backbite means bite people from behind. He is a two-blade man.Joseph Surface and Charles Surface: Surface means superficial. You can't judge the brothers by their appearance.Theme of Sheridan [P136]In his plays, morality is the constant theme. He is much concerned with the current moral issues and lashes harshly at the social vices of the day.Writing style of Sheridan [P136-137]1. His dramatic techniques are largely conventional. They are exploited to the best advantage.2. His plots are well organized, his characters, either major or minor, are all sharply drawn, and his manipulation of such devices as disguise, mistaken identity and dramatic irony is masterly.3. Witty dialogues and neat and decent language also make a characteristic of his plays.。

视角概念的发展对文学阅读教学的启示

视角概念的发展对文学阅读教学的启示

视角概念的发展对文学阅读教学的启示章志萍第二军医大学摘要:热拉尔热奈特(G éra rd Gene tte,1930—)是法国著名文学批评家、修辞学家以及结构主义叙事学的代表人物。

本文以热奈特《叙事话语》(Narra tive Disc ours e )为对象分析了聚焦概念的贡献和不足。

关键词:热奈特聚焦概念文学《叙事话语》是热奈特1972年发表的《修辞三》的主要部分,以普鲁斯特(Marce l Proust,)的著名小说《追忆逝水年华》(la recherche du temps perdu )为研究对象,从时间、语式、语态等语法范畴出发分析叙事作品。

本文出自《叙事话语》第四章第五、六小节。

选文中,热奈特提出了自己的聚焦(f ocaliz a tion )概念,即所谓零聚焦、内聚焦和外聚焦。

应该说,聚焦概念是对叙事理论的一大贡献,但是依旧存在一些盲点。

视角概念的发展与混乱自西方现代小说理论诞生以来,从什么角度观察故事一直是学界关注的一个焦点,出现了纷呈不一的名称以及各种界定和分类。

①选文开篇,热奈特就指出,关于“视角”问题的大部分理论著述,混淆了语式和语态。

接着,热奈特按时间顺序回顾了对“视角”这一问题的划分,及各方的优劣。

1955年,F.K.斯坦策尔(Franz Ka rl Stanz el )将小说的“叙述情境”分为三种类型。

热奈特认为,斯坦策尔的各个分类之间不存在“视角”的差别。

同年,诺曼弗里德曼(Norman Friedman )提出了更加复杂的八项分类法。

热奈特指出:“弗里德曼把第六类(《一个青年艺术家的肖像》)描述为‘由一个人物用第三人称讲述的故事’,这一提法表明他显然混淆了焦点人物和叙述者。

”②在热奈特看来,韦恩布思(W ayne C.Booth )显然也有意识的把这两者等同起来。

最后,热奈特总结了贝蒂尔龙伯格(Bertil Romberg )于1962年采用的分类法,热奈特认为,龙伯格在斯坦策尔的基础上补充的第四种类型显然与前三类的分类原则不一致。

《叙事、文体与潜文本——重读英美经典短篇小说》读书笔记

《叙事、文体与潜文本——重读英美经典短篇小说》读书笔记

《叙事、文体与潜文本——重读英美经典短篇小说》读书笔记申丹教授的《叙事、文体与潜文本——重读英美经典短篇小说》,是一本研究与应用欧美文学批评的专著。

在读完这本作品三遍之后,我仍然如堕五里雾中,多方面的原因造成了我的理解困难。

第一,文学批评的理论研究本身是一门有一定难度的科学,它有着繁杂的概念,有着多样的研究流派和研究方法;第二,文学批评理论研究总是处在一定的历史文化环境中,会深刻地受到一定时期的政治、文化的影响,要理清这些影响也是很困难的;第三,作家的文学创作有一部分是根据自身经验和天赋进行创作,有一部分是在接受文学理论的学习之后进行的创作,这两部分的创作都会对文学批评理论产生反作用,所以文学批评的理论研究是动态的,复杂的,是需要付出艰辛努力的;第四,申丹教授在该专著的上篇的概述中说到“本书为文学领域的读者撰写”,已经明确指出了受众。

文学领域的读者就应该对文学概论、文学批评理论、文学潮流等有非常熟悉的认知,否则在阅读、理解该书时就会产生与我类似的困难,进而不能把握该书的理论框架、理解该书的观点和看法,更不要说对申丹教授提出的方法进行迁移运用了。

虽然在阅读的过程中会面对上述种种困难,但读者应选择继续阅读,并通过收集其他方面的资料来帮助理解。

一、为什么要阅读这本专著?前面已经提到这是一本文学批评方面的专著,它提供的是一种方法,一种思路。

文学是人学,文学作品通过虚构、改编等方式或明或暗来展现现实生活的本质,要了解文学作品的内涵,把握文学作品的实质,就需要掌握文学批评的方法。

作为学科教学(语文)专业的研究生,掌握一定的文学批评的方法,进行文学批评的实践,对于语文文学作品的教学是大有裨益的。

文学作品是作者精心创作出来的,体现了作者的立场和价值判断,阅读文学作品,能引起读者的审美体验和思考,这就需要读者能尽可能地走进作者,挖掘出作者创作的真实意图,同情作者,进而生出自己的思考;同时,文学创作不是简单直白的说教,文学作品的深层次意义,有可能是不明显的,或者在文本内部是矛盾的,这就要求读者掌握一定的批评方法,能挖掘出文本的深层含义,进而对现实生活有更深层的认识。

英美文学选读完整版笔记

英美文学选读完整版笔记

Chapter I The Renaissance Period文艺复兴时期Definitions(定义)1.The Renaissance: The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. Generally, it refers to the period between the 14th & 17th centuries. It first started in Italy,with the flowering of painting,sculpture & literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe. The Renaissance, which means "rebirth" or "revival," is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events,such as the re-discovery of ancient Roman & Greek culture,the new discoveries in geography & astrology, the religious reformation & the economic expansion. The Renaissance, therefore, in essence is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers & scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, & to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.2. Humanism:人文主义Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the ancient authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious, intellectual side, for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things. Through the new learning, humanists not only saw the arts of splendor and enlightenment, but the human values represented in the works. Renaissance humanists found in the classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfections, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy. Thus, by emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. Thomas More, Christo- pher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.3. Spenserian stanza:斯宾塞诗节Spenserian stanza was invented by Edmund Spenser. It is a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter & the last line in iambic hexameter, rhyming ababbcbcc.4. Metaphysical poetry:玄学诗The term "metaphysical poetry" is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit,the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassic periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. The imagery in drawn from the actual life. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet's beloved, with God, or with himself.5. The Renaissance hero:A Renaissance hero refers to one created by Christopher Marlowe in his drama. Such a hero is always individualistic and full of ambition,facing bravely the challenge from both gods and men. He embodies Marlowe's humanistic ides of human dignity and capacity. Different from the tragic hero in medieval plays, who seeks the way to heaven through salvation and god's will,he is against conventional morality and contrives to obtain heaven on earth through his own efforts. With the endless aspiration for power,knowledge,and glory,the hero interprets the true Renaissance spirit. Both Tamburlaine and Faustus are typical in possessing such a sprit(二)该时期的重要作家Edmund Spenser--English poet,born in London, England,( 1552-- Jan 13,1599)斯宾塞代表作 The Faerie Queene.A.创作意图: The principal intention is to present through a "historical poem" the example of a perfect gentlemanB.整体线索:The recurring appearances of Arthur serve as a unifying element for the poem as a whole.C.寓意:The Redcrosse Knight in Book I stands for St. George, he also represents Holiness.D.主题:The theme is not "Arms and the man,"but something more romantic-" Fierce wares and faithfull loves."E.作者文学地位:His exquisite melodythat make him known as "the poets' poet."His Major Works Spenser's mostimportant work & masterpiece is TheFaerie Queene, a great poem of its age.A complex moral, religious, & politicalallegory, it is also an epic that exaltsQueen Elizabeth Ⅰ& the English nation.According to Spenser's own explanation,his principal intention is to presentthrough a "historical poem" the exampleof a perfect gentleman: "to fashion agentleman or noble person in virtuous &gentle discipline." Its principal herois the Arthur of medieval legend. The sixbooks of the poem illustrate the natureof particular virtues,such as,temperance & justice. Other major worksof Spenser are The Shepheardes Calender(1579), a poem consisting of 12eclogues-corresponding to the 12 monthsof the year; Epithalamion (1595), apoem expressing the deep personalfeelings occasioned by the poets secondmarriage; Amoretti (1595), a seriesof sonnets.3. 领会His Influence1)Main qualities of Spenser'spoetry①a perfect melody②a rare sense of beauty③a splendid imagination④a lofty moral purity & seriousness⑤a dedicated idealism2) In his writing, Spenser drew onthe conventions & thought of Classical,medieval,& Renaissance literature.However, he added to his fusion of thesediverse elements much that was original,& his works inspired many later Englishpoets. He created a new stanza, calledthe Spenserian stanza, which is wellsuited to narrative verse. His skills inwriting melodious English verse & hiscombination of emotion, erudition, &spiritual vision have won him theadmiration of generations of Englishpoets. It is his idealism, his love ofbeauty, &his exquisite melody that makehim known as "the poets' poet."4. 应用The Faerie Queene:1) It is a long, allegorical poem.In the poem,Spenser dramatizedpolitical, religious, & moral themesby personifying them, or making themcharacters.2)Plot: The story, which is setagainst a background of Arthur &medieval legend,deals with theadventures of six knights of the courtof the fairy queen named Gloriana, whorepresents Queen Elizabeth ⅠofEnglish. The faerie Queen was leftunfinished at Spenser's death. It wasoriginally planned as a 12-book poem.But only 6 books were completed. The poemis particularly admired for the melodicbeauty of its language & for its richcontent of philosophical & mythologicalmaterial presented in the form of vividnarratives.II. Christopher Marlowe1. 一般识记Brief IntroductionEnglish dramatist & poet,born inCanterbury, England, Feb, 6,1567,died in Deptford, England, May 30, 1593.Marlowe was the first great EnglishDramatist. He brought to the Englishstage a new concept of tragedy, one inwhich the drama centers around thestruggles of a man overwhelmed by hispassions & ambitions.2. 识记His Major WorksHis most famous tragedies are DoctorFaustus, The Jew of Malta, Tamburlaine& Edward Ⅱ。

《美国短篇小说选》读后感

《美国短篇小说选》读后感

《美国短篇小说选》读后感《美国短篇小说选》是一部集结了美国文学精华的经典之作,其中包含了许多脍炙人口的短篇小说,让读者在短暂的篇幅内体验到了丰富的情感和思想。

通过阅读这部书籍,我深深感受到了美国文学的魅力和深度,也对人性、社会现实等议题有了更深刻的理解和思考。

在这部书中,我最喜欢的一篇小说是《失落的一代》。

这个故事讲述了一对年轻夫妇在经历了一场悲剧后的心灵变化和挣扎。

作者通过细腻的描写和深刻的思考,展现了人性的复杂和脆弱。

在这个快节奏的社会中,我们往往忽略了内心的声音,被外界的压力和诱惑所左右。

这个故事让我反思了自己的生活和选择,也让我更加珍惜身边的人和事物。

除了《失落的一代》,《美国短篇小说选》中还有许多优秀的作品,每一个故事都有着独特的风格和观点。

通过阅读这些作品,我不仅感受到了作者们对生活的热爱和思考,也感受到了他们对人性的洞察和批判。

美国文学以其多元的风格和深邃的内涵吸引着世界各地的读者,让人们在阅读中感受到了不同文化的碰撞和交流。

在这个信息爆炸的时代,人们往往忽略了阅读的重要性,忙于琐碎的事务和社交活动。

然而,阅读是一种沉淀和思考的过程,让人们在繁忙的生活中找到片刻的宁静和思索。

通过阅读《美国短篇小说选》,我重新审视了阅读的意义和价值,也更加珍惜了与书籍的相遇和交流。

总的来说,《美国短篇小说选》是一部富有内涵和深度的书籍,通过其中的故事和情节,读者可以感受到美国文学的魅力和精华。

在阅读这部书籍的过程中,我不仅获得了知识和情感上的满足,也收获了对生活和人性的更深刻的理解和思考。

希望更多的人能够阅读这部书籍,感受其中的美好和启发,也希望我们能够在阅读中找到自己的方向和力量。

愿我们都成为专业读者,探索知识的海洋,感受文学的魅力,让阅读成为我们生活中不可或缺的一部分。

英美文学名篇读后感

英美文学名篇读后感

英美文学名篇读后感Title: Reflections on a Classic English Literature MasterpieceAfter immersing myself in the timeless classic "Pride and Prejudice" by Jane Austen, I am left with a profound sense of admiration for the author's intricate portrayal of early19th-century English society and her ability to weave a captivating narrative around the lives of the Bennet family.The novel, set in the rural English countryside, explores themes of social class, economic constraint, and the pursuit of love and happiness. Austen's portrayal of the character Elizabeth Bennet, a fiercely independent and witty young woman, serves as a testament to the author's exceptional understanding of human nature. Through Elizabeth's journey of self-discovery and the complexities of her relationship with Mr. Darcy, Austen highlights the societal pressures and expectations faced by women during that era.What strikes me most is Austen's masterful use of irony and satire to criticize the rigid social structure of her time. The Bingley sisters' snobbery and the scheming of Mrs. Bennet are prime examples of Austen's ability to expose the superficiality and absurdity of upper-class society. Despite the novel's focuson the Bennet family's search for suitable marriages, Austen subtly hints at the limitations of such arranged unions, suggesting that true happiness lies in compatible partnerships based on mutual respect and love.Moreover, the narrative's exploration of the complexities of human relationships resonates deeply with me. The misunderstandings, miscommunications, and ultimate resolutions between characters serve as a mirror to the intricacies of our own lives. Austen's insightful portrayal of these relationships encourages me to reflect on the importance of empathy and understanding in my own interactions with others.In conclusion, "Pride and Prejudice" is not just a captivating love story but a profound critique of society. Austen's ability to combine these elements seamlessly is a testament to her genius as a writer. Reading this masterpiece has not only enriched my understanding of English literature but has also provided me with valuable insights into the human condition and the timeless struggle for love, understanding, and self-fulfillment.中文翻译:标题:对一部英文学经典作品的反思在沉浸于简·奥斯汀的永恒经典《傲慢与偏见》之后,我对她如何细腻地描绘19世纪初英国社会以及她如何围绕班纳特家族的生活编织出一个引人入胜的故事感到深深的敬佩。

叙事、文体与潜文本:重读英美经典短篇小说

叙事、文体与潜文本:重读英美经典短篇小说

读书笔记
阐述得很清楚很严谨,并不难读,因为时间关系只拜读了上半部分,感觉被学术扫盲了。
关于叙事学、文本学我需要学习的还有很多,感觉到压力和时间紧迫了。
编得非常好,上卷是理论模式的梳理,下卷是经典短篇的分析,包含了很多申丹老师的重要文章。
本来我对西方文学还只局限于红与黑、三个火枪手、高老头之类的经典著作,看了这本之后认识了一些新作 家,蛮开心的。
讽与深层意义
第十章克莱恩《一个 战争片段》中的艺术
阉割与反战内涵
第十一章海明威一短 篇:平淡无味后面的 多重象征意义
第十二章休斯《在路 上》的及物性系统与 深层意义
作者介绍
这是《叙事、文体与潜文本:重读英美经典短篇小说》的读书笔记模板,暂无该书作者的介绍。
谢谢观看
就编码而言,“隐含作者”就是处于某种创作状态、以某种立场和方式来“写作的正式作者”;就解码而言, “隐含作者”则是文本“隐含”的供读者推导的这一写作者的形象。
叙事学依然聚焦于叙事结构和叙述技巧,而文体学则聚焦于语言细节和语篇特征。
叙事学区分“故事”(内容)和“话语”(表达方式),而文体学则区分小说的“内容”与“文体”。
作者在创作时会脱离平时自然放松的状态(所谓“真人”所处的状态),进入某种“理想化的、文学的”创 作状态(可视为“真人”的一种“变体”或“第二自我”)。处于这种理想化创作状态的人就是隐含作者,他做 出各种创作选择,我们则通过他的选择从文本中推导出他的形象。
“文体”主要指作者在表达语句的意思时表现出来的文笔风格;“话语”则指对故事事件的结构安排。
申丹老师不愧是名门之后,将叙事学和文体学两大传统娓娓道来,明确指出其优点和缺陷,对于国际上现有 的混乱和模糊做了清楚明白的指摘,非常细致深入的功夫。

跨学科角度的叙事分析_重读英美经典短篇小说

跨学科角度的叙事分析_重读英美经典短篇小说

跨学科角度的叙事分析
—— — 重读英美经典短篇小说
!申 丹
本文首先回顾了叙事学和文体学在美国和英国的发展史, 讨论了两者既互补又相克的复杂关系。然后, “细读 ” 结合 以新形式主义面貌在西方的复兴, 探讨了叙事学和文体学当前在国际上的学术位置。最后, 在简 “经典 ” “潜文本 ” “叙事、 要梳理 和 这两个概念的基础上, 介绍了 文体与潜文本 ” 这一课题的研究目的、 所针对 “整体细读 ” 的阐释问题和解决问题的方法, 以及全书的基本结构和采用的 的分析途径。 , 关键词 - 叙事分析; 跨学科; 叙事学与文体学; 经典短篇; 整体细读 , 中图分类号 - .( 申 , 文献标识码 - / (’((+ ) , 文章编号 - 0((1 2 30+4 (’ 2 ((’) 2 (* 0((+*0 ) (053+ — ) 丹 , 女, 英国爱丁堡大学博士, 教育部长江学者, 北京大学特聘教授 6 英语语言文学 7 、 博士
!"#$%"
。尽管法国的叙事研究仍在以各种形式继
续发展, 但 %& 世纪 )& 年代以来, 美国取代法国成 为国际叙事学研究的中心, )& 年代中后期出现了 “复兴” 以美国为主的叙事学研究的 。 与此同时, 在 西方出现了一种将各种活动、各种领域均视为叙 “泛叙事观” 事的 。 这有利于拓展叙事研究的范畴, 丰富叙事研究的成果, 也引发了对叙事学更广泛、 更浓厚的兴趣。 与此相对照,文体学在美国遭遇了不同的命 在美国兴盛起来的文体学研究, 运。%& 世纪中叶, 在 *& 年代受到同样的冲击后, 日渐衰微, )& 年代 在很大程度上被排挤出局。这从两份美国杂志的 历史就可见出。 ")+, 和 ")+* 年在美国先后诞生 《文体》 《语言与文体 》 了 和 这两种文体研究期刊, 标志着文体学的兴旺发达。 后者于 "))" 年被迫停 刊; 前者虽然生存至今, 但在 %& 世纪 )& 年代, 在 很大程度上变成了叙事研究期刊,登载了不少超 (包括各种媒介的叙事 ) 出语言层面的叙事 研究的 “叙事概念” 《文体》 为题 论文。 %&&& 年夏季刊是以 (")重新建构叙事理论; 的专刊,包括两大部分: (% ) 使叙事理论化, 这些内容与杂志的名称可谓相 去甚远。 在英国,文体学从 %& 世纪中叶开始兴盛之 后, 一直稳步向前发展。 %& 世纪 )& 年代以来英国 和美国分别构成文体研究和叙事研究的国际中 “诗学与语言学协会 ” ($-.-) 这一国际 心。 英国是 “叙事文学研 性文体学组织的大本营, 而美国则是 (//0.) 这一国际性叙事研究组织的基 究协会 ” 《语言与文体》 地。 就在美国的 寿终正寝的第二年, 《语言与文学》 在英国诞生了 这一名字宽泛但实质 ($-.- 的会刊) 。 为文体学的期刊 为何英国与美国会各树一帜呢? 笔者认为主 (" ) 跟美国相比, 英国的 要有以下两方面的原因: 学术氛围较为传统保守, 因此, 文体学在英国受到 的冲击相对较弱。 诚然, 政治文化批评在英国也产 生了较大影响, 但有的文体学家迅速应对, 将文体 “ 批评语言学 ” ( “ 批评 学研究与其相结合, 产生了
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《叙事、文体与潜文本——重读英美经典短篇小说》读书笔记申丹教授的《叙事、文体与潜文本——重读英美经典短篇小说》,是一本研究与应用欧美文学批评的专著。

在读完这本作品三遍之后,我仍然如堕五里雾中,多方面的原因造成了我的理解困难。

第一,文学批评的理论研究本身是一门有一定难度的科学,它有着繁杂的概念,有着多样的研究流派和研究方法;第二,文学批评理论研究总是处在一定的历史文化环境中,会深刻地受到一定时期的政治、文化的影响,要理清这些影响也是很困难的;第三,作家的文学创作有一部分是根据自身经验和天赋进行创作,有一部分是在接受文学理论的学习之后进行的创作,这两部分的创作都会对文学批评理论产生反作用,所以文学批评的理论研究是动态的,复杂的,是需要付出艰辛努力的;第四,申丹教授在该专著的上篇的概述中说到“本书为文学领域的读者撰写”,已经明确指出了受众。

文学领域的读者就应该对文学概论、文学批评理论、文学潮流等有非常熟悉的认知,否则在阅读、理解该书时就会产生与我类似的困难,进而不能把握该书的理论框架、理解该书的观点和看法,更不要说对申丹教授提出的方法进行迁移运用了。

虽然在阅读的过程中会面对上述种种困难,但读者应选择继续阅读,并通过收集其他方面的资料来帮助理解。

一、为什么要阅读这本专著?前面已经提到这是一本文学批评方面的专著,它提供的是一种方法,一种思路。

文学是人学,文学作品通过虚构、改编等方式或明或暗来展现现实生活的本质,要了解文学作品的内涵,把握文学作品的实质,就需要掌握文学批评的方法。

作为学科教学(语文)专业的研究生,掌握一定的文学批评的方法,进行文学批评的实践,对于语文文学作品的教学是大有裨益的。

文学作品是作者精心创作出来的,体现了作者的立场和价值判断,阅读文学作品,能引起读者的审美体验和思考,这就需要读者能尽可能地走进作者,挖掘出作者创作的真实意图,同情作者,进而生出自己的思考;同时,文学创作不是简单直白的说教,文学作品的深层次意义,有可能是不明显的,或者在文本内部是矛盾的,这就要求读者掌握一定的批评方法,能挖掘出文本的深层含义,进而对现实生活有更深层的认识。

语文教育工作者在对文学作品有了一定的认识之后,在语文教学过程中,才会对学生的语文学习起到指导作用,才能为学生的文学鉴赏活动提供有效的帮助。

文学批评的方法与流派多种多样,造就了文学批评理论的多样性。

“而西方文论则承受了古埃及文明、巴比伦文明、希腊文明、希伯来文明等的远缘与多元塑造”[1],是一种破裂式的文学批评理论,“西方文论则在远缘多元杂交环境中长成,屡屡走极端,先后呈现出人学、神学、认识论、语言论和文化论等‘转向’”[2],北京师范大学文艺学研究中心、文学院教授王一川在他的文章《西方文论的知识型及其转向——兼谈中国文论的现代性转向》中,在“知识型”和“范式”理论的视角下,对西方文论的五次转向和在“转向”基础上产生的新的文学理论进行了详细地阐述,“‘知识型’当于特定时代的具有话语生产能力的基本话语关联总体,而‘范式’相当于建立在它之上的有助于特定话语系统产生的话语系统模型。

”[3] 从文中我们可以看到,西方文论的发展是破裂的,是复杂的,是不断流变的,例如在19世纪末、20世纪初发生的“语言论转向”(linguistic tum)中,语言、语言学模型、语言哲学等被视为知识领域中最重要的东西,并产生了如现代主义、俄国形式主义、英美“新批评”、心理分析、结构主义、解构主义、阐释—接受文论等以语言研究为中心的文论流派。

而到了20世纪后期,“文化论转向”(cultural tum)则在语言学模型的框架中专注于文化及文化政治、文化经济、性别、大众文化、亚文化、视觉文化、网络文化等,并产生了如西方马克思主义、新历史主义、后现代主义、后殖民主义、女性主义和“文化研究”等文论流派。

[4] 这是“知识型”和“范式”理论下西方文论的发展轨迹。

而“这五次‘转向’可以成为我们理解各时期西方文论状况及其演变的宏大的知识背景与方法论基础。

”[5]因此了解西方文论的发展轨迹和基本概念有利于了解和深入理解某一具体的文学批评系统。

相对于西方文论,中国文论的现代性建设起步较晚,多借鉴西方文论,且相关的名家专著已汗牛充栋,在这里就不做阐述了。

西方文论在发展过程中,不同的背景知识影响、产生了不同的文学批评系统。

而在这个复杂、不断流变的过程中,批评家或者评论家拥有不同的背景知识,秉持不同的文学观念,坚持不同的文学批评立场,选择不同的文学批评方法,对同一个文学作品就会有不同的解读。

解读的多样性源于作品文学意义的不确定性,而误读更多的是由批评家对很多批评方法和批评概念的误读与误解造成的。

而申丹教授在《叙事、文体与潜文本——重读英美经典短篇小说》中廓清了一些常常被理论家误解的概念和关系,因此研读这本专著有助于加深对欧美文学批评理论知识的认识,同时,申丹教授还在专著的下篇通过具体的文本重读,给已被奉为经典的文学作品的意义阐释提供了一种新的可能。

在这本专著中,申丹教授对西方权威的批评理论大家的一些观点提出了质疑,并给出了合理的理由、进行了有力地论证。

这就一方面使读者叹服申丹教授扎实的基本功、逻辑连贯的论证思路和创新意识,而另一方面加深了文学研究的初学者对文学批评工作的复杂性、艰巨性的恐惧:权威的专家在文学作品的解读方式和批评观念上都有分歧,初学者要如何有效地进行文学批评工作呢?学习、模仿、借鉴申丹教授的文学批评思路和方法是我们研读这本专著的主要目的。

二、如何运用“叙事”与“文体”进行文学批评就是对于专门的文学批评家而言,文学批评也并不见得是一件简单的事情。

张荣翼教授在他1995年发表的文章《文学批评中的“二律背反”困窘》中,就从批评的位置、批评的操作、批评的取值、批评的方法和批评的自觉等方面揭示出了文学批评面临的一系列“二律背反”的困窘。

[6]即便如此,文学批评家们依然在文学批评的道路上不断前行,并形成各自的流派,发出各自批评的声音。

申丹教授作为欧美文学研究方面的专家,在叙事理论与小说阐释,文体学和翻译学等领域都有很高的造诣。

相关专著除了《叙事、文体与潜文本——重读英美经典短篇小说》,还有《叙述学与小说文体学研究》,《文学文体学与小说翻译》(Literary Stylistics and Fictional Translation)。

相关论文也有很多,2002年在《外国文学评论》上发表的《“故事与话语”解构之“解构”》和2003年的《经典叙事学究竟是否已经过时?》,都是针对叙事学理论研究与实践所做的讨论。

作为理论研究专家,申丹教授非常注意对基本的概念作出清晰的界定,对已存在的文学批评的观点进行客观的评述,进而引出自己的观点。

在《叙事、文体与潜文本——重读英美经典短篇小说》的上篇,申丹教授对叙事学与文体学相关的理论概念和模式进行了论述,通过对叙事学和文体学在西方的发展历程的回顾,对叙事学和文体学的特征的介绍,指出“(叙事学)聚焦于超越文字层面的结构技巧,在很大程度上忽略了作品的遣词造句”,“(文体学)聚焦于作品的语言忽略了超越语言的结构技巧”,[7]提出“叙事学与文体学:互补与借鉴”的观点,“若要对文学作品进行较为全面的探讨,就需要将这两种方法有机结合”,[8]将叙事学和文体学作为研究文学作品深层意义的两个工具。

在此之前的叙事学和文体学两大阵营的部分西方文学理论研究家和文学批评家们,在各自的理论与实践的发展过程中,有偏执于某一方面而忽略另一面的倾向,从而在文学作品阐释的过程中,出现了阐释浅层化和误读等现象。

针对这种现象,申丹教授并没有用“和事佬”的态度来尝试调和两者在文学阐释过程中的矛盾,而是在分析两者的基本特征之后,尝试运用两者的长处来对经典作品进行重新解读,以期挖掘作品的深层意义,“整体细读”是她运用的主要方法,“‘细读’有两个特点:一是既关注遣词造句,又关注叙事策略。

二是在‘细读’局部成分时,仔细考察该成分在作品全局中的作用。

”[9]而“整体”性则主要体现在综合考察“作品中各成分之间的相互作用”、综合考察“作品和语境”以及“对一个作品与相关作品的相似和对照加以互文考察”。

在该书的下篇,申丹教授对“整体细读”的方法进行了实践。

在研读完下篇之后,再次深感文学研究工作的艰辛与不易,也对申丹教授从重读欧美经典短篇小说中挖掘的新意感到新奇和快乐,更被申丹教授的西方文论研究的深厚功力深深折服,这是我无论多么努力都达不到境界啊!学科教学(语文)专业硕士的培养目标是培养基础教育的高层次人才,其中一部分是教师,一部分是研究员。

作为学科教学(语文)专业的研究生,不论以后是走向基础教育的工作岗位,还是做语文教育的研究员,能对语文教材中的文学作品做出有效的、有新意的阐释,都是非常有必要的。

通过对申丹教授《叙事、文体与潜文本——重读英美经典短篇小说》的研读,我认为要在中学语文教材中做文学作品的有效阐释,应该先做好以下三个方面的准备工作:(一)重新巩固《文学概论》等文学研究的基础知识作为文学院的学生,在本科阶段已经学习了文学理论等基础知识,但是缺乏系统深刻的学习和理解,而在文学作品的阐释的过程中需要应用到大量的文学理论的知识。

专业的文学研究者与文学爱好者是有质的区别的,虽然在阅读一篇文学作品之后,我们都需要对文学作品和自己的阅读感受做出描述,但文学爱好者多是以自身的感性认识为主,也多结合自身的经历经验为阅读延伸,缺乏理性的分析和专业的理论支撑。

文学研究者在对文学作品做出描述和判断时,不仅是从个人感受出发,他的文学批评不是给自己看的,不只是自己情感体验的出口,而更重要的是通过文学批评来阐释和揭示作品的深刻内涵、对现实生活的反映、作者的情感内里,这些内容有时候并不是直接显现在文字上的,作者在创作时既会受到其所处的文学社会环境的影响,会不自觉地运用某一创作流派的手法进行创作,也有可能根据表达的需要自觉地或顺应或超越时代的影响,或接受或排斥某一创作观念和叙事策略。

这就需要在宏观层面对文学理论的知识做系统的学习和理解,用理论去引导和支撑文学阐释。

(二)熟悉巩固古代汉语、现代汉语等语言学知识从微观层面来讲,语言文字是构成文学作品的基石,文字的组合与变形,小句的铺陈与顺序都是为表达作品的内涵服务的。

语言是思维的工具,特定的语言形式还会对特定民族的思维产生反作用。

不同的文字系统包含着不同的思维方式和认知方式,只有对需要研究的文学作品的特定文字有系统的理解和深刻认识,才能透过文字的形式领悟到形式之下的意义。

申丹教授是欧美文论的研究专家,对欧美文字系统背后的认知方式和哲学意义有深刻的理解,因此能在重读欧美经典短篇小说的实践中,运用“整体细读”的方法时能游刃有余。

汉语在中国经历了几千年的发展,反映了中国的哲学思想,同时也深受其影响。

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