英语实用语法——非常详细,适合各类考生
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你没有兄弟吗?
Yes , I have / No, I haven’t 不 ,我有 / 是的 我没有。
Don’t you know English? 你不懂英语吗 ? Yes, I do / No, I don’t.
不 我懂 / 是的 我懂
2.特殊疑问句
特殊疑问句是就句子中某一部分进行提问的疑问句。 What time do you get up? 你几点起床? 疑问词分为两类: 疑问代词 what who whom (who的宾格) whose (谁的) which (哪个)。 疑问副词 when where why how。
Is there any food to eat ? Yes, there is / No , there isn’t.
进行时和被动语态结含有be 动词所以它们的疑问句和Be动 词的疑问句形式相同。 The baby were crying last night. Were the baby crying last night? Yes they were / No they weren’t English is spoken all over the world. Is English spoken all over the world? Yes it is / No it isn’t
(二)祈使句
祈使句表达说话人对对方的劝告、叮嘱、建议、请求或命令 等。主语you通常省略,谓语动词用原形,句末用感叹号或句 号。表达请求或劝告时,祈使句句末或句首可以加上please表 示委婉的语气。
1.肯定祈使句的表现形式:
Do型 动词原形(+宾语)+其他成分。
Please have a seat. 请坐。
Be型 Be+表语(名词或形容词)+其他成分。Be quiet! 安静!
Let型 Let+宾语+动词原形+其他成分。
Let me help you. 让我帮助你。
Do 型: (1) 不及物动词+其他成分。 Come here! 过来! Look! 看! Come in! 进来! (2)及物动词+宾语+其他成分。 Close the door! 关门! Open your books! 翻开课本! Be 型: 系动词+表语+其他成分。 Be quiet, please! 请安静! Be careful! 小心!
(3) 实义(行为) 动词的一般疑问句。 陈述句中如只有行为动词,要在句首加助动词 do/ does /did。 He has supper at home every day? Does he have supper at home every day? Yes he does / No he doesn’t He did morning exercise yesterday! Did he do morning exercises yesterday? Yes he did /No he didn’t
(2) how引导的感叹句 (中心词是形容词 , 副词或,动词 )
①How + 形容词/副词+ (主语+谓语)!
How clever (the boy is)! 这个孩子是多么聪明!
How fast (he drives)! 风筝飞得多么高啊!
②How+ 形容词+a/an+可数名词单数+ (主语+谓语)!
一般疑问句的否定结构的回答:
英语中,一般疑问句的否定结构的回答,是肯定还是否定 取决于答语是肯定还是否定,这点和汉语不同。
Is he not a Frenchman?
他不是法国人吗?
Yes, he is / No, he is not
不 他是 / 是的 他不是
Haven’t you any brothers?
句子的种类
英语的句子按照用途可分为四类:陈述句、疑问句、祈使 句和感叹句。
(一)陈述句
用来陈述一件事实或表达说话者看法的句子叫作陈述句, 句末用句号表示句子的陈述结束。陈述句分为肯定句和否 定句。 I like apples. 我喜欢苹果。 Tom is not good at English. 汤姆英语学得不好。
否定结构陈述句
1.Be动词的否定句
I am not a student. He is not my teacher. **进行时和被动语态 (现在时,过去时,进行时的被动语态) 都有be 动词所以它们的否定句与be动词的否定同形. They are not cleaning the room. 他们没在打扫房间。 He was not elected as the monitor. 他没有被选为班长。
Don’t make such a noise. ②Don’t be late for school! 上学不要迟到!
(2)Let型的否定式有两种: Don’t +let+宾语+动词原形+其他成分 Let+宾语+not+动词原形+ 其他成分 Don’t let him go. /Let him not go. 别让他走。 Let’s/Let us /Let me +not + 动词原形 + 其他成分 Let’s not say anything about it. (3)有些可用no开头,用来表示禁止性的祈使句。 No smoking! 禁止吸烟!
一般情况下What和 How 可以相互转换:
The boy is clever.
How clever the boy is! 这个孩子是多么聪明! What a clever boy he is ! It is a cold day. How cold a day it is! 多么冷的一天啊! What a cold day it is ! 在口语中 常省略陈述句部分 How cold ! What a cold day !
How cold a day (it is)! 多么冷的一天啊!
③How+陈述句 (主语+谓语)!
How I miss you!
我多么想念你啊!
How she loves her daughter!
陈述句变感叹句 一 断 , 二 去, 三 加, 四改变。 一 断, 找到陈述句的主谓,断开句子. 二去, 断开后,如果后部分的中心词是形容词或副词,去掉它们的修饰词. 三加,如果后部分的中心词是名词就加 what, 是形容词或副词就加 How. 四改变, 调整语序,大小写,句末加 ! 陈述句 Tom is very famous. 一断 Tom is / very famous. 二去 Tom is / famous. 三加 Tom is /how famous. 四改变 How famous tom is !
4.行为动词的否定句
主语+do/does/did + not + 动词原形 They do not live in shanghai. He does not do his home work every day. They did not have the meeting yesterday. She did not pass the English exam yesterday.
(2) 情态动词的一般疑问句。 陈述句中有情态动词,直接将情态动词提至主语前。 You can bring me some bread. Can you bring me some bread? Yes I can / No I can’t I must do it now. Must I do it now? Yes you must / No you need not.
What a beautiful city (it is)! 多么美丽的一个城市!
②What+形容词+可数名词复数 (+主语+谓语)!
What clever monkeys! 多么聪明的猴子!
③What+形容词+不可数名词 (+主语+谓语)!
What cold weather it is! 多么寒冷的天气!
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2.感叹句的种类
感叹句一般用what 或how开头,其具体用法如下:
(1) what引导的感叹句 (中心词是名词)
①What +a/an+ 形容词+可数名词单数(+主语+谓语)!
What a cold day (it is) !
多么冷的一天啊!
What a clever boy (he is)! 多么聪明的男孩!
(四)疑问句
用来表示提问的句子叫作疑问句,句末用问号。疑问句包括
一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句四种。
1 Is she from China ?
一般疑问句
2 When is your birthday?
特殊疑问句
3 Is this a dog or a cat?
选择疑问句
4 You are a student, aren’t you? 反意疑问句
(4) 现在完成时和过去完成时的一般疑问句。 将助动词 have/has /had提至句首。 You have known her since your childhood? Have you known her since your childhood? 你从童年时就认识她吗? Yes I have /No I haven’t He had learned English before he came here? Had he learned English before he came here? 他来这之前就学过英语吗? Yes he had / No he hadn’t.
1.一般疑问句 一般疑问句是对一件事情或情况是否真实而提出疑问的句子, 常用yes或no来回答。 —Do you like bananas? ——你喜欢香蕉吗? —Yes, I do. —是的,我喜欢。 (1) Be 动词的一般疑问句 陈述句中有Be动词,直接将Be动词提至主语前。 Is he your friend? Yes ,he is / No , he isn’t
Let’s 和 let us 区别: Let’s 包括对方, let us不包括对方。 Let’s go .shall we. 咱么去吧,怎么样? Yes let’s /No let’s not . Let us go, will you? 让我们去吧,行吗?
(三) 感叹句
1.感叹句的概念 感叹句是表示喜怒哀乐等感情的句子,感叹句用感叹号 “!”。
2.情态动词的否定句
I can not do it by myself. You must not take the books out. 你一定不能把书拿出去。 3.完成时的否定 I have not finished the job. He has not had his lunch yet. He had not designed any plan by the end of last month.
Let型: Let+宾语+动词原形+其他成分。 Let's go at once. 咱们马上走。 Let me try again. 让我们再试一次。 Let her tell everyone . 让她告诉每一个人 Let tom go there . 让Tom 去那边。
2.否定祈使句的表现形式: (1)Do型和Be型的否定式都是在句首加don’t构成。 ①Don’t forget me! 不要忘记我!
一般疑问句的否定结构
把副词not 放在一般疑问句主语之后,即构成一般疑问句的否定结构.
Is he not ready? = Isn’t he ready? 他没准备好吗? Will he not come ? = Won’t he come ? 他不来吗? Have you not any sisters? = Haven’t you any sisters? 你没有兄弟吗? Can he not do it?= Can’t he do it ? 他做不了吗? Do you not need money?= Don’t you need money? 你不需要钱吗? Does it not rain much here?=Doesn’t it rain much here? 这里不常下雨吗? Did the museum not open? =Didn’t the museum open? 博物馆没有开门吗?
Yes , I have / No, I haven’t 不 ,我有 / 是的 我没有。
Don’t you know English? 你不懂英语吗 ? Yes, I do / No, I don’t.
不 我懂 / 是的 我懂
2.特殊疑问句
特殊疑问句是就句子中某一部分进行提问的疑问句。 What time do you get up? 你几点起床? 疑问词分为两类: 疑问代词 what who whom (who的宾格) whose (谁的) which (哪个)。 疑问副词 when where why how。
Is there any food to eat ? Yes, there is / No , there isn’t.
进行时和被动语态结含有be 动词所以它们的疑问句和Be动 词的疑问句形式相同。 The baby were crying last night. Were the baby crying last night? Yes they were / No they weren’t English is spoken all over the world. Is English spoken all over the world? Yes it is / No it isn’t
(二)祈使句
祈使句表达说话人对对方的劝告、叮嘱、建议、请求或命令 等。主语you通常省略,谓语动词用原形,句末用感叹号或句 号。表达请求或劝告时,祈使句句末或句首可以加上please表 示委婉的语气。
1.肯定祈使句的表现形式:
Do型 动词原形(+宾语)+其他成分。
Please have a seat. 请坐。
Be型 Be+表语(名词或形容词)+其他成分。Be quiet! 安静!
Let型 Let+宾语+动词原形+其他成分。
Let me help you. 让我帮助你。
Do 型: (1) 不及物动词+其他成分。 Come here! 过来! Look! 看! Come in! 进来! (2)及物动词+宾语+其他成分。 Close the door! 关门! Open your books! 翻开课本! Be 型: 系动词+表语+其他成分。 Be quiet, please! 请安静! Be careful! 小心!
(3) 实义(行为) 动词的一般疑问句。 陈述句中如只有行为动词,要在句首加助动词 do/ does /did。 He has supper at home every day? Does he have supper at home every day? Yes he does / No he doesn’t He did morning exercise yesterday! Did he do morning exercises yesterday? Yes he did /No he didn’t
(2) how引导的感叹句 (中心词是形容词 , 副词或,动词 )
①How + 形容词/副词+ (主语+谓语)!
How clever (the boy is)! 这个孩子是多么聪明!
How fast (he drives)! 风筝飞得多么高啊!
②How+ 形容词+a/an+可数名词单数+ (主语+谓语)!
一般疑问句的否定结构的回答:
英语中,一般疑问句的否定结构的回答,是肯定还是否定 取决于答语是肯定还是否定,这点和汉语不同。
Is he not a Frenchman?
他不是法国人吗?
Yes, he is / No, he is not
不 他是 / 是的 他不是
Haven’t you any brothers?
句子的种类
英语的句子按照用途可分为四类:陈述句、疑问句、祈使 句和感叹句。
(一)陈述句
用来陈述一件事实或表达说话者看法的句子叫作陈述句, 句末用句号表示句子的陈述结束。陈述句分为肯定句和否 定句。 I like apples. 我喜欢苹果。 Tom is not good at English. 汤姆英语学得不好。
否定结构陈述句
1.Be动词的否定句
I am not a student. He is not my teacher. **进行时和被动语态 (现在时,过去时,进行时的被动语态) 都有be 动词所以它们的否定句与be动词的否定同形. They are not cleaning the room. 他们没在打扫房间。 He was not elected as the monitor. 他没有被选为班长。
Don’t make such a noise. ②Don’t be late for school! 上学不要迟到!
(2)Let型的否定式有两种: Don’t +let+宾语+动词原形+其他成分 Let+宾语+not+动词原形+ 其他成分 Don’t let him go. /Let him not go. 别让他走。 Let’s/Let us /Let me +not + 动词原形 + 其他成分 Let’s not say anything about it. (3)有些可用no开头,用来表示禁止性的祈使句。 No smoking! 禁止吸烟!
一般情况下What和 How 可以相互转换:
The boy is clever.
How clever the boy is! 这个孩子是多么聪明! What a clever boy he is ! It is a cold day. How cold a day it is! 多么冷的一天啊! What a cold day it is ! 在口语中 常省略陈述句部分 How cold ! What a cold day !
How cold a day (it is)! 多么冷的一天啊!
③How+陈述句 (主语+谓语)!
How I miss you!
我多么想念你啊!
How she loves her daughter!
陈述句变感叹句 一 断 , 二 去, 三 加, 四改变。 一 断, 找到陈述句的主谓,断开句子. 二去, 断开后,如果后部分的中心词是形容词或副词,去掉它们的修饰词. 三加,如果后部分的中心词是名词就加 what, 是形容词或副词就加 How. 四改变, 调整语序,大小写,句末加 ! 陈述句 Tom is very famous. 一断 Tom is / very famous. 二去 Tom is / famous. 三加 Tom is /how famous. 四改变 How famous tom is !
4.行为动词的否定句
主语+do/does/did + not + 动词原形 They do not live in shanghai. He does not do his home work every day. They did not have the meeting yesterday. She did not pass the English exam yesterday.
(2) 情态动词的一般疑问句。 陈述句中有情态动词,直接将情态动词提至主语前。 You can bring me some bread. Can you bring me some bread? Yes I can / No I can’t I must do it now. Must I do it now? Yes you must / No you need not.
What a beautiful city (it is)! 多么美丽的一个城市!
②What+形容词+可数名词复数 (+主语+谓语)!
What clever monkeys! 多么聪明的猴子!
③What+形容词+不可数名词 (+主语+谓语)!
What cold weather it is! 多么寒冷的天气!
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2.感叹句的种类
感叹句一般用what 或how开头,其具体用法如下:
(1) what引导的感叹句 (中心词是名词)
①What +a/an+ 形容词+可数名词单数(+主语+谓语)!
What a cold day (it is) !
多么冷的一天啊!
What a clever boy (he is)! 多么聪明的男孩!
(四)疑问句
用来表示提问的句子叫作疑问句,句末用问号。疑问句包括
一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句四种。
1 Is she from China ?
一般疑问句
2 When is your birthday?
特殊疑问句
3 Is this a dog or a cat?
选择疑问句
4 You are a student, aren’t you? 反意疑问句
(4) 现在完成时和过去完成时的一般疑问句。 将助动词 have/has /had提至句首。 You have known her since your childhood? Have you known her since your childhood? 你从童年时就认识她吗? Yes I have /No I haven’t He had learned English before he came here? Had he learned English before he came here? 他来这之前就学过英语吗? Yes he had / No he hadn’t.
1.一般疑问句 一般疑问句是对一件事情或情况是否真实而提出疑问的句子, 常用yes或no来回答。 —Do you like bananas? ——你喜欢香蕉吗? —Yes, I do. —是的,我喜欢。 (1) Be 动词的一般疑问句 陈述句中有Be动词,直接将Be动词提至主语前。 Is he your friend? Yes ,he is / No , he isn’t
Let’s 和 let us 区别: Let’s 包括对方, let us不包括对方。 Let’s go .shall we. 咱么去吧,怎么样? Yes let’s /No let’s not . Let us go, will you? 让我们去吧,行吗?
(三) 感叹句
1.感叹句的概念 感叹句是表示喜怒哀乐等感情的句子,感叹句用感叹号 “!”。
2.情态动词的否定句
I can not do it by myself. You must not take the books out. 你一定不能把书拿出去。 3.完成时的否定 I have not finished the job. He has not had his lunch yet. He had not designed any plan by the end of last month.
Let型: Let+宾语+动词原形+其他成分。 Let's go at once. 咱们马上走。 Let me try again. 让我们再试一次。 Let her tell everyone . 让她告诉每一个人 Let tom go there . 让Tom 去那边。
2.否定祈使句的表现形式: (1)Do型和Be型的否定式都是在句首加don’t构成。 ①Don’t forget me! 不要忘记我!
一般疑问句的否定结构
把副词not 放在一般疑问句主语之后,即构成一般疑问句的否定结构.
Is he not ready? = Isn’t he ready? 他没准备好吗? Will he not come ? = Won’t he come ? 他不来吗? Have you not any sisters? = Haven’t you any sisters? 你没有兄弟吗? Can he not do it?= Can’t he do it ? 他做不了吗? Do you not need money?= Don’t you need money? 你不需要钱吗? Does it not rain much here?=Doesn’t it rain much here? 这里不常下雨吗? Did the museum not open? =Didn’t the museum open? 博物馆没有开门吗?