初二下册英语重点单词用法

The new curriculum geographyThe map teaching and the ability of reading related researchZhejiang SongYang one Que fire Ming 323400 TEL: 323400[to] picked ordinary high school new curriculum plan in the fall of 2006 in zhejiang province into the comprehensive implementation stage, the implementation of the high school geography new curriculum concept is a gradual process. Map of new geography curriculum teaching for students of geography subject ability, geographic methods, the cultivation of the geographical point of view is very important. New geography course standard, the examination standard and the college entrance examination examination outline in are clearly the ability of reading requirements. Through questionnaire survey, the student individual interview, methods of communication between the teacher found that did not really play in the geography teaching map teaching effectiveness, teaching map establishment not science, teachers use graph to guide teaching strategy worth exploring, the imperfection of the map teaching resources, autonomous learning ability is insufficient, students use map through the map teaching to cultivate students' ability to geography has huge potential. In the actual teaching with new ideas for teaching design, attention to reflect the teacher guided students' autonomous, inquiry and cooperative learning, so that the students have to all-round development of personality; To clear the status of geography image teaching on the map, try in the teaching according to different geographical image, the different students and different effective combination between teaching content; To strengthen exchanges and cooperation, teaching in the teaching achieve resource sharing, promoting successful map teaching mode, improve teaching effectiveness. Specific measures are in the teachers, students, curriculum resources to improve the level of influence map teaching effectiveness factors such as, through effective map teaching to ensure the concept of new geography curriculum implementation and achieve the teaching goal.[key words] map of the new curriculum teaching ability of readingOrdinary high school new curriculum plan has smooth implementation in the country. However, the implementation of the new concept, from the theory to the education practice, there are quite a long way to go. For geography teaching, how to implement new ideas in the usual teaching, especially in the map teaching in the best legacy of traditional teaching methods and teaching means on the basis of innovation, change the past some backward teaching ideas and teaching ideas, to the new curriculum concept map teaching, new teaching material view, the new view of teachers and students to teaching orientation, to improve the effectiveness of the geographical map teaching, is an important task to geography teachers.A, high school geography new curriculum teaching and the requirements of evaluation on the ability of reading1. The geography curriculum requirements for students' ability of readingIn the ordinary high school geography curriculum standard (experiment) "[1] objective knowledge and skills, this dimension has such a demand:" learn to independent or cooperation geographical observations, geographical experiments, the geographical investigation; mastering reading, analysis, using the geography diagram and geographic data skills ".Teaching Suggestions in the implementation suggestion may require attaches great importance to the geography teaching the use of information resources and information technology: "in theconditional place, should actively making use of geographic information resources in network, electronic maps, and information technology to optimize geography teaching. Where does not yet have the condition of the can still geographical image, atlas in the textbook as the main media methods to help students from a variety of way to acquiring geographic information, and learn to apply". Activity suggest: use electronic map query information, etc.In figure 2. The new teaching material of geography teachingGeography teaching media can be divided into language symbol media and non-language symbol media. Geography teaching is one of the most commonly used language teaching media geography teaching with figure. In 1981, the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for r. w. sperry and his colleagues found that the spatial cognitive ability and the understanding of the complexity of ability right brain is better than that of the left hemisphere, words can't clear space, the concept of map huge amount of information in the form of image, determines its in the development of right brain, dig the irreplaceable role in students' potential [2]. Here is the new curriculum xiang version of ordinary high school geography textbooks of each geographic image in the use of statistical (see table 1) :Table 1 xiang version of ordinary high school geography curriculum standard experiment textbook compulsory module illustrations use TABModule geographical distribution map image statistics chart diagram form data required 40 42 Ⅰ23 September 5 4 compulsory Ⅱ14 of 17 51 7 5 10 compulsory Ⅲ36 7 56 9 11 2 shows, the use of geographic chart, in textbooks in accounting for a large space, make up for the lack of text data and the limitation of expression, especially in the traditional sense of the maps, the geographic distribution, with its space, intuitive, simple easy to recognize and remember. Rendering of this kind of map is the distinctive features of geography textbooks, is the main part of the geographic board figure, is an important means of directors like distribution of the teaching.3. The map teaching status and trend at home and abroad(1) the geographical map teachingThe end of the 20th century, great changes have taken place in geography education in the United States. In 1993, the United States signed the 2000 target: American Education law (Goals 2000: Education America Act), in the form of law to geographical discipline specify required course for primary and middle school students, put forward the "2000 all American students have the ability to use geography". Promulgated in 1994 "the Geography of the Life: National Geography Standards (Geography for Life: National Geography Standards, 1994) is the history of Geography education programmatic document, embodies the Geography education based on students' development, to strengthen training students' geographic literacy education concept [3]. "The national curriculum standard" regulation, by geographical education, make students understand and know: how to use a map and expressed in spatial point to capture, processing and information.(2) high school geography teaching with figure in Hong KongPeng Xiaofeng [4] by o 'clock 2001 high school "geography" (part ii) with the Hong Kong of publishing co., LTD., the 1997 edition of the new geographic comparisons found, pay attention to both teaching material by combining, learning practice. O 'clock and version of geography textbook are equipped with a certain number of images, the image vivid and intuitive and informative, is very beneficial to developing the students' observation, thinking, imagination, creation and so on various aspects ability. Look from the number, amount of image text version of teaching materials more than a human version of teaching materials. Above in expression form ofedition teaching material of language is life, the image is very rich, photo is a lot of more phyletic, the quality is very high. The expressions of diversification are more likely to stimulate students interest in learning.(3) teaching Australia with figureTse-fai [5], etc. Through the comparative study on the overseas high school geography teaching material, found that Australian geography textbook attaches great importance to cultivate the students' understanding and social skills, namely the use of geographic information (such as maps, charts, and statistics, etc.) to clarify and find geographical problems, logical thinking, thereby improve the ability of analysis, comprehensive, reasoning, and judgment.4. High school teaching present situation mapAccording to statistical data and survey interviews of some different grade students, teachers, found that there are in the teaching of teaching with figure seriously enough, a teacher is no good to guide students to use figure; Secondly, the students didn't figure habits and interests; 3 it is based on an inert, students are too lazy to look at the picture and turn figure; Four is the insufficient understanding of the map reading ability training. The lower grade, the more obvious the situation, which is based on the ability of reading and foundation is different, the geography course because of the different emphasis. On the other hand, there are quite a number of students interested in geography, especially for atlas and textbooks in teaching with figure, through the picture, greatly enriched their knowledge of geography, cultivate the ability of autonomic learning, learned to explore and enrich the emotions.Second, the effect map teaching effectiveness and the ability of reading promotion factors1. The middle school geography teaching on the map using the confusionIn the current middle school education in our country, map education major in geography course. Through investigation to understand, at this stage the map teaching is the actual status of the face the teacher in the teaching of geographic chart using the value degree is not enough, in cultivating students' ability to read graph analysis etc consciousness is not strong, the existing inadequate resources, teacher's drawing, such as using multimedia teaching skills needs to be strengthened, the teaching method is not flexible, the teacher's professional quality and the modern concept of education have defects. Feel no interest in maps of the students is relatively common, students' ability of reading difficult, 75.33% of the students lack of confidence in their ability of reading. School concept map teaching resources, teachers and students use figure is relatively weak, the teachers teaching level is limited, graph method is obsolete, the teaching and life less contact, students lack of practice and application and so on directly affect the geographical map reading ability enhancement. The existence of these phenomenon that is not very good play in the high school geography teaching geography image function and value in geography teaching, also hard to reflect the teaching idea of new curriculum.2. The new curriculum teaching in high school geography teaching material with the figure of many defects and negative effects on the teaching effectBy contrast, found that the new teaching material compared with old teaching material, teaching theory and figure on the choice of although there is a clear change, such as geographic chart of accounts for a big growth space in the in the textbooks, made up for the lack of text data and the limitation of expression, but there are still many deficiencies. As in the picture color processing, the choice of teaching with the figure, the collocation with the body, the layout design process to be perfect; Maps reflect the content from the daily life of students, the lack of kindness and notwell reflect the social development of our country, the lack of realism and times; Teaching atlas can not reflect the latest information in time, map type single, rigid, contact the textbooks, the life is not close, etc., to a great extent, restricts the effectiveness of classroom teaching, is not conducive to the implementation of new curriculum concept. Teaching materials in the map figure with administrative areas, the natural geographical diagram and schematic diagram is given priority to, lack of local map and practicability, cannot be combined with life experience. Due to these reasons, the students use the map in the life consciousness, map reading ability is poor, difficult to analyze the teaching map synthesis, etc., influenced the map literacy cultivation.3. The influence factors to the development of the students' ability of readingFrom the above statistics show that factors affecting the development of students' ability of reading can be divided into the following categories:(1) the cause of the students themselves. Interest in geography, such as individual would influence the investment subject of time and energy; The individual on the degree of using the support with the method of reading; Individual memorization methods and level; Individual learning methods and attitudes, etc., the individual degree of mastering the basic knowledge and skills; Individuals have learning resources, etc.(2) the teachers' factors. Such as the teachers' teaching methods and attitudes; The use of teachers of various map teaching resources, teaching organization and teaching strategy; Teacher to student's assessment and requirements, etc.(3) map teaching resources and the quality of high and low. Such as teaching with the figure is not typical, scientific, or representative, bad cooperation with writing material; Read and use maps the knowledge and skills is difficult to consolidate and so on factors, directly affect the teaching effectiveness. Such as teaching conditions and limits on the teachers' teaching level; Old teaching methods, organization forms inappropriate; Some geography teaching use figure less contact with life; Students lack of practice and application; Teaching with the figure is not typical, scientific, or representative, bad cooperation with writing material; Read and use maps the knowledge and skills is difficult to consolidate and so on factors, directly affect the teaching effectiveness. Three, improve students' ability of reading map teaching strategyTo improve the validity of the map teaching to improve students' geographical map reading ability, can be improved in the following dimensions:1. The student level: attaches great importance to the learning methods and skills of flexible use (1) learn to autonomous learning and cooperative learningAutonomous learning requires students to actively, in a timely manner to learn, good at organizing knowledge. Require students to good at using family, classmates, teachers, media channels to help yourself to learn, such as happiness and progress in the study together.(2) the learning resources to make full use of various mapsMap teaching resources on the one hand, from the school, on the other hand, from the community. Such as topography, climate, rivers in the community, economic development and other natural human resources can use, let it play out the biggest effectiveness.(3) good ability to explore and discover problems included in figureIn the process of learning to learn things or inquiry teaching in the picture is a reflection of the phenomenon of law, principle, learn to discover problems, find out the ways to solve problems, the existing knowledge and experience and teaching combined with figure, realize map teaching ability promotion effect.(4) learn to flexible image recognition methodFor the different geographic image recognition and memory should use different methods, such as the memory of geographic things in the geographical distribution of memorization methods available now are: network memorization, classified memorization, memorization, contrast image memorization, memorization, etc.(5) the map learning combined with their own knowledge and life experienceIn learning map, want to combine their existing knowledge and cognitive level, with his original life experience, not too much to study complex, difficult, partial geographic images, or in under the guidance of teachers.(6) to try to make drawing or geographic model, study appliance, etcPractical ability is the embodiment of the comprehensive ability, the geography study through drawing, homemade model not only can make already learn knowledge consolidated, and constantly find and solve problems in the operation, the use of learned knowledge.(7) attaches great importance to the learning process of participation and experience accumulation The new curriculum concept attaches great importance to the students' learning methods, learning process, learning attitude, attention to the full development of students' all-round development and personality. In learning map, to pay attention to their own learning process, make learning is full of vitality, to accumulate their own learning experience, to improve learning methods, make their own learning progress.2. Teacher: reasonable use map effective teaching strategiesDifferent geographic images, teaching media, using different strategies should be adopted [6] : (1) the use of the maps, charts, strategies: (1) selection of images, right on track4 (2) chart, brief and to the point (3) choose make a map of your specification. Maps, charts, display requirements: (1) pay attention to the lighting conditions (2) sheet size appropriate, to the point (3) suspension method is proper, conducive to teaching show (4) to grasp the good opportunity.(2) the use of geographical landscape map: be careful to typicality, vividness, pertinence, comparative, show a note number, second, we must grasp the present time, third, we need to highlight to watch.(3) the use of geographic board, board painting: simplifying the original image, highlight the main points; Show process, static to move; Inspire revulsive and develop intelligence.(4) the use of the slide show, projection: purpose - assisted teaching, shoulds not be too much; Strong affinity, the content of the performance is closely related to the teaching content; Timely presentation - closely integrated with the teaching process; Teachers dominate - when viewed for effective guidance, clear focus; Operation skill.(5) the use of special geography classroom: focus on the latest education media technology progress, timely grasp the modern education technology, such as making network courseware, handle general image, etcCombining the theory of cognitive psychology in the 1980 s, many scholars such as Dreyfus and Berliner teacher professional development in the research is divided into five stages: the novice stage, advanced beginner stage, competent, skilled and expert stage [7], the teacher want to experience in the education practice is not mature to mature process, in this process, teachers need to keep learning progress, to surpass ourselves and to promote their own professional development. Geography teachers should internalize demands to education teaching, actively forge ahead, constantly improve their own teaching art accomplishment and teaching style. In the map teaching,to explore the various curriculum resources, improve teaching skills and teaching methods, training students' geographical map reading ability.3. School: positive construction of geography curriculum resourceBased on the status quo of the current school teaching is difficult to carry out the map, map of different schools and teachers should make efforts to improve the teaching resources, provide students with more opportunities for direct participation and awareness, create favorable conditions for the teaching. Specific content such as: 1, 2, 3, multimedia electronic teaching media traditional equipment technology four, five teaching resources, geographical map internship places, etc. On the choice of course content, with the life of the students and the society and the development of science and technology, selected students necessary content of lifelong learning and personal development.Based on the analysis of the above, to improve the effectiveness of the map teaching, must first have a clear new curriculum concept. Without the new curriculum idea as guidance, there is no new teachers, students and teaching material view, there would be no new concept map teaching methods and strategies. Teachers should strive to improve their education quality and teaching skills, attaches great importance to the students and the teaching material, actively explore suitable for teachers, students, teaching materials of map method. Second to change teachers' teaching behavior, as a student learning guide, the teacher must make courses accessible to students, through the situation, improve the students' interest in learning. Three is guided by modern education theory, research from the Angle of modern education technology to teaching design, change student study way, change passive learning into autonomous learning, change to accept learning for inquiry learning. Four is to make the map teaching and students' knowledge and life experience, the combination of actively encourage students to participate in the life practice, driven by tasks, to make the students master the map reading skills in problem solving. Five is to improve the school's teaching, accumulating and updating all kinds of map teaching resources, provide a powerful resources for a line of teaching. Six is to strengthen exchanges and cooperation, teaching in the teaching achieve resource sharing, promoting successful map teaching mode to improve teaching effectiveness.Main reference:[1] YanZhiZu geography course standard, the ordinary high school geography curriculum standard (experiment) interpretation [M]. Nanjing: jiangsu education press, 2003.11.[2] gui-xia liu, Zhang Xiaoguo. Map, highlights the geographical discipline characteristic and the breakthrough point of the development of right brain [J]. Journal of geographical education, 2007,(2) : 66 ~ 67.[3] BiChao. National geographic standard [J]. Journal of Beijing institute of education, 2000 (9). (o 'clock) [4] Peng Xiaofeng. Mainland and Hong Kong (his) high school geography textbooks are [J]. Journal of middle school geography teaching reference, 2003 (6) : 40, 41.[5] tse-fai, zhang lei, etc. Comparative analysis of foreign high school geography teaching materials [J]. Journal of middle school geography teaching reference, 2004 (3) : 4-6[6] Duan Yushan editor. Geography new curriculum classroom teaching skills [M]. Beijing: higher education press, 2003.7.[7] Fu Jianming editor. Principle of education and teaching techniques [M]. Guangzhou:guangdong education press, 2006.2.(related research was awarded the first prize for teaching research achievements appraisal of lishui city in 2007)2008/11/20PAGEPAGE 1* * * [JimiSoft: Unregistered Software ONL Y Convert Part Of the File! Read Help To Know How To Register.] * * *。