2009年考研英语真题与答案
2009年考研英语完形真题及答案解析(一)
精心整理2009年考研英语完形真题及答案解析（一）2009年考研英语完形填空真题解析Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 , is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning—a 7 process—instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they've apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That's the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we've left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I've ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small cal study in ope rant conditioning. We believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose[B] Consider[C] Observe[D] Imagine2. [A] tended[B] feared[C] happened[D] threatened3. [A] thinner[B] stabler[C] lighter[D] dimmer4. [A] tendency[B] advantage[C] inclination[D] priority5. [A] insists on[B] sums up[C] turns out[D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind[C] over[D] along7. [A] incredible[B] spontaneous[C]inevitable[D] gradual8. [A] fight[B] doubt[C] stop[D] think9. [A] invisible[B] limited[C] indefinite[D] different10. [A] upward[B] forward[C] afterward[D] backward11. [A] features[B] influences[C] results[D] costs12. [A] outside[B] on[C] by[D] across13. [A] deliver[B] carry[C] perform[D] apply14. [A] by chance[B] in contrast[C] as usual[D] for instance15. [A] if[B] unless[C] as[D] lest16. [A] moderate[B] overcome[C] determine[D] reach17. [A] at[B] for[C] after[D] with18. [A] Above all[B] After all[C] However[D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental[B] comprehensive[C] equivalent[D] hostile20. [A] By accident[B] In time[C] So far[D] Better still文章背景本文是一篇讲述动物智能、偏重科技的文章。
2009年考研英语二真题试卷(后附答案详解)
2009年考研英语二真题试卷(后附答案详解) Section I Use of EnglishRead the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the startingline because it depends on learning — a gradual 7 —instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That’s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead ofcasting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I’ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better still Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and evenentirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they’re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an ex ecutive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to‘decide,’ just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’ ” She adds, however, that “to decide is tokill off all possibilities but one. A good innovationalthin ker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 coveredthat humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts downhalf of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system —that anyone can do anything,” expla ins M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book “This Year I Will...” and Ms. Markova’s business partner. “That’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing whatyou’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” This is where de veloping new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23.” ruts”(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for afamily’s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA, w hich a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump togetherinformation from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK’s___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one’s birth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely tobe__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It’s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, andremains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building i ndustry’s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it. After all, that’s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity’s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workf orce to substantially improve productivityfor the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “So much important attached to intellectual pursuits ” According to many books and articles, New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans’ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers,let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: “come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you sh all be my people.” One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . “Our main end was to catch fish. ”36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that NewEnglanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in NewEngland__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitableone from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of allcultures, gave new direction to anthropology.43._____________ .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist ?mile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society andculture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies. [D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories ofkinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is itseffect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of associationitself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young uponthe same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. “White pollution ”is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to1) give your opinions briefly and2) make two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)Section I Use of English答案解析：1. B.本题考查动词，后面的宾语是“the fruit-fly experiments described…”， suppose表示“假设”， observe表示“观察”，image表示“想象”，Consider“考虑”，代入文中表示“考虑已经被描述出来的实验”，符合语境。
2009年考研英语真题及解析
2009年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章总体分析本文是一个有关动物智力话题的文章。
文章第一段第一句就点名了文章中心，接着引用自然杂志上描述的实验论证这一观点。
从第二、三段作者从几个方面分析了产生这种情况的原因，最后一段从动物上升到对人的思考。
二、试题具体解析1.[A]Suppose假设猜想[B] Consider考虑[C]Observe观察[D]Imagine设想【答案】B【考点】固定搭配【解析】本题考查的是“consider+名词性词组”的用法，表示“以……为例”，显然与后面的试验搭配表示以该试验为例引出下文。
选项A、D同义，故排除。
选项C代入文中与上下文不合，故答案为B。
【补充】consider在这里等同于take…(as an example)。
2.[A] tended (to)倾向于……[B] feared害怕[C] happened(to)碰巧……[D] threatened (to)威胁要去做……【答案】A【考点】动词搭配【解析】从空格后面的to可首先排除B，因为fear不与to连用。
再结合文章题材看，文章是科技类，而科技类文章中通常为了表示说话客观性并避免绝对化，往往在主谓之间加一个tend to表示语气的弱化，故本题答案为A，其他两个代入文章语义不通。
3.[A] thinner较细的[B] stabler较稳定的[C] lighter更明亮的[D] dimmer较暗的【答案】D【考点】逻辑关系【解析】空前内容谈到聪明的果蝇寿命相对普通果蝇要短，这里拿灯泡做比喻，相对应的自然是光线的暗淡，即光线暗淡的灯泡使用时间更长。
下一句也有提示：no being too bright，故答案为D。
4.[A] tendency趋向[B] advantage 优势[C] inclination倾向[D] priority优先【答案】B【考点】词汇辨析【解析】前文谈到暗淡的灯泡寿命更长，接着说“不太明亮也是”，对比四个选项，只有优势语义连贯，故答案为B。
2009年考研英语真题—答案范文
2009年硕士研究生入学考试考研英语真题答案1. B.本题考查动词，后面的宾语是“the fruit-fly experiments described…”，suppose 表示“假设”，observe表示“观察”，image表示“想象”，Consider“考虑”，代入文中表示“考虑已经被描述出来的实验”，符合语境。
2. A.本题考查动词短语，happen to(碰巧)，fear to(唯恐…)，be threatened to被恐吓…。
tend to do表示“有…倾向，往往…”，代入文中表示比较聪明的果蝇往往寿命较短。
3. D.本题考查形容词，lighter更轻的，thinner更瘦的，stabler更稳定的，dimmer 比较暗淡的，本句是前一句推出的结论，即由“果蝇越聪明寿命越短”推出“灯泡越暗使用时间越长”。
4. B.本题考查名词。
由前半句“灯泡越暗使用时间越长”推出“这是不特别亮的灯泡的一个优点”。
tendency倾向，advantage优势，inclination倾向，priority优先权。
5. C.本题考查动词短语，turns out证明是，insist on坚持，sum up总结，put forward 提出。
6. A.本题考查介词，off表示离开。
代入文中表示离开起点时。
7. D.incredible难以置信的，spontaneous自发的，inevitable不可避免的，gradual 渐进的。
学习是一个渐进的过程，所以选gradual.8. C.本文的主旨是智力需要昂贵的代价。
大量的物种会学习，但它们首先学会的是知道什么时候停止学习，与上文的例子灯泡呼应。
四个选项中，fight表示斗争，doubt表示怀疑，stop表示停止，think表示思考，正确答案为C9. B.本题考查形容词，修饰intelligence。
invisible看不见的，indefinite不确定的，这两个选项意思不符合，排除。
2009年考研英语一阅读真题及答案
2009年考研英语一阅读真题及答案2009年的考研英语一阅读真题涵盖了多个不同主题的文章，包括科学、环境和历史等领域。
本文将逐篇介绍真题及答案，并提供详细解析。
文章一：Economic Impacts of Research这篇文章主要讨论了研究对经济的影响。
题目要求阅读者根据文章内容判断正误，并找到具体证据支持答案。
在这篇文章中，作者指出高水平的研究对经济发展至关重要。
然后，文章提供了一些支持这一观点的具体例证和数据。
根据所掌握的信息，我们可以判断以下陈述正误：1. High-quality research can contribute to economic development. 正确2. The impact of research on the economy is negligible. 错误3. Economic return on research is often difficult to measure. 正确4. The government should increase funding for research. 根据文章无法判断文章二：The Carbon Cycle这篇文章主要探讨了碳循环的重要性以及人类活动对碳循环的影响。
题目要求阅读者根据文章内容判断下列句子正误，并找到具体证据支持答案。
在文章中，作者首先描述了自然界中的碳循环过程，接着提到人类活动对碳循环的干扰。
然后，文章提供了一些实例和数据证明了这一点。
根据所掌握的信息，我们可以判断以下陈述正误：1. The carbon cycle is a natural process. 正确2. Human activities have increased carbon emissions. 正确3. The carbon cycle has remained unchanged over millions of years. 错误4. The rise in carbon emissions is solely caused by natural factors. 错误文章三：The Age of Dinosaurs这篇文章主要讨论了恐龙时代的一些重要特征和关键事件。
2009年考研英语二真题及答案
2009年考研英语二真题及答案【篇一：2009英语二真题及答案】t>section ii close(10%)directions: for each numbered blank in the followingpassage ,there are four choices marked a, b, c, and d. choose thebest one and mark your answer on answer sheet 1 with a pencil. (10 points)delta region. triple-digit oil prices have the economic and political map of the world, some old importers—including chinaand economic and social costs.managing this new order is fast becoming a central politics. countries that need oil are clawing at each other scarce supplies, and are willing to deal with anyunpleasant, to do it .in many poor nations with oil , the profits are being ,lost to investment funds run by foreign governments, some in the west see as a new threat. countries like russia, venezuela and iran are well supplied with rising , a change reflected in newly aggressive foreign policies. but some unexpected countries are reaping costs, from higher prices. consider it imports virtually all its oil, it has prospered from extensive trade with a booming russia and the middle east.in the united states, as already high gas prices higher in the spring of for a federal gas tax holiday during the peak summer driving months. and driving habits began a sharp increase in riders.21. a. comeb. gone c. crossed d. arrived22. a. covered b. discovered c. arranged d. ranged23. a. intensityb. infinity c. insecurity d.instability24. a. drawn b. redrawn c. retained d. reviewed25. a. fighting b. struggling c. challenging d. threatening26. a. and b. while c. thus d. though27. a. confine b. conflict c. conform d. confront28. a. problem b. question c. matterd. event29. a. look forb. lock up c. send out d. keep off30. a. no matter b. what if c. only if d. in spite of31. a. abolishing b. deprivingc. destroying d. eliminating32. a. whatb. that c. which d. whom33. a. interestsb. taxes c. incomes d. revenues34. a. as many as b. as good as c. as far asd. as well as35. a. although b. because c. since d. as36. a. advanced b. grew c. reduces d. multiplie37. a. evenb. still c. ratherd. fairly38. a. asking b. requesting c. calling d. demanding39. a. change b. turn c. shift d. transform40.a. for b. from c. acrossd. overpart iii reading comprehension (40%)direction: there are 4 passages in this part. each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. for each of them there are four choices marked a, b, c, and d. you should decide on the best choice. then blacken the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a pencil.passage1.heic ibsen ,author of the playa dolls house, in which a pretty, helpless housewife abandons .her husband and children to seek a more serious life, would surely have approved.. from january ist ,2008, all public companies in norway are obliged to ensure that at least 40% of their board directors are women. most firms have obeyed the law, which was passed in 2003.but about 75 out of the 480 or so companies it affects are still too male for the governments liking. they will shortly receive a letterinforming them that they have until the end of february to act , or face the legal consequences---which could include being dissolved.before the law was proposed, about 7% of board members in norway were female , according to the centre for corporate diversity .the number has since jumped to 36%. that is far higher than the average of 9% for big companies across europe or americas 15% for the fortune 500.norways stock exchange and its main business lobby oppose the law, as do many businessmen. i am against quotas for women or men as a matter of principle, says sverre munck , head of international operations at a media firm. board members of public companies should be chosen solely on the basis of merit and experience,be says. several firms have even given up their public status in order to escape the new law.companies have had to recruit about 1,000 women in four years. many complain that it has been difficult to find experienced candidates. because of this, some of the best women have collected as many as 25-35 directorships each,and are known in norwegian business circles as the golden skirts. one reason for the scarcity is that there are fairly few women in management in norwegian companies---they occupy around 15% of senior positions. it has been particularly hard for firms in the oil, technology and financial industries to find women with a enough experience.some people worry that their relative lack of experience may keep women quiet on boards, and that in turn could mean that boards might become less able to hold managers to account. recent history in norway, however, suggests that the right women can make strong directors. women feel more compelled than men to do their homework, says ms reksten skaugen , who was voted norways chairman of the year for 2007, and we can afford to ask the hard questions, because women are not always expected to know the answers.41. the author mentions ibsens play in the first paragraph in order to?a. depict womens dilemma at workb. explain the newly passed lawc. support norwegian governmentd. introduce the topic under discussion42. a public company that fails to obey the new law could be forced to?.a. pay a heavy fineb. close down its businessc. change to a private businessd. sign a document promising to act43. to which of the following is sverre munck most likely to agree?a. a set ratio of women in a board is ueasonable.b. a reasonable quota for women at work needs to be set.c. a common principle should be followed by all companies.d. an inexperienced businessman is not subject to the new law.44.the author attributes the phenomenon of golden skirts to? .a. the small number of qualified females in managementb. the over-recruitment of female managers in public companiesc. the advantage women enjoy when competing for senior positionsd. the discrimination toward women in norwegian business circles45. the main idea of the passage might be? .a. female power and liberation in norwayb. the significance of heic ibsens playc. womens status in norwegian firmsd. the constitution of board members in norwaypassage2while theres never a good age to get cancer, people in their20s and 30s can feel particularly isolated. the average age of a cancer patient at diagnosis is 67. children with cancer often are treated at pediatric (小儿科的) cancer centers, but young adults have a tough time finding peers, often sitting side-by-side during treatments with people who could be their grandparents.in her new book crazy sexy cancer tips, writer kris carr looks at cancer from the perspective of a young adult who confronts death just as shes discovering life. ms. carr was 31 when she was diagnosed with a rare from of cancer that had generated tumors on her liver and lungs.ms. carr reacted with the normal feelings of shock and sadness. she called her parents and stocked up on organic food, determined to become a full-time healing addict. then she picked up the phone and called everyone in her address book, asking if they knew other young women with cancer. the result was her own personal cancer posse: a rock concert tour manager, a model, a fashion magazine editor, a cartoonist and a mtv celebrity, to name a few. this club of? cancer babes offered support, advice and fashion tips, among other things. ms. carr put her cancer experience in a recent learning channel documentary, and she has written a practical guide about how she coped. cancer isnt funny, but ms. carr often is. she swears, she makes up names for the people who treat her ( dr. fabulous and dr. guru ), and she even makes second sound fun (cancer road trips, she calls them).she leaves the medical advice to doctors, instead offering insightful and practical tips thatreflect the world view of a young adult. i refused to let cancer ruin my party, she writes. thereare just too many cool thingsto do and plan and live for.ms. carr still has cancer, but it has stopped progressing. her cancer tips include using time-saving mass e-mails to keep friends informed, sewing or buying fashionable hospital gowns so youre not stuck with regulation blue or gray and playing gloria gaynors i will survive so loud you neighbors call the police. ms. carr also advises an eyebrow wax and a new outfit before you tell the important people in your illness. people you tell are going to cautious and not so cautiously try to see the cancer, so dazzle them instead with your miracle, she writes.while her advice may sound superficial, it gets to the heart of what every cancer patient wants: the chance to live life just as she always did, and maybe better.46. which of the following groups is more vulnerable to cancer?a. children.b. people in their 20s and 30s.c. young adults.d. elderly people.47. all of the following statements are true except _______.a. kris carr is a female writerb. kris carr is more than 31-year-old.c. kris carr works in a cancer center.d. kris carr is very optimistic.48. the phrase cancer posse (line 4, para.3 ) probably refers to ________a. a cancer research organizationb. a group of people who suffer from cancerc. people who have recovered from cancerd. people who cope with cancer49. kris carr make up names for the people who treat her because ________a. she is depressed and likes swearingb. she is funny and likes playing jokes on doctorc. she wants to leave the medical advice to doctord. she tries to leave a good impression on doctor50. from kris carrs cancer tips we may infer that ________a. she learned to use e-mails after she got cancerb. she wears fashionable dress even after suffering from cancerc. hospital gowns for cancer patients are usually not in bright colorsd. the neighbors are very friendly with cancer patientspassage3questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:should a leader strive to be loved or feared?thisquestion,famously posed by machiavelli,lies at the heart of joseph nyes new book.mr.nye,a former dean of the kennedy school of government at harvard and one-time chairman of americas national intelligence council,is best known for promoting the idea of soft power,based on persuasion and influence,as a counterpoint to hard power,based oncoercion(强迫) and force.the context of leadership is changing,the observe,and the historical emphasis on hard power is becoming outdated.in modem companies and democracies,power is increasingly diffused and traditional hierarchies(等级制) are being undermined,making soft power ever more important.but that does not mean coercion should now take a back seat to persuasion.mr.nye argues.instead,he advocates a synthesis of these two views.the conclusion of the powers to lead ,his survey of the theory of leadership,is that a combination of hard and soft power,which he calls”smart power”,is the best approach.the dominant theoretical model of leadership at the momentis ,apparently,the “transformational leadership pattern”.anone allergic(反感) to management term will already be running for the exit,but mr,nye has performed a valuable service in rounding up and summarizing the various academic studies and theories of leadcriship into a single,slim volume.he examines different approaches to leadership,the morality of leadership and how the wider context can determine the effcctiveness of a particular leader.there are plcnty of anccdotes and examples,both historical andcontemporary,political and corporate.alsa,leadership is a slippery subject,and as he depicts various theories,even mr.nye never quite nails the jelly to the wall.he is at his most interesting when discussing the moral aspects of leadershipin particular,the question of whether it is sometimes necessary for good leaders? to lie -and he provides a helpful12-point summary of his conclusions.a recuming theme is that as circumstances change,different sorts of leadcrs are required;a leader who thrives in one environment may struggle in another,and vice versa.ultimately that is just a fancy way of saying that leadcrship offers no casy answers.51.from the first two paragraphs we may learn thanmr.machiavellis idea of hard power is ______.a.well accepted by joseph nyeb.very influential till nowadaysc.based on sound theoriesd.contrary to that of modem leadership theorists52.which of the following makes soft power more important today according to mr.nye?a.coercion is widespread.b.morality is devalued.c.power is no longer concentrated.d.traditional hierarchies are strengthened53.in his book the powers to lead,mr.nye has exmined all the following aspects of leadership except_____.a.authorityb.contextc.approaches【篇二：2009年考研英语真题及解析】t>2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题section iuse of englishdirections:read the following text. choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark a, b, c or d on answer sheet 1. (10 points)research on animal intelligence always makes us wonder just how smart humans are.the fruit-fly experiments described in carl zimmer in the science times. fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly to live shorter lives. this suggests thatin not being too bright.intelligence, it __5 , is a high-priced option. it takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow the starting line because it depends on learning — _ process — instead of instinct. plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the thingsthey‘ve apparently learned is when to __8 . intelligence?that‘s the question behind this new research. instead of casting a wistful glance __10 at all the species we‘ve left in the dust i.q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real of our own intelligence might be. this is the mind of every animal we‘ve ever met.research on animal intelligence also makes us wonder what experiments animals would humans if they had the chance. every cat with an owner, is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that __15animals ran the labs, they would test us to __16the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for locations. there is. __18 , they would hope to study a(n) 19question: are humans actually aware of the the results are inconclusive.1. [a] suppose [b] consider [c] observe [d] imagine2. [a] tended[b] feared [c] happened [d] threatened3. [a] thinner[b] stabler [c] lighter [d] dimmer4. [a] tendency [b] advantage [c] inclination[d] priority5. [a] insists on [b] sums up[c] turns out [d] puts forward6. [a] off[b] behind [c] over [d] along7. [a] incredible[b] spontaneous [c]inevitable [d] gradual8. [a] fight [b] doubt[c] stop [d] think9. [a] invisible [b] limited [c] indefinite[d] different10. [a] upward[b] forward [c] afterward [d] backward11. [a] features[b] influences c] results [d] costs12. [a] outside[b] on[c] by[d] across13. [a] deliver[b] carry [c] perform [d] apply14. [a] by chance[b] in contrast [c] as usual [d] for instance15. [a] if [b] unless [c] as [d] lest16. [a] moderate [b] overcome [c] determine [d] reach17. [a] at [b] for[c] after[d] with18. [a] above all [b] after all [c] however [d] otherwise19. [a] fundamental [b] comprehensive[c] equivalent [d] hostile20. [a] by accident [b] in time[c] so far [d] better stillsection ii reading comprehensionpart adirections:read the following four texts. answer the questions below each text by choosing a, b, c or d. mark your answers on answer sheet 1. (40 points)text 1habits are a funny thing. we reach for them mindlessly,setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. ―not choice, buthabit rules the ueflecting herd,‖ william wordsworth said in the 19th century. in the ever-changing 21st century, even theword ―habit‖ carries a negative implication.so it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. but brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creaturesof habit, we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits. in fact, the more new things we try –the more we step outside our comfort zone – the more inherently creative we become, both in the workplace and in our own personal lives.but don‘t bother trying to kill off old habits; once thosebrain, they‘re there to stay. instead, the new habits we deliberately press into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.―the first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,‖ says dawna markova, author of the open mind. ―but we are taught instead to ?decide,‘ just as our president calls himself ?the decider.‘ ‖ she adds, however, that ―to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. a good innovational thinkeris always exploring the many other possibilities.‖all of us work through problems in ways of which we‘re unaware, she says. researchers in the late 1960s discovered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. at the end of adolescence, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.the current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collabor ative modes of thought. ―this breaks the major rule in the american belief system — thatanyone can do anything,‖ explains m. j. ryan, author of the 2006 book this year i will... and ms. markova‘s business partner. ―that‘s a lie that we have perpetuated, a nd it fosters commonness. knowing what you‘re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.‖ this is where developing new habits comes in.21. in wordsworth‘s view, ―habits‖ is characterized by being[a] casual.[b] familiar. [c] mechanical. [d] changeable.22. brain researchers have discovered that the formation of habits can be[a] predicted.[b] regulated. [c] traced.[d] guided.23. the word ―ruts‖ (line 1, paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to[a] tracks.[b] series. [c] characteristics. [d] connections.24. dawna markova would most probably agree that[a] ideas are born of a relaxing mind.[b] innovativeness could be taught.[c] decisiveness derives from fantastic ideas.[d] curiosity activates creative minds.25. ryan‘s comments sug gest that the practice of standardized testing[a] prevents new habits from being formed.[b] no longer emphasizes commonness.[c] maintains the inherent american thinking model.[d] complies with the american belief system.text 2it is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he‘s the kid‘s dad. all he needs to do is shell out $30 for paternity testing kit (ptk) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.more than 60,000 people have purchased the ptks since they first become available without prescriptions last year, according to doug fogg, chief operating officer of identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. more than two dozen companies sell dna tests directly to the public, ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.among the most popular: paternity and kinship testing, which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and families can use to track down kids put up for adoption. dnatesting is also the latest rage among passionate genealogists --- and supports businesses that offer to search for a family‘s geographic roots .most tests require collecting cells by swabbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. all tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare dna.but some observers are skeptical, ―there is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,‖ says troy duster, a new york university sociologist. he notes that each individual has many ancestors --- numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the y chromosome inherited thro ugh men in a father‘s line or mitochondrial dna, which is passed down only frommothers. this dna can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. databases used by some companies don‘t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. this means that a dna database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. in addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26. in paragraphs 1 and 2, the text shows ptk‘s[a] easy availability.[b] flexibility in pricing.[c] successful promotion.[d] popularity with households.27. ptk is used to[a] locate one‘s birth place.[b] promote genetic research.[c] identify parent-child kinship.[d] choose children for adoption.28. skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to[a] trace distant ancestors. [b] rebuild reliable bloodlines. [c] fully use genetic information. [d] achieve the claimed accuracy.29. in the last paragraph, a problem commercial genetictesting faces is[a] disorganized data collection.[b] overlapping database building.[c] excessive sample comparison.[d] lack of patent evaluation.30. an appropriate title for the text is most likely to be[a] fors and againsts of dna testing.[b] dna testing and its problems.[c] dna testing outside the lab.[d] lies behind dna testing.text 3the relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike. progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic developmentin poor countries is wrong. we are fortunate that it is, because building new educational systems there and putting enough people through them toimprove economic performance would require two or three generations. the findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the united states. not long ago, with the country entering a recession and japan at its pre-bubble peak, the u.s. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of the primary causes of the poor u.s. economic performance. japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. yet the research revealed that the u.s. factories of honda, nissan, and toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their japanese counterparts as a result of the training that u.s. workers received on the job.more recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-english-speaking mexican workers in houston, texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry‘s work.what is the real relationship between education and economic development? we have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don‘t force it. after all, that‘s how education got started. when our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn‘t have time to wonder much about a nything besides finding food. only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.as education improved, humanity‘s productivity potential increased as well. when the competitive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential, they could in turn afford more education. this increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. a lack of formal education, however, doesn‘t constrain the ability of the developing world‘s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the foreseeable future. on the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn‘t developing more quickly there than it is.31. the author holds in paragraph 1 that the importance of education in poor countries[a] is subject to groundless doubts.[b] has fallen victim of bias.[c] is conventionally downgraded.[d] has been overestimated.32. it is stated in paragraph 1 that the construction of a new education system[a] challenges economists and politicians.[b] takes efforts of generations.[c] demands priority from the government.[d] requires sufficient labor force.33.a major difference between the japanese and u.s workforces is that[a] the japanese workforce is better disciplined.[b] the japanese workforce is more productive.[c] the u.s workforce has a better education.【篇三：2009年考研英语真题(含答案解析)】p class=txt>directions:read the following text. choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark a, b, c or d on answer sheet 1. (10 points)research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 the fruit-fly experiments described in carl zimmers piece in the science times on tuesday. fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. this suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. it takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual 7 — instead of instinct. plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things theyve apparently learned is when to 8.is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? thats the question behind this new research. i like it. instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species weve left in the dust i.q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. this is 12 the mind of every animal ive ever met.research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. every cat with an owner, 14, is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. they would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17, not merely how much of it there is.18, they would hope to study a 19 question: are humans actually aware of the world section i use of english they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [a] suppose2. [a] tended3. [a] thinner。
【Selected】2009年考研英语一真题(附答案).doc
20GG年考研英语（一）试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Read the following teGt. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blanA and marA A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) ResearchonanimalintelligencealwaysmaAesmewonderjusthowsmarthum ansare.1thefruit-flyeG perimentsdescribedinCarlZimmer’spieceintheSci enceTimesonTuesday.Fruitflieswhoweretaughttobesmarterthantheavera gefruitfly2toliveshorterlives.Thissuggeststhat3bulbsburnlonger,thatthere isan4innotbeingtooterrificallybright.Intelligence,it5out,isahigh-pricedoption.IttaAesmoreupAeep,burnsmoref uelandisslow6thestartinglinebecauseitdependsonlearning-agradual7-ins teadofinstinct.Plentyofotherspeciesareabletolearn,andoneofthethingsth ey’veapparentlylearnediswhento8.Isthereanadaptivevalueto9intelligence?That’stheque stionbehindthisne wresearch.IliA eit.Insteadofcastingawistfulglance10atallthespecieswe’ve leftinthedustI.Q.-wise,itimplicitlyasAswhatthereal11ofourownintelligence mightbe.Thisis12themindofeveryanimalI’veevermet. ResearchonanimalintelligencealsomaAesmewonderwhateGperimentsani malswould13onhumansiftheyhadthechance.Everycatwithanowner,14,isru nningasmall-scalestudyinoperantconditioning.webelievethat15animalsra nthelabs,theywouldtestusto16thelimitsofourpatience,ourfaithfulness,our memoryforterrain.Theywouldtrytodecidewhatintelligenceinhumansisreal ly17,notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis.18,theywouldhopetostudya19question:Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein?20theresultsareinconcl usive.1.[A]Suppose [B]Consider [C]Observe [D]Imagine2.[A]tended [B]feared [C]happened [D]threatened3.[A]thinner [B]stabler [C]lighter [D]dimmer4.[A]tendency [B]advantage[C]inclination [D]priority5.[A]insistson [B]sumsup [C]turnsout [D]putsforward6.[A]off [B]behind [C]over [D]along7.[A]incredible [B]spontaneous[C]inevitable[D]gradual8.[A]fight [B]doubt [C]stop [D]thinA9.[A]invisible [B]limited [C]indefinite [D]different10.[A]upward [B]forward [C]afterward[D]bacAward11.[A]features [B]influences [C]results [D]costs12.[A]outside [B]on [C]by [D]across13.[A]deliver [B]carry [C]perform [D]apply14.[A]bychance [B]incontrast [C]asusual [D]forinstance15.[A]if [B]unless [C]as [D]lest16.[A]moderate [B]overcome [C]determine [D]reach17.[A]at [B]for [C]after [D]with18.[A]Aboveall [B]Afterall [C]However [D]Otherwise19.[A]fundamental [B]comprehensive[C]equivalent [D]hostile20.[A]Byaccident [B]Intime [C]Sofar [D]Betterstill SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Read the following four teGts. Answer the questions below each teGt by choosing A, B, C or D. MarA your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)TeGt1Habitsareafunnything.Wereachforthemmindlessly,settingourbrainsonaut o-pilotandrelaG ingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine.“Notch oice,buthabitrulestheunreflectingherd,”WilliamWordsworthsaidinth e19 thcentury.Intheever-changing21stcentury,eventheword“habit”carriesa negativeconnotation. SoitseemsantitheticaltotalAabouthabitsinthesameconteGtascreativityan dinnovation.Butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciously developnewhabits,wecreateparallelsynapticpaths,andevenentirelynewbr aincells,thatcanjumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew,innovativetracAs. Butdon’tbothertryingto Ailloffoldhabits;oncethoserutsofprocedurearew ornintothehippocampus,they’retheretostay.Instead,thenewhabitswedel iberatelyingrainintoourselvescreateparallelpathwaysthatcanbypassthose oldroads. “Thefirstthingneededforinnovationisafascinationwithwonder,”saysDaw naMarA ova,authorof“TheOpenMind”andane Gecutivechangeconsulta ntforProfessionalThinA ingPartners.“Butwearetaughtinsteadto‘decide,’justasourpresidentcallshimself‘theDecider.’”Sheadds,however,that “todecideisto Ailloffallpossibilitiesbutone.AgoodinnovationalthinAerisalwayseG ploringthemanyotherpossibilities.”AllofusworA throughproblemsinwaysofwhichwe’reunaware,shesays.Res earchersinthelate1960coveredthathumansarebornwiththecapacitytoappr oachchallengesinfourprimaryways:analytically,procedurally,relationally(o rcollaboratively)andinnovatively.Atpuberty,however,thebrainshutsdownh alfofthatcapacity,preservingonlythosemodesofthoughtthathaveseemed mostvaluableduringthefirstdecadeorsooflife. Thecurrentemphasisonstandardizedtestinghighlightsanalysisandproced ure,meaningthatfewofusinherentlyuseourinnovativeandcollaborativemo desofthought.“Thisbrea AsthemajorruleintheAmericanbeliefsystem-that anyonecandoanything,”e GplainsM.J.Ryan,authorofthe20GGbooA“ThisY earIWill...”andMs.Mar A ova’sbusinesspartner.“That’saliethatwehavep erpetuated,anditfosterscommonness.A nowingwhatyou’regoodatandd oingevenmoreofitcreateseG cellence.”Thisiswheredevelopingnewhabitsc omesin.21.TheviewofWordsworthhabitisclaimedbybeingA.casualB.familiarC.mechanicalD.changeable.22.TheresearchershavediscoveredthattheformationofhabitcanbeA.predictedB.regulatedC.tracedD.guided23.”ruts”(inlineone,paragraph3)hasclosestmeaningtoA.tracAsB.seriesC.characteristicsD.connections24.Ms.MarA ova’scommentssuggestthatthepracticeofstandardtesting? A,preventsnewhabitsformbeingformedB,nolongeremphasizescommonnessC,maintainstheinherentAmericanthinAingmodelD,complieswiththeAmericanbeliefsystem25.RyanmostprobablyagreethatA.ideasarebornofarelaGingmindB.innovativenesscouldbetaughtC.decisivenessderivesfromfantasticideasD.curiosityactivatescreativemindsTeGt2ItisawisefatherthatAnowshisownchild,buttodayamancanboosthispaterna l(fatherly)wisdom-oratleastconfirmthathe’sthe A id’sdad.Allheneedsto doisshellour$30forpaternitytestingAit(PTA)athislocaldrugstore-andanoth er$120togettheresults.Morethan60,000peoplehavepurchasedthePTAssincetheyfirstbecomeavai lablewithoutprescriptionslastyears,accordingtoDougFog,chiefoperatingo fficerofIdentigene,whichmaAestheover-the-counterAits.Morethantwodo zencompaniessellDNAtestsDirectlytothepublic,ranginginpricefromafewh undreddollarstomorethan$2500.Amongthemostpopular:paternityandAinshiptesting,whichadoptedchildr encanusetofindtheirbiologicalrelativesandlatestrageamanypassionatege nealogists-andsupportsbusinessesthatoffertosearchforafamily’sgeogra phicroots. Mosttestsrequirecollectingcellsbywebbingsalivainthemouthandsendingit tothecompanyfortesting.Alltestsrequireapotentialcandidatewithwhomto compareDNA.ButsomeobserversaresA eptical,“Thereisa Aindoffalseprecisionbeing hawA edbypeopleclaimingtheyaredoingancestrytesting,”saysTreyDuster, aNewYorAUniversitysociologist.Henotesthateachindividualhasmanyance stors-numberinginthehundredsjustafewcenturiesbacA.Yetmostancestryt estingonlyconsidersasinglelineage,eithertheYchromosomeinheritedthro ughmeninafather’slineormitochondrialDNA,whichapasseddownonlyfro mmothers.ThisDNAcanrevealgeneticinformationaboutonlyoneortwoanc estors,eventhough,foreGample,justthreegenerationsbacApeoplealsohav esiGothergreat-grandparentsor,fourgenerationsbacA,14othergreat-great -grandparents.Criticsalsoarguethatcommercialgenetictestingisonlyasgoodastherefe rencecollectionstowhichasampleiscompared.Databasesusedbysomecom paniesdon’trelyondatacollectedsystematicall ybutratherlumptogetherin formationfromdifferentresearchprojects.ThismeansthataDNAdatabasem aydifferdependingonthecompanythatprocessestheresults.Inaddition,the computerprogramsacompanyusestoestimaterelationshipsmaybepatente dandnotsubjecttopeerrevieworoutsideevaluation.26.Inparagraphs1and2,theteGtshowsPTA’s___________.[A]easyavailability[B]fleGibilityinpricing[C]successfulpromotion[D]popularitywithhouseholds27.PTAisusedto__________.[A]locateone’sbirthplace[B]promotegeneticresearch[C]identifyparent-childAinship[D]choosechildrenforadoption28.SAepticalobserversbelievethatancestrytestingfailsto__________.[A]tracedistantancestors[B]rebuildreliablebloodlines[C]fullyusegeneticinformation[D]achievetheclaimedaccuracy29.Inthelastparagraph,aproblemcommercialgenetictestingfacesis________ __.[A]disorganizeddatacollection[B]overlappingdatabasebuilding30.AnappropriatetitlefortheteGtismostliAelytobe__________.[A]ForsandAgainstsofDNAtesting [B]DNAtestingandIt’sproblems [C]DNAtestingoutsidethelab [D]liesbehindDNAtestingTeGt3 Therelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorco untriesiswidelymisunderstoodbyeconomistsandpoliticiansaliAeprogressi nbothareaisundoubtedlynecessaryforthesocial,politicalandintellectualde velopmentoftheseandallothersocieties;however,theconventionalviewthat educationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideco nomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.Wearefortunatethatisit,beca useneweducationalsystemsthereandputtingenoughpeoplethroughthemt oimproveeconomicperformancewouldrequiretwoorthreegenerations.Th efindingsofaresearchinstitutionhaveconsistentlyshownthatworAersinallc ountriescanbetrainedonthejobtoachieveradicalhigherproductivityand,asaresult,radicallyhigherstandardsofliving.Ironically,thefirstevidenceforthisideaappearedintheUnitedStates.Notlong ago,withthecountryenteringarecessingandJapanatitspre-bubblepeaA.Th eU.S.worAforcewasderidedaspoorlyeducatedandoneofprimarycauseofth epoorU.S.economicperformance.Japanwas,andremains,thegloballeaderi nautomotive-assemblyproductivity.YettheresearchrevealedthattheU.S.fac toriesofHondaNissan,andToyotaachievedabout95percentoftheproductivi tyoftheirJapanesecounterepantsaresultofthetrainingthatU.S.worAersrece ivedonthejob.Morerecently,whileeGaminghousingconstruction,theresearchersdiscover edthatilliterate,non-English-speaAingMeGicanworAersinHouston,TeGas, consistentlymetbest-practicelaborproductivitystandardsdespitethecomp leG ityofthebuildingindustry’swor A. Whatistherealrelationshipbetweeneducationandeconomicdevelopment? Wehavetosuspectthatcontinuingeconomicgrowthpromotesthedevelopm entofeducationevenwhengovernmentsdon’tforceit.Afterall,that’show educationgotstarted.Whenourancestorswerehuntersandgatherers10,000 yearsago,theydidn’thavetimetowondermuchaboutanythingbesidesfind ingfood.Onlywhenhumanitybegantogetitsfoodinamoreproductivewaywa stheretimeforotherthings.Aseducationimproved,humanity’sproductivitypotential,theycouldinturn affordmoreeducation.Thisincreasinglyhighlevelofeducationisprobablyan ecessary,butnotasufficient,conditionforthecompleGpoliticalsystemsrequi redbyadvancedeconomicperformance.Thuspoorcountriesmightnotbeabletoescapetheirpovertytrapswithoutpoliticalchangesthatmaybepossibleo nlywithbroaderformaleducation.AlacAofformaleducation,however,doesn ’tconstraintheabilityofthedevelopingworld’s worAforcetosubstantiallyi mproveproductivityfortheforestedfuture.Onthecontrary,constraintsonim provingproductivityeG plainwhyeducationisn’tdevelopingmorequic Alyt herethanitis.31.Theauthorholdsinparagraph1thattheimportantofeducationinpoorcou ntries___________.[A]issubjectgroundlessdoubts[B]hasfallenvictimofbias[C]isconventionaldowngraded[D]hasbeenoverestimated32.Itisstatedinparagraph1thatconstructionofaneweducationsystem______ ____.[A]challengeseconomistsandpoliticians[B]taAeseffortsofgenerations[C]demandspriorityfromthegovernment[D]requiressufficientlaborforce33.AmajordifferencebetweentheJapaneseandU.SworAforcesisthat_______ ___.[A]theJapaneseworAforceisbetterdisciplined[B]theJapaneseworAforceismoreproductive[C]theU.SworAforcehasabettereducation[D]]theU.SworAforceismoreorganize34.TheauthorquotestheeGampleofourancestorstoshowthateducationem erged__________.[A]whenpeoplehadenoughtime[B]priortobetterwaysoffindingfood[C]whenpeopleonlongerwenthung[D]asaresultofpressureongovernment35.Accordingtothelastparagraph,developmentofeducation__________.[A]resultsdirectlyfromcompetitiveenvironments[B]doesnotdependoneconomicperformance[C]followsimprovedproductivity[D]cannotaffordpoliticalchangesTeGt4 Themostthoroughlystudiedinthehistoryofthenewworldaretheministersan dpoliticalleadersofseventeenth-centuryNewEngland.Accordingtothestan dardhistoryofAmericanphilosophy,nowhereelseincolonialAmericawas“S omuchimportantattachedtointellectualpursuits”Accordingtomanyboo A sandarticles,NewEngland’sleader sestablishedthebasicthemesandpreoc cupationsofanunfolding,dominantPuritantraditioninAmericanintellectual life. TotaAethisapproachtotheNewEnglandersnormallymeantostartwiththePu ritans’theologicalinnovationsandtheirdistinctiveideasaboutthechurch-i mportantsubjectsthatwemaynotneglect.ButinAeepingwithoureGaminati onofsouthernintellectuallife,wemayconsidertheoriginalPuritansascarriers ofEuropeancultureadjustingtoNewworldcircumstances.TheNewEnglandcolonieswerethescenesofimportantepisodesinthepursuitofwidelyunderst oodidealsofcivilityandvirtuosity. TheearlysettlersofMassachusettsBayincludedmenofimpressiveeducation andinfluenceinEngland.`Besidestheninetyorsolearnedministerswhocame toMassachusettschurchinthedecadeafter1629,Therewerepoliticalleadersl iAeJohnWinthrop,aneducatedgentleman,lawyer,andofficialoftheCrownb eforehejourneyedtoBoston.TheremenwroteandpublishedeGtensively,rea chingbothNewWorldandOldWorldaudiences,andgivingNewEnglandanat mosphereofintellectualearnestness.Weshouldnotforget,however,thatmostNewEnglanderswerelesswelleduca ted.Whilefewcraftsmenorfarmers,letalonedependentsandservants,leftlite rarycompositionstobeanalyzed,TheinthinAingoftenhadatraditionalsuper stitionsquality.AtailornamedJohnDane,whoemigratedinthelate1630s,left anaccountofhisreasonsforleavingEnglandthatisfilledwithsigns.seGualcon fusion,economicfrustrations,andreligioushope-allnametogetherinadecisi vemomentwhenheopenedtheBible,toldhisfatherthefirstlinehesawwoulds ettlehisfate,andreadthemagicalwords:“comeoutfromamongthem,touch nouncleanthing,andIwillbeyourGodand youshallbemypeople.”Onewond erswhatDanethoughtofthecarefulsermonseGplainingtheBiblethathehear dinpuritanchurched.Meanwhile,manysettleshadslighterreligiouscommitmentsthanDane’s,as oneclergymanlearnedinconfrontingfolAalongthecoastwhomocAedthatth eyhadnotcometot heNewworldforreligion.“Ourmainendwastocatchfish.”36.Theauthornotesthatintheseventeenth-centuryNewEngland_______ ____.[A]Puritantraditiondominatedpoliticallife.[B]intellectualinterestswere encouraged.[C]Politicsbenefitedmuchfromintellectualendeavors.[D]intellectualpursuitsenjoyedaliberalenvironment.37.Itissuggestedinparagraph2thatNewEnglanders__________.[A]eGperiencedacomparativelypeacefulearlyhistory.[B]broughtwitht hemthecultureoftheOldWorld[C]paidlittleattentiontosouthernintellectuallife[D]wereobsessedwithr eligiousinnovations38.TheearlyministersandpoliticalleadersinMassachusettsBay_________ _.[A]werefamousintheNewWorldfortheirwritings[B]gainedincreasingimportanceinreligiousaffairs[C]abandonedhighpositionsbeforecomingtotheNewWorld[D]create danewintellectualatmosphereinNewEngland39.ThestoryofJohnDaneshowsthatlesswell-educatedNewEnglanders wereoften__________.[A]influencedbysuperstitions[B]troubledwithreligiousbeliefs[C]puzzledbychurchsermons[D]frustratedwithfamilyearnings40.TheteGtsuggeststhatearlysettlersinNewEngland__________.[A]weremostlyengagedinpoliticalactivities[B]weremotivatedbyanillus oryprospect[C]camefromdifferentbacAgrounds.[D]leftfewformalrecordsforlaterr eferencePartBDirections:Directions: In the following teGt, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanA. There are two eGtra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. MarA your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)CoincidingwiththegroundbreaAingtheoryofbiologicalevolutionprop osedbyBritishnaturalistCharlesDarwininthe1860s,Britishsocialphilosophe rHerbertSpencerputforwardhisowntheoryofbiologicalandculturalevoluti on.Spencerarguedthatallworldlyphenomena,includinghumansocieties,ch angedovertime,advancingtowardperfection.41.____________.AmericansocialscientistLewisHenryMorganintroducedanothertheory ofculturalevolutioninthelate1800s.Morgan,alongwithTylor,wasoneofthef oundersofmodernanthropology.InhisworA,heattemptedtoshowhowallas pectsofculturechangedtogetherintheevolutionofsocieties.42._____________ .Intheearly1900sinNorthAmerica,German-bornAmericananthropolog istFranzBoasdevelopedanewtheoryofcultureAnownashistoricalparticulari sm.Historicalparticularism,whichemphasizedtheuniquenessofallcultures, gavenewdirectiontoanthropology.43._____________.Boasfeltthatthecultureofanysocietymustbeunderstoodastheresultofauniquehistoryandnotasoneofmanyculturesbelongingtoabroaderevolutio narystageortypeofculture.44._______________.Historicalparticularismbecameadominantapproachtothestudyofcult ureinAmericananthropology,largelythroughtheinfluenceofmanystudents ofBoas.Butanumberofanthropologistsintheearly1900salsorejectedthepar ticularisttheoryofcultureinfavorofdiffusionism.Someattributedvirtuallyev eryimportantculturalachievementtotheinventionsofafew,especiallygifted peoplesthat,accordingtodiffusionists,thenspreadtoothercultures.45._____ ___________.Alsointheearly1900s,FrenchsociologistÉmileDur Aheimdevelopedath eoryofculturethatwouldgreatlyinfluenceanthropology.DurAheimpropose dthatreligiousbeliefsfunctionedtoreinforcesocialsolidarity.Aninterestinth erelationshipbetweenthefunctionofsocietyandculture—Anownasfunctio nalism—becameamajorthemeinEuropean,andespeciallyBritish,anthropol ogy.[A]Otheranthropologistsbelievedthatculturalinnovations,suchasinventio ns,hadasingleoriginandpassedfromsocietytosociety.ThistheorywasAnow nasdiffusionism.[B]Inordertostudyparticularculturesascompletelyaspossible,Boasbecam esAilledinlinguistics,thestudyoflanguages,andinphysicalanthropology,th estudyofhumanbiologyandanatomy.[C]Hearguedthathumanevolutionwascharacterizedbyastrugglehecalledt he"survivalofthefittest,"inwhichweaAerracesandsocietiesmusteventually bereplacedbystronger,moreadvancedracesandsocieties.[D]Theyalsofocusedonimportantritualsthatappearedtopreserveapeople' ssocialstructure,suchasinitiationceremoniesthatformallysignifychildren'se ntranceintoadulthood.[E]Thus,inhisview,diverseaspectsofculture,suchasthestructureoffamilies,f ormsofmarriage,categoriesofAinship,ownershipofproperty,formsofgover nment,technology,andsystemsoffoodproduction,allchangedassocietiese volved.[F]Supportersofthetheoryviewedasacollectionofintegratedpartsthatwor AtogethertoAeepasocietyfunctioning.[G]ForeGample,BritishanthropologistsGraftonElliotSmithandW.J.Perryinc orrectlysuggested,onthebasisofinadequateinformation,thatfarming,pott erymaAing,andmetallurgyalloriginatedinancientEgyptanddiffusedthroug houttheworld.Infact,alloftheseculturaldevelopmentsoccurredseparatelya tdifferenttimesinmanypartsoftheworld.PartCDirections:Read the following teGt carefully and then translate the underlinedsegments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)ThereisamarAeddifferencebetweentheeducationwhicheveryonegetsf romlivingwithothers,andthedeliberateeducatingoftheyoung.Intheformer casetheeducationisincidental;itisnaturalandimportant,butitisnottheeGpr essreasonoftheassociation.(46)Itmaybesaidthatthemeasureoftheworthof anysocialinstitutionisitseffectinenlargingandimprovingeGperience;butthi seffectisnotapartofitsoriginalmotive.Religiousassociationsbegan,foreGa mple,inthedesiretosecurethefavorofoverrulingpowersandtowardoffevilin fluences;familylifeinthedesiretogratifyappetitesandsecurefamilyperpetui ty;systematiclabor,forthemostpart,becauseofenslavementtoothers,etc.(4 7)Onlygraduallywastheby-productoftheinstitutionnoted,andonlymoregr aduallystillwasthiseffectconsideredasadirectivefactorintheconductofthei nstitution.Eventoday,inourindustriallife,apartfromcertainvaluesofindustri ousnessandthrift,theintellectualandemotionalreactionoftheformsofhuma nassociationunderwhichtheworld'sworAiscarriedonreceiveslittleattentio nascomparedwithphysicaloutput.Butindealingwiththeyoung,thefactofassociationitselfasanimmediate humanfact,gainsinimportance.(48)Whileitiseasytoignoreinourcontactwit hthemtheeffectofouractsupontheirdisposition,itisnotsoeasyasindealingw ithadults.Theneedoftrainingistooevident;thepressuretoaccomplishachan geintheirattitudeandhabitsistoourgenttoleavetheseconsequenceswholly outofaccount.(49)Sinceourchiefbusinesswiththemistoenablethemtoshare inacommonlifewecannothelpconsideringwhetherornoweareformingthepowerswhichwillsecurethisability.Ifhumanityhasmadesomeheadwayinreali zingthattheultimatevalueofeveryinstitutionisitsdistinctivelyhumaneffect wemaywellbelievethatthislessonhasbeenlearnedlargelythroughdealings withtheyoung.(50)Wearethusledtodistinguish,withinthebroadeducationalprocessw hichwehavebeensofarconsidering,amoreformalAindofeducation--thatof directtuitionorschooling.Inundevelopedsocialgroups,wefindverylittlefor malteachingandtraining.Thesegroupsmainlyrelyforinstillingneededdispo sitionsintotheyounguponthesamesortofassociationwhichAeepstheadults loyaltotheirgroup.SectionⅢWritingPartA51.Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. "White pollution "is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper togive your opinions briefly andmaAe two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.PartB52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) eGplain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)20GG年考研英语（一)试题答案SectionI:UseofEnglish(10points)SectionII:ReadingComprehension(60points)PartB(10points)PartC(10points)46. 虽然我们可以说衡量任何一个社会机构价值的标准是其在丰富和完善人生方面所起的作用，但这种作用并不是我们最初的动机的组成部分。
2009年考研英语真题阅读理解试题(附答案、解析、翻译)
A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July。
2009年考研英语完形填空真题及解析
2009年考研英语完形填空真题解析Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer's piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 , is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning-a 7 process-instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they've apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That's the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we've left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I've ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small scale study in operant conditioning. We believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. ［A］ Suppose［B］ Consider［C］ Observe［D］ Imagine2. ［A］ tended［B］ feared［C］ happened［D］ threatened3. ［A］ thinner［B］ stabler［C］ lighter［D］ dimmer4. ［A］ tendency［B］ advantage［C］ inclination［D］ priority5. ［A］ insists on［B］ sums up［C］ turns out［D］ puts forward6. ［A］ off［B］ behind［C］ over［D］ along7. ［A］ incredible［B］ spontaneous［C］inevitable［D］ gradual8. ［A］ fight［B］ doubt［C］ stop［D］ think9. ［A］ invisible［B］ limited［C］ indefinite［D］ different10. ［A］ upward［B］ forward［C］ afterward［D］ backward11. ［A］ features［B］ influences［C］ results［D］ costs12. ［A］ outside［B］ on［C］ by［D］ across13. ［A］ deliver［B］ carry［C］ perform［D］ apply14. ［A］ by chance［B］ in contrast［C］ as usual［D］ for instance15. ［A］ if［B］ unless［C］ as［D］ lest16. ［A］ moderate［B］ overcome［C］ determine［D］ reach17. ［A］ at［B］ for［C］ after［D］ with18. ［A］ Above all［B］ After all［C］ However［D］ Otherwise19. ［A］ fundamental［B］ comprehensive［C］ equivalent［D］hostile20. ［A］ By accident［B］ In time［C］ So far［D］ Better still 答案详解1.【解析】［B］语义衔接/词汇辨析题。
2009年考研英语二真题及答案
2009年考研英语二真题Section II Close(10%)Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage ,there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose thebest one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 with a pencil. (10 points)In1999, the price of oil hovered around $16 a barrel. By 2008, it had(21)the $100 a barrel mark. The reasons for the surge (22) from the dramatic growth of the economies of china and India to widespread (23) in oil-producing regions, including Iraq and Nigeria's delta region. Triple-digit oil prices have (24) the economic and political map of the world, (25) some old notions of power. Oil-rich nations are enjoying historic gains and opportunities, (26) major importers—including chinaand India, home to a third of the world's population-- (27) rising economic and social costs.Managing this new order is fast becoming a central (28) of global politics. Countries that need oil are clawing at each other to (29) scarce supplies, and are willing to deal with any government, (30) how unpleasant, to do it .In many poor nations with oil , the profits are being ,lost to corruption,(31) these countries of their best hope for development. And oil is fueling enormous investment funds run by foreign governments, (32) some in the west see as a new threat.Countries like Russia, V enezuela and Iran are well supplied with rising oil 33, a change reflected in newly aggressive foreign policies. But some unexpected countries are reaping benefits, (34) costs, from higher prices. Consider Germany. (35) it imports virtually all its oil, it has prospered from extensive trade with a booming Russia and the Middle East. German exports to Russia (36) 128 percent from 2001 to 2006.In the United States, as already high gas prices rose (37) higher in the spring of 2008,the issue cropped up in the presidential campaign, with Senators McCain and Obama (38) for a federal gas tax holiday during the peak summer driving months. And driving habits began to (39) ,as sales of small cars jumped and mass transport systems (40) the country reported a sharp increase in riders.21. A. come B. gone C. crossed D. arrived22. A. covered B. discovered C. arranged D. ranged23. A. intensity B. infinity C. insecurity D.instability24. A. drawn B. redrawn C. retained D. reviewed25. A. fighting B. struggling C. challenging D. threatenin26. A. and B. while C. thus D. though27. A. confine B. conflict C. conform D. confront28. A. problem B. question C. matter D. event29. A. look for B. lock up C. send out D. keep off30. A. no matter B. what if C. only if D. in spite of31. A. abolishing B. depriving C. destroying D. eliminating32. A. what B. that C. which D. whom33. A. interests B. taxes C. incomes D. revenues34. A. as many as B. as good as C. as far as D. as well as35. A. Although B. Because C. Since D. As36. A. advanced B. grew C. reduces D. multiplie37. A. even B. still C. rather D. fairly38. A. asking B. requesting C. calling D. demanding39. A. change B. turn C. shift D. transform40.A. for B. from C. across D. OverPart III Reading Comprehension (40%)Direction: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a pencil.PASSAGE1.Henric Ibsen ,author of the play"A Doll's House", in which a pretty, helpless housewife abandons .Her husband and children to seek a more serious life, would surely have approved.. From January Ist ,2008, all public companies in Norway are obliged to ensure that at least 40% of their board directors are women. Most firms have obeyed the law, which was passed in 2003.But about 75 out of the 480 or so companies it affects are still too male for the government's liking. They will shortly receive a letter informing them that they have until the end of February to act , or face the legal consequences---which could include being dissolved.Before the law was proposed, about 7% of board members in Norway were female , according to the Centre for Corporate Diversity .The number has since jumped to 36%. That is far higher than the average of 9% for big companies across Europe or America's 15% for the Fortune 500.Norway's stock exchange and its main business lobby oppose the law, as do many businessmen." I am against quotas for women or men as a matter of principle," says Sverre Munck , head of international operations at a media firm. "Board members of public companies should be chosen solely on the basis of merit and experience,"be says. Several firms have even given up their public status in order to escape the new law.Companies have had to recruit about 1,000 women in four years. Many complain that it has been difficult to find experienced candidates. Because of this, some of the best women have collected as many as 25-35 directorships each, and are known in Norwegian business circles as the "golden skirts". One reason for the scarcity is that there are fairly few women in management in Norwegian companies---they occupy around 15% of senior positions. It has been particularly hard for firms in the oil, technology and financial industries to find women with a enough experience.Some people worry that their relative lack of experience may keep women quiet on boards, and that in turn could mean that boards might become less able to hold managers to account. Recent history in Norway, however, suggests that the right women can make strong directors. "Women feel more compelled than men to do their homework," says Ms Reksten Skaugen , who was voted Norway's chairman of the year for 2007, "and we can afford to ask the hard questions, because women are not always expected to know the answers."41. The author mentions Ibsen's play in the first paragraph in order to?????????? .A. depict women's dilemma at workB. explain the newly passed lawC. support Norwegian governmentD. introduce the topic under discussion42. A public company that fails to obey the new law could be forced to?????????? .A. pay a heavy fineB. close down its businessC. change to a private businessD. sign a document promising to act43. To which of the following is Sverre Munck most likely to agree?A. A set ratio of women in a board is unreasonable.B. A reasonable quota for women at work needs to be set.C. A common principle should be followed by all companies.D. An inexperienced businessman is not subject to the new law.44.The author attributes the phenomenon of "golden skirts" to??????????? .A. the small number of qualified females in managementB. the over-recruitment of female managers in public companiesC. the advantage women enjoy when competing for senior positionsD. the discrimination toward women in Norwegian business circles45. The main idea of the passage might be???????? .A. female power and liberation in NorwayB. the significance of Henric Ibsen's playC. women's status in Norwegian firmsD. the constitution of board members in NorwayPASSAGE2While there's never a good age to get cancer, people in their 20s and 30s can feel particularly isolated. The average age of a cancer patient at diagnosis is 67. Children with cancer often are treated at pediatric (小儿科的) cancer centers, but young adults have a tough time finding peers, often sitting side-by-side during treatments with people who could be their grandparents.In her new book Crazy Sexy Cancer Tips, writer Kris Carr looks at cancer from the perspective of a young adult who confronts death just as she's discovering life. Ms. Carr was 31 when she was diagnosed with a rare from of cancer that had generated tumors on her liver and lungs.Ms. Carr reacted with the normal feelings of shock and sadness. She called her parents and stocked up on organic food, determined to become a "full-time healing addict." Then she picked up the phone and called everyone in her address book, asking if they knew other young women with cancer. The result was her own personal "cancer posse": a rock concert tour manager, a model, a fashion magazine editor, a cartoonist and a MTV celebrity, to name a few. This club of? "cancer babes" offered support, advice and fashion tips, among other things.Ms. Carr put her cancer experience in a recent Learning Channel documentary, and she has written a practical guide about how she coped. Cancer isn't funny, but Ms. Carr often is. She swears, she makes up names for the people who treat her ( Dr. Fabulous and Dr. Guru ), and she even makes second sound fun ("cancer road trips," she calls them).She leaves the medical advice to doctors, instead offering insightful and practical tips that reflect the world view of a young adult. "I refused to let cancer ruin my party," she writes. " There are just too many cool things to do and plan and live for."Ms. Carr still has cancer, but it has stopped progressing. Her cancer tips include using time-saving mass e-mails to keep friends informed, sewing or buying fashionable hospital gowns so you're not stuck with regulation blue or gray and playing Gloria Gaynor's "I Will Survive" so loud you neighbors call the police. Ms. Carr also advises an eyebrow wax and a new outfit before you tell the important people in your illness. " people you tell are going to cautious and not so cautiously try to see the cancer, so dazzle them instead with your miracle," she writes.While her advice may sound superficial, it gets to the heart of what every cancer patient wants: the chance to live life just as she always did, and maybe better.46. Which of the following groups is more vulnerable to cancer?A. Children.B. People in their 20s and 30s.C. Young adults.D. Elderly people.47. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT _______.A. Kris Carr is a female writerB. Kris Carr is more than 31-year-old.C. Kris Carr works in a cancer center.D. Kris Carr is very optimistic.48. The phrase "cancer posse" (Line 4, para.3 ) probably refers to ________A. a cancer research organizationB. a group of people who suffer from cancerC. people who have recovered from cancerD. people who cope with cancer49. Kris Carr make up names for the people who treat her because ________A. she is depressed and likes swearingB. she is funny and likes playing jokes on doctorC. she wants to leave the medical advice to doctorD. she tries to leave a good impression on doctor50. From Kris Carr's cancer tips we may infer that ________A. she learned to use e-mails after she got cancerB. she wears fashionable dress even after suffering from cancerC. hospital gowns for cancer patients are usually not in bright colorsD. the neighbors are very friendly with cancer patientsPASSAGE3Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:Should a leader strive to be loved or feared?This question,famously posed by Machiavelli,lies at the heart of Joseph Nye's new book.Mr.Nye,a former dean of the Kennedy School of Govemment at Harvard and one-time chairman of America's National Intelligence Council,is best known for promoting the idea of "soft power",based on persuasion and influence,as a counterpoint to "hard power",based on coercion(强迫) and force.Having analyzed the use of soft and hard power in politics and diplomacy in his previous books,Mr.Nye has now turned his attention to the relationship between power and leadership,in both the political and business spheres.Machiavelli,he notes,concluded that "one ought to be both feared and loved,but as it is difficult for the two to go together,it is much safer to be feared than loved."In short,hard power is preferable to soft power.But modem leadership theorists have come to the opposite conclusion.The context of leadership is changing,the observe,and the historical emphasis on hard power is becoming outdated.In modem companies and democracies,power is increasingly diffused and traditional hierarchies(等级制) are being undermined,making soft power ever more important.But that does not mean coercion should now take a back seat to persuasion.Mr.Nye argues.Instead,he advocates a synthesis of these two views.The conclusion of The Powers to Lead ,his survey of the theory of leadership,is that a combination of hard and soft power,which he calls”smart power”,is the best approach.The dominant theoretical model of leadership at the moment is ,apparently,the “transformational leadership pattern”.Anone allergic(反感) to management term will already be running for the exit,but Mr,Nye has performed a valuable service in rounding up and summarizing the various academic studies and theories of leadcriship into a single,slim volume.He examines different approaches to leadership,the morality of leadership and how the wider context can determine the effcctiveness of a particular leader.There are plcnty of anccdotes and examples,both historical and contemporary,political and corporate.Alsa,leadership is a slippery subject,and as he depicts various theories,even Mr.Nye never quite nails the jelly to the wall.He is at his most interesting when discussing the moral aspects of leadershipin particular,the question of whether it is sometimes necessary for good leaders? to lie -and he provides a helpful 12-point summary of hisconclusions.A recuming theme is that as circumstances change,different sorts of leadcrs are required;a leader who thrives in one environment may struggle in another,and vice versa.Ultimately that is just a fancy way of saying that leadcrship offers no casy answers.51.From the first two paragraphs we may learn than Mr.Machiavelli's idea of hard power is ______.A.well accepted by Joseph NyeB.very influential till nowadaysC.based on sound theoriesD.contrary to that of modem leadership theorists52.Which of the following makes soft power more important today according to Mr.Nye?A.Coercion is widespread.B.Morality is devalued.C.Power is no longer concentrated.D.Traditional hierarchies are strengthened53.In his book the Powers to lead,Mr.Nye has exmined all the following aspects of leadership EXCEPT_____.A.authorityB.contextC.approachesD.morality54.Mr.Nye's book is particularly valuable in that it _____.A.makes little use of management termsB.summarizes various studies conciselyC.serves as an exit for leadership researchersD.sets a model for contemporary corporate leaders55.According to the author,the most interesting part of Mr.Nye's book lies in his _____.A.view of changeable leadershipB.definition of good leadershipC.summary of leadership historyD.discussion of moral leadershipPASSAGE4Questions 56to 60are based on the following passage:Americans don't like to lose wars. Of course, a lot depends on how you define just what a war is. There are shooting wars-the kind that test patriotism and courage-and those are the kind at which the U.S excels. But other struggles test those qualities too. What else was the Great Depression or the space race or the construction of the railroads? If American indulge in a bit of flag—when the job is done, they earned it.Now there is a similar challenge. Global warming. The steady deterioration(恶化)of the very climate of this very planet is becoming a war of the first order, and by any measure, the U.S. produces nearly a quarter of the world's greenhouse gases each year and has stubbornly made it clear that it doesn't intend to do a whole lot about it. Although 174 nations approved the admittedly flawed Kyoto accords to reduce carbon levels, the U.S. walked away from them. There are vague promises of manufacturing fuel from herbs or powering cars with hydrogen. But for a country that tightly cites patriotism as one of its core values, the U.S. is taking a pass on what might be the most patriotic struggle of all. It's hard to imagine a bigger fight than one for the survival of a country's coasts and farms, the health of its people and stability of its economy.The rub is, if the vast majority of people increasingly agree that climate change is a global emergency, there's far less agreement on how to fix it. Industry offers its pans, which too often would fix little. Environmentalistsoffer theirs, which too often amount to native wish lists that could weaken American's growth. But let's assume that those interested parties and others will always bent the table and will always demand that their voices be heard and that their needs be addressed. What would an aggressive, ambitious, effective plan look like-one that would leave the U.S. both environmentally safe and economically sound?Halting climate change will be far harder. One of the more conservative plans for addressing the problem calls for a reduction of 25 billion tons of carbon emissions over the next 52 year. And yet by devising a consistent strategy that mixes and blends pragmatism(实用主义)with ambition, the U.S. can, without major damage to the economy, help halt the worst effects of climate change and ensure the survival of its way of life for future generations. Money will do some of the work, but what's needed most is will. "I'm not saying the challenge isn't almost overwhelming," says Fred Krupp. "But this is America, and America has risen to these challenges before."56. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. Human wars.B. Economic crisis.C. America's environmental policies.D. Global environment in general.57. From the last sentence of paragraph 2 we may learn that the survival of a country's coasts and farms, the health of its people and the stability of its economy is__________.A. of utmost importanceB. a fight no one can winC. beyond people's imaginationD. a less significant issue58. Judging from the context, the word "rub"(Line 1, Para.3)probably means_______.A. frictionB. contradictionC. conflictD. problem59. What is the author's attitude toward America's policies on global warming?A. CriticalB. IndifferentC. SupportiveD. Compromising60. The paragraphs immediately following this passage would most probably deal with___________.A. the new book written by Fred KruppB. how America can fight against global warmingC. the harmful effects of global warmingD. how America can tide over economic crisisPart V Writing (20%)Direction: In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following information. Make comments and express your own opinion. You should write at least 150 words on Answer Sheet 2.At present, there is no doubt that short message plays an increasingly important role in our lives . We are all aware that, like everything else, short message have both favorable and unfavorable aspects.Generally speaking, the advantages can be listed as follows. First of all, in festivals, we can send short messages to wish good luck to other people we know. It brings us a lot of convenience. In addition, short message connects its users with the outside world. For example, some people subscribe weather forecast or news short messages, with them, people’s life will be greatly enriched.But it is pity that every coin has two sides. The disadvantages of short message can’t be ignored. We spend too much time on spelling our words and sending short messages tha t we can’t focus on our studies. Also, you will always be annoyed by strangers’ short messages one after another.As is known to all, short message is neither good nor bad itself. In my opinion, we can use it. But we shouldn’t spend too much time on it a nd don’t let it disturb us from our lives.2009年真题答案答案SECTION 2 21-30 CDDBC BDABA 31-40 BADDA BACACSECTION 3 41-50 BBAAC CCBCC 51-60 DCABD CAAACSECTION 4由于国家金融体制处于危机边缘动荡,一些大银行和金融机构中的高级管理人员的补偿金计划就受到密切关注.银行家们过度冒险是金融危机的至关重要原因,在历史上也有类似情况.在这种情况下,一般是由低息引起并造成持续的错觉,其实是一种债务泡沫经济.抵押贷款人很乐意把大量资金借给无力偿还的人,就把贷款瓜分了,并沿这样的链条出售给下一个金融机构,这些做法都在利用高科技证券业,结果,却增加了抵押资产的风险.金融条例必须能应付这种能使银行下滑的,最不负责任的做法,以期扭转下一个危机,而这下一个危机很可能包括有各种类型的技术和资产.但值得审视补偿金计划的根本问题,因为那是眼前利益,但却让银行家们不负责任的甘冒风险.46.Directions:In this section there is a text in English .Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWERSHEET2.(15points)“Suatainability” has become apopular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal meaning. Having endured apainful period of unsustainability in his own life made itclear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed though everyday action and choice.Ning recalls spending aconfusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance. He’d been though the dot-com boom and burst and,desperate for ajob,signed on with a Boulder agency.I t didin’t go well. “It was a really had move because that’s not my passion,” says Ning, whose dilemma about the job translated, predictably, into a lack of sales. “I was mi serable, I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling. I had no money and needed the job. Everyone said, ‘Just wait, you’ll trun the corner, give it some time.’”翻译参考“坚持不懈”如今已成一个流行词汇，但对TedNing而言，这个概念一直有个人含义，经历了一段痛苦松懈的个人生活，使他清楚面向以坚持不懈为导向的价值观，必须贯彻到每天的行动和选择中。
2009年考研英语真题答案完整版
2009年考研英语真题答案完整版：1-10 BADBC BDCAB11-20 CADDA DCBBD21-25 BDAAA26-30 ACAAB31-35DBBCC36-40 DDDAC41-45 35216Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.46题有人说，测量任何学校的价值是扩大和提高经验的影响，这种影响是最初动机的一部分47题只有逐渐注意机构的副产品，并且逐渐增多，它才能初人民认为是机构产品的一个直接因素。
2009年考研英语真题(含答案解析)
2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer‘s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual 7 — instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they‘ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That‘s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we‘ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I‘ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. ―Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,‖ William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word ―habit‖ carries a negative connotation.there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.―The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,‖ says Dawna Markova, author of ―The Open Mind‖ and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. ―But we are taught instead to ‗decide,‘ just as our president calls himself ‗the Decider.‘‖ She adds, however, that ―to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.‖All of us work through problems in ways of which we‘re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, proce durally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. ―This breaks the major rule in the American belief system —that anyone can do anything,‖ explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book ―This Year I Will...‖ and Ms. Markova‘s business partner. ―That‘s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you‘re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.‖ This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23.‖ ruts‖(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova‘s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he‘s the kid‘s dad. All he n eeds to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family‘s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, ―There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancest ry testing,‖ says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inher ited through men in a father‘s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don‘t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK‘s ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[A]locate one‘s birth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It‘s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry‘s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the developme nt of education even when governments don‘t force it. After all, that‘s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn‘t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity‘s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lac k of formal education, however, doesn‘t constrain the ability of the developing world‘s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn‘t developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was ―So much important attached to intellectual pursuits ‖ According to many books and articles, New England‘s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans‘ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England.`Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the fir st line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: ―come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.‖ One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he hear d in puritan churched.Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane‘s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . ―Our main end was to catch fish. ‖36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness o f all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the ―survival of the fittest,‖ in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rit uals that appeared to preserve a people‘s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children‘s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and impor tant, but it is not the express reason of the association.46 It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associa tions began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more graduallyBut in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the p owers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.1. B.本题考查动词，后面的宾语是―the fruit-fly experiments described…‖，suppose表示―假设‖，observe表示―观察‖，image表示―想象‖，Consider―考虑‖，代入文中表示―考虑已经被描述出来的实验‖，符合语境。
2009考研英语(二)真题及答案解析
2009考研英语（二）真题及答案解析Directions：For each numbered blank in the following passage，there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a pencil.In1999, the price of oil hovered around $16 a barrel. By 2008, it had 21 the $100 a barrel mark. The reasons for the surge 22 from the dramatic growth of the economies of china and India to widespread 23 in oil-producing regions, including Iraq and Nigeria's delta region. Triple-digit oil prices have 24 the economic and political map of the world, 25 some old notions of power. Oil-rich nations are enjoying historic gains and opportunities, 26 major importers—including china and India, home to a third of the world's population 27 rising economic and social costs.Managing this new order is fast becoming a central 28 of global politics. Countries that need oil are clawing at each other to 29 scarce supplies, and are willing to deal with any government, 30 how unpleasant, to do it .In many poor nations with oil , the profits are being ,lost to corruption, 31 these countries of their best hope for development. And oil is fueling enormous investment funds run by foreign governments, 32 some in the west see as a new threat.Countries like Russia, Venezuela and Iran are well supplied with rising oil 33 , a change reflected in newly aggressive foreign policies. But some unexpected countries are reaping benefits, 34 costs, from higher prices. Consider Germany. 35 it imports virtually all its oil, it has prospered from extensive trade with a booming Russia and the Middle East. German exports to Russia 36 128 percent from 2001 to 2006.In the United States, as already high gas prices rose 37 higher in the spring of 2008,the issue cropped up in the presidential campaign, with Senators McCain and Obama 38 for a federal gas tax holiday during the peak summer driving months. And driving habits began to 39 ,as sales of small cars jumped and mass transport systems 40 the country reported a sharp increase in riders.21. A. come B. gone C. crossed D. arrived22. A. covered B. discovered C. arranged D. ranged23. A. intensity B. infinity C. insecurity D. instability24. A. drawn B. redrawn C. retained D. reviewed25. A. fighting B. struggling C. challenging D. threatening26. A. and B. while C. thus D. though27. A. confine B. conflict C. conform D. confront28. A. problem B. question C. matter D. event29. A. look for B. lock up C. send out D. keep off30. A. no matter B. what if C. only if D. in spite of31. A. abolishing B. depriving C. destroying D. eliminating32. A. what B. that C. which D. whom33. A. interests B. taxes C. incomes D. revenues34. A. as many as B. as good as C. as far as D. as well as35. A. Although B. Because C. Since D. As36. A. advanced B. grew C. reduces D. multiplied37. A. even B. still C. rather D. fairly38. A. asking B. requesting C. calling D. demanding39. A. change B. turn C. shift D. transform40. A. for B. from C. across D. overPart III Reading Comprehension (40%)Direction: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a pencil.PASSAGE1.Henric Ibsen ,author of the play"A Doll's House", in which a pretty, helpless housewife abandons her husband and children to seek a more serious life, would surely have approved.. From January Ist ,2008, all public companies in Norway are obliged to ensure that at least 40% of their board directors are women. Most firms have obeyed the law, which was passed in 2003.But about 75 out of the 480 or so companies it affects are still too male for the government's liking. They will shortly receive a letter informing them that they have until the end of February to act , or face the legal consequences---which could include being dissolved.Before the law was proposed, about 7% of board members in Norway were female , according to the Centre for Corporate Diversity .The number has since jumped to 36%. That is far higher than the average of 9% for big companies across Europe or America's 15% for the Fortune 500.Norway's stock exchange and its main business lobby oppose the law, as do many businessmen." I am against quotas for women or men as a matter of principle," says Sverre Munck , head of international operations at a media firm. "Board members of public companies should be chosen solely on the basis of merit and experience,"be says. Several firms have even given up their public status in order to escape the new law.Companies have had to recruit about 1,000 women in four years. Many complain that it has been difficult to find experienced candidates. Because of this, some of the best women have collected as many as 25-35 directorships each, and are known in Norwegian business circles as the "golden skirts". One reason for the scarcity is that there are fairly few women in management in Norwegian companies---they occupy around 15% of senior positions. It has been particularly hard for firms in the oil, technology and financial industries to find women with a enough experience.Some people worry that their relative lack of experience may keep women quiet on boards, and that in turn could mean that boards might become less able to hold managers to account. Recent history in Norway, however, suggests that the right women can make strong directors. "Women feel more compelled than men to do their homework," says Ms Reksten Skaugen , who was voted Norway's chairman of the year for 2007, "and we can afford to ask the hard questions, because women are not always expected to know the answers."41. The author mentions Ibsen's play in the first paragraph in order to .A. depict women's dilemma at workB. explain the newly passed lawC. support Norwegian governmentD. introduce the topic under discussion42. A public company that fails to obey the new law could be forced to .A. pay a heavy fineB. close down its businessC. change to a private businessD. sign a document promising to act43. To which of the following is Sverre Munck most likely to agree? A. A set ratio of women in a board is unreasonable.B. A reasonable quota for women at work needs to be set.C. A common principle should be followed by all companies.D. An inexperienced businessman is not subject to the new law.44.The author attributes the phenomenon of "golden skirts" to .A. the small number of qualified females in managementB. the over-recruitment of female managers in public companiesC. the advantage women enjoy when competing for senior positionsD. the discrimination toward women in Norwegian business circles45. The main idea of the passage might be .A. female power and liberation in NorwayB. the significance of Henric Ibsen's playC. women's status in Norwegian firmsD. the constitution of board members in Norway凯程教育：凯程考研成立于2005年，国内首家全日制集训机构考研，一直从事高端全日制辅导，由李海洋教授、张鑫教授、卢营教授、王洋教授、杨武金教授、张释然教授、索玉柱教授、方浩教授等一批高级考研教研队伍组成，为学员全程高质量授课、答疑、测试、督导、报考指导、方法指导、联系导师、复试等全方位的考研服务。
2009年考研英语一真题答案解析
2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案：Section Ⅰ1-5 B A D B C 11-15 D B C D A6-10 A D C B D 16-20 C B A A CSection ⅡPart A21-25 C D A D A 31-35 D B B C C26-30 A C D A B 36-40 B B D A CPart B41-45 C E A B GPart C46.译文：虽然我们可以说衡量任何一个社会机构价值的标准是其丰富和完善人生方面所起的作用，但这种作用并不是我们最初动机的组成部分。
47. 译文：人们只是逐渐地才注意到机构的这一副产品，而人们把这种作用视为机构运作的指导性因素的过程则更为缓慢48. 译文：虽然在与年轻人的接触中我们很容易忽视自己的行为对他们的性情所产生的影响，然而在与成年人打交道时这种情况就不那么容易发生。
49．译文：由于我们对年轻人所做的首要工作在于使他们能够在生活中彼此相融，因此我们不仅要考虑自己是否在形成让他们获得这种能力的力量。
50. 译文：这就使我们得以在一只讨论的广义的教育过程中进一步区分出一种更为正式的教育形式，即直接教授或学校教育。
Section ⅢPart ADear editor，I have been reading your newspaper for many years and now I am writing this letter toinform you of the pressing situation we are facing now.Accustomed to using plastic bags in daily life, some people still take the “white polluti granted, which will greatly worsen our environment. As we know, limiting the use of disposableplastic bags is of utmost significance. Therefore, to save the situation from further aggravating, Iwould like to give the following suggestions:First and foremost, groups and individuals who are polluting our environment by using theplastic disposable plastic bags should be severely punished. In addition, the local media canmake full use of their own influence to publicize the negative effect of plastic bags and enhancepeople’s awareness of environmental protection. Last but not least, new technologies should bedeveloped to find possible alternatives with degradable and renewable materials.I hope that my suggestions are helpful and your prompt attention to my suggestions would behighly appreciated.Sincerely yours，Li MingPart BAs we can see in the picture, many people, old or young, men or women, are in front of acomputer and using the internet in the space just like a huge web of a spider. The caption in thedrawing reads: “the internet: near or far ”.It is obvious that the huge spider web is the symbol of the Internet and the symbolic meaningof the picture is the effect of the internet on people’s way of life.There is no doubt that theInternet provides us with considerable convenience. Internet is revolutionizing our way of living,making many things possible which are beyond our dreams. As a communication tool, the internetmakes us closer than ever before by providing immediate communication via e-mail, QQ, MSN orICQ, no matter how far away our friends are. So in this sense, the internet is making us nearer toeach other.However, there are negative effects of the internet on people’s life. As is shown in the picture people are imprisoned in their own respective small cabins, indulging in their own world. Theychoose contacting online rather than communicating face to face. Due to the addiction to thefictional experience, people seem to have forgotten the traditional and most efficientcommunication method, and thus indifference has become a not uncommon phenomenon in themodern world. We often hear parents complain that they have less and less time chatting withtheir children either because their children spend too much time playing games or chatting onlinewith friends or strangers. Also there are couples who seldom talk with each other. Therefore,internet seems to make near people far away.Hence, how to use modern communicating tools such as internet properly has becomes a hotissue in recent years. While we are enjoying the convenience provided by the internet, we shouldalso bear in mind that human beings are social beings who need real interpersonal interactions.Joint efforts are needed to ensure enough time for people especially families to have face-to-facecommunication with each other. Only in this way can we expect a healthy development of therelationship among individuals.答案详解第一部分英语知识运用这是一篇关于动物智能方面的文章，节选自2008年5月7日刊登在《纽约时报》的The Cost of Smarts（“聪明的代价”）。
2009年考研英语二真题全文翻译答案超详解析(原MBA)
2009 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题答案与解析Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文是一篇说明文，摘自2008 年 6 月26 日The New York Times。
文章主要介绍了世界石油价格的变化的原因以及给世界带来的改变。
第一段主要介绍了近年来石油价格的上涨以及其背后的原因。
第二、三段主要介绍了石油价格的改变对国家相互之间的关系带来的影响。
第四、五段分别具体的介绍了世界石油价格的变化给德国与美国来带的影响。
二、试题分析1.【答案】C【解析】本题主要考查词义辨析和熟词生义，A 项come，B 项gone，D 项arrived 都表示“到，到达”的含义。
C项cross 意为“穿过”，这里是引申含义“突破”。
这句话指“价格已经突破100 美元每桶”，与上文的“16 美元一桶”做比较。
2.【答案】D【解析】本题考查动词与介词词组的搭配。
解题重点在于空后面的一个介词词组from …to…表示一个范围。
A 项covered 意为“覆盖”一般指地理范围；B 项discovered 发现；C 项arranged 安排；C 项D 项的动词都与介词词组搭配不合理。
D 项ranged 意为涉及的“范围延伸”。
与后面的from…to…搭配合理。
本句句意是：价格上涨的原因涉及从……到……，固定搭配range from A to B。
因此，选项D 正确。
3.【答案】D【解析】本题的解答要根据上下文来推理，四个选项中 A 项intensity 强度；B 项infinity；无穷大；C 项insecurity不安全；D 项instability 不安定，不稳定性。
后面说到了“伊拉克与尼日利亚的三角洲地区”，我们知道这两个地区的局势长期不稳定。
所以D 答案与此相符。
4.【答案】B【解析】本题考核的重点是与名词的搭配的相关动词，后面的宾语是一个名词结构，the economic and political做map 的定语，而of the world 做了map 的后置定语，所以中心词是map。
2009考研英语真题及答案解析
2009考研英语真题及答案解析2009年考研英语真题及答案解析2009年的考研英语真题是一次重要的考试，对考生们的英语水平进行了全面的考察。
本文将对2009年考研英语真题进行详细解析，并提供答案和解析，帮助考生更好地理解和应对考试。
一、阅读理解2009年的考研英语真题中，阅读理解部分占据了重要的位置。
这一部分主要考察考生的阅读能力和理解能力。
以下是真题中的一篇阅读材料及其答案解析。
阅读材料：In the United States, the social value of a college education has long been taken for granted. American parents expect their children to attend college, and college graduates have become the norm in the professional job market. Among the ten fastest-growing occupations, eight require an associate’s degree o r higher. In fact, experts predict that by 2008, about 90% of the fastest-growing jobs will require post-secondary education or vocational training.However, not all high school students are prepared for college-level work. Even those students who are academically prepared for college may not be able to afford it. Rising tuition (学费) has made college a luxury that is out of reach for many middle-income families.But cost is not the only reason a high school graduate might decide notto attend college. A university education is not appropriate or necessary forall careers. For example, vocational school or on-the-job training is often a better option for careers in the trades (工艺行业) or for those who want tobe business owners or operators. Some people simply choose not to go to college because they do not want to further their education in an academic setting.答案解析：1. According to the passage, what has become the norm in the professional job market in the United States?答案：College graduates.2. What does the author say about the fastest-growing occupations?答案：Eight out of ten of the fastest-growing occupations require a degree or higher education.3. Why do many high school graduates decide not to attend college?答案：The cost of college is one reason, and not all careers require a university education.通过对阅读材料的仔细阅读和理解，我们可以得出以上问题的答案。
2009年考研英语二真题全文翻译答案超详解析
2009年考研英语二真题Section II Close(10%)Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage ,there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose thebest one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 with a pencil. (10 points)In1999, the price of oil hovered around $16 a barrel. By 2008, ithad(21)the $100 a barrel mark. The reasons for the surge (22) from the dramatic growth of the economies of china and India to widespread (23) in oil-producing regions, including Iraq and Nigeria's delta region. Triple-digit oil prices have (24) the economic and political map of the world, (25) some old notions of power. Oil-rich nations are enjoying historic gains and opportunities, (26) major importers—including chinaand India, home to a third of the world's population-- (27) rising economic and socialcosts.Managing this new order is fast becoming a central(28) of global politics. Countries that need oil are clawing at each other to (29) scarce supplies, and are willing to deal with any government, (30) how unpleasant, to do it .In many poor nations with oil , the profits are being ,lost to corruption,(31) these countries of their best hope for development. And oil is fueling enormous investment funds run by foreign governments,(32) some in the west see as a new threat.Countries like Russia, Venezuela and Iran are well supplied with rising oil 33, a change reflected in newly aggressive foreign policies. But some unexpected countries are reaping benefits, (34) costs, from higher prices. Consider Germany. (35) it imports virtually all its oil, it has prospered from extensive trade with a booming Russia and the Middle East. German exports to Russia (36) 128 percent from 2001 to 2006.In the United States, as already high gas prices rose (37) higher in the spring of 2008,the issue cropped up in the presidential campaign, with Senators McCain and Obama (38) for a federal gas tax holiday during the peak summer driving months. And driving habits began to (39) ,as sales of small cars jumped and mass transport systems (40) the country reported a sharp increase in riders.21. A. come B. gone C. crossed D. arrived22. A. covered B. discovered C. arranged D. ranged23. A. intensity B. infinity C. insecurity D.instability24. A. drawn B. redrawn C. retained D. reviewed25. A. fighting B. struggling C. challenging D. threatenin26. A. and B. while C. thus D. though27. A. confine B. conflict C. conform D. confront28. A. problem B. question C. matter D. event29. A. look for B. lock up C. send out D. keep off30. A. no matter B. what if C. only if D. in spite of31. A. abolishing B. depriving C. destroying D. eliminating32. A. what B. that C. which D. whom33. A. interests B. taxes C. incomes D. revenues34. A. as many as B. as good as C. as far as D. as well as35. A. Although B. Because C. Since D. As36. A. advanced B. grew C. reduces D. multiplie37. A. even B. still C. rather D. fairly38. A. asking B. requesting C. calling D. demanding39. A. change B. turn C. shift D. transform40.A. for B. from C. across D. OverPart III Reading ComprehensionDirection: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C,and D. You should decide on the best choice. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a pencil.Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage:Henric Ibsen, author of the play "A Doll's House", in which a pretty, helpless housewife abandons her husband and children to seek a more serious life, would surely have approved.. From January 1st, 2008, all public companies in Norway are obliged to ensure that at least 40% of their board directors are women. Most firms have obeyed the law, which was passed in 2003.But about 75 out of the 480 or so companies it affectsare still too male for the government's liking. They will shortly receive a letter informing them that they have until the end of February to act , or face the legal consequences---which could include being dissolved.Before the law was proposed, about 7% of board members in Norway were female, according to the Centre for Corporate Diversity .The number has since jumped to 36%. That is far higher than the average of 9% for big companies across Europe or America's 15% for the Fortune 500.Norway's stock exchange and its main business lobby oppose the law, as do many businessmen." I am against quotas for women or men as a matter of principle," says Sverre Munck, head of international operations at a media firm. "Board members of public companies should be chosen solely on the basis of merit and experience, "be says. Several firms have even given up their public status in order to escape the new law.Companies have had to recruit about 1,000 women in four years. Many complain that it has been difficult to find experienced candidates. Because of this, some of the best women have collected as many as 25-35 directorships each, and are known in Norwegian business circles as the "golden skirts". One reason for the scarcity is that there are fairly few women in management in Norwegian companies---they occupy around 15% of senior positions. It has been particularly hard for firms in the oil, technology and financial industries to find women with a enoughexperience.Some people worry that their relative lack of experience may keep women quiet on boards, and that in turn could mean that boards might become less able to hold managers to account. Recent history in Norway, however, suggests that the right women can make strong directors. "Women feel more compelled than men to do their homework," says Ms Reksten Skaugen, who was voted Norway's chairman of the year for 2007, "and we can afford to ask the hard questions, because women are not always expected to know the answers."41. The author mentions Ibsen's play in the first paragraph in order to .A. depict women's dilemma at workB. explain the newly passed lawC. support Norwegian governmentD. introduce the topic under discussion42. A public company that fails to obey the new law could be forced to .A. pay a heavy fineB. close down its businessC. change to a private businessD. sign a document promising to act43. To which of the following is Sverre Munck most likely to agree?A. A set ratio of women in a board is unreasonable.B. A reasonable quota for women at work needs to be set.C. A common principle should be followed by all companies.D. An inexperienced businessman is not subject to the new law.44. The author attributes the phenomenon of "golden skirts" to .A. the small number of qualified females in managementB. the over-recruitment of female managers in public companiesC. the advantage women enjoy when competing for senior positionsD. the discrimination toward women in Norwegian business circles45. The main idea of the passage might be .A. female power and liberation in NorwayB. the significance of Henric Ibsen's playC. women's status in Norwegian firmsD. the constitution of board members in NorwayQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage:While there's never a good age to get cancer, people in their 20s and 30s can feel particularly isolated. The average age of a cancer patient at diagnosis is 67. Children with cancer often are treated at pediatric (小儿科的) cancer centers, but young adults have a tough time finding peers, often sitting side-by-side during treatments with people who could be their grandparents.In her new book Crazy Sexy Cancer Tips, writer Kris Carr looks atcancer from the perspective of a young adult who confronts death just as she's discovering life. Ms. Carr was 31 when she was diagnosed with a rare from of cancer that had generated tumors on her liver and lungs.Ms. Carr reacted with the normal feelings of shock and sadness. She called her parents and stocked up on organic food, determined to become a "full-time healing addict." Then she picked up the phone and called everyone in her address book, asking if they knew other young women with cancer. The result was her own personal "cancer posse": a rock concert tour manager, a model, a fashion magazine editor, a cartoonist and a MTV celebrity, to name a few. This club of "cancer babes" offered support, advice and fashion tips, among other things.Ms. Carr put her cancer experience in a recent Learning Channel documentary, and she has written a practical guide about how she coped. Cancer isn't funny, but Ms. Carr often is. She swears, she makes up names for the people who treat her (Dr. Fabulous and Dr. Guru), and she even makes second sound fun ("cancer road trips," she calls them).She leaves the medical advice to doctors, instead offering insightful and practical tips that reflect the world view of a young adult. "I refused to let cancer ruin my party," she writes. "There are just too many cool things to do and plan and live for."Ms. Carr still has cancer, but it has stopped progressing. Her cancer tips include using time-saving mass e-mails to keep friends informed,sewing or buying fashionable hospital gowns so you're not stuck with regulation blue or gray and playing Gloria Gaynor's "I Will Survive" so loud you neighbors call the police. Ms. Carr also advises an eyebrow wax and a new outfit before you tell the important people in your illness. "People you tell are going to cautious and not so cautiously try to see the cancer, so dazzle them instead with your miracle," she writes.While her advice may sound superficial, it gets to the heart of what every cancer patient wants: the chance to live life just as she always did, and maybe better.46. Which of the following groups is more vulnerable to cancer?A. Children.B. People in their 20s and 30s.C. Young adults.D. Elderly people.47. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT _______.A. Kris Carr is a female writerB. Kris Carr is more than 31-year-old.C. Kris Carr works in a cancer center.D. Kris Carr is very optimistic.48. The phrase "cancer posse" (Line 4, para.3 ) probably refers to ________A. a cancer research organizationB. a group of people who suffer from cancerC. people who have recovered from cancerD. people who cope with cancer49. Kris Carr make up names for the people who treat her because ________A. she is depressed and likes swearingB. she is funny and likes playing jokes on doctorC. she wants to leave the medical advice to doctorD. she tries to leave a good impression on doctor50. From Kris Carr's cancer tips we may infer that ________A. she learned to use e-mails after she got cancerB. she wears fashionable dress even after suffering from cancerC. hospital gowns for cancer patients are usually not in bright colorsD. the neighbors are very friendly with cancer patientsQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:Should a leader strive to be loved or feared? This question, famously posed by Machiavelli, lies at the heart of Joseph Nye’s new book. Mr.Nye, a former dean of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard and one-time chairman of America’s National Intelligence Council, is best known for promoting the idea of “soft power”, based on persuasion and influence, as a counterpoint to “hard power”, based on coercion(强迫) and force.Having analyzed the use of soft and hard power in politics and diplomacy in his previous books, Mr.Nye has now turned his attention to the relationship between power and leadership, in both the political and business spheres. Machiavelli, he notes, concluded that “one ought to be both feared and loved, but as it is difficult for the two to go together, it is much safer to be feared than loved.”In short, hard power is preferable to soft power. But modem leadership theorists have come to the opposite conclusion.The context of leadership is changing, the observe, and the historical emphasis on hard power is becoming outdated. In modem companies and democracies, power is increasingly diffused and traditional hierarchies(等级制) are being undermined, making soft power ever more important. But that does not mean coercion should now take a back seat to persuasion. Mr.Nye argues. Instead, he advocates a synthesis of these two views. The conclusion of The Powers to Lead, his survey of the theory of leadership, is that a combination of hard and soft power, which he calls “smart power”, is the best approach.The dominant theoretical model of leadership at the moment is, apparently, the “transformational leadership pattern”. Anyone allergic(反感) to management term will already be running for the exit, but Mr.Nye has performed a valuable service in rounding up and summarizing the various academic studies and theories of leadership into a single, slimvolume. He examines different approaches to leadership, the morality of leadership and how the wider context can determine the effectiveness of a particular leader. There are plenty of anecdotes and examples, historical and contemporary, political and corporate.Also, leadership is a slippery subject, and as he depicts various theories, even Mr.Nye never quite nails the jelly to the wall. He is at his most interesting when discussing the moral aspects of leadership, in particular, the question of whether it is sometimes necessary for good leaders to lie—and he provides a helpful 12-points summary of his conclusion. A resuming theme is that as circumstances change, different sorts of leaders are required; a leader who thrives in one environment may struggle in another, and vice versa. Ultimately that is just a fancy way of saying that leadership offers no easy answers.51. From the first two paragraphs we may learn than Mr. Machiavelli’s idea of hard power is ______.A. well accepted by Joseph NyeB. very influential till nowadaysC. based on sound theoriesD. contrary to that of modem leadership theorists52. Which of the following makes soft power more important today according to Mr.Nye?A. Coercion is widespread.B. Morality is devalued.C. Power is no longer concentrated.D. Traditional hierarchies are strengthened53. In his book the Powers to lead, Mr. Nye has examined all the following aspects of leadership EXCEPT_____.A. authorityB. contextC. approachesD. morality54. Mr. Nye’s book is particularly valuable in that it _____.A. makes little use of management termsB. summarizes various studies conciselyC. serves as an exit for leadership researchersD. sets a model for contemporary corporate leaders55. According to the author, the most interesting part of Mr. Nye’s book lies in his _____.A. view of changeable leadershipB. definition of good leadershipC. summary of leadership historyD. discussion of moral leadershipQuestions 56 to 60are based on the following passage:Americans don't like to lose wars. Of course, a lot depends on howyou define just what a war is. There are shooting wars—the kind that test patriotism and courage—and those are the kind at which the U.S excels. But other struggles test those qualities too. What else was the Great Depression or the space race or the construction of the railroads? If American indulge in a bit of flag—when the job is done, they earned it.Now there is a similar challenge. Global warming. The steady deterioration(恶化)of the very climate of this very planet is becoming a war of the first order, and by any measure, the U.S. produces nearly a quarter of the world's greenhouse gases each year and has stubbornly made it clear that it doesn't intend to do a whole lot about it. Although 174 nations approved the admittedly flawed Kyoto accords to reduce carbon levels, the U.S. walked away from them. There are vague promises of manufacturing fuel from herbs or powering cars with hydrogen. But for a country that tightly cites patriotism as one of its core values, the U.S. is taking a pass on what might be the most patriotic struggle of all. It's hard to imagine a bigger fight than one for the survival of a country's coasts and farms, the health of its people and stability of its economy.The rub is, if the vast majority of people increasingly agree that climate change is a global emergency, there's far less agreement on how to fix it. Industry offers its pans, which too often would fix little. Environmentalists offer theirs, which too often amount to native wishlists that could weaken American's growth. But let's assume that those interested parties and others will always bent the table and will always demand that their voices be heard and that their needs be addressed. What would an aggressive, ambitious, effective plan look like—one that would leave the U.S. both environmentally safe and economically sound?Halting climate change will be far harder. One of the more conservative plans for addressing the problem calls for a reduction of 25 billion tons of carbon emissions over the next 52 year. And yet by devising a consistent strategy that mixes and blends pragmatism(实用主义)with ambition, the U.S. can, without major damage to the economy, help halt the worst effects of climate change and ensure the survival of its way of life for future generations. Money will do some of the work, but what's needed most is will. “I'm not saying the challenge isn't almost overwhelming,”says Fred Krupp. “But this is America, and America has risen to these challenges before.”56. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. Human wars.B. Economic crisis.C. America's environmental policies.D. Global environment in general.57. From the last sentence of paragraph 2 we may learn that the survival of a country's coasts and farms, the health of its people and thestability of its economy is__________.A. of utmost importanceB. a fight no one can winC. beyond people's imaginationD. a less significant issue58. Judging from the context, the word “rub”(Line 1, Para.3)probably means_______.A. frictionB. contradictionC. conflictD. problem59. What is the author's attitude toward America's policies on global warming?A. CriticalB. IndifferentC. SupportiveD. Compromising60. The paragraphs immediately following this passage would most probably deal with___________.A. the new book written by Fred KruppB. how America can fight against global warmingC. the harmful effects of global warmingD. how America can tide over economic crisisSection IV TranslationDirections:In this section there is a passage in English. Translate the five sentences underlined into Chinese and write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2.With the nation’s financial system teetering on a cliff. The compensation arrangements for executives of the big banks and other financial firms are coming under close examination again.Bankers’excessive risk- taking is a significant cause of this financial crisis and has continued, to others in the past, in this case, it was fueled by low interest rates and kept going by a false sense of security created by a debt-fueled bubble in the economy.Mortgage lenders gladly lent enormous sums to those who could not afford to pay them back dividing the laws and selling them off to the next financial institution along the chain, advantage of the same high-tech securitization to load on more risky mortgage-based assets.Financial regulation will have to catch up with the most irresponsible practices that led banks down in this road, in hopes averting the next crisis, which is likely to involve different financial techniques and different sorts of assets. But it is worth examining the root problem of compensation schemes that are tied to short-term profits and revenue’s,and thus encourage bankers to take irresponsible risks.Part BDirections: it is known that text message( 手机短信)has both advantages and disadvantages. Some people think it is a blessing, while others regard it as a hell. In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following information. Make comments and express your own opinion. You should write at least 150 words on Answer Sheet 2.2009MBA联考英语试卷参考答案Section I V ocabulary and Structure1-5 BACDD 6-10CBAAC 11-15 BBABD 16-20 DBACBSection II Cloze21-25 CDDBC 26-30BDDBA 31-35 BACDA 36-40DBCACSection III Reading Comprehension41-45 BBAAC 46-50 CCBCC 51-55 DCABD 56-60CAAACSection IV Translation (参考译文)由于国家金融体制处于危机边缘动荡,一些大银行和金融机构中的高级管理人员的补偿金计划就受到密切关注.银行家们过度冒险是金融危机的至关重要原因,在历史上也有类似情况.在这种情况下,一般是由低息引起并造成持续的错觉,其实是一种债务泡沫经济.抵押贷款人很乐意把大量资金借给无力偿还的人,就把贷款瓜分了,并沿这样的链条出售给下一个金融机构,这些做法都在利用高科技证券业,结果,却增加了抵押资产的风险.金融条例必须能应付这种能使银行下滑的,最不负责任的做法,以期扭转下一个危机,而这下一个危机很可能包括有各种类型的技术和资产.但值得审视补偿金计划的根本问题,因为那是眼前利益,但却让银行家们不负责任的甘冒风险.Part BDirections: it is known that text message( 手机短信)has both advantages and disadvantages. Some people think it is a blessing, while others regard it as a hell. In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following information. Make comments and express your own opinion. You should write at least 150 words on Answer Sheet 2.审题谋篇：MBA联考英语试卷是考研英语二试卷的前身，就写作部分来讲，MBA联考主要有图表和话题作文两个形式。
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2009 年考研英语真题和答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C orD on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 thefruit- fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer ’ s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggeststhat 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow6 the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual7 — instead of instinct. Plenty ofother species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That’ s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we I.Q.-’wise,ve leftitimplicitlyinthedustasks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animalI ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 onhumans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study inoperant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits ofour patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligencein humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1.[A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2.[A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3.[A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4.[A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5.[A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6.[A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7.[A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8.[A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9.[A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10.[A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11.[A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12.[A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13.[A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14.[A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15.[A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16.[A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17.[A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18.[A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19.[A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20.[A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot andrelaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine.“ Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the-changingever 21stcentury, even the word“ habit” carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. Butbrain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we createparallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought ontonew, innovative tracks.But don ’ t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into thehippocampus, they ’ re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselvescreate parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.“ The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova, a of “ The Open Mind ” and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners.we are taught instead to‘ decide,’ just as our president calls himself‘ the Decider.’ ”however, that“ to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker isalways exploring the many other possibilities.”All of us work through p roblems in ways of which we’ re unaware, she says. Researchers in thelate 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primaryways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty,however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought thathave seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that fewof us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought.“ This breaks the majo rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything,” explains M. J. Ryan, authorof the 2006 book“ This Year I Will...” and Msbusiness.Markovapartner’s.“ That’ s a lie that wehave perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you’ re good at and doing even moreof it creates excellence.” This is where developing new habits comes in.21.The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22.The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit canbe A. predicted B. regulated C. traced D. guided23.” ruts” (in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova’ s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly)wisdom –or at least confirm that he’ s the kid’ s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore–and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available withoutprescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, whichmakes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly tothe public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to findtheir biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businessesthat offer to search for a family’ s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the companyfor testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.B ut some observers are skeptical,“ There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuriesback. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inheritedthrough men in a father’ s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers.This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, forexample, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or,four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections towhich a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don ’ t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This meansthat a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition,the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and notsubject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK’. s _____[A]easy availability[C]successful promotion[D]popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one’ s birth place[B]promote genetic research[C]identify parent-child kinship[D]choose children for adoption28.Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B]rebuild reliable bloodlines[C]fully use genetic information[D]achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30.An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It’ s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because neweducational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economicperformance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution haveconsistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higherproductivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with thecountry entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided aspoorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was,and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed thatthe U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity oftheir Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate,non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice laborproductivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’ s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspectthat continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governmentsdon ’ t force it. After all, that ’ s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers10,000 years ago, they didn ’ t have time to wonder much about anything besides findingfood. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time forother things.As education improved, humanity’ s productivity potential, they could in turn moreaffordeducation. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient,condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thuspoor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may bepossible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesnconstrain the ability of the developing world’ s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain whyeducation isn ’ t developing more quickly there than it is.31.The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries___________.[A]is subject groundless doubts[B]has fallen victim of bias[C]is conventional downgraded[D]has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C]demands priority from the government[D]requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A]the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B]the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D]]the U.S workforce is more organize34.The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35.According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leadersof seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy,nowhere else in colonial America was“ So much important attached to intellectual pursuits According to many books and articles, New England’ s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans’ theo innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect.But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the originalPuritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New Englandcolonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civilityand virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence inEngland. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in thedecade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer,and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and publishedextensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England anatmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few craftsmen or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The inthinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in thelate 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion,economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisivemoment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, andread the magical words:“ come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be yourGod and you shall be my people.” One wonders what Dane thought of thelsermonscarefuexplaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’ s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New worldfor religion .“ Our main end was to catch fish.”36.The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37.It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A]experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B]brought with them the culture of the Old World[C]paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38.The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C]abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D]created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39.The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often__________.[A]influenced by superstitions[B]troubled with religious beliefs[C]puzzled by church sermons[D]frustrated with family earnings40.The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for laterreference Part BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution inthe late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. Inhis work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution ofsocieties.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boasdeveloped a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism,which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology.43._____________ .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique historyand not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture.44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in Americananthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number ofanthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor ofdiffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions ofa few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures.45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist ?mile Durkheim developed a theory of culture thatwould greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned toreinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society andculture — known as functionalism — became a major theme in European, and especially British,anthropology.[A]Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a singleorigin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B]In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled inlinguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology andanatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the“ survival fittest,” in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, moreadvanced races and societies.[D] They al so focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’ s social structure such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’ s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms ofmarriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, andsystems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G]For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others,and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measureof the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavementto others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, inour industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been sofar considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain its intended meaning, and then3)give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain its intended meaning, and then3)give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)答案Section I Use of English1— 5 BADBC 6 —10 ADCBD11— 15 DBCDA 16 — 20 CBAACSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21— 25 ABCAA 26 — 30 ACDAB31— 35 DBBAC 36 — 40 BBDACPart B41— 45 CEABGPart C46.可以说，任何社会制度的价值在于它对扩大和改进经验方面的影响，但是这种影响并不是它原来的动机的一部分。