Path Dependence and Regional Economic Evolution

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我国各地区数字经济发展水平及影响因素分析——基于DEA-Tobit模型的实证研究

我国各地区数字经济发展水平及影响因素分析———基于DEA-Tobit 模型的实证研究陈慧玲1，2，Dongphil Chun 2，许航3（1.广东白云学院应用经济学院，广东广州510450；2.韩国国立釜庆大学技术经营大学院，韩国釜山48547；3.中国建设银行股份有限公司广州分行营业部，广东广州510623）[摘要]运用熵权TOPSIS 法综合测算2017—2021年我国30个省份数字经济发展的整体水平，在此基础上，采用数据包络分析方法(DEA)测算我国各省份数字经济效率情况，进而采用Tobit 模型探究各省份数字经济发展水平的影响因素。

研究结果表明，2017—2021年我国各省份数字经济整体发展水平和效率值不高并且地区分布差异明显，地区经济发展水平、政府干预度、人力资本水平、外资依存度对数字经济投入产出效率具有显著影响，而过高的投资规模会抑制数字经济效率的发展。

在此基础上，提出需要发挥政府宏观调控作用，加大教育投资，落实人才引进政策，提高对外开放程度来提升数字经济发展水平的政策建议。

[关键词]数字经济；投入产出效率；熵权TOPSIS 法；Tobit 模型[中图分类号]F49[文献标识码]A[文章编号]1009-6043（2024）04-0001-05Abstract:The entropy weight TOPSIS method is used to comprehensively measure the overall level of digital economic development in 30provinces from 2017to 2021.On this basis,the data envelopment analysis (DEA)method is used to measure the digital economic efficiency of each province,and then the Tobit model is used to explore the influencing factors of the digital economic development level of each province.The results show that the overall development level and efficiency value of digital economy in all provinces in China from 2017to 2021are not high and the regional distribution difference is obvious.Regional economic development level,government intervention degree,human capital level and foreign capital dependence have a significant impact on the input-output efficiency of digital economy,while excessive investment scale will inhibit the development of digital economy efficiency.The study puts forward policy suggestions to give play to the government's macro-control role,increase investment in education,implement the policy of talent introduction,and improve the degree of opening up to improve the development level of digital economy.Keywords:digital economy;input-output efficiency;entropy weight TOPSIS method;Tobit model[作者简介]陈慧玲(1993—)，女，湖南怀化人，讲师，博士研究生，研究方向：数字经济和绿色经济。

为了推动两岸关系的发展的英语作文

为了推动两岸关系的发展的英语作文The relationship between mainland China and Taiwan has long been a complex and delicate issue, marked by political tensions, economic interdependence, and a shared cultural heritage. As we look to the future, it is clear that promoting the development of cross-strait relations is of paramount importance, not only for the people on both sides of the Taiwan Strait but for the entire Asia-Pacific region and the global community as a whole.One of the key drivers for the development of cross-strait relations is the economic integration between the two sides. Over the past few decades, the economies of mainland China and Taiwan have become increasingly intertwined, with strong trade and investment links. The establishment of the Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA) in 2010 has further deepened economic cooperation, leading to the removal of tariffs on a wide range of goods and services. This has not only boosted bilateral trade and investment but also created new opportunities for businesses and individuals on both sides of the Strait.However, the economic integration between mainland China and Taiwan is not without its challenges. There are concerns about the potential for economic dependence and the need to ensure a level playing field for Taiwanese businesses operating in the mainland market. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the global economy, including the cross-strait economic relationship. To address these challenges, it is essential that both sides continue to work together to enhance economic cooperation, promote fair competition, and explore new areas of collaboration, such as in the fields of technology, innovation, and green development.Beyond the economic sphere, the development of cross-strait relations also requires a strengthening of cultural and people-to-people exchanges. The shared cultural heritage between mainland China and Taiwan is a powerful bond that can be leveraged to foster greater mutual understanding and trust. Initiatives such as student exchanges, academic collaborations, and cultural events can help to bridge the gap between the two sides and promote a deeper appreciation of each other's traditions and values.At the same time, it is important to acknowledge the political differences and sensitivities that exist between mainland China and Taiwan. The issue of Taiwan's political status has been a source of ongoing tension, with the mainland government asserting its claimof sovereignty over the island, while Taiwan maintains a de facto independent status. While these political differences are unlikely to be resolved in the near future, it is crucial that both sides adopt a pragmatic and constructive approach to managing the situation, focusing on areas of common ground and exploring opportunities for dialogue and cooperation.One potential avenue for promoting the development of cross-strait relations is through the establishment of formal communication channels and mechanisms for conflict resolution. This could involve the creation of high-level dialogue platforms, where representatives from both sides can engage in open and honest discussions, share perspectives, and work towards mutually acceptable solutions. Additionally, the development of crisis management mechanisms and confidence-building measures could help to reduce the risk of miscalculation and prevent the escalation of tensions.Another important aspect of promoting the development of cross-strait relations is the role of the international community. As a major economic and political player in the Asia-Pacific region, the United States has a significant influence on the cross-strait dynamic. It is crucial that the US adopts a balanced and impartial approach, encouraging both mainland China and Taiwan to engage in constructive dialogue and avoid unilateral actions that could destabilize the region. Additionally, other regional and global actors,such as the European Union, Japan, and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), can play a constructive role in facilitating dialogue and promoting peace and stability in the Taiwan Strait.In conclusion, the development of cross-strait relations is a complex and multifaceted challenge that requires a comprehensive and collaborative approach. By focusing on areas of shared economic, cultural, and social interests, while also addressing the underlying political differences and sensitivities, both mainland China and Taiwan can work towards a future of greater mutual understanding, trust, and cooperation. This, in turn, will not only benefit the people on both sides of the Strait but also contribute to the stability and prosperity of the Asia-Pacific region and the global community as a whole.。

在经济全球化的趋势下出现了大学生就业难的现象英文作文

在经济全球化的趋势下出现了大学生就业难的现象英文作文1、 The concept of economic globalizationThe concept of "economic globalization" was first put forward by T. levy in 1985. There have been many disputes and differences since it was put forward. Economic globalization is the globalization of trade, investment, finance, production and other activities, that is, the best coordination of survival factors in the world. Economic globalization mainly includes: production globalization, trade globalization, financial globalization, investment globalization and regional economic cooperation globalization. Since the 1990s, economic globalization has developed rapidly, and now it has developed into a leader of the scientific and technological revolution and the development of information technology, covering all fields of production, trade, finance and investment, including all aspects and all processes related to the world economy and the world economy. Economic globalization has had a great impact on the development of our country. It has accelerated the process of deepening reform, opening up the economy andparticipating in global competition, and also accelerated the pace of China's integration into the world economic system. Economic globalization has not only changed the basic conditions for the survival and development of countries in the world, but also had a profound impact on the world's economy, politics, culture and other aspects, of which the impact on the domestic employment environment is closely related to the working population.2、Analysis on the current employment situation of College StudentsWith the overall transformation of our society, China's economic system, economic structure and technological structure are also undergoing major changes. As far as college graduates are concerned, the number of college graduates has increased sharply since colleges and universities began to expand their enrollment. The high stock formed by this high growth will cause stock expansion if social demand is not considered. Generally speaking, the employment situation in China has been relatively severe.First, the total labor supply exceeds demand. The contradiction between supply and demand in China's labor market has existed fora long time. On the whole, the contradiction is still that supply exceeds demand, and the employment situation of college students is still very serious. With the expansion of college enrollment, the number of college students has soared, but the proportion of employment positions is far less than the former. Second, the professional quality and ability of college students are generally low. Professional ability mainly refers to the ability of graduates to master professional and industrial knowledge. The employment of college students in China has been market-oriented, while higher education has not yet fully moved towards the market. Therefore, there is a disconnect between higher education and the labor market, and there is a contradiction between supply and demand information asymmetry. At present, there are both total and structural contradictions in the difficulty of College Students' employment, among which the structural contradiction is the main contradiction. For a long time, higher education adheres to the discipline standard, ignores the social needs of talent training, and the formulation of training objectives pays no attention to the requirements of social career changes on talent quality, nor to theadaptability of graduates to employment positions. The lagging and irrationality of specialty setting in Colleges and universities are becoming increasingly prominent. Third, lack of innovation ability. In the current information age dominated by high technology, innovation ability is an essential competitive advantage for college students. The competition in today's society is not so much the competition of talents as the competition of human creativity. With the deepening of economic system reform and the intensification of competition, employers are increasingly aware of the importance of innovative talents. The survey found that 65.1% of employers require college students to have a certain innovation ability. However, 40.7% of college students feel that their innovation ability is very poor, and only 17.3% of college students are satisfied with their innovation ability .3、The influence of globalization on College Students' EmploymentChina, as the largest developing country in the world, has been actively moving towards the world and integrating into the tide of globalization since the reform and opening up for more than 30years. By constantly expanding its opening-up, China has actively developed exchanges and contacts with developed countries and surrounding developing countries. Through this open connection, China has promoted its own development, promoted the sustained growth of the domestic economy, and had a far-reaching impact on employment. Now, China is already a member of the WTO. The reform of China's political and economic system, the reallocation of resources, and the close integration of the market with the world will bring opportunities and challenges to the employment of college graduates. It is difficult to sum up the impact of globalization on the employment of college students in China, but in general, it should be the coexistence of benefits and losses, opportunities and challenges. First of all, economic globalization provides new opportunities for the employment of college students in China, but on the other hand, we should also be soberly aware that globalization is a double-edged sword, which will inevitably bring all kinds of pressure and risks to China's employment environment.（1）New opportunities brought by globalization to college students' EmploymentIn the past few years after China's entry into the WTO, with the deepening of economic globalization, the domestic economic structure has been "reshuffled". Some industry advantages have been broken, some industry advantages have been strengthened, and some industries are facing severe survival tests. The corresponding demand for talents in various industries has also changed due to the intervention of international economic rules. First, the domestic economy continues to grow, providing more employment opportunities for college students. First of all, economic globalization has further strengthened the competitive advantage of China's labor-intensive industries and greatly increased employment opportunities. With the relaxation and cancellation of export quota restrictions, labor-intensive products will greatly benefit, thereby driving the increase of employment. Secondly, China will gradually become the manufacturing center of the world economy, which will bring further increase in employment. Foreign direct investment in China is gradually increasing, which will increase the growth rate of China's GDP. The number of jobs created by economic growth is at least one million per year, which willprovide a basic employment space for college graduates. Because, compared with other industries, China's manufacturing industry is an industry category with rapid development and strong international competitiveness, and it is also a department with greater possibility of benefiting after China's entry into WTO. Second, opening to the outside world, introducing foreign-funded enterprises and expanding employment space. With the expansion of China's opening-up and the acceleration of the process of giving national treatment to foreign-invested enterprises, China's investment environment will be more relaxed, stable, fair and transparent, which will be conducive to further absorbing foreign capital, giving better play to the role of foreign capital in promoting domestic financing, accelerating technology introduction and transfer, and thus more effectively promoting economic development and employment growth . After foreign enterprises enter the Chinese market, for the urgent needs of business development and career development, they must first understand and adapt to China's national conditions, so as to understand the national conditions, people's conditions, the current situation of theindustry and relevant laws and regulations. The most convenient and effective way is to absorb local talents, and Chinese college students have become their first choice.Third, the government provides policy support for college students' employment. First, it broke the restrictions on identity, registered residence, urban and rural areas, and played a role in promoting the establishment of a national employment information network. Secondly, China will gradually establish a perfect social security system, which will be conducive to the free flow of labor between different regions and units of various nature, and to the formation of an open and healthy labor market. Finally, our government's management methods and means of labor market will accelerate the modernization, which will be conducive to the formation of an efficient and flexible labor market management system. From relying on administrative orders to promote employment and reduce the unemployment rate for a long time, it has changed to using more and more economic and legal means to intervene in the whole economy .（2） Globalization brings new challenges to college students'EmploymentFirst, economic globalization increases the unstable factors of the employment environment. First of all, the employment situation in China will fluctuate with the world economic situation. In the process of China's economy gradually integrating into the global economic integration, the changes in the external economic environment will have a profound impact on China's economy. Especially when the global economy is depressed, the exports of the foreign trade sector with a high degree of dependence on foreign trade will be reduced, resulting in the employment situation is not optimistic. Secondly, economic globalization will bring diversification of employment forms, and there will be less and less long-term stable employment. In the process of economic globalization, China's economy will further move towards openness and marketization, and the economic subjects will also be more diversified, which will bring about the diversification of employment forms. A large number of informal sector employment, such as part-time employment, temporary employment, seasonal employment, contracted employment, family employment, will be more and more,but full employment, formal employment, long-term stable employment opportunities will be less and less.Second, globalization has led to accelerated changes in production technology and production mode, and the quality of young people is difficult to adapt. The technological foundation of globalization is information technology. Information technology not only creates new modes of production and employment, but also transforms the traditional mode of production. In China, affected by the level of economic development, most young people are engaged in informal employment with low technology content to make a living. The popularity of new information production technologies among employed young people is still relatively low, and their opportunities to contact new information technology production methods are much less than those of young people in developed countries. 70% of young people are engaged in manual and simple technical occupations, and less than 20% of young people have achieved a smooth transition from school to work. While young people in developed countries are already using advanced information technology for model design, most youngpeople in China are still learning simple cartography.Third, the employment structure has shifted to high-energy, and the employment opportunities in traditional low-end advantageous industries are becoming less and less. With the rapid development of high-tech enterprises, the demand for high-tech talents will also increase greatly. Traditional majors are facing the crisis of layoffs. The contradiction of poor overall quality and low technical level of China's labor force will become increasingly prominent. A large number of low-quality workers will be laid off and unemployed because they are difficult to adapt to the technical requirements of new posts, making the problem of structural unemployment more serious. In addition, economic globalization will lead to greater differentiation among Chinese workers, the development gap between different groups will widen, and the imbalance of social development will also intensify. With the competitive advantages of product quality and services, foreign-funded enterprises will attract more talented college graduates with high-tech, resulting in a shortage of workers engaged in high-tech services in China's labor market .4、Countermeasures and suggestions to deal with the employment challenges of College Students under the background of GlobalizationFirst, improve your overall quality. In order to cope with the current severe employment situation, college students should strengthen the conscious cultivation of their own quality and ability. College students should actively dabble in extensive knowledge, form a reasonable knowledge structure, and have professional knowledge literacy. "Knowledge is one of the most basic aspects of talents. In modern society, knowledge has become a very important capital. From the perspective of talents, knowledge represents a person's vision and his confidence in himself. Without a wide range of knowledge, a person's fate will never be his own, and he can only rely on luck for a while, but more often, he rises and falls with the tide of life, in which he is dizzy Turn, don't distinguish East, West, North and South . In addition to quality, we should also pay attention to the cultivation of ability. After China's entry into WTO, facing the international environment and the needs of large multinational companies, at least two aspects of capabilities still need to be possessed. "One is all kinds of comprehensive ability,which is not only learned from books, but more importantly, formed through continuous exercise in time, including continuous exercise and development of their own ability in labor practice, scientific experiments and social practice. Ability is the external expression of a person's quality, which directly affects the employer's employment or not. College students should cultivate their ability to process information and interpersonal relationships as much as possible Ability to communicate and master and apply various technologies. Second, colleges and universities should change their educational ideas and realize the transformation from talent supply orientation to social demand orientation. Through the transformation of the concept of education and training, we can realize the effective connection between talent supply and social demand in Colleges and universities. Specifically, colleges and universities must achieve two changes in educational philosophy: first, the transformation of educational objectives from emphasizing knowledge transfer to paying attention to ability training. Change the traditional training mode focusing on knowledge transfer and aiming at students' high scores, take the cultivation of students' ability as the educationalgoal, take students' employability as the core index to measure the level and quality of running a school, and take the all-round development of students as the purpose. Practical ability is the most basic ability in college students' employability and the premise for college students to achieve smooth employment. Colleges and universities should put the cultivation of students' practical ability in a very important position, establish and improve the cultivation mechanism of College Students' practical ability, and establish the content system of College Students' practical ability cultivation. Third, vigorously develop industries with high labor intensity, low capital intensity and moderate technological capacity. The most direct way to improve the unfair income distribution is to enable as many people to obtain wage income and adopt a labor-intensive economic growth model, which is also the most effective tool to reduce unemployment. Including: vigorously develop labor-intensive service industry. At the same time, we should actively develop labor-intensive industries such as information industry and consulting industry, and vigorously develop intermediary social service organizations such as law and accounting. Strengthenmacro-control, enrich employment forms, vigorously promote flexible and diverse forms of employment such as part-time, temporary and flexible work, and encourage entrepreneurship and employment, family and community employment, and phased employment.。

国际商务英语翻译

欧洲委员会是欧盟的管理机构之一，此机构将提议呈交给部长理事会做决定，并监督各成员国根据所制定的条约履行自己的义务。
The European Commission is one of the governing organs of the EU, it is the body which puts proposals to the Council of Ministers for decision and sees that the members carry out their duties under the treaty.
随着经济一体化进程的发展，很少有人和公司能完全独立于国际商务之外而存在。因此，在此方面具有一定的知识是十分必要的，这既有益于企业的发展又有evelopment of economic globalization, few people or companies can completely stay away from international business. Therefore, some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement.
汉译英
国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及到许多因素，因而比国内贸易要复杂得多。
International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries ,it involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business.

区域经济学regional economic development第九章

There is also an argument that remote regions cannot catch-up with their eastern counterparts due to the long distance to economic centers that these remote regions face.
In terms of major conclusions, the first is that growth in poorer regions comes about through a process of technological imitation where the technology itself is brought by FDI.
Third, domestic physical capital is a major determinant of growth. Where this capital or more properly where the funds for the investment that the capital represents come from matters. If savings within a province provide the source for investment in that province, then there is no interprovincial growth conflict. But if it comes from another province, there is and divergence can be a result.
Fifth, good governance in a province is inextricably linked to its competitiveness and that the quality of institutions has a positive effect on economic growth. High collinearity of marketisation with FDI suggests that FDI are attracted by marketisation and a bundle of components consisting of good institutional conditions, FDI, and the expansion of the domestic private sector drives growth.

中国人口出生率下降与经济发展

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问题是——中国实行改革开放和计划生育政策以
后，其经济发展如何影响人口出生率？两者之间是否存在长期稳定的关系？这种关系是否存在显著的城乡差异和地区差异？与已有研究相比，本文的创新之处在于：在存在截面相关的情形下，运用面板单位根和协整估计方法研究了人口出生率与经济发展之间的关系；定量研究了城市和农村的经济发展对人口出生率影响的差异性；运用ＰＭＧ方法估计了不同地区人口出生率与经济发展之间的长短期关系。本文以下的结构安排是：第二部分对人口出生率的影响因素以及与经济增长之间关系的相关文献进行回顾；第三部分详细介绍本文所利用的横截面相关情形下的面板单位根和协整研究方法，以及对有关数据进行说明；第四部分是实证结果分析；第五部分是全文的总结与启示。
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ＶＯＩ．３ｌ。Ｎｏ．９Ｓｅｐ．２０１４
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中国人口出生率下降与经济发展
彭浩然
孟醒
内容提要：中国人口出生率下降以及人口老龄化引起了人们对计划生育政策调整的激烈讨论。作者根据全国
２７个地区１９８０—２０１１年的面板数据，在横截面存在相关性的情形下，运用面板单位根和协整方法，定量考察了人
口出生率、人口死亡率、城镇职工工资水平、农村居民收入水平之间的关系。研究发现：尽管我国实行了计划生育政策，但人口出生率与经济发展变量之间仍然存在着长期稳定的关系；城市和农村的经济发展对于人口出生率的影响存在显著差异。前者会刺激人口出生率的提高，但后者会降低人口出生率，且影响程度比前者大；人口出生率与经济发展变量之间的关系存在明显的地区差异。根据以上结论，作者认为放松计划生育政策不会引起我国人口数量猛增，反而会优化人口结构，提高人口整体素质。关键词：人口出生率；计划生育；经济发展

区域经济学英语ppt课件

Urban and regional planning: Regional economics plays an important role in urban and regional planning. Through in-depth analysis of the economic development status, resource conditions, industrial structure, etc. of a city or region, provide planning plans and suggestions for the government and enterprises.
The influencing factors of regional economic development
03
Natural resources
The availability of natural resources, such as minerals, energy, and agricultural land, can significantly impact a region's economic development Natural resources can provide the raw materials for local industries, which can drive economic growth and job creation
Optimizing resource allocation
Regional economics focuses on the spatial allocation and utilization efficiency of resources, studying how to achieve rational flow and effective allocation of resources, improve economic efficiency and overall competitiveness within the region.

全球化与区域经济发展(1)

粤、桂、湘、闽、
粤港（珠三角，泛珠三角9+2），赣黔、琼、பைடு நூலகம்、滇、
欧盟
--视研究的问题与规划的目的决定一个区域的范围与所要探讨的区域面向
4
3. 怎样去衡量区域发展？可以用那些指标？
常用的指标 GNP/GDP personal income, industrial structure,
new construction, Employment/unemployment Migration --这些指标有没有可能互相冲突？
1
I. 为何要研究区域经济
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2. 什么是区域？
由上而下的（如行政区划:海淀区；选区）
由下而上的：透过文化，历史，经济与社会动员方式界定区域
--两者有时一致，有时会出现冲突
例，徽州，昆山/苏州/南京/上海,
加强交通建设管理，确保工程建设质量。05: 17:3305:17:3305:17T hursday, April 22, 2021
安全在于心细，事故出在麻痹。21.4.2221.4.2205:17:3305: 17:33A pril 22, 2021
踏实肯干，努力奋斗。2021年4月22日上午5时17分21.4.2221.4.22
如：GDP高，人均收入不高？就业数量增加，但个人所得减少？关掉煤矿，开电子工厂，对地方的影响？
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Structure and quality of growth
GNP 增长=生活改善？ Jobless growth Voiceless growth Rootless growth Futureless growth

坚持统筹好发展和安全

坚持统筹好发展和安全作为一个拥有13.8亿人口的大国，中国一直在追求经济发展和安全稳定的平衡。

这是一个严峻的挑战，因为经济和安全之间存在着相互影响和相互制约的关系。

在这种情况下，中国必须坚持统筹好发展和安全，才能真正实现长期的可持续发展。

首先，我们需要认识到发展和安全是有机统一的。

一方面，经济的快速发展是维护国家安全的必要条件。

发展可以为国家提供更强大的经济实力和更多的就业机会，从而提高人民的生活质量。

这种稳定发展的态势也可以加强国家的国际地位和话语权，增加国家的软实力。

另一方面，安全也是经济发展的重要前提。

没有安全的保障，任何经济发展都不可能稳定持续。

安全是人民生命财产安全的保障，也是稳定社会的基石。

如果国家内部存在严重的安全问题，那么吸引国外投资、创造就业机会以及提高人民生活水平都将面临极大的挑战。

因此，我们需要在统筹发展和安全的同时，更加注重协调和平衡这两个领域。

具体实践中，需要把握好以下几个方面：一、全面提高安全意识。

安全意识是人民群众的共同意识，是国家安全的重要基础。

我们需要加强全民的安全意识教育，增强人民群众的安全自觉和安全素质。

同时，各级政府也需要加大对安全保障的投入和力度，完善安全机制和监管措施，最大限度地保障人民群众的安全和利益。

二、实行科学发展观。

科学发展观强调全面、协调、可持续的发展。

我们需要在发展过程中尊重人的主体地位，注重保护环境，注重平衡区域发展，调整产业结构，提高人民生活水平。

同时，我们也需要适应发展中出现的各种安全问题，及时采取有效措施进行治理。

三、促进政治稳定。

政治稳定是社会稳定的重要环节，也是经济发展的前提条件。

我们需要加强政治宣传和教育，增强人民对政府的信任和支持，消除社会不稳定因素。

同时，我们也需要注重加强社会管理和治理，完善法制，打击违法犯罪，维护社会稳定。

四、加强国际合作。

国际合作是实现持久稳定和经济发展的关键因素。

中国需要积极参与国际合作，秉持开放合作、共赢共享的原则，加强与各国的交流，推进各种多边合作机制的建设。

奥巴马深情告别演讲!【双语字幕】

奥巴马深情告别演讲！【双语字幕】八年前，他意气风发、正值壮年，演讲中的“Yes we can”感染了很多人；八年后，他已头发泛白，即将离开自己的工作岗位。

他就是美国首位黑人总统，巴拉克·奥巴马！北京时间1月11日上午10点，奥巴马在芝加哥发表了告别演讲。

在演讲中，他狂晒成绩单，挥泪撒狗粮，继续打鸡血，引得全场高呼“Four more years”, 奥巴马则笑着回应：”I cann't do that". QQ群：635093749回顾八年白宫生涯，奥巴马给大家带来了什么，又留下了什么呢？爱英语的小伙伴们，板凳摆好，英文全文来啦~奥巴马告别演讲全文It’s good to be home. My fellow Americans, Michelle and I have been so touched by all the well-wishes we’ve received over the past few weeks. But tonight it’s my turn to say thanks. Whether we’ve seen eye-to-eye or rarely agreed at all, my conversations with you, the American people – in living rooms and schools; at farms and on factory floors; at diners and on distant outposts – are what have kept me honest, kept me inspired, and kept me going. Every day, I learned from you. You made me a better President, and you made me a better man.I first came to Chicago when I was in my early twenties, still trying to figure out who I was; still searching for a purpose to my life. It was in neighborhoods not far from here where I began working with church groups in the shadows of closed steel mills. It was on these streets where I witnessed the power of faith, and the quiet dignity of working people in the face of struggle and loss. This is where I learned that change only happens when ordinary people get involved, get engaged, and come together to demand it.After eight years as your President, I still believe that. And it’s not just my belief. It’s the beating heart of our American idea – our bold experiment in self-government.It’s the conviction that we are all created equal, endowed by our Creator with certain unalienable rights, among them life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.It’s the insistence that these rights, while self-evident, have never been self-executing; that We, the People, through the instrument of our democracy, can form a more perfect union.This is the great gift our Founders gave us. The freedom to chase our individual dreams through our sweat, toil, and imagination –and the imperative to strive together as well, to achieve a greater good.For 240 years, our nation’s call to citizenship has given work and purpose to each new generation. It’s what led patriots to choose republic over tyranny, pioneers to trek west, slaves to brave that makeshift railroad to freedom. It’s what pulled immigrants and refugees across oceans and the Rio Grande, pushed women to reach for the ballot, powered workers to organize. It’s why GIs gave their lives at Omaha Beach and Iwo Jima; Iraq and Afghanistan – and why men and women from Selma to Stonewall were prepared to give theirs as well.So that’s what we mean when we say America is exceptional. Not that our nation has been flawless from the start, but that we have shown the capacity to change, and make life better for those who follow.For white Americans, it means acknowledging that the effects of slavery and Jim Crow didn’t suddenly vanish in the ‘60s; that when minority groups voice discontent, they’re not just engaging in reverse racism or practicing politicalcorrectness; that when they wage peaceful protest, they’re not demanding special treatment, but the equal treatment our Founders promised.For native-born Americans, it means reminding ourselves that the stereotypes about immigrants today were said, almost word for word, about the Irish, Italians, and Poles. America wasn’t weakened by the presence of these newcomers; they embraced this nation’s creed, and it was strengthened.So regardless of the station we occupy; we have to try harder; to start with the premise that each of our fellow citizens loves this country just as much as we do; that they value hard work and family like we do; that their children are just as curious and hopeful and worthy of love as our own.None of this is easy. For too many of us, it’s beco me safer to retreat into our own bubbles, whether in our neighborhoods or college campuses or places of worship or our social media feeds, surrounded by people who look like us and share the same political outlook and never challenge our assumptions. The rise of naked partisanship, increasing economic and regional stratification, the splintering of our media into a channel for every taste – all this makes this great sorting seem natural, even inevitable. And increasingly, we become so secure in our bubbles that we accept only information, whether true or not, that fits our opinions, instead of basing our opinions on the evidence that’s out there.This trend represents a third threat to our democracy. Politics is a battle of ideas; in the course of a healthy debate, we’ll prioritize different goals, and the different means of reaching them. But without some common baseline of facts; without a willingness to admit new information, and concede that your opponent is making a fair point, and that science and reaso n matter, we’ll keep talking past each other, making common ground and compromise impossible. Isn’t that part of what makes politics so dispiriting? How can elected officials rage about deficits when we propose to spend money on preschool for kids, but no t when we’re cutting taxes for corporations? How do we excuse ethical lapses in our own party, but pounce when the other party does the same thing? It’s not just dishonest, this selective sorting of the facts; it’s self-defeating. Because as my mother used to tell me, reality has a way of catching up with you. Take the challenge of climate change. In just eight years, we’ve halved our dependence on foreign oil, doubled our renewable energy, and led the world to an agreement that has the promise to save this planet. But without bolder action, our children won’t have time to debate the existence of climate change; they’ll be busy dealing with its effects: environmental disasters, economic disruptions, and waves of climate refugees seeking sanctuary.Now, we can and should argue about the best approach to the problem. But to simply deny the problem not only betrays future generations; it betrays the essential spirit of innovation and practical problem-solving that guided our Founders. It’s that spirit, born of the Enlightenment, that made us an economic powerhouse –the spirit that took flight at Kitty Hawk and Cape Canaveral; the spirit that that cures disease and put a computer in every pocket.It’s that spirit –a faith in reason, and enterprise, and the primacy of right over might, that allowed us to resist the lure of fascism and tyranny during the Great Depression, and build a post-World War II order with other democracies, an order based not just on military power or national affiliations but on principles – the rule of law, human rights, freedoms of religion, speech, assembly, and an independent press.That order is now being challenged – first by violent fanatics who claim to speak for Islam; more recently by autocrats in foreign capitals who see free markets, open democracies, and civil society itself as a threat to their power. The peril each poses to our democracy is more far-reaching than a car bomb or a missile. It represents the fear of change; the fear of people who look or speak or pray differently; a contempt for the rule of law that holds leaders accountable; an intolerance of dissent and free thought; a belief that the sword or the gun or the bomb or propaganda machine is the ultimate arbiter of what’s true and what’s right.Because of the extraordinary courage of our men and women in uniform, and the intelligence officers, law enforcement, and diplomats who support them, no foreign terrorist organization has successfully planned and executed an attack on our homeland these past eight years; and although Boston and Orlando remind us of how dangerous radicalization can be, our law enforcement agencies are more effective and vigilant than ever. We’ve taken out tens of thousands of terrorists –including Osama bin Laden. The global coalition we’re l eading against ISIL has taken out their leaders, and taken away about half their territory. ISIL will be destroyed, and no one who threatens America will ever be safe. To all who serve, it has been the honor of my lifetime to be your Commander-in-Chief.But protecting our way of life requires more than our military. Democracy can buckle when we give in to fear. So just as we, as citizens, must remain vigilant against external aggression, we must guard against a weakening of the values that make us who we ar e. That’s why, for the past eight years, I’ve worked to put the fight against terrorism on a firm legal footing. That’s why we’ve ended torture, worked to close Gitmo, and reform our laws governing surveillance to protect privacy and civil liberties. That’s why I reject discrimination against Muslim Americans. That’s why we cannot withdraw from global fights –to expand democracy, and human rights, women’s rights, and LGBT rights – no matter how imperfect our efforts, no matter how expedient ignoring such values may seem. For the fight against extremism and intolerance and sectarianism are of a piece with the fight against authoritarianism and nationalist aggression. If the scope of freedom and respect for the rule of law shrinks around the world, the likelihood of war within and between nations increases, and our own freedoms will eventually be threatened.So let’s be vigilant, but not afraid. ISIL will try to kill innocent people. But they cannot defeat America unless we betray our Constitution and our principles in the fight. Rivals like Russia or China cannot match our influencearound the world –unless we give up what we stand for, and turn ourselves into just another big country that bullies smaller neighbors.Which brings me to my final point – our democracy is threatened whenever we take it for granted. All of us, regardless of party, should throw ourselves into the task of rebuilding our democratic institutions. When voting rates are some of the lowest among advanced democracies, we should make it easier, not harder, to vote. When trust in our institutions is low, we should reduce the corrosive influence of money in our politics, and insist on the principles of transparency and ethics in public service. When Congress is dysfunctional, we should draw our districts to encourage politicians to cater to common sense and not rigid extremes.And all of this depends on our participation; on each of us accepting the responsibility of citizenship, regardless of which way the pendulum of power swings.Our Consti tution is a remarkable, beautiful gift. But it’s really just a piece of parchment. It has no power on its own. We, the people, give it power – with our participation, and the choices we make. Whether or not we stand up for our freedoms. Whether or not we respect and enforce the rule of law. America is no fragile thing. But the gains of our long journey to freedom are not assured. In his own farewell address, George Washington wrote that self-government is the underpinning of our safety, prosperity, and libe rty, but “from different causes and from different quarters much pains will be taken…to weaken in your minds the conviction of this truth;” that we should preserve it with “jealous anxiety;” that we should reject “the first dawning of every attempt to alie nate any portion of our country from the rest or to enfeeble the sacred ties” that make us one.We weaken those ties when we allow our political dialogue to become so corrosive that people of good character are turned off from public service; so coarse with rancor that Americans with whom we disagree are not just misguided, but somehow malevolent. We weaken those ties when we define some of us as more American than others; when we write off the whole system as inevitably corrupt, and blame the leaders we elect without examining our own role in electing them.It falls to each of us to be those anxious, jealous guardians of our democracy; to embrace the joyous task we’ve been given to continually try to improve this great nation of ours. Because for all our outward differences, we all share the same proud title: Citizen.Ultimately, that’s what our democracy demands. It needs you. Not just when there’s an election, not just when your own narrow interest is at stake, but over the full span of a lifetime. If you’re tired of arguing with strangers on the internet, try to talk with one in real life. If something needs fixing, lace up your shoes and do some organizing. If you’re disappointed by your elected officials, grab a clipboard, get some signatures, and run for office yourself. Show up. Dive in. Persevere. Sometimes you’ll win. Sometimes you’ll lose. Presuming a reservoir of goodness in others can be a risk, and there will betimes when the process disappoints you. But for those of us fortunate enough to have been a part of this work, to see it up close, let me tell you, it can energize and inspire. And more often than not, your faith in America – and in Americans – will be confirmed.Mine sure has been. Over the course of these eight years, I’ve seen the hopef ul faces of young graduates and our newest military officers. I’ve mourned with grieving families searching for answers, and found grace in Charleston church. I’ve seen our scientists help a paralyzed man regain his sense of touch, and our wounded warriors walk again. I’ve seen our doctors and volunteers rebuild after earthquakes and stop pandemics in their tracks. I’ve seen the youngest of children remind us of our obligations to care for refugees, to work in peace, and above all to look out for each other.That faith I placed all those years ago, not far from here, in the power of ordinary Americans to bring about change –that faith has been rewarded in ways I couldn’t possibly have imagined. I hope yours has, too. Some of you here tonight or watching at home were there with us in 2004, in 2008, in 2012 – and maybe you still can’t believe we pulled this whole thing off.You’re not the only ones. Michelle – for the past twenty-five years, you’ve been not only my wife and mother of my children, but my best friend. You took on a role you didn’t ask for and made it your own with grace and grit and style and good humor. You made the White House a place that belongs to everybody. And a new generation sets its sights higher because it has you as a role model. You’ve made me proud. You’ve made the country proud.Malia and Sasha, under the strangest of circumstances, you have become two amazing young women, smart and beautiful, but more importantly, kind and thoughtful and full of passion. You wore the burden of years in the spotlight so easily. Of all that I’ve done in my life, I’m most proud to be your dad.To Joe Biden, the scrappy kid from Scranton who became Delaware’s favorite son: you were the first choice I made as a nominee, and the best. Not just because you have been a great Vice President, but because in the bargain, I gained a brother. We love you and Jill like family, and your friendship has been one of the great joys of our life.To my remarkable staff: For eight years –and for some of you, a whole lot more –I’ve drawn from your energy, and tried to reflect back what you displayed every day: heart, and character, and idealism. I’ve watched you grow up, get married, have kids, and start incredible new journeys of your own. Even when times got tough and frustrating, you never let Washington get the better of you. The only thing that makes me prouder than all the good we’ve done is the thought of all the remarkable things you’ll achieve from here.And to all of you out there – every organizer who moved to an unfamiliar town and kind family who welcomed them in, every volunteer who knocked on doors, every young person who cast a ballot for the first time, every American who lived and breathed the hard work of change – you are the best supporters and organizers anyone could hope for, and I will forever be grateful. Because yes, you changedthe world.That’s why I leave this stage tonight even more optimistic about this country than I was when we started. Because I know our work has not only helped so many Americans; it has inspired so many Americans –especially so many young people out there –to believe you can make a difference; to hitch your wagon to something bigger than yourselves. This generation coming up – unselfish, altruistic, creative, patriotic –I’ve seen you in every corner of the country. You believe in a fair, just, inclusive America; you know that constant change has been America’s hallmark, something not to fear but to embrace, and you are willing to carry this hard work of democracy forward. You’ll soon outnumber any of us, and I believe as a result that the future is in good hands.My fellow Americans, it has been the honor of my life to serve you. I won’t stop; in fact, I will be right there with you, as a citizen, for all my days that rema in. For now, whether you’re young or young at heart, I do have one final ask of you as your President – the same thing I asked when you took a chance on me eight years ago.I am asking you to believe. Not in my ability to bring about change – but in yours.I am asking you to hold fast to that faith written into our founding documents; that idea whispered by slaves and abolitionists; that spirit sung by immigrants and homesteaders and those who marched for justice; that creed reaffirmed by those who planted flags from foreign battlefields to the surface of the moon;a creed at the core of every American whose story is not yet written:Yes We Can.Yes We Did.Yes We Can.Thank you. God bless you. And may God continue to bless the United States of America.精彩观点：自嘲为“跛脚鸭”总统。

空间知识外溢如何影响区域经济增长——理论机制与经验证据

第38卷第5期2021年5月统计研究Statistical ＲesearchVol．38，No.5May 2021空间知识外溢如何影响区域经济增长*———理论机制与经验证据陈俊内容提要：本文假设高技术区域对低技术区域的知识外溢作用大于低技术区域对高技术区域的知识外溢作用，并通过空间知识外溢方程将这一假设引入到区域经济增长模型中，考察空间知识外溢的区域经济增长效应。

模型分析表明，空间知识外溢使得区域总产出存在空间自相关、邻居区域的劳动力投入对本区域总产出具有负效应、邻居区域的Ｒ＆D 投入对本区域总产出具有正效应。

本文通过构建空间技术权重矩阵刻画空间知识外溢，并采用我国省级面板数据进行空间计量回归分析，实证结果很好地验证了理论模型的推论。

这意味着，中西部劳动力回流和“双创”热潮现象有助于提高东部地区对中西部地区的知识外溢作用，从而带动中西部地区经济共同发展。

关键词：空间知识外溢；区域经济增长；空间计量；区域协调发展DOI ：10.19343/j．cnki．11－1302/c．2021.05.006中图分类号：F222.3文献标识码：A文章编号：1002－4565（2021）05－0070－12*基金项目：广东省普通高校青年创新人才类项目“开放式创新框架下粤港澳大湾区科技创新协同发展机制、效果及优化对策研究”（2020WQNCX023）；广东省软科学研究项目“粤港澳大湾区科技协同创新网络动力机制及实现路径研究”（2020A1010020048）；广东省普通高校创新团队项目“数字经济高质量发展研究团队”（2020WCXTD014）；作者感谢第十七届中国青年经济学者论坛与会学者以及匿名审稿专家的意见和建议，文责自负。

How does Spatial Knowledge Spillover Affect Ｒegional EconomicGrowth ：Theoretical Mechanism and Empirical EvidenceChen JunAbstract ：Assuming the knowledge spillover of high-tech regions on low-tech regions is greater than that of low-tech regions on high-tech regions ，and introducing this hypothesis into the regional economic growth model with spatial knowledge spillover equation ，we study the effect of spatial knowledge spillover on regional economic growth．Our model suggests that regional total output is spatially autocorrelative ，neighboring region ’s labor inputs have a negative effect on local total output ，and neighboring region ’s Ｒ＆D inputs have a positive effect on local total output due to spatial knowledge spillover．Constructing spatial technology weight matrix to describe spatial knowledge spillover ，and doing spatial econometric regressions using China ’s provincial panel data ，our empirical results verify the inferences of the theoretical model．This implies that the phenomena of labor reflow in central and western China and the upsurge of “Innovation and Entrepreneurship ”are conducive to improving the knowledge spillover effect of the eastern region on the central and western regions ，thus promoting the common economic development of the central and western regions of China．Key words ：Spatial Knowledge Spillover ；Ｒegional Economic Growth ；Spatial Econometric ；Coordinated Development of Ｒegional Economy第38卷第5期陈俊：空间知识外溢如何影响区域经济增长·71·一、引言在我国当前区域经济发展不平衡、不充分的背景下，亟需“先富”地区带动“后富”地区共同发展（覃成林和杨霞，2017）。

有关国际关系的口译学习材料

International Relation英译汉：1．The role of the United Nations has gained increasing importance since the end of the Cold War.冷战结束后的联合国起着越来越重要的作用。

2．The increasing prestige is due in part to the fact that the Security Council has escaped the paral resulted from the US-Soviet rivalry during the Cold War, a period when the two superpowers used their rights against each other, thereby incapacitating the Security Council.联合国地位的上升部分是因为安理会摆脱了冷战期间因美苏对抗而出现的瘫痪状态，当时两个超级大国各自使用自己的否决权来反对对方，致使安理会无法正常运作。

3．The West, just as the developing world, h as discovered that i t n eeds the United Nations t o achieve i tsobjectives.西方世界同发展中国家一样也发现它需要联合国以达到自己的目的。

4．In addition, global problems, including t he proliferationof nuclear w eapons, rapidly e xpandinginternational community to pool their populations, the environment, drugs and refugees, call for the entireefforts to find solutions.此外，包括核武器扩散、人口激增、环境污染、吸毒以及难民在内的全球性问题要求整个国际社会共同努力，携手寻求解决问题的方法。

对于中国是走出去的写一篇英语作文

对于中国是走出去的写一篇英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Going Out：China's Path to GlobalizationIn recent years, China has embarked on a journey of globalization, seizing new opportunities and overcoming challenges as it reaches out to the world. This "going out" strategy is not only shaping the country's economy but also influencing global trade dynamics and cultural exchanges. In this essay, we will explore the significance of China's globalization efforts and the impact they have on the country and the world at large.The concept of "going out" in China refers to the country's push to expand its presence and influence beyond its borders. This initiative encompasses a wide range of activities, such as outbound investment, overseas expansion of Chinese companies, international trade, and cultural exchanges. The goal is to leverage China's economic strength, technological prowess, and cultural heritage to forge stronger ties with other nations and contribute to global development.One of the key drivers behind China's globalization efforts is the country's rapid economic growth and increasing global influence. As the world's second-largest economy, China has become a major player in international trade and investment, with its companies expanding their presence in key industries such as technology, infrastructure, and finance. By going out, China aims to diversify its markets, access new resources, and foster innovation through collaboration with foreign partners.Moreover, China's globalization strategy is also driven by the need to address domestic challenges such as overcapacity and structural imbalances. By investing in overseas projects and establishing international partnerships, Chinese companies can tap into new markets, transfer excess capacity, and upgrade their technology and management practices. This not only helps them stay competitive in a globalized economy but also contributes to the sustainable development of the global economy.In addition to economic benefits, China's globalization efforts also have broader implications for cultural exchanges and people-to-people ties. Through initiatives such as the Belt and Road Initiative and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, China is promoting connectivity and cooperation among countries in Asia, Africa, and Europe. This not only facilitatestrade and investment but also fosters understanding and mutual respect among different cultures and civilizations.Despite the many opportunities presented by China's "going out" strategy, it also faces a number of challenges and criticisms. For example, Chinese companies investing overseas have been accused of engaging in unfair competition, environmental degradation, and human rights violations. There are also concerns that China's growing influence in strategic sectors such as technology and infrastructure could pose risks to global security and stability.To address these challenges, China has taken steps to improve the transparency, sustainability, and responsibility of its overseas investments. By adhering to international standards and best practices, Chinese companies can enhance their credibility, build trust with host countries, and contribute to the economic and social development of the communities where they operate. Furthermore, China is working with other countries to establish multilateral mechanisms and guidelines for global governance, ensuring that its globalization efforts benefit the world at large.In conclusion, China's "going out" strategy represents a bold and ambitious vision for the country's future. By embracingglobalization and engaging with the world, China is not only shaping its own destiny but also contributing to a more inclusive, interconnected, and prosperous global community. As China continues to walk this path, it will be crucial for all stakeholders to work together to address challenges, seize opportunities, and build a more sustainable and equitable world for future generations.篇2China's Going-out StrategyIntroductionAs the world's second largest economy, China has been increasingly involved in foreign investment and overseas expansion in recent years. This trend, also known as the "going-out" strategy, has been an important aspect of China's economic growth and global influence. In this essay, we will explore the reasons behind China's going-out strategy, the benefits and challenges it presents, and the implications for China's future development.Reasons for China's Going-out StrategyThere are several reasons why China has been actively pursuing the going-out strategy in recent years. One of the mainreasons is to secure access to natural resources, such as oil, gas, and minerals, which are essential for China's continued economic development. By investing in overseas projects and acquiring foreign companies, China is able to ensure a stable supply of these resources and reduce its dependence on imports.Another reason for China's going-out strategy is to diversify its investments and reduce risks. By investing in a variety of sectors and countries, China can spread its financial exposure and minimize the impact of economic downturns in any one market. This also allows China to benefit from the growth of emerging markets and gain access to new technologies and markets.Benefits and Challenges of China's Going-out StrategyThe going-out strategy has brought a number of benefits to China, including increased access to resources, technology transfers, and opportunities for Chinese companies to expand globally. By investing in overseas projects, China has been able to create jobs, promote economic development in host countries, and strengthen its diplomatic and trade relationships around the world.However, the going-out strategy also presents several challenges for China. One of the main challenges is the issue ofpolitical and regulatory risks in foreign countries. Chinese companies often face obstacles such as government intervention, policy changes, and cultural differences, which can affect their operations and profitability. In addition, there is also the risk of backlash from local communities and environmental groups, as Chinese investors are sometimes perceived as exploitative or harmful to the environment.Implications for China's Future DevelopmentLooking ahead, the going-out strategy is likely to continue to play a key role in China's foreign policy and economic development. As China's influence and presence in the global economy grows, the country will need to navigate the challenges and opportunities of overseas expansion in a responsible and sustainable manner. This will require Chinese companies to invest in corporate social responsibility, environmental protection, and good governance practices, in order to build trust and credibility with host countries and local communities.In conclusion, China's going-out strategy has been a crucial component of the country's economic growth and global influence in recent years. By investing in overseas projects, acquiring foreign companies, and expanding its presence in international markets, China has been able to secure access toresources, diversify its investments, and promote economic development around the world. As China continues to pursue its going-out strategy, it will be important for the country to address the challenges and risks that come with overseas expansion, and to maintain a balance between economic growth and social responsibility.篇3China has experienced tremendous economic growth and development in recent decades, becoming one of the world's leading economies. As China continues to expand its influence globally, the concept of "going out" has become increasingly important.The "going out" strategy refers to China's efforts to encourage its companies to invest overseas, expand their operations in foreign markets, and participate in international trade and cooperation. This strategy is seen as a way for Chinese companies to diversify their risks, access new markets, and develop new technologies and capabilities.One of the key reasons for China's "going out" strategy is to address the challenges of overcapacity and slowing growth in domestic markets. By expanding overseas, Chinese companiescan tap into new markets and opportunities for growth. Additionally, by investing in foreign markets, Chinese companies can gain access to new technologies, talent, and resources that can help them to remain competitive in the global marketplace.Another important driver of China's "going out" strategy is the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which aims to enhance regional connectivity and promote economic cooperation among countries along the ancient Silk Road routes. Through the BRI, China is investing in infrastructure projects, such as roads, railways, ports, and pipelines, in countries across Asia, Africa, and Europe. These investments are not only helping to improve connectivity and trade between China and other countries, but they are also creating new opportunities for Chinese companies to expand their presence overseas.China's "going out" strategy is not without its challenges. Chinese companies face obstacles such as cultural differences, regulatory barriers, political instability, and competition from local firms in foreign markets. Additionally, Chinese companies have been criticized for their environmental and labor practices in some countries, leading to concerns about sustainability and social responsibility.Despite these challenges, China's "going out" strategy has been largely successful. Chinese companies have made significant investments in a wide range of sectors, including infrastructure, energy, telecommunications, finance, and manufacturing. Chinese companies such as Huawei, Alibaba, and Tencent have become global leaders in their respective industries, demonstrating the competitive capabilities of Chinese firms on the world stage.In conclusion, China's "going out" strategy is a key component of the country's efforts to promote economic development, expand its influence globally, and contribute to global prosperity. By investing in foreign markets, participating in international trade and cooperation, and promoting regional connectivity through initiatives such as the BRI, China is positioning itself as a major player in the global economy. As Chinese companies continue to pursue opportunities overseas, it is important for them to address challenges such as cultural differences, regulatory barriers, and sustainability concerns in order to ensure long-term success and sustainable growth.。

国贸英汉互译

国贸英汉互译国际贸易 International Trade对外贸易 Foreign Trade国内贸易 Domestic Trade海外贸易 Oversee Trade世界贸易 World Trade有形贸易 (Visible Trade)商品贸易 (Commodity Trade)无形贸易(Invisible Trade)国际服务贸易 (International Service Trade)国际技术贸易(International Technology Trade)出口贸易(Export Trade)进口贸易(Import Trade)过境贸易(Transit Trade)复出口(Re—export Trade)复进口(Re—import Trade)可兑换(Convertible)易货贸易(Barter)双边贸易(Bilateral Trade)多边贸易(Multilateral Trade)直接贸易(Direct Trade)间接贸易(Indirect Trade)转口贸易(Entrepot Trade)统计边界(Statistical boundary)海关管理区(Customs territory)关境(Customs frontier)自由贸易区(Free zone, Free trade zone)保税仓库(Bounded warehouse)保税工厂(Bounded factory)出口加工区(Export processing zone)总贸易(General Trade System)专门贸易(Special Trade System)国际收支平衡(balance of International Payments )贸易差额(Balance of Trade)贸易顺差（出超）(trade surplus/favourable trade balance ) 贸易逆差（入超）(trade deficit /unfavourable trade balance ) 净出口(Net export)净进口(Net import)进(出)口商品价格指数（Price index）贸易条件(Terms of Trade)对外贸易依存度(degree of dependence upon world trade)国际贸易商品结构(Composition of International Trade)《联合国国际贸易标准分类》(SITC)（Standard International Trade Classification)国际贸易地理方向(Direction of International Trade)进口替代(Import Substitution)出口导向(Export Leading)国际分工 (International Division of Labour)绝对成本理论（Theory of Absolute Advantage)绝对优势(Absolute Advantage)比较成本理论(Theory of Comparative Advantage)要素禀赋理论（ Heckscher - Ohlin Theory ）要素禀赋(Factor Endowment)要素充裕度(Factor Abundance)要素密度(Factor Intensity)里昂惕夫之谜（Leontief Paradox）劳动熟练说 (Skilled Labor Theory)人力资本说 (Human Capital)产品生命周期理论（Product Life Cycle Theory）需求偏好相似论（Theory of overlapping demands）产业内贸易理论Intra-industry Trade国家竞争优势理论The Competitive Advantage of Nations世界市场World market商品交易所（Commodity Exchanges）国际拍卖中心（International auction center）包销(Exclusive Sales)代理(Agency)寄售(Consignment)拍卖(Auction)招标与投标(Invitation to Tender，Submission of Tender)商品期货交易(Futures)补偿贸易(Compensation Trade)加工贸易(Processing Trade)租赁(Leasing)贸易专业化系数 (Trade Specialization Coefficient)显性比较优势指数 (Revealed Comparative Advantage Index)商品的国际价值（International Value）商品国际价格（International Price）国际贸易政策International Trade Policy自由贸易政策 ( free trade policy )保护贸易政策 (protective trade policy)重商主义（Mercantilism）幼稚工业 (infant industry)财政关税 (Revenue Tariff )保护关税 (Protective Customs Duties)、进口税 (Import Duties)出口税 (Export Duties)过境税(Transit Duties)进口附加税 (Import Surtax)反倾销税 (Anti-dumping Duty)反贴补税 (Counter-vailing Duty)滑准税（Sliding Duties）特惠关税(Preferential Duties)洛美协定（Lome Convention ）普遍优惠制度（GSP）(Generalized System of Preference，GSP) 原产地规则 (Rule of Origin)免责条款 (Escape Clause)预定限额 (Prior Limitation)竞争需要标准(Competitive Need Criterion，美国)海关税则 (Customs Tariff )自主税则（Autonomous Tariff)协定税则（Conventional Tariff)《商品名称和编码协调制度》(Harmonized System, HS)货物分类目录 ( Description of Goods )税则号序列 (Tariff No.)税率 (Rate of Duty)单式税则 (Single Tariff)复式税则 (Complex Tariff)从量税 (Specific Duties)从价税 (Ad Valorem Duties)混合税 (Mixed or Compound Duties)选择税 (Alternative Duties)完税价格 (Duty Paid Value)混合税（Mixed or compound Duty）选择税（Alternative Duty）报关 Customs Entry /Customs Clearance通关申报（customs declaration）验关（查验）（customs inspection）通关放行(release)关税水平(Tariff Level)有效保护率(Effective Rate of Protection)附加值(Value Added非关税措施(non-tariff barrier—NTBs)进口配额制 ( Import Quota System)绝对配额(Absolute Quotas)全球配额 (Global Quotas)国别配额 (Country Quotas)协议配额 (Agreement Quotas)关税配额 (Tariff Quotas)自动出口限制 (Voluntary Export Restraint )自限协定(Self-restriction Agreement)进口许可证制 (Import Licence System)特种许可证(Special Licence，SL)公开一般进口许可证(Open General Licence，OGL)外汇管制 (Foreign Exchange Control)对外贸易的国家垄断(State Monopoly)最低限价 (Minimum Price)进口押金制 (Advanced Deposit)国内税收 (Internal Taxes)国家垄断(state monopoly)国营贸易(state trade)歧视性的政府采购政策 (Discriminatory Government Procurement Policy) 海关估价(Customs Valuation)进口押金制 (Advanced Deposit)技术性贸易壁垒 (Technical Barriers to Trade，TBT)劳工标准（SA8000）出口补贴(Export Subsidies)出口退税（Export Rebates）出口信贷Export Credit出口信贷国家担保制(Export Credit Guarantee system)外汇倾销(Exchange Dumping)卖方信贷 (Supplier‘s Credit)买方信贷 (Buyer's Credit)自由贸易区(Free Trade Zone)保税区(Bonded Area)出口加工区(Export Processing Zone)出口管制（Export Control）贸易制裁（Trade Sanctions）巴黎统筹委员会（COCOM）(Coordinating Committee for Export Control)国际服务贸易(International Service Trade)联合国贸易与发展会议(UNCTAD)《服务贸易总协定》(GATS)过境交付（cross-border supply)境外消费(consumption abroad)商业存在(commercial presence)自然人流动(movement of personnel)居民与非居民之间的服务贸易（ Balance of Payments 简称BOP ）通过本国境内的外国附属机构所提供的服务贸易（Foreign Affiliates Trade 简称FATS）专利(Patent)商标(Trade Mark)专有技术(Know—how)许可证贸易(Licensing)知识产权（Intellectual Property）世界知识产权组织公约—WIPO世界贸易组织—WTO└与贸易有关的知识产权协议---TRIPS贸易条约和协定(Commercial Treaties and Agreements)最惠国待遇条款（MFNT）most-favoured-nation treatment clause国民待遇条款（National Treatment clause）通商航海条约(Treaty of Commerce and Navigation)贸易协定 (Trade Agreement)贸易议定书 (Trade Protocol)支付协定 (Payment Agreement)国际商品协定(international commodity agreement)缓冲存货(buffer stocks)出口限额(export control)多边合同(multilateral contracts)石油输出国组织 (OPEC)铜出口国政府联合委员会 (ICCEC)铁矿砂出口国协会 (AIOEC)国际铝土协会（IAI）钨生产者协会 (TPA)天然橡胶生产国协会 (ANRPC)区域经济一体化（Regional Economic Integration）优惠贸易安排（Preferential Trade Arrangements ，PTA）自由贸易区 (Free Trade Area)关税同盟 (Customs Union)共同市场 (Common Market)经济联盟 (Economic Union)完全经济一体化 (Complete Economic Integration)政治联盟 (Political Union)欧洲联盟（European Union--EU）欧元（EUR）北美自由贸易协定( NAFTA )南方共同市场（MERCOSUR）亚太经济合作组织（Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation，简称APEC）东南亚国家联盟Association of Southeast Asian Nations跨太平洋伙伴关系协议ＴＰＰ跨大西洋贸易与投资伙伴关系协定 TTIP服务贸易协定（TISA）（2011，GATS落后）贸易创造效应(Trade Creation Effect)贸易转移效应(Trade Diversion Effect)贸易扩大效应(Trade Expansion Effect)社会福利效应(Social Welfare Effect)贸易条件效应 (Effect on Terms of Trade)国际资本移动（international capital flow）国际直接投资(International Direct Investment)国际间接投资(International Indirect Investment)对外直接投资（Foreign Direct Investment，简称 FDI）独资企业(individual proprietorship)合资企业(joint venture）合作经营(joint cooperation)跨国公司（Transnational Corporation）国际生产折衷理论 (The Eclectic Theory of International Production) 所有权特定优势（Ownership Advantage）内部化优势（Internalization Advantage）区位优势（Location Advantage）世界贸易组织(World Trade Organization，WTO)贸易自由化( Trade Liberalization )市场准入原则（Market Access）互惠原则（Reciprocity）非歧视原则( Trade Without Discrimination )关贸总协定(GATT)关税减让(Schedule of Tariff Concessions)出口价格（Export Price）正常价值（Normal Value）同类产品（Like Product）国内产业（Domestic Industry）实质损害（Material Injury）因果关系（Causation ）禁止性补贴（prohibited subsidies）可诉补贴（actionable subsidies）不可诉补贴（non- actionable subsidies ）农产品协议( Agreement on Agriculture )纺织品和服装协议(Agreement on Textiles & Clothing)贸易政策评审机制(Trade Policy Review Mechanism)争端解决机制(Dispute Settlement Understanding)。

积累因果模型回波效应

积累因果模型回波效应什么是积累因果模型？积累因果模型（Accumulated Causation Model）是指一种经济学理论，用于解释为什么一些地区或行业会出现发展不平衡的现象。

该模型认为，经济增长和发展不是均匀分布的，而是在某些地区或行业积聚起来，并且这种差异会随着时间的推移而逐渐扩大。

根据积累因果模型，经济增长和发展不平衡的原因主要有两个方面：外部性和路径依赖。

外部性外部性是指一个产业或地区的发展对其他产业或地区产生的影响。

这种影响可以是正面的，也可以是负面的。

正面外部性意味着一个产业或地区的成功会带动其他产业或地区的发展，从而形成一个良性循环；而负面外部性则意味着一个产业或地区的失败会对其他产业或地区造成负面影响。

例如，在某个城市建设了一家大型制造厂，这个制造厂将带来就业机会、税收收入等正面效应，进而促进了该城市其他产业的发展，如物流、餐饮等。

这种正面外部性会导致制造业在该城市积聚起来，形成一个制造业集群。

路径依赖路径依赖是指经济增长和发展的路径会受到过去决策和选择的影响。

一旦某个地区或行业开始发展，它们就有可能在未来继续保持领先地位，而其他地区或行业则很难追赶上来。

这种现象被称为“锁定效应”。

例如，某个地区在早期选择了发展某个特定的产业，由于资源配置、技术积累等原因，这个产业得以不断壮大。

随着时间的推移，该地区形成了独特的产业结构和竞争优势，并且其他地区很难复制这样的成功经验。

积累因果模型的回波效应回波效应是指当一个产业或地区处于积累因果模型下时，其发展将会引起更多的投资和资源流入，从而进一步加速其发展速度。

回波效应可以通过以下几个方面来实现：1.吸引更多投资：成功的产业或地区往往能够吸引更多的投资。

这些投资可以用于扩大生产规模、改进技术、提升产品质量等，从而进一步提高竞争力和市场份额。

2.吸引人才：成功的产业或地区往往能够吸引更多的人才。

这些人才会带来创新思维、专业知识和技术能力，推动产业或地区的持续发展。