第三军医大学3516临床检验诊断学2017年考博真题试卷
解放军医学院(301医院)病理生理学(心脏病学)2019年考博真题试卷
5.应激时心血管系统反应
三、论述题
1.血压降低是否可作为休克早期的判断指标？
2.肺源性心脏病发生机制
3.代酸常见病因及血气分析
301医院
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
解放军医学院（301医院）
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理生理学（心脏病学）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、选择题2分×15
二、简答题
1.钠依赖性高血压定义，与肾素依赖性高血压区别
2.心衰时心肌收缩力下降机制
2017年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题
2017年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题2017年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题Part I Listening Comprehension(30%)略Part II Vocabulary(10%)Section ADirections:In this section,all the sentences are incomplete.Four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D are given beneath each of them.You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence,then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have____effects on bones.A.adverseB.prevalentC.instantD.purposeful32.Drinking more water is good for the rest of your body,helping to lubricate joints and___toxinsand impurities.A.screen outB.knock outC.flush outD.rule out33.Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medical helpto____the problem.A.affiliateB.alleviateC.aggravateD.accelerate34.Generally,vaccine makers_____the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a process that can takefour to six months.A.penetrateB.designateC.generateD.exaggerate35.Danish research shows that the increase in obese people in Denmark is roughly____to theincrease of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.A.equivalentB.temporaryC.permanentD.relevant36.Ted was felled by a massive stroke that affected his balance and left him barely able tospeak____.A.bluntlyB.intelligiblyC.reluctantlyD.ironically37.In a technology-intensive enterprise,computers____all processes of the production andmanagement.A.dominateB.overwhelmC.substituteD.imitate38.Although most dreams apparently happen____,dream activity may be provoked by externalinfluences.A.homogeneouslyB.instantaneouslyC.spontaneouslyD.simultaneously39.We are much quicker to respond,and we respond far too quickly by giving____to our anger.A.ventB.impulseC.temperD.offence40.By maintaining a strong family_____,they are also maintaining the infrastructure of society.A.biasB.honorC.estateD.bondSection BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence.Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.rm the manager if you are on medication that makes you drowsy.A.uneasyB.sleepyC.guiltyD.fiery42.Diabetes is one of the most prevalent and potentially dangerous diseases in the world.A.crucialB.virulentC.colossalD.widespread43.Likewise,soot and smoke from fire contain a multitude of carcinogens.A.a matter ofB.a body ofC.plenty ofD.sort of44.Many questions about estrogen’s effects remain to be elucidated,and investigations areseeking answers through ongoing laboratory and clinical studies.A.implicatedB.impliedC.illuminatedD.initiated45.A network chatting is a limp substitute for meeting friends over coffee.A.accomplishmentB.refreshmentplementD.replacement46.When patients spend extended periods in hospital,they tend to become overly dependent andlose interest in taking care of themselves.A.extremelyB.exclusivelyC.exactlyD.explicitly47.Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problem of trafficcongestion.A.AmelioratedB.aggregatedC.deterioratedD.duplicated48.It was reported that bacteria contaminated up to80%of domestic retail raw chicken in theUnited States.A.inflamedB.inflictedC.infectedD.infiltrated49.Researchers recently ran the numbers on gun violence in the United States and reported thatright-to-carry-gun laws do not inhibit violent crime.A.curbB.induceC.lessenD.impel50.Regardless of our uneasiness about stereotypes,numerous studies have shown clear differencebetween Chinese and western parenting.A.specificationsB.sensationsC.conventionsD.conservations PartⅢCloze(10%)Directions:In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For each blank,there are four choices marked A,B,C and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.It was the kind of research that gave insight into how flu strains could mutate so quickly.The same branch of research concluded in2005that the1918flu started in birds before passing to humans.Parsing this animal-human51could provide clues to52the next potential super flu,whichalready has a name:H5N1,also known as avian flu or bird flu.This potential killer also has a number:59%.According to the WHO,nearly three-fifths of the people who53H5NI since2003died from the virus,which was first reported54humans in Hong Kong in1997before a more serious55occurred in Southeast Asia between2003and2004.(It has since spread to Africa and Europe.)Some researchers argue that those mortality numbers are exaggerated because WHO only56cases in which victims are sick enough to go to the hospitals for treatment.57,compare that to the worldwide mortality rate of the1918pandemic;it may have killed roughly50million people,but that was only10%of the number of people infected,according to a2006estimate.H5NI’s saving grace—and the only reason we’re not running around masked up in public right now—is that the strain doesn’t jump from birds to humans,or from humans to humans,easily. There have been just over600cases(and359deaths)since2003.But58its lethality,and the chance it could turn into something far more transmissible,one might expect H5NI research to be exploding,with labs59the virus’s molecular components to understand how it spreads between animals and60to humans,and hoping to discover a vaccine that could head off a pandemic.51.A.rejection B.interface plement D.contamination52.A.be stopped B.stopping C.being stopped D.having stopped53.A.mutated B.effected C.infected D.contracted54.A.in B.on C.with D.from55.A.trigger unch C.outbreak D.outcome56.A.counts B.amounts to C.accounts for D.accumulates57.A.Thereafter B.Thereby C.Furthermore D.Still58.A.given B.regarding C.in spite of D.speaking of59.A.parses B.parsed C.parsing D.to parse60.A.potently B.absolutely C.potentially D.importantlyPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Directions:In this part,there are six passages,each of which is followed by five questions.For each question,there are four possible answers marked A,B,C,and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneIf you are reading this article,antibiotics have probably saved your life—and not once but several times.A rotten tooth,a knee operation,a brush with pneumonia;any number of minor infections that never turned nasty.You may not remember taking the pills,so unremarkable have these one-time wonder drugs become.Modern medicine relies on antibiotics—not just to cure diseases,but to augment the success of surgery,childbirth and cancer treatments.Yet now health authorities are warning,in uncharacteristically apocalyptic terms,that the era of antibiotics is about to end.In some ways,bacteria are continually evolving to resist the drugs.But in the past we’ve always developed new ones that killed them again.Not this time.Infections that once succumbed to everyday antibiotics now require last-resort drugs with unpleasant side effects.Others have become so difficult to treat that they kill some 25,000Europeans yearly.And some bacteria now resist every known antibiotic.Regular readers will know why:New Scientist has reported warnings about this for years.We have misused antibiotics appallingly,handing them out to humans like medicinal candy and feeding them to livestock by the tonne,mostly not for health reasons but to make meat cheaper.Now antibiotic-resistant bacteria can be found all over the world—not just in medical facilities,but everywhere from muddy puddles in India to the snows of Antarctica（南极洲）.How did we reach this point without viable successors to today’s increasingly ineffectual drugs? The answer lies not in evolution but economics.Over the past20years,nearly every major pharmaceutical company has abandoned panies must make money,and there isn’t much in short-term drugs that should be used sparingly.So researchers have discovered promising candidates,but can’t reach into the deep pockets needed to develop them.This can be fixed.As we report this week,regulatory agencies,worried medical bodies and Big Pharma are finally hatching ways to remedy this market failure.Delinking profits from the volume of drug sold(by adjusting patent rights,say,or offering prizes for innovation)has worked for other drugs,and should work for antibiotics—although there may be a worryingly long wait before they reach the market.One day,though,these will all to resistance too.Ultimately,we need,evolution-proof cures for bacterial infection:treatments that stop bacteria from causing disease,but don’t otherwise inconvenience the little blighters.When resisting drugs confers no selective advantage,drugs will stop breeding resistance.Researchers have a couple of candidates for such treatment.But they fear regulators will drag their feet over such radical approaches.That,too,can be fixed.We must not neglect development of the sustainable medicine we need,the way we have neglected simple antibiotic R&D.If we do,one day another top doctor will be telling us that the drugs no longer work—and there really will be no help on the way.61.In the first paragraph,the author is tying to_____.A.warn us against the rampant abuse of antibiotics everywhereB.suggest a course of action to reduce antibiotic resistanceC.tell us a time race between humans and bacteriaD.remind us of the universal benefit of antibiotics62.The warning from health authorities implies that_____.A.the pre-antibiotic era will returnB.the antibiotic crisis is about to repeatC.the wonder drugs are a double-edged swordD.the development of new antibiotics is too slow63.The appalling misuse of antibiotics,according to the passage,_____.A.has developed resistant bacteria worldwideB.has been mainly practiced for health reasonsC.has been seldom reported as a warning in the worldD.has been particularly worsened in the developing countries64.The market failure refers to____.A.the inability to develop more powerful antibioticsB.the existing increasingly ineffectual drugs in the marketC.the poor management of the major pharmaceutical companiesD.the deprived investment in developing new classes of antibiotics65.During the presentation of the two solutions,the author carries a tone of_____.A.doubtB.urgencyC.indifferenceD.helplessness Passage TwoThis issue of Science contains announcements for more than100different Gorgon Research Conferences，on topics that range from atomic physics to developmental biology.The brainchild（某人的主意）of Neil Gordon of Johns Hopkins University,these week-long meetings are designed to promote intimate,informal discussions of frontier science.Often confined to fewer than125 attendees,they have traditionally been held in remote places with minimal distractions.Beginning in the early1960s,I attended the summer Nucleic Acids Gordon Conference in rural New Hampshire，sharing austere（简朴的）dorm facilities in a private boy’s school with randomly assigned roommates.As a beginning scientist,I found the question period after each talk especially fascinating,providing valuable insights into the personalities and ways of thinking of many senior scientists whom I had not encountered previously.Back then,there were no cellphones and no internet,and all of the speakers seemed to stay for the entire week.During the long,session-free afternoons,graduate students mingled freely with professors.Many lifelong friendships were begun, and—as Gordon intended—new scientific collaborations began.Leap forward to today,and every scientist can gain immediate access to a vast store of scientific thought and to millions of other scientists via the Internet.Why,nevertheless,do in-person scientific meetings remain so valuable for a life in science?Part of the answer is that science works best when there is a deep mutual trust and understanding between the collaborators,which is hard to develop from a distance.But most important is the critical role that face-to-face scientific meetings play in stimulating a random collision of ideas and approaches.The best science occurs when someone combines the knowledge gained by other scientists in non-obvious ways to create a new understanding of how the world works.A successful scientist needs to deeply believe,whatever the problem being tackled,that there is always a better way to approach that problem than the path currently being taken.The scientist is then constantly on the alert for new paths to take in his or her work,which is essential for makingbreakthroughs.Thus,as much as possible,scientific meetings should be designed to expose the attendees to ways of thinking and techniques that are different from the ones that they already know.66.Assembled at Gordon Research Conference are those who____.A.are physicists and biologistsB.just start doing their sciencesC.stay in the forefront of scienceD.are accomplished senior scientists67.Speaking of the summer Nucleic Acids Gordon Conference,the author thinks highly of____.A.the personalities of senior scientistsB.the question period after each talkC.the austere facilities aroundD.the week-long duration68.It can be inferred from the author that the value of the in-person scientific conference_____.A.does not change with timesB.can be explored online exclusivelyC.lies in exchanging the advances in lie scienceD.is questioned in establishing a vast store of ideas69.The author believes that the face-to-face scientific conferences can help the attendeesbetter_____.A.understand what making a breakthrough means to themB.expose themselves to novel ideas and new approachesC.foster the passion for doing scienceD.tackle the same problem in science70.What would the author most probably talk about in the following paragraphs?A.How to explore scientific collaborations.B.How to make scientific breakthroughs.C.How to design scientific meetings.D.How to think like a genius.Passage ThreeBack in1896,the Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius realized that by burning coal we were adding carbon dioxide to the air,and that this would warm the Earth.But he mentioned the issue only in passing（顺便地），for his calculations suggested it would not become a problem for thousands of years.Others thought that the oceans would soak up any extra CO2,so there was nothing much to worry about.That this latter argument has persisted to this day in some quarters highlights our species’propensity（倾向）to underestimate the scale of our impact on the planet.Even the Earth’s vast oceans cannot suck up CO2as quickly as we can produce it,and we now know the stored CO2is acidifying the oceans,a problem in itself.Now a handful of researchers are warning that energy sources we normally think of as innocuous could affect the planet’s climate too.If we start to extract immense amounts of power from the wind,for instance,it will have an impact on how warmth and water move around the planet,and thus on temperatures and rainfall.Just to be clear,no one is suggesting we should stop building wind farms on the basis of this risk.Aside from the huge uncertainties about the climatic effects of extracting power from the wind,our present and near-term usage is far too tiny to make any difference.For the moment,any negative consequences on the climate are massively outweighed by the effects of pumping out even more CO2.That poses by far the greater environmental threat;weaning ourselves off fossil fuels should remain the priority.Even so,now it is the time to start thinking about the long-term effects of the alternative energy sources we are turning to.Those who have already started to look at these issues report weary, indifferent or even hostile reactions to their work.That’s understandable,but disappointing.These effects may be inconsequential,in which case all that will have been wasted is some research time that may well yield interesting insights anyway. Or they may turn out to be sharply negative,in which case the more notice we have,the better.It would be unfortunate to put it mildly,to spend countless trillions replacing fossil-fuel energy infrastructure（基础建设）only to discover that its successor（替代物）is also more damaging than it need be.These climatic effects may even be beneficial.The first,tentative models suggest that extracting large amounts of energy from high-altitude jet streams would cool the planet, counteracting the effects of rising greenhouse gases.It might even be possible to build an energy infrastructure that gives us a degree of control over the weather:turning off wind turbines here, capturing more of the sun’s energy there.We may also need to rethink our long-term research priorities.The sun is ultimately the only source of energy that doesn’t end up altering the planet’s energy balance.So the best bet might be invest heavily in improving solar technology and energy storage—rather than in efforts to harness, say,nuclear fusion.For the moment,all of this remains supposition（推测）.But our species has a tendency to myopia.We have nothing to lose,and everything to gain by taking the long view for a change.71.In the first two paragraphs,the author is trying to draw our attention to____.A.the escalating scale of the global warmingB.the division of scientists over the issue of global warmingC.reasons for us to worry about extra CO2for the oceansD.the human tendency to underestimate the harmful effects on the planet72.The author’s illustration of wind-power extraction reflects____.A.the priority of protecting the environmentB.the same human propensity as mentioned previouslyC.the best strategy of reducing the environmental threatD.the definite huge uncertainties about the climatic effects73.The author argues that it would be unfortunate to replace fossil fuels only to find out that____.A.the successors are also damagingB.the countless trillions spent are wastedC.the alternative energy sources don’t workD.the research invites indifferent or even hostile reactions74.According to the author,the best strategy is____.A.to counteract the effects of rising greenhouse gasesB.to develop a degree of control over the weatherC.to extract large amounts of energy from windD.to explore solar energy and its storage75.It can be concluded from the passage that we need to take the long view on____.A.human existence on the planetB.humanity’s energy suppliesC.our environmental threatsD.our tendency to myopiaPassage FourOptical illusions are like magic,thrilling us because of their capacity to reveal the fallibility of our senses But there’s more to them than that,according to Dr.Beau Lotto,who is wowing the scientific world with work that crosses the boundaries of art,neurology,natural history and philosophy.What they reveal,he says,is that the whole world is the creation of our brain.What we see, what we hear,feel and what we think we know is not a photographic reflection of the word,but an instantaneous unthinking calculation as to what is the most useful way of seeing the world.It’s a best guess based on the past experience of the individual,a long evolutionary past that has shaped the structure of our brains.The world is literally shaped by our pasts.Dr.Lotto,40,an American who is a reader in neuroscience at University College London,has set out to prove it in stunning visual illusions,sculptures and installations,which have been included in art-science exhibitions.He explains his complex ideas from the starting point of visual illusions,which far from revealing how fragile our senses are show how remarkably robust they are at providing a picture of the world that serves a purpose to us.For centuries,artists and scientists have noted that a grey dot looks lighter against a dark background than being against a light background.The conventional belief was that it was because of some way the brain and eye is intrinsically wired.But Dr.Lotto believes it’s a learnt response;in other words,we see the world not as it is but as it is useful to us.“Context is everything,because our brains have evolved to constantly re-define normality,”says Dr.Lotto.“What we see is defined by our own experiences of the past,but also by what the human race has experienced through its history.”This is illustrated by the fact that different cultures and communities have different viewpoints of the world,conditioned over generations.For example,Japanese people have a famous inability to distinguish between the“R”and the“L”sound.This arises because in Japanese the sounds are totally interchangeable.“Differentiating between them has never been useful,so the brain has never learnt to do it.It’s not just that Japanese people find it hard to tell the difference.They literally cannot hear the difference.”Dr.Lotto’s experiments are grounding more and more hypotheses in hard science.“Yes,mywork is idea-driven,”he says.“But lots of research,such as MRI brain scanning,is technique-driven.I don’t believe you can understand the brain by taking it out of its natural environment and looking at it in a laboratory.You have to look at what it evolved to do,and look at it in relationship to its ecology.”76.What does the word“them”in the first paragraph refer to?A.Human senses.B.The fallibility of senses.C.Revealing capacity.D.Optical illusions.77.According to the passage,what is known about Dr.Beau Lotto?A.Though he is a neuroscientist,he has shocked the scientific world with his extensiveresearch in art,neurology,natural history and philosophy.B.Dr.Lotto is a professor at University College Landon who is specialized in a number ofdisciplines such as art,neurology,natural history and philosophy.C.Dr.Lotto has been attempting to exhibit his creative productions in art-science exhibitionsin the hope of proving his idea on optical illusions.D.Dr.Lotto has set out to create visual illusions,sculptures and installations which wellcombined the knowledge of art,neurology,natural history and philosophy.78.Which of the following statements can be inferred from Dr.Lotto’s study?A.People should believe their brains rather than their eyes as the world,to a great measure,iscreated and shaped by human brain.B.People should never believe their senses for what they see,hear,feel,and the truth may becontrary to the photographic image of the world.C.People should never believe their eyes for what they see are only accidental and temporaryforms of the world,which varies in accordance with contexts.D.People should be aware that their eyes can play tricks on them as what they see is actuallycreated by their brains which are shaped by their past experiences.79.According to Dr.Lotto,what is the reason for the fact that a grey dot looks lighter against adark background than being against a light background?A.It is a fact that the dot emerged to be lighter against a dark background than being against alight one.B.Human senses are remarkably robust at providing a picture of the world that serves apurpose to us through what they have learnt from past experiences.C.It is because of some way the brain and eye is intrinsically wired.D.Because the context in which the little dot placed has changed to be lighter.80.Which of the following statements is true about the research in neuroscience?A.Investigation on the brain involves scrutinizing a network in which both environment andthe brain itself function together.B.Both idea-driven and technique-driven are popular research methods in research study inneuroscience.C.People cannot carry out research study on brain in laboratory where it is isolated fromhuman body.D.Brain can be investigated in isolation with other faculties and organs as long as the researchis carried out in proper natural context.Passage FiveThe biggest thing in operating rooms these days is a million-dollar,multi-armed robot named da Vinci,used in nearly400,000surgeries nationwide last year—triple the number just four years earlier.But now the high-tech helper is under scrutiny over reports of problems,including several deaths that may be linked with it and the high cost of using the robotic system.There also have been a few disturbing,freak incidents:a robotic hand that wouldn’t let go of tissue grasped during surgery and a robotic arm hit-ting a patient in the face as she lay on the operating table.Is it time to curb the robot enthusiasm?Some doctors say yes,concerned that the“wow”factor and heavy marketing have boosted use. They argue that there is not enough robust research showing that robotic surgery is at least as good or better than conventional surgeries.Many U.S.hospitals promote robotic surgery in patient brochures,online and even on highway billboards.Their aim is partly to attract business that helps pay for the costly robot.The da Vinci is used for operations that include removing prostates,gallbladders and wombs, repairing heart valves,shrinking stomachs and transplanting organs.Its use has increased worldwide, but the system is most popular in the United States.For surgeons,who control the robot while sitting at a computer screen rather than standing over the patient,these operations can be less tiring.Plus robot hands don’t shake.Advocates say patients sometimes have less bleeding and often are sent home sooner than with conventional laparoscopic surgeries and operations involving large incisions.But the Food and Drug Administration is looking into a spike in reported problems during robotic surgeries.Earlier this year,the FDA began a survey of surgeons using the robotic system. The agency conducts such surveys of devices routinely,but FDA spokeswoman Synim Rivers said the reason for it now“is the increase in number of reports received”about da Vinci.Reports filed since early last year include at least five deaths.Whether there truly are more problems recently is uncertain.Rivers said she couldn’t quantify the increase and that it may simply reflect more awareness among doctors and hospitals about the need to report problems.Doctors aren’t required to report such things;device makers and hospitals are.Company spokesman Geoff Curtis said Intuitive Surgical has physician-educators and other trainers who teach surgeons how to use the robot.But they don’t train them how to do specific procedures robotically,he said,and that it’s up to hospitals and surgeons to decide“if and when a surgeon is ready to perform robotic cases.”A2010New England Journal of Medicine essay by a doctor and a health policy analyst said surgeons must do at least150procedures to become adept at using the robotic system.But there is no expert consensus on how much training is needed.New Jersey banker Alexis Grattan did a lot of online research before her gallbladder was removed last month at Hackensack University Medical Center.She said the surgeon’s many years of experience with robotic operations was an important factor.She also had heard that the surgeon was among the first to do the robotic operation with just one small incision in the belly button,instead of four cuts in conventional keyhole surgery.81.Why did FDA begin to scrutinize da Vinci?A.The number used in operation has been tripled.B.It is too expensive.C.It is reported to have frequent mechanical breakdown.wsuits increase with death case reports.82.According to some doctors,which of the following is NOT the reason to curb the enthusiasmfor da Vinci?A.The high cost causes unreasonable marketing.B.It is not as good as traditional surgeries.C.It needs more statistics to prove its value.D.It is necessary for doctors to consider some problems.83.What does FDA spokeswoman Synim Rivers mean?A.Doctors and hospitals should be responsible for those problems.B.It is doctors that think da Vinci robots are problematic.C.There are so many problems reports that FDA has to do an enquiry.D.FDA hasn’t finished the previous enquiry about the surgeons who used robots.84.What is correct about training according to the Geoff Curtis?A.A lack of sufficient training on the part of surgeons.B.A lack of sufficient training an the part of company.C.Doctors and hospitals are not sufficiently trained on specific procedures.D.Doctors and hospitals are not sufficiently trained on how to use robots.85.What is the best title for this passage?A.Four Hands Better than Two?B.Too Good to Be TrueC.Smart RobotsD.Who Is the Killer?Passage SixIn a poor,inland,gang-infested part of Los Angeles,there is a clinic for people with type1 diabetes.As part of the country health care system,it serves persons who have fallen through all other safety-net options,the poorest of the poor.Although type2diabetes is rampant in this part of。
同济大学病理学2017年考博真题考博试卷
4、肿瘤异常增生的异常性表现在哪方面（5 分） 5、列表说明癌与肉瘤在形态学上的区别（4 分） 6、肿瘤的演进和异质性，并简述它们关系（4 分） 7、影像学发现一患者左肺上叶一大小为 3*4cm 的结节状阴影，从病理变化角 度，说明最可能的疾病？（8生 入 学 考 试 试 卷
医学考博真题试卷
第1页 共1页
同济大学
2017 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、选择（1*30=30 分） 单选 15 分，多选 15 分。 二、填空（0.5*30=15 分） 白细胞的局部作用，分子**， 最早发现的抑癌基因在_病毒中发现，主要有哪三中病毒，肿瘤局部浸润的四 个步骤，出血性梗死的条件_，解剖学因素_,_。 白色血栓的成分，透明血栓的成分，原癌基因主要合成的蛋白主要是对人体细 胞发展有重要作用的_和_。 层粘连蛋白和基底结合的受体是_。 肿瘤生长快慢的指标_,_,_ 三、名词解释（2*10 分=20 分） 1、 肉芽肿 2、 肿瘤异型性 3、 接触抑制机制 4、 急性转化病毒 5、 肿瘤相关抗原 6、 间接致癌物 7、 上皮内瘤变 8、 肝转移性胃癌 9、 槟榔肝 10、 脂肪心 四、简答题（35 分） 1、列表说明干性坏疽与湿性坏疽的区别（4 分） 2、列表说明脓肿与蜂窝织性炎的区别（4 分） 3、列表说明坏死与凋亡的区别（6 分）
外科学博士试题集锦
去年在小木虫、百度文库、丁香园、爱爱医收集的博士入学考试外科学简答题，是好几个学校在一块的，北医、上交、协和、山大,301，华科的，受益颇大，当时下载也花了不少心血，总结费了不少时间，分享给大家，一份耕耘，一份收获，但愿好运常相随！！！考博问答题整理无菌术1.什么是无菌术？无菌术的内容包括那些？无菌术是针对微生物及感染途径所采取的一系列预防措施。
无菌术的内容包括灭菌、消毒法、操作规则及管理制度。
2.无菌术、灭菌？所谓灭菌就是杀灭一切活的微生物。
而消毒是指杀灭病原微生物和其他活动有害微生物，但不要求奢靡额和清除所有微生物3.常用的灭菌消毒法有：(1)高压蒸汽法。
(2)煮沸法。
(3)火烧法。
(4)药液浸泡法。
(5)甲醛蒸汽熏蒸法。
4.手术过程中的无菌原则(1)手术人员穿无菌手术衣和戴无菌手套之后，手不能接触背部、腰部以下和肩部以上部位，这些区域属于有菌地带；同样，也不要接触手术台边缘以下的布单。
(2)不可在手术人员的背后传递手术器械及用品。
坠落到无菌巾或手术台边以外的器械物品，不准拾回再用。
(3)手术中如手套破损或接触到有菌地方，应更换无菌手套。
如前臂或肘部触碰有菌地方，应更换无菌手术衣或加套无菌袖套。
如无菌巾、布单等物已被湿透，其无菌隔离作用不再完整，应加盖干的无菌布单。
(4)在手术过程中，同侧手术人员如需调换位置，一人应先退后一步，背对背地转身到达另一位置，以防触及对方背部不洁区。
(5)手术开始前要清点器械、敷料，手术结束时，检查胸、腹等体腔，待核对器械、敷料数无误后，才能关闭切口，以免异物遗留腔内产生严重后果。
(6)切口边缘应以无菌大纱布垫或手术巾遮盖，并用巾钳或缝线固定，仅显露手术切口。
术前手术区粘贴无菌塑料薄膜可达到相同目的。
(7)做皮肤切口以及缝合皮肤之前，需再消毒皮肤一次。
(8)切开空腔脏器前，要先用纱布垫保护周围组织，以防止或减少污染。
(9)参观手术的人员不可太靠近手术人员或站得太高，也不可经常在室内走动，以减少污染的机会。
解放军医学院(301医院)病理学2017年考博真题试卷
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
解放军医学院（301医院）
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、单选题（10个）
1.肝细胞癌最常见的转移部位。A肝，B肺，C骨，D肝门淋巴结。
2.早期胃癌。
6.Barrett食管
7.肝豆状核变性
8.GIST
9.Crohn病
10.Budd-Chiria综合征
三、简答题（6个）
1.慢性胃炎病因。
2.消化性溃疡并发症。
3.溃疡性结肠炎并发症。
4.病毒性肝炎肝细胞坏死的基本病理类型。
5.急性出血性坏死性肠炎（AHE）。
6.肝硬化病因。
四、论述题（2*15分）
1.慢性萎缩性胃炎病因，镜下病理表现。
2.门脉高压形成机制及主要临床表现。
3.早期大肠癌。
4.恶性溃疡。
5.与结肠癌不密切的疾病。
6.与肝细胞癌无关的是，A AFP，B碱性磷酸酶，C CEA，D谷丙转氨酶。
7.与恶性贫血有关的胃炎。
8.我国肝硬化主要病因。（好像是肝硬化）
9.
10.
二、名词解释（10个）
1.胃粘膜肠上皮化生
2.早期胃癌。
3.急性出血
2017年考研西医综合真题及答案（306临床医学综合能力）
2017年考研西医综合真题及答案（306临床医学综合能力）2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试临床医学综合能力（西医）试题一、A型题：1~115小题。
在每小题给出的A、B、C、D四个选项中，请选出一项最符合题目要求的。
1.葡萄糖分子进入小肠上皮刷状缘时是（）A.单纯扩散B.易化扩散C.原发性主动转运D.继发性主动转运2.下列关于骨骼肌收缩耦联叙述正确的是（）A.纵管将电兴奋传入肌细胞深部B.肌膜和横管膜L型钙通道激活C.终池内Ca2+逆浓度差进入胞质D.Ca2+与肌动蛋白钙结合亚基结合3.生理止血过程中促进血小板不可逆聚集的原因（）A.内皮受损，PGI2生成减少B.ADP和TXA2生成C.内皮受损，内皮下胶原聚集D.血小板收缩蛋白收缩4.与心室肌相比，窦房结细胞的生理电活动特点有（）A.0期去极化速度快B.静息电位绝对值小C.0期能被河豚毒素阻断D.4期自动去极化速度慢5.一个心动周期中，主动脉瓣开始关闭的瞬间是（）A.等容收缩期初B.等容舒张期初C.快速射血期初D.快速充盈期初6.肺换气过程是指（）A.外界环境中的O2进入肺泡B.肺泡与外界环境进行气体交换C.肺泡与血液进行气体交换D.肺泡内气体不断更新的过程7.下列能使气道平滑肌舒张的化学因素是（）A.组胺B.PGF2αC.乙酰胆碱D.去甲肾上腺素8.关于肠吸收脂肪叙述，正确的是（）A.吸收后与胆盐结合成混合微胶粒B.长链脂肪酸在上皮细胞重新合成甘油三酯C.胆盐随胆固醇进入上皮细胞D.中、短链脂肪酸通过淋巴管吸收9.关于食物氧热价的叙述正确的是（）A.食物氧热价分为生物热价和物理热价B.蛋白质的氧热价随耗氧量改变而改变C.指食物氧化时消耗1升氧所产生的热量D.指1克食物氧化时所释放的能量10.正常人摄入K+增多，肾排K+也增多的原因是（）A.远曲小管和集合管分泌K+增多B.近球小管重吸收K+减少C.醛固酮分泌减少D.肾小球滤过率增强11.尿液的浓缩和稀释，与哪种体液因子有关（）A.血管紧张素IIB.醛固酮C.血管升压素D.心房钠尿肽12.瞳孔对光反射的中枢部位（）A.枕叶皮层B.外侧膝状体C.中脑D.延髓13.下列关于兴奋性突触后电位的叙述，正确的是（）A.是由突触前神经元释放抑制性递质而产生的B.性质上属于动作电位，但幅度较小C.重复刺激可引起时间的总和D.由突触后膜钾离子通道开放而产生14.下列关于肌牵张反射的叙述，错误的是（）A.肌梭是肌牵张反射的感受器B.反射的基本中枢位于脊髓C.脊髓离断后，肌牵张反射将永久消失D.是维持姿势的基本反射15.生长激素对物质代谢的调节作用是（）A.促进肝外组织蛋白质合成B.促进肝糖原生成C.促进外周组织利用葡萄糖D.促进脂肪合成16.分泌雄激素结合蛋白的细胞是（）A.睾丸精细胞B.睾丸间质细胞C.睾丸支持细胞D.睾丸生精细胞17.蛋白质α-螺旋的特点（）A.呈左手螺旋B.螺旋方向与长轴垂直C.螺旋力靠盐键维持D.氨基酸侧链伸向外侧18.下列酶中糖原合成的关键酶是（）A.UDGP焦磷酸化酶B.分支酶C.糖原合酶D.糖原磷酸化酶19.甲状腺功能亢进时，患者血清胆固醇含量降低的原因是（）A.合成原料减少B.合成类固醇激素增加C.胆汁酸合成增多D.HMG-CoA还原酶受到抑制20.在生物氧化中的P/O的含义（）A.生成ATP数与消耗1/2O2的比值B.所需的蛋白质与消耗的1/2O2的比值C.需要的磷酸与生成的1/2O2的比值D.需要的磷脂与消耗的1/2O2的比值21.食物蛋白质营养价值指的是（）A.蛋白质的含量B.蛋白质与脂肪的比值C.蛋白质的吸收率D.蛋白质在体内的利用率22.直接参与嘌呤、嘧啶、尿素生物合成的氨基酸是（）A.谷氨酰胺B.天冬氨酸C.甘氨酸D.亮氨酸23.端粒酶的组成成分是（）A.DNA修复酶+引物B.RNA聚合酶+辅基C.逆转录酶+RNAD.DNA聚合酶+底物24.真核生物与原核生物转录的相同点是（）A.都以操纵子模式进行调控B.RNA聚合酶相同C.转录的产物都具有不对称性D.产物都需要在胞核加工25.热激蛋白(热休克蛋白)的生理功能（）A.作为酶参与蛋白合成B.促新生多肽链折叠C.参与蛋白靶向运输D.肽链合成起始的关键分子26.基因工程中黏性末端连接是指（）A.PCR引导肽链与DNA模板连接B.氨基酸之间肽链形成C.同一限制酶切位点连接D.cDNA与RNA形成杂交体27.下列关于蛋白酶叙述，正确的是（）A.底物可以是脂类物质B.可使亮氨酸残基磷酸化C.蛋白质磷酸化后活性改变D.属于第二信使物质28.能够调节血红蛋白运氧功能的是（）A.三羧酸循环产物B.2,3-二磷酸甘油酸旁路产物C.磷酸戊糖途径产物D.丙酮酸脱氢酶复合体催化产物29.下列形态学改变中属于凋亡特征的是（）A.多为片状细胞死亡B.细胞核固缩、破裂C.常为炎症反应和修复再生D.细胞膜完整，发泡成芽30.急性左心功能衰竭导致肺出血的原因是（）A.肺静脉小分支破裂B.肺动脉小分支破裂C.肺静脉端毛细血管漏出增加D.肺动脉端毛细血管漏出增加31.下列肉芽肿中常见有langhans巨细胞的是（）A.风湿小结B.粘液潴留结节C.结核结节D.术后缝线反应32.尸检病理见脏层胸膜多发、粟粒大小、一致性硬结节，首先考虑（）A.小叶性肺炎B.肝癌肺转移C.血源性播散性结核D.栓塞性肺脓肿33.小血管壁纤维素性坏死，常见的疾病（）A.心肌病B.良性高血压C.急进性高血压D.肺动脉高压34.下列病理改变符合病毒性肺炎的是（）A.常有肺泡结构破坏B.肺泡间隔水肿，炎细胞浸润C.肺泡内壁常有大量纤维渗出D.局部区域中性粒细胞浸润35.引起肝细胞毛玻璃样变性的病原体是（）A.HAVB.HBVC.HCVD.HEV36.下列疾病中，容易导致肠腔狭窄的疾病是（）A.伤寒B.阿米巴肠病C.痢疾D.肠结核37.慢性肾盂肾炎的炎症性质是（）A.变质性炎症B.增生性炎症C.化脓性炎症D.肉芽肿性炎症38.在淋巴结活检切片中见到单核、双核的大细胞，核仁明显且呈红色，首先考虑的疾病是（）A.T细胞淋巴瘤B.霍奇金淋巴瘤C.Burkitt淋巴瘤D.弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤39.在子宫肌层内发现水肿的绒毛，其诊断是（）A.葡萄胎B.绒毛状腺瘤C.绒毛膜上皮瘤D.侵蚀性葡萄胎40.系统性红斑狼疮所致的疣状心内膜炎，其赘生物的主要成分是（）A.纤维素B.血小板凝块C.血小板凝块和低毒化脓菌D.纤维素网络和血小板小梁41.下列可见于肝源性水肿的是（）A.水肿由颜面部向全身蔓延B.可为踝部水肿C.常伴颈静脉充盈D.可为非凹陷性水肿42.患者剑突下可见搏动，深吸气后明显，可能的临床意义是（）A.腹主动脉瘤B.肝血管瘤C.右心室扩大D.左心室室壁瘤43.医院获得性肺炎最常见的致病菌是（）A.革兰阳性杆菌B.革兰阴性杆菌C.革兰阳性球菌D.革兰阴性球菌44.男性，46岁，发热性咳嗽、咳痰3天，右侧胸痛2天，既往“关节炎”病史，查体：T38.7℃，右下肺呼吸音减低，可闻及少许湿啰音，胸片提示右侧胸腔积液，胸水示：白细胞15,000×106/L,单核10%，pH6.9，LDH986U/L,ADA90U/L。
第三军医大学病理学1999年考博真题试卷
医学考博题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
第三军医大学
1999年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释（每个3分，共30分）
第1页 共1页
1、etiology 2、autophagosome 3、atrophy 4、lipofuscin 5、calcification 6、hematoma 7、autoimmune disease 8、pyemia 9、melanoma 10、hypertension 二、请描述下列病变的病理组织学特点（每个4分，共16分） 1、肉芽组织 2、假小叶3、鳞状细胞癌 4、IgA肾病 三、问答题（共54分） 1、简述细胞损伤时，细胞核的病理组织学和基本超微结构变化（12分） 2、分析急性炎症时血管壁通透性增加的机制及后果（15分） 3、恶性肿瘤一般可通过哪些途径发生转移？请分析讨论恶性肿瘤浸润性生长和转移 的机制。（15分） 4、从病理形态学角度比较分析门脉性肝硬化与坏死后性肝硬化的异同点。（12分 ）
第1页 共1页
第三军医大学3516临床检验诊断学2017年考博真题试卷
二、简答题
1.糖化血红蛋白是什么，在监测血糖浓度方面的价值。
2.a-L岩藻糖苷酶的生理特征及临床应用价值。
三、问答题
1.前列腺抗原的特征及生理意义。
2. .....质谱仪在鉴定细菌方面的优势与不足。
四、论述题
1.什么是精准医疗，精准医疗在循环肿瘤中的进展及价值。Biblioteka 第三军医大学医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
第三军医大学
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：3516临床检验诊断学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
b on a chip
2. Digital PCR
3. Single nucleotide polymorphism
2017年医师考核试题-临床医学部分(1)
2017年全国医师定期考核试题库临床医学部分临床医学部分1、拾物试验阳性的骨与关节疾病是（E）A、髋关节结核B、膝关节结核C、化脓性髋关节炎D、化脓性膝关节炎E、腰椎结核2、新生儿硬肿症发病的内因是（A）A、体内热量不足，皮下脂肪中饱和脂肪酸含量多B、体内热量不足，皮下脂肪中不饱和脂肪酸含量多C、因体内含粽色脂肪较多D、早产E、感染或窒息3、下列在治疗膝关节滑膜结核中，除全身治疗外，局部治疗首选（B）A、制动B、穿刺抽脓，注入抗结核+制动C、穿刺抽脓，注入抗结核D、滑膜切除术E、膝关节加压融合术4、急性肾炎除蛋白尿外中，最常见的临床表现是（B）A、血尿、高血压、高血脂B、水肿、少尿、血尿、高血压C、水肿、少尿、血尿、高血脂D、水肿、血尿、低蛋白血症E、水肿、高血压、高血脂5、急性心肌梗死最早的心电图改变是（D）A、异常宽、深的Q波B、ST段明显抬高C、T波倒置D、T波高耸E、ST段压低6、颅内高压重要客观体征（D）A、库欣反应B、颅缝增宽C、展神经麻痹D、视乳头水肿E、迷走神经激惹7、休克的特征是（E）A、无氧代谢B、乳酸生成C、局灶坏死D、菌群移位E、产生炎症介质8、最常见的成人肺结核是（C）A、Ⅰ型肺结核B、Ⅱ型肺结核C、Ⅲ型肺结核D、Ⅳ型肺结核E、Ⅴ型肺结核9、正常产程进展的标志是（C）A、规律宫缩强度B、规律宫缩频度C、宫口扩张及胎头下降程度D、胎心率变化E、产妇一般状况10、上消化道出血最常见的原因是（B）A、胃癌B、消化性溃疡C、胃粘膜脱垂D、急性糜烂出血性胃炎E、肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张11、关于流产的治疗原则，以下哪项是错误的（E）A、先兆流产于妊娠早期可肌注黄体酮B、难免流产可选择适宜方式清除子宫内容物C、不全流产应尽快行刮宫术D、一般感染性流产出血不多时，抗感染和刮宫可以同时进行E、宫颈内口松弛症应在妊娠16～22周时行宫颈内口环扎术12、下列哪项在诊断ABO溶血时最有意义（A）A、改良Coombs试验B、游离抗体试验C、胎儿血红蛋白测定D、红细胞脆性试验E、网织红细胞13、在猩红热患儿的皮疹特点中，下列哪项不正确（D）A、多在发热的第二天出现B、皮肤弥漫性充血潮红，上有密集的针尖大小皮疹C、出疹前可有高热D、无脱皮和脱屑E、可持续3～5天消退14、维生素B12缺乏性巨幼红细胞性贫血确诊重要依据是（D）A、明显的精神、神经症状B、典型血象改变C、血清叶酸含量降低D、血清维生素B12含量降低E、典型的骨髓象改变15、甲亢最有诊断意义的体征是（A）A、弥漫性甲状腺肿伴血管杂音B、突眼C、胫骨前粘液水肿D、脉压差大伴周围血管征E、心率加快，第一心音亢进16、在治疗无基础疾病的社区获得性肺炎患者时，错误的方法是（B）A、可首选青霉素B、青霉素每日总剂量960万单位，加在500ml输液中缓慢静滴每日一次C、青霉素每日总剂量960万单位，每隔8小时静脉滴注一次D、对青霉素过敏者选用大环内酯类E、若为耐青霉素的病原体，可选用呼吸喹诺酮类药物17、下列哪些变化与妊娠无关（B）A、乳头增大并变黑B、乳头凹陷C、可以挤出稀薄黄色液体D、乳晕变黑E、乳晕皮脂腺肥大形成蒙氏结节18、消化性溃疡X线钡餐征象有（E）A、水影B、光影C、壁影D、镜影E、龛影19、治疗营养不良，应用蛋白同化类固醇制剂时应（B）A、同时供给充足的能量和脂肪B、同时供给充足的能量和优质蛋白质C、同时供给充足的能量和碳水化合物D、同时供给充足的能量和维生素E、同时供给充足的能量和微量元素20、湿性坏疽常发生在（D）A、脑、脾、肝B、脑、肠、子宫C、肺、肠、肝D、肺、肠、子宫E、肺、肾、脑21、关于恶露，下述哪种说法不正确（E）A、恶露包括血液、坏死蜕膜组织B、血性恶露含大量血液及坏死蜕膜组织，少量胎膜C、浆液恶露中有细菌D、白色恶露中含大量白细胞、坏死蜕膜组织、表皮细胞和细菌等E、正常恶露有臭味，持续4～6周，总量约500ml22、哪项为异常恶露（C）A、产后第3天，恶露有血腥味不臭B、产后第4天，血性恶露中有坏死蜕膜C、产后第9天，血性恶露D、产后第9天，浆液性恶露E、产后第13天，白色恶露23、关于过期流产的临床特点，正确的是（D）A、早孕反应不消失B、宫口开C、妇科检查时质地软，闻及胎心D、易发生凝血机制障碍E、子宫大于停经月份24、法洛四联症患儿哭闹时，突然发生昏厥、抽搐的原因是（C）A、右向左分流量突然增加B、血液粘稠度增加，血流缓慢C、右室流出道肌肉痉挛，致脑缺氧D、颅内出血E、哭闹耗氧量增加25、下列哪项关于松毛虫性骨关节病是不正确的（C）A、病史中有接触松毛虫或接触污染的历史B、常呈地区性暴发流行C、本病有较强的季节性，以9月份发病最多D、本病主要侵袭人的皮肤、骨和关节E、病变主要累及外露的四肢关节26、急性心肌梗死出现多发室性早博应首选（D）A、电复率B、普罗帕酮C、美西律D、利多卡因E、胺典酮27、急性心肌梗死时，对诊断有价值的是（D）A、ST段明显下降B、T波明显倒置C、Q波小于同导联R波的1/4D、血中肌红蛋白增高E、谷草转氨酶于梗死后1周时增高28、甲状腺危象的典型临床表现是（B）A、心悸、气促、呕吐、腹泻B、心率＞160次/分，体温＞39℃，呕吐、腹泻C、心悸、出汗、发绀、呼吸困难D、面色苍白、四肢发冷、呼吸困难E、心率加快、血压升高、头晕、头痛29、肋骨骨折多发生在（C）A、第1～3肋B、第2～5肋C、第4～7肋D、第5～8肋E、第8～10肋30、疼痛与月经周期有关的是（B）A、乳腺炎B、乳腺囊性增生病C、乳腺癌D、乳房纤维腺瘤E、乳管内乳头状瘤31、产褥感染的来源，错误的是（E）A、产妇阴道或肠道的细菌B、妊娠末期性交C、医务人员呼吸道D、产科手术器械E、注射催产素（缩宫素）32、鼻中隔偏曲引起头痛的主要原因是（D）A、鼻塞B、鼻粘膜干燥C、鼻出血过多D、偏曲部位压迫鼻甲E、以上都不是33、下列哪项是肱骨外上髁炎的主要病因（D）A、风湿B、结核C、类风湿D、慢性损伤E、急性化脓性感染34、下列哪种心脏瓣膜炳最可能发生晕厥或黑蒙（B）A、二尖瓣狭窄B、主动脉瓣狭窄C、肺动脉瓣狭窄D、二尖瓣关闭不全E、主动脉瓣关闭不全35、膝胸或俯卧位可使腹痛减轻提示何种疾病（A）A、十二指肠淤滞症B、胰体癌C、反流性食管炎D、胃粘膜脱垂E、胃溃疡36、下列哪项不是肝硬化肝功能代偿期的表现（C）A、脾脏中度肿大B、肝轻度肿大C、少量腹水D、肝掌E、食欲减退37、以下哪项是治疗慢性淋巴细胞性白血病的首选化疗药物（A）A、苯丁酸氮芥B、6-巯基嘌呤C、马利兰D、长春新碱E、靛玉红38、下鼻甲后端距离咽鼓管咽口距离仅为（A）A、1.0～1.5cmB、1.5～2.0cmC、5cmD、6cmE、7cm39、以下哪项不是避孕药的作用机制（B）A、改变宫颈黏液B、杀灭精子C、不利于精子穿透D、不利孕卵着床E、抑制排卵40、以下关于卡介苗预防接种的描述中，哪个是错误的（D）A、卡介苗是一种减毒活疫苗B、是接种后有皮肤标志（卡痕）的疫苗C、在预防儿童结核病，特别是结核性脑膜炎、粟粒型结核病方面有相当功效，可以大大降低病死率D、卡介苗能防止结核再感染E、卡介苗严禁皮下或肌肉内注射41、下列有关眼睑鳞状细胞癌的说法，不正确的是（E）A、可经淋巴系统向远处淋巴结核转移B、常发生于中、老年患者C、上下睑均可发病，但是以下睑较多见D、尤其好发于睑缘皮肤黏膜移行处E、鳞癌对放疗不敏感，故不可用放射治疗42、下列哪项不是骨折的治疗原则（B）A、复位B、抗感染C、固定D、药物E、功能锻炼43、下列对运动系统慢性损伤的治疗，临床上最常用的有效方法是（D）A、手术治疗B、理疗，按摩等C、非甾体类抗炎药D、局部注射肾上腺皮质类固醇E、限制致伤动作，纠正不良姿势和增强肌力等44、急性肾小球肾炎的临床表现中最常见（D）A、高血压B、肾功能不全C、水肿D、血尿E、AOS滴度升高45、急性胰腺炎诊断中，不正确的是（D）A、血清淀粉酶在发病后3～12小时开始升高B、血清淀粉酶在发病后24～48小时开始升高C、血清淀粉酶值高于128单位D、血清淀粉酶值高低与病情轻重成正比E、尿淀粉酶在发病12～24小时开始上升46、乳腺癌最常见的病理类型为（A）A、导管癌B、小叶癌C、乳头状癌D、髓样癌E、硬癌47、消化性溃疡最常见的并发症是（A）A、上消化道出血B、上消化道穿孔C、幽门梗阻D、溃疡癌变E、胃部憩室48、中胚叶造血期始于（E）A、胚胎第6周B、胚胎第10周C、胚胎第8周D、胚胎第5个月E、胚胎第3周49、下列关于慢性盆腔炎的表现形式哪项是错误（D）A、输卵管炎B、输卵管卵巢炎C、输卵管卵巢囊肿D、卵巢囊肿E、阴道不规则出血50、下列哪项不是宫内节育器的禁忌证（C）A、月经紊乱B、生殖器急慢性炎症C、正常产后3个月D、子宫畸形宫口过松E、严重全身性疾病51、正常妊娠于12周时，子宫底位于（C）A、腹部不能触及B、耻骨联合上刚能触及C、耻骨联合上2～3横指D、脐耻之间E、以上都不是52、新生儿硬肿症治疗首选是（C）A、补液B、喂养C、复温D、抗生素E、肾上腺素皮质激素53、可能出现股动脉枪击音的先心病是（C）A、房间隔缺损B、室间隔缺损C、动脉导管未闭D、法洛四联症E、肺动脉狭窄54、下列有关急性细菌性痢疾的描述不正确的是（C）A、多为黏液脓血便，量少B、疼痛多位于左下腹C、结肠可见较多孤立的小脓肿，破溃后形成烧瓶样溃疡D、镜检可见大量脓细胞、少量红细胞及巨噬细胞E、多有发热及毒血症状，腹痛重，常伴里急后重55、急性肾小球肾炎肉眼变化主要呈现（B）A、大白肾B、蚤咬肾和大红肾C、多发性小脓肿D、多囊肾E、固缩肾56、急性肾炎与下列哪项有关（B）A、流感病毒感染B、溶血性链球菌感染C、结核菌感染D、冠状病毒感染E、肺炎双球菌感染57、急性心肌梗死的早期诊断，以下哪项最有价值（D）A、ST段明显下移B、T波明显倒置C、Q波大于同导联R波1/5D、血中肌钙蛋白增高E、GPT升高58、急性胰腺炎发病23天内出现休克，哪项措施最主要（A）A、补充血容量B、应用升压药C、应用肝素D、使用抑肽酶类制剂E、使用肾上腺皮质激素59、乳房纤维腺瘤扪之（D）A、揉面感B、板样感C、海绵感D、弹性感E、金属感60、冷凝集试验用于诊断哪种病原菌的感染（D）A、腺病毒B、肺炎链球菌C、肺炎克雷伯杆菌D、肺炎支原体E、巨细胞病毒61、负压吸引术不常见的并发症是（B）A、子宫穿孔B、羊水栓塞C、子宫出血D、感染E、人流综合反应62、小儿初次感染结核杆菌至产生变态反应的时间是（C）A、48～72小时B、2～3周C、4～8周D、10～12周E、3～4个月63、差异性发绀见于哪种先天性心脏病（C）A、房间隔缺损B、室间隔缺损C、动脉导管未闭D、法洛四联症E、肺动脉狭窄64、股骨转子间骨折与股骨颈骨折临床主要不同点是（E）A、肢体短缩不明显B、功能严重丧失C、肿胀不明显D、骨摩擦音，骨擦感不明显E、远折骨折段外旋明显65、股骨干上1/3骨折出现下列哪种畸形（A）A、骨折近端呈外旋、外展，远端向后向内移位B、骨折远端向后屈，而近端向后成角C、骨折近端前屈，远端内收并向外成角D、骨折远端后屈，近端后成角E、骨折近端呈伸直，内旋畸形，远端向下向外移位66、骨折的治疗最正确原则是（A）A、复位、固定和功能锻炼B、一般要求解剖复位C、坚持固定与活动相结合D、骨与软组织并重E、局部与全身治疗兼顾67、下列关于腭扁桃体的说法，错误的是（B）A、为咽淋巴组织中最大者B、外侧面较大，无结缔组织包膜C、扁桃体上窝为扁桃体周脓肿的好发部位D、扁桃体上隐窝常为扁桃体周脓肿的发源地E、WEbEr腺常为扁桃体周脓肿的发源地68、下列哪项不是胎盘早剥发生的原因（A）A、不协调的宫缩过强B、孕妇血管病变C、外伤D、子宫腔内突然降低E、子宫静脉压突然升高69、小儿血象特点，哪项不正确（D）A、出血时红细胞数与血红蛋白较高B、出生后2～3天出现生理性溶血，2～3个月出现生理性贫血C、中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比例变化曲线成两次交叉，分别在4～6天与4～6岁D、婴儿期白细胞数比成人低E、血小板与成人相似70、胎盘排出不完整的正确处理是（B）A、使用宫缩素B、宫腔探查并清除残留胎盘C、宫底按摩D、等待残胎盘组织自然娩出E、宫腔填纱71、关于人工流产的并发症，下列哪项是错误的（E）A、发生子宫穿孔时应停止手术，给以催产素或抗生素B、术后感染多由吸宫不全或术后过早性交引起C、术后出血超过10天，血量过多，或流血停止后又有较多量的流血，应考虑为吸宫不全D、漏吸多因胎囊过小，子宫过度屈曲或子宫畸形引起E、人流综合征主要是由于心脏病引起的72、泪膜的主要生理作用除外哪一项（B）A、润滑眼球表面，防止角膜结膜干燥B、是眼屈光介质的重要组成部分C、保持角膜光学特性D、供给角膜氧气E、冲洗、抵御眼球表面异物和微生物73、新生儿肺透明膜病一般在（B）内出现呼吸困难A、生后2小时B、生后6小时C、生后12小时D、生后24小时E、生后72小时74、维生素D缺乏佝偻病激期主要临床表现是（E）A、烦躁、多汗B、肌肉松弛、乏力C、语言发育缓慢D、睡眠不实E、骨骼系统改变75、下列哪项不是导致骨折断端移位的因素（C）A、暴力的大小和作用方向B、肌牵拉力C、伤者的年龄D、搬运及治疗不当E、肢体远侧段的重量76、下列哪项浊骨折体征（A）A、弹性固定B、反常活动C、疼痛、肿胀D、骨擦音E、畸形77、下列哪一项不是急性血源性骨髓炎早期诊断的依据（B）A、起病急，有深压痛B、X线片显示骨膜反应C、患部持续疼痛不敢活动D、高热，有毒血症表现E、白细胞计数和中性粒细胞增多78、较理想的肠外营养支持选用（D）A、葡萄糖B、混合奶C、要素膳D、脂肪乳剂E、复合氨基酸79、锁骨骨折多发生在（D）A、胸骨端B、肩峰端C、韧带压迹D、中1/3段E、内1/3段80、慢性胰腺炎最突出的症状是（E）A、呕吐B、发热C、腹部包块D、便秘E、腹痛81、关于麻疹的流行病学，下列哪项是错误的（C）A、病人为主要的传染源B、带病毒的飞沫直接传播至呼吸道C、发病前5天至恢复期均有传染性D、以冬春季发病为多E、有并发症的患者传染性可延长至出疹后1082、抢救新生儿窒息的首要措施是（A）A、清理呼吸道B、人工呼吸C、加压给氧D、给予呼吸兴奋剂E、给予碳酸氢钠83、下列哪项治疗在急性半月板损伤时是不宜的（E）A、血肿明显时，可抽尽血肿，加压包扎B、局部用消肿止痛的中药外敷C、石膏托适当限制膝部活动D、关节镜手术E、半月板切除术84、下列哪项不是导致骨折延迟愈合或不愈合的因素（E）A、反复多次复位B、不适当的切开复位C、清创时丢失骨片D、固定不确实E、没有达到解剖复位85、下列为三度开放性骨折的是（D）A、皮肤被骨折端刺破B、皮肤被割裂压碎，皮下组织与肌肉中度损伤C、皮肤刺破创口〈1cmD、广泛的皮肤、皮下组织与肌肉严重损伤，合并神经损伤E、伴有轻度感染的骨折86、下列不是风湿热的主要表现的是（E）A、心脏炎B、关节炎C、舞蹈病D、皮下结节E、发热87、急性肾炎使用青霉素的目的是（D）A、控制肾脏炎症B、预肾炎进一步发展C、防治合并症的发生D、清除体内残存的链球菌E、预防复发88、下列不属于血尿的情况是（A）A、尿道滴尿B、肉眼血尿C、镜下血尿D、全程血尿E、终末血尿89、下列哪项检查对鼻咽癌的确诊是必须检查（D）A、鼻咽镜检查B、CT扫描C、颈部肿块穿刺细胞学D、鼻咽部活检E、EB病毒血清学检查90、生后2～4周进食呕吐疑似（B）A、肠套叠B、幽门狭窄C、贲门狭窄D、十二指肠憩室E、十二指肠淤积91、在病理性黄疸的特点中，不包括哪项（D）A、黄疸发生时间早B、程度较重C、持续时间长D、结合胆红素不增高E、退而复现92、先天性甲状腺功能减低症的确诊靠（B）A、新生儿筛查B、血T3、T4、TSH检查C、TRH刺激试验D、骨骼X线检查E、放射性核素检查93、下列哪一种临床检查可用于判断髋关节有屈曲挛缩（D）A、Gaenslen试验B、Ttendelenburg试验C、Ortolani试验D、Thomas试验E、Ober试验94、以下是细菌性食物中毒的主要预防措施，除了（C）A、注意卫生，防止食品污染B、低温保藏，控制细菌繁殖及毒素形成C、对从业人员进行预防接种D、食用前彻底加热杀死病原体及破坏毒素E、加强有毒动植物及化学毒物的管理，执行卫生法规及管理条例95、急性白血病与再障的鉴别主要依据是（D）A、出血程度B、白细胞计数C、骨髓增生程度D、骨髓原始细胞E、贫血程度96、急性胰腺炎炎症波及整个胰腺，主要表现为（D）A、一般情况差B、呕吐C、腹部压痛D、剧烈全上腹痛并束带状向两侧腰背部放射E、腹胀和肠鸣音稍减弱97、糖尿病早期诊断最有意义的是（C）A、多饮、多尿B、皮肤瘙痒C、空腹血糖升高D、多食、消瘦E、尿糖阳性98、下列哪项不符合主动脉瓣狭窄的临床给现（D）A、心绞痛B、晕厥C、猝死D、周围血管征E、呼吸困难99、原发性高血压是一种（C）A、代谢性疾病B、单基因遗传病C、多基因遗传病D、基因水平失控病E、变态反应性疾病100、心绞痛的鉴别诊断需考虑（C）A、帕金森病B、库欣综合征C、肋间神经痛D、感染性心内膜炎E、交感神经兴奋症101、产褥感染处理原则，错误的是（D）A、选用有效的抗生素B、纠正全身一般情况C、半卧位以利引流D、禁忌输血E、胎盘残留者，应控制感染后清宫102、哪种闭经最常见（E）A、垂体性闭经B、性腺发育不全性闭经C、卵巢性闭经D、子宫性闭经E、下丘脑性闭经103、小儿前囟早闭见于（C）A、克汀病B、佝偻病C、小头畸形D、极度消瘦者E、脑炎104、新生儿寒冷损伤综合征的临床表现中，不包括哪项（E）A、低体温B、硬肿C、休克D、肺出血E、肾炎105、新生儿期是指（A）A、从出生到生后满28天B、生后1个月～1岁C、生后1～3岁D、生后3～7岁E、生后7～12岁106、用口服补液治疗腹泻患儿适用于下列哪种情况（D）A、新生儿腹泻B、腹胀明显C、呕吐频繁D、轻度中度脱水无周围循环衰竭E、重度脱水107、乳房囊性增生常表现为（D）A、在绝经期恶变B、与乳汁淤积有关C、与乳晕皮肤粘着D、与乳腺癌可能并存E、乳腺皮肤呈橘皮样变108、胰头癌最主要表现是（D）A、厌食B、腹胀C、出血D、黄疸E、低血糖109、诊断早的辅助检查方法首选（C）A、阴道脱落细胞学检查B、基础体温测定C、尿妊娠试验D、黄体酮试验E、宫颈粘液涂片干燥后镜检110、小儿造血分为哪两个阶段（C）A、中胚叶造血期和骨髓造血期B、肝（脾）造血期和骨髓造血期C、胚胎期造血和生后造血D、骨髓造血和骨髓外造血E、胚胎期造血和骨髓造血期111、重度新生儿寒冷损伤综合征的硬肿范围是（A）A、＞50％B、20％C、30％D、＜20％E、40％112、下列哪项是骨折的晚期并发症（D）A、血管损伤B、神经损伤C、骨筋膜室综合征D、创伤性关节炎E、脂肪栓塞113、关于羊水过少的处理错误的是（E）A、妊娠足月者，应尽快破膜引产B、若破膜后出现胎儿窘迫的表现，估计短时间内不能结束分娩者，应在除外胎儿畸形后，选择剖宫产C、羊膜腔输液防治妊娠中晚期羊水过少D、剖宫产比阴道分娩可明显降低围产儿死亡率E、羊水过少者一律剖宫产114、下列哪项不是胸部创伤紧急手术的指征（A）A、心肌挫伤，心源性休克B、急性心包填塞C、气管、支气管断裂D、胸内大量活动性出血E、膈肌或食管破裂115、下列哪种情况合并心房纤颤最易发生脑栓塞（C）A、主动脉瓣狭窄B、肺动肺瓣狭窄C、二尖瓣狭窄116、有效心脏按压能直接诱发（D）A、瞳孔对光反射B、自主呼吸运动C、冠脉侧支循环D、心自律性博动E、静脉回心血量117、最有价值的肝癌标志物是（C）A、前白蛋白B、降钙蛋白C、甲胎蛋白D、铜蓝蛋白E、髓鞘蛋白118、促进粒系祖细胞增殖、分化、成熟、促进中性粒细胞释放到外周血的最主要细胞因子是（E）A、干细胞因子B、白细胞介素C、促红细胞生成素D、粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子E、粒细胞集落刺激因子119、下列哪些不是避孕药的禁忌证（A）A、胃炎B、高血压C、肝肾疾病D、血栓及血液病E、恶性肿瘤120、炭疽的主要传染源是（B）A、病人B、病畜C、跳蚤D、蚊虫E、宠物121、下列哪项不是急性化脓性骨髓炎的临床表现（A）A、死骨窦道形成B、突然发病C、高热D、明显的毒血症状E、呕吐122、骨折不愈合的治疗原则（C）A、延长管型石膏外固定的时间B、小夹板固定C、植骨加内固定，同时石膏外固定D、内固定E、以上都不是123、急性心梗早期（24小时）死亡的主要原因是（B）A、心源性休克D、乳头肌断裂E、心衰124、糖尿病易引起的白内障为（A）A、代谢性白内障B、并发性白内障C、先天性白内障D、老年性白内障E、放射性白内障125、以下关于二尖瓣狭窄描述错误的是（E）A、肺淤血导致呼吸困难B、出现肺静脉高压可导致大量咯血C、二尖瓣面容D、可出现右心衰竭症状E、心律失常多为室性心律失常126、特发性血小板减少性紫癜时可有（D）A、骨髓巨核细胞消失B、血浆游离血红蛋白增多C、网织红细胞绝对值降低D、血小板寿命缩短E、凝血时间延长127、下列哪项对诊断消化性溃疡意义最大（B）A、钡餐透视局部有压痛，激惹，变形B、钡餐透视见龛影C、胃液分析为高胃酸D、多年周期性腹痛E、上腹部压痛128、下列哪项不是正常妊娠期常见症状（A）A、高血压B、水肿C、贫血D、便秘E、恶心129、救治休克用血管活性药须配合（A）A、扩容B、抗感染C、营养支持D、高压吸氧E、糖皮质激素130、急性心梗敏感标志物是（A）A、肌钙蛋白B、甲胎蛋白C、胆碱酯酶D、磷酸果糖酶E、碱性磷酸酶131、女性生殖系统炎症，下列哪项描述是错误的（A）A、滴虫性阴道炎治疗1疗程后复查阴性即为治愈B、生殖器炎症常为需氧菌及厌氧菌混合感染C、衣原体、支原体所致生殖器炎症属性传播疾病D、念珠菌性阴道炎久治不愈，应查血糖E、滴虫性阴道炎患者其性配偶也应检查132、引起下肢极度外旋的骨折是（A）A、股骨转子间骨折B、股骨干骨折C、股骨颈骨折D、股骨髁上骨折E、髋关节中心型脱位133、急性心肌梗死时出现高危性室性早搏，治疗首选（C）A、普罗帕酮B、美西律C、胺碘酮D、双异丙毗胺E、普鲁卡因胺134、下列关于吞咽动作的描述，错误的是（E）A、鼻咽关闭B、咽缩肌收缩C、喉入口关闭D、喉咽与食管入口开放E、咽缩肌松弛135、以下哪项在血涂片中一般情况下不应发现幼稚细胞（B）A、急性白血病B、再生障碍性贫血C、血小板减少性紫癜D、骨髓纤维化E、海洋性贫血136、救治亚硝酸盐中毒首选（A）A、亚甲蓝B、二硫丙醇C、依地酸钠D、氯解磷定E、毛果芸香碱137、下肢动脉缺血常表现为（C）A、抚足性跛行B、节段性跛行C、间歇性跛行D、静息性跛行E、周期性跛行138、孕妇血容量增加达高峰的时间是（D）A、孕12～19周B、孕20～28周C、孕28～30周D、孕32～34周E、孕36～38周139、小儿身长按公式计算，哪项是正确的（D）A、3岁80cmB、4岁90cmC、5岁103cmD、7岁124cmE、9岁129cm140、确诊伤寒最可靠的依据是（C）A、发热及中毒症状B、伤寒玫瑰疹C、血培养阳性D、肥达反应H、O效价增高E、外周血白细胞降低141、关于流产，下列哪项正确（E）A、稽留流产是指子宫与停经月份相符B、先兆流产时子宫大小与停经月份不符C、早期流产是指妊娠20周以前发生流产D、习惯性流产是指自然流产连续发生两次者E、流产指妊娠不满28周，胎儿体重不足1000g而终止者142、人工流产最常见的并发症是（A）A、吸宫不全B、子宫穿孔C、漏吸D、术后感染E、羊水栓塞143、下列哪项不是新生儿溶血病的临床表现或并发症（A）A、癫痫B、黄疸C、贫血D、肝脾大E、胆红素脑病144、下列哪项不是肿瘤的转移途径（E）A、血道转移B、淋巴道转移C、直接蔓延D、接种转移E、远位转移145、下列哪同不属于沙眼的特征（C）A、上睑结膜充血，血管轮廓模糊B、角膜血管翳C、排列整齐的肥大乳头，形似去皮的石榴D、睑结膜上可见灰白色网状瘢痕E、仅有瘢痕而无活动性病变146、急性心肌梗死最常见的病因是（E）A、冠状动脉栓塞。
2017年初级临床医学检验技术士考试专业实践能力真题_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
2017年初级临床医学检验技术（士）考试专业实践能力真题(总分89, 做题时间120分钟)A1/A2型题1.CK的中文名称是（）。
SSS_SINGLE_SELA肌酸酯酶B淀粉酶C脂肪酶D丙氨酸氨基转移酶E胆碱酯酶分值: 1答案:AA项，CK的中文名称是肌酸酯酶；B项，AMY的中文名称是淀粉酶；C项，LPS 的中文名称是脂肪酶；D项，ALT的中文名称是丙氨酸氨基转移酶（谷丙转氨酶）；E项，CHE的中文名称是胆碱酯酶。
2.尿干化学分析仪检测尿蛋白质，可以检测的蛋白质为（）。
SSS_SINGLE_SELA白蛋白B糖蛋白C轻链Dβ-微球蛋白Eγ-球蛋白分值: 1答案:A干化学法对尿内不同蛋白质成分的灵敏度不一，主要对白蛋白敏感，而对球蛋白、黏蛋白、本周蛋白不敏感。
3.应在肛周取材查虫卵的疾病是（）。
SSS_SINGLE_SELA黑热病B蛲虫病C恙虫病D包虫病E囊虫病分值: 1答案:B病原检查：①肛拭子：适于检查蛲虫。
②粪便：适于检查蠕虫卵、原虫滋养体和包囊。
③血液及骨髓：适于检查微丝蚴、疟原虫。
④分泌物：适于检查阴道毛滴虫。
⑤活组织：a．皮肤及皮下结节活检：适于检查利什曼原虫、蠕形螨；b．肌肉活检：适于检查旋毛虫幼虫；c．淋巴结活检：适于检查利什曼原虫、弓形虫、丝虫成虫。
4.脑脊液呈脓性浑浊的是（）。
SSS_SINGLE_SELA结核性脑膜炎B化脓性脑膜炎C病毒性脑膜炎D神经梅毒E蛛网膜下腔梗阻分值: 1答案:BA项，结核性脑膜炎：外观浑浊、有薄膜；B项，化脓性脑膜炎：外观脓性浑浊、有凝块；C项，病毒性脑膜炎：外观透明或微浑、无凝固；D项，神经梅毒：外观透明、无凝块；E项，蛛网膜下腔梗阻：脑脊液同时存在胶样凝固、黄变症和蛋白质-细胞分离。
5.KIA琼脂一般不用于观察（）。
SSS_SINGLE_SELA乳糖发酵B葡萄糖发酵C硫化氢产生D产气现象E动力分值: 1答案:EKIA琼脂观察指标包括乳糖发酵、葡萄糖发酵及产气、硫化氢产生，不能观察是否有动力。
第三军医大历年考博病理题
2003一 1 precancerous lesion 2 hydropic degeneration 3 dystrophic calcification 4 intestinal metaplasia 5 cachexia 6 pneumoconiosis 7 阿尔茨海默病8副肿瘤综合征9腺肌病10急性应激性溃疡二1 脂肪变性最为常见的器官是：――，其发生原因为―――的合成障碍，―――合成过多，―――氧化障碍2透明血栓的主要成分是―――，见于―――3化脓是指炎症病灶内坏死组织被―――释放的―――溶解液化的过程。
4肿瘤的实质是―――，决定着肿瘤的―――三1 两端开放的通道样坏死性缺损称瘘管2皮肤伤口愈合时最早的变化是肉芽组织形成3炎症局部血液动力学改变主要受神经支配4急性病毒性肝炎是一种急性渗出性炎症5支气管肺炎主要发生于小儿和年老体弱者6引起贫血性梗死的原因是动静脉同时受阻7肿瘤的异型性愈大，其分化程度愈高，生长速度愈快8心肌梗死6小时以后，梗死灶呈苍白色9轻微病变型肾小球肾炎与免疫复合物无关10绒毛膜细胞癌以形成绒毛结构为特点四1下列哪一种不是致癌因子：硒紫外线亚硝胺黄曲酶毒素3，4苯并蓖2肉芽肿性炎增生的细胞是：巨噬细胞淋巴细胞浆细胞中性粒细胞嗜酸性细胞3 下述器官哪个容易发生出血性梗死：心肾肺脑脾4下列那种癌最容易发生血道转移：肾癌子宫绒毛膜上皮癌子宫颈癌鼻咽癌肠癌5 肾母细胞瘤又称：Wilms瘤ewing瘤krukenberg瘤grawitz瘤以上都不是五1简述食管癌，胃癌，大肠癌的共同点2试列举三种能引起肠道溃疡的传染病并分别简述其溃疡的形态特点3请比较肾小球肾炎与肾盂肾炎的不同点（从病变性质，病因，发病机制，病变特点，临床表现和结局等方面进行比较）4简述并分析细胞外基质（胶原蛋白，蛋白多糖和粘连糖蛋白）在细胞再生过程中的作用三医大2002病理一tigroid keloid white thrombus chemotaxis oncogene rheumatism silicosis pseuolobule histiocytosis myxoedema二1坏死形成的涤在性盲管称瘘2汗腺安全破坏后也能再生3混合血栓又称层状血栓4引发炎症局部疼痛得炎症介质主要是氧自由基和缓激肽5结核瘤是由结核病变恶性转化而成的肿瘤6室壁瘤常发生在心肌梗死的急性期7小叶性肺炎主要发生于小儿和年老体弱者8约90％的食管癌为食管鳞状细胞癌9类白血病反应时，常伴有贫血和血小板减少10轻微病变型肾小球肾炎与免疫复合物无关三1 含铁血黄素是如何形成的？有何形态学特点？有何临床意义？2 试比较脓肿和蜂窝组织炎的异同？3简述异型性，分化程度与肿瘤良，恶性的关系4 简述原发性高血压晚期心，脑，肾的病变特点。
2017年医学博士考试《外语》真题及详解
2017年医学博士考试《外语》真题(总分100, 考试时间90分钟)Section A1. Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medical help to______ the problem.A affiliateB alleviateC aggravateD accelerate答案:B解析：风湿病学家建议，那些持续疼痛和痛苦的人首先应该借助医疗来缓解问题。
affiliate"接纳，为……工作"，alleviate"减少，减缓"，aggravate"增加"，accelerate"加速"。
根据题意，正确答案为B。
2. An allergy results when the body have a(n)______reaction to certain substances introduced to it.A spontaneousB negativeC adverseD prompt答案:C解析：当身体对某种外来物质产生不良反应时，就会出现过敏现象。
spontaneous"同时的"，negative"负面的"，adverse"不利的"，prompt"立刻的"。
在有关过敏的语境里，一般"不良反应"用an adverse reaction，而不用negative，正确答案为C。
3. Diabetes is one of the most______and potentially dangerous diseases in the world.A crucialB virulentC colossalD prevalent答案:D解析：糖尿病是世界上最普遍的潜在危险疾病之一。
军科院考博真题
军事医学科学院博士入学考试分子生物学试题1995请任选以下5题进行讨论（每题20分）1 Apoptosis的生物学意义及其调控基因。
2 基因转移的概念及基因转移载体应具备的条件。
3 原癌基因的功能及其转化为癌基因的机理。
4 人主要组织相容性抗原在细胞识别中的作用及原理。
5 染色体重排对生物体的影响及其主要类型。
6 噬菌体显示技术原理及其在生物学研究中的意义。
19961 什么是原癌基因？（4）它们怎样被反转录病毒激活？（16分）2 什么是tumor supperssor gene？（4分）举例说明它的调控功能。
（16分）3 细胞染色体的异常如何导致癌基因的激活？（20分）4 解释以下名词：(1) gene knock-out (5分)(2) molecular hybridization (5分)(3) restriction fragment length polymorphism (5分)(4) human genome project (5分)5 G蛋白的结构特点信其功能（20分）6 apoptosis的特征与其生理及病理意义（10分）已知它的调控基因有哪些？（10分）以上6题任选5题回答。
20071、简述基因表达的多级调控。
（20分）2、简述原癌基因结构的改变与其表达激活的关系。
（20分）3、真核生物的基因发生突变可能产生哪些效应？（20分）4、简述顺式作用元件与反式作用因子对基因表达调控的影响。
（20分）5、简述真核细胞与原核细胞在DNA空间结构、基因转录及翻译方面存在的差异。
（20分）6、什么是基因的表型克隆策略？代表性的技术有哪些（请列出至少2种）？该策略有哪些优缺点？（20分）7、简述RNA干涉。
（20分）（以上试题选答五题）20081. 简述DNA损伤的原因以及生物学后果，几种修复途径。
2. 举几个例子说明原癌基因和抑癌基因在细胞增殖和凋亡中的作用。
3.基因定点诱变的概念，方法，意义和运用。
南方医科大学病理生理学2017年考博真题试卷
5、疾病定义？举例说明认识疾病的发病机制对防治的意义。
二、论述题（4选3，20分*3）
1、什么是细胞凋亡？细胞凋亡的细胞结构改变和生化改变特征，及其分子生物学的基础。
2、以失血性休克为例说明微循环从代偿性调节到失代偿性变化的发生机制，并以此提出失血性休克的治疗原则。
3、什么是I型呼吸衰竭，其治疗特点与II型呼吸衰竭有什么不同及理由。
4、一位慢性肝硬化患者出现顽固性腹水，在大量利用利尿剂后突发肝昏迷。请解释诱发肝昏迷的机理。
医学考博真题试卷
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南方医科大学2017年攻读来自士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：病理生理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、简答题（5选4，10分*4）
1.什么是发热？热限的病理生理意义。
2、细胞因子在ARDS中的作用。
3、细胞信号转导定义及其基本过程。
重医检验考博真题
临床检验诊断学1.病例分析（全英文的病例）去年考的是梗阻性黄疸2.名词解释（1）APTT（2）CTnT CTnI（3）FQ-PCR(4) 增强免疫比浊法（5）DNA芯片/基因芯片（6）TrFIA（7）AG（阴离子间隙）3.简答题，分析题（1）脂蛋白与AS的关系？（2）影响酶促动力学的因素？（3）肾小管与集合管的功能检测？（4）实验室生物安全防护？（5）对一个已知基因序列片段的功能分析（其蛋白质水平上的功能分析），设计你的实验思路分析化学1.名词解释（1）DNA芯片采用光导原位合成或微量点样等方法，将大量生物大分子比如核酸片段、多肽分子甚至组织切片、细胞等等生物样品有序地高密度固化于支持物（如玻片、硅片、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶、尼龙膜等载体）的表面，制成点阵，然后与已标记的待测生物样品中靶分子杂交，通过特定的仪器比如激光共聚焦扫描对杂交信号的强度进行快速、并行、高效地检测分析，从而判断样品中靶分子的数量。
根据芯片上固定的探针不同，生物芯片包括基因芯片、蛋白质芯片、细胞芯片、组织芯片。
如果芯片上固定的是肽或蛋白，则称为肽芯片或蛋白芯片；如果芯片上固定的分子是寡核苷酸探针或DNA，就是DNA芯片。
DNA芯片技术包含四个基本要点：DNA方阵的构建、样品的制备、杂交,杂交图谱的检测及读出。
DNA芯片技术的应用：基因表达分析，基因型和多态性分析，疾病的诊断与治疗，肿瘤检测研究及抗肿瘤药物筛选，临床应用蛋白质芯片(protein array)是近年来蛋白质组学研究中兴起的一种新的方法，它类似于基因芯片，是将蛋白质点到固相物质上，然后与要检测的组织或细胞等进行“杂交”，再通过自动化仪器分析得出结果。
这里所指的“杂交”是指蛋白与蛋白之间如(抗体与抗原)在空间构象上能特异性的相互识别。
此方法与传统的研究方法相比具有如下优点:①蛋白质芯片是一种高通量的研究方法，能在一次实验中提供相当大的信息量，使我们能够全面、准确的研究蛋白表达谱，这是传统的蛋白研究方法无法做到的。
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二、简答题
1.糖化血红蛋白是什么，在监测血糖浓度方面的价值。
2.a-L岩藻糖苷酶的生理特征及临床应用价值。
三、问答题
1.前列腺抗原的特征及生理意义。
2. .....质谱仪在鉴定细菌方面的优势与不足。
四、论述题
1.什么是精准医疗，精准医疗在循环肿瘤中博
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第三军医大学
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：3516临床检验诊断学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
b on a chip
2. Digital PCR
3. Single nucleotide polymorphism