中南大学外科学(普外科)2018年考博真题试卷

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(完整word版)全国外科学考博试题总结,推荐文档

全国外科学考博试题总结名词解释：1.高钾血症；2.心脏按摩；3.中心静脉压；4.非少尿型急性肾功能衰竭；5.呼吸性酸中毒；6.肠源性感染；7.脓毒症（sepsis）；8.Superinfection；9.ARDS；10.过继免疫疗法；11.CARS12.GVHR；13.SIADH；14．基因诊断；15.条件性感染；16.SIADH；17.SIRS；18. 预存式自体输血；19．休克抑制期；20. 痈；21.海绵状血管瘤；22.负氮平衡；23. 脑再灌注损伤；24.中厚皮片；25. 脓血症26.烧伤面积的中国九分法；27.systemic inflammatory response syndrome ；28.功能性细胞外液；29.心肺复苏；30.MSOF；31.ARF；32.ARDS；33.ICU；34.休克指数；35.MODS；36.条件感染；37.载体和重组质粒；38.MAC；39.导向复苏40.精准医疗论述题：1、较广泛的或剧烈的创伤性炎症对机体可引起哪些不利影响？（10 分）2、成人呼吸窘迫综合症的临床表现和分期（15 分）。

3.输血适应症4.外科抗菌药应用原则5.理想手术切口应具备的条件6.肾替代疗法应达到的指标7.DIC 的临床表现8.创伤治愈的分期、处理原则9.理想的肿瘤标志物应具备的特点10. 肾在体内酸碱平衡调节的机制11. 肠外营养的适应证和并发症12. 自体输血的方式和禁忌证13.试述肠内营养适应证14.试述自体输血的适应证与禁忌症15.分输血的种类和适应症16.肠源性感染的发病机制17.代谢性酸中毒的分型及常见原因18.创伤的检查与诊断步骤（13）19.脑复苏的现代观念及主要方法20.灭菌与消毒有何区别？21.高钾血症的原因和诊断处理？22.肠外营养有哪些常见并发症如何处理23.简述外科如何选择和使用抗菌药物？24..创伤后组织修复分几个阶段？简述其修复过程？25.创伤后组织修复过程分为哪几个阶段？各阶段的主要特点是什么？26.试述肿瘤浸润与转移过程中的相关因素？27.试述创伤的代谢变化及其临床意义？28.溶血反应的发病机理及病理变化？29.感染性休克病理生理变化过程中血流动力学改变有何特征？治疗要点是什么？30.全胃肠外营养的并发症31..肠细菌移位的发生机制32.腹部外科术后心力衰竭的紧急处理，应从哪些方面着手？33.有哪些腹部外科疾病与病毒感染有关？如何预防和治疗。

2018年全国医学考博英语试题.doc教学文稿

2018年全国医学考博英语试题.d o c2018MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。

2.试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。

3.试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。

书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。

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国家医学考试中心PAPER ONEPart 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%）Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a questionabout what is said, The question will be read only once, After you hearthe question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D.Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. About 12 pints B. About 3 pintsC. About 4 pintsD. About 7 pints2. A. Take a holiday from work. B. Worry less about work.C. Take some sleeping pills.D. Work harder to forget all her troubles.3. A. He has no complaints about the doctor.B. He won’t complain anything.C. He is in good condition.D. He couldn’t be worse.4. A. She is kidding.B. She will get a raise.C. The man will get a raise.D. The man will get a promotion.5. A. Her daughter likes ball games.B. Her daughter is an exciting child.C. She and her daughter are good friends.D. She and her daughter don’t always understand each other.6. A. She hurt her uncle.B. She hurt her ankle.C. She has a swollen toe.D. She needs a minor surgery.7. A. John likes gambling.B. John is very fond of his new boss.C. John has ups and downs in the new company.D. John has a promising future in the new company.8. A. She will get some advice from the front desk.B. She will undergo some lab tests.C. She will arrange an appointment.D. She will get the test results.9. A. She’s an odd character.B. She is very picky.C. She is easy-going.D. She likes fashions.10.A. At a street corner.B. In a local shop.C. In a ward.D. In a clinic.11.A. Sea food. B. Dairy products.C. Vegetables and fruits.D. Heavy foods.12.A. He is having a good time.B. He very much likes his old bicycle.C. He will buy a new bicycle right away.D. He would rather buy a new bicycle later.13.A. It is only a cough.B. It’s a minor illness.C. It started two weeks ago.D. It’s extremely serious.14.A. The woman is too optimistic about the stock market.B. The woman will even lose more money at the stock market.C. The stock market bubble will continue to grow.D. The stock market bubble will soon meet its demise.15.A. The small pills should be taken once a day before sleep.B. The yellow pills should be taken once a day before supper.C. The white pills should be taken once a day before breakfast.D. The large round pills should be taken three times a day after meals.Section BDirection:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, readthe four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Dialogue16.A. Because he had difficulty swallowing it.B. Because it was upsetting his stomach.C. Because he was allergic to it.D. Because it was too expensive.17.A. He can’t play soccer any more.B. He has a serious foot problem.C. He needs an operation.D. He has cancer.18.A. A blood transfusion.B. An allergy test.C. A urine test.D. A biopsy.19.A. To see if he has cancer. B. To see if he hasdepression.C. To see if he requires surgery.D. To see if he has a food allergyproblem.20.A. Relieved.B. Anxious.C. Angry.D. Depressed.Passage One21.A. The cause of COPD.B. Harmful effects of smoking.C. Men more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.D. Women more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.22.A. 954.B. 955.C. 1909.D. 1955.23.A. On May 18 in San Diego. B. On May 25 in San Diego.C. On May 18 in San Francisco.D. On May 25 in San Francisco.24.A. When smoking exposure is high.B. When smoking exposure is low.C. When the subjects received medication.D. When the subjects stopped smoking.25.A. Hormone differences in men and women.B. Genetic differences between men and women.C. Women’s active metabolic rate.D. Women’s smaller airways.Passage Two26.A. About 90,000.B. About 100,000.C. Several hundreds.D. About 5,000.27.A. Warning from Goddard Space Flight Center.B. Warning from the Kenyan health ministry.C. Experience gained from the 1997 outbreak.D. Proper and prompt Aid from NASA.28.A. Distributing mosquito nets.B. Persuading people not to slaughter animals.C. Urging people not to eat animals.D. Dispatching doctors to the epidemic-stricken area.29.A. The higher surface temperatures in the equatorial part of the Indian Ocean.B. The short-lived mosquitoes that were the hosts of the viruses.C. The warm and dry weather in the Horn of Africa.D. The heavy but intermittent rains.30.A. Warning from NASA.B. How to treat Rift Valley fever.C. The disastrous effects of Rift Valley fever.D. Satellites and global health – remote diagnosis.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection:In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A B C and D .are given beneath each of them. You are tochoose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then markyour answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.A good night’s sleep is believed to help slow the stomach’s emptying, produce asmoother, less abrupt absorption of sugar, and will better __________ brainmetabolism.A. regulateB. activateC. retainD. consolidate32.The explosion and the oil spill below the surface of the Gulf of Mexico left mymind in such a ________ that I couldn’t get to sleep.A. catastropheB. boycottC. turmoilD. mentality33.Coronary heart attacks occur more commonly in those with high blood pressure,in the obese, in cigarette smokers, and in those _________ to prolonged emotional and mental strain.A. sympatheticB. ascribedC. preferableD. subjected34.Most colds are acquired by children in school and then ___________ to adults.A. conveyedB. transmittedC. attributedD. relayed35.Several of the most populous nations in the world ________ at the lower end ofthe table of real GDP per capita last year.A. fluctuatedB. languishedC. retardedD. vibrated36.Presently this kind of anti-depressant is still in clinical _______, even though theconcept has been around since 1900s.A. trialsB. applicationsC. implicationsD. endeavors37.Studies revealed that exposure to low-level radiation for a long time may weakenthe immune system, ________ aging, and cause cancer.A. haltB. postponeC. retardD. accelerate38.The mayor candidate’s personality traits, being modest and generous, _______people in his favor before the election.A. predisposedB. presumedC. presidedD. pressured39.With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health, Tai Chi has a strong________ to a vast multitude of people.A. flavorB. thrillC. appealD. implication40.If you are catching a train, it is always better to be _______ early than even afraction of a minute too late.A. infinitelyB. temporarilyC. comfortablyD. favorably Section BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence, Choose theword or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the originalsentence if it is substituted for the underlined part, Mark your answeron the ANSWER SHEET.41.All Nobel Prize winners’ success is a process of long-term accumulation, in whichlasting efforts are indispensable.A. irresistibleB. cherishedC. inseparableD. requisite42.The Queen’s presence imparted an air of elegance to the drinks reception atBuckingham Palace in London.A. bestowedB. exhibitedC. imposedD. emitted43.Physicians are clear that thyroid dysfunction is manifest in growing children in theform of mental and physical retardation.A. intensifiedB. apparentC. representativeD. insidious44.The mechanism that the eye can accommodate itself to different distances hasbeen applied to automatic camera, which marks a revolutionary technique advance.A. yieldB. amplifyC. adaptD. cast45.Differences among believers are common; however, it was the pressure ofreligious persecution that exacerbated their conflicts and created the split of the union.A. eradicatedB. deterioratedC. vanquishedD. averted46.When Picasso was particularly poor, he might have tried to obliterate the originalcomposition by painting over it on canvases.A. duplicateB. eliminateC. substituteD. compile47.For the sake of animal protection, environmentalists deplored the constructionprogram of a nuclear power station.A. disapprovedB. despisedC. demolishedD. decomposed48.Political figures in particular are held to very strict standards of marital fidelity.A. loyaltyB. moralityC. qualityD. stability49.The patient complained that his doctor had been negligent in not giving him a fullexamination.A. prudentB. ardentC. carelessD. brutal50.She has been handling all the complaints without wrath for a whole morning.A. furyB. chaosC. despairD. agonyPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For eachblank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.For years, scientists have been warning us that the radiation from mobile phones is detrimental to our health, without actually having any evidence to back these __51__ up.However, research now suggests that mobile phone radiation has at least one positiveside effect: it can help prevent Alzheimer’s, __52__ in the mice that acted as testsubjects.It’s been suspected, though never proven, that heavy use of mobile phones is bad for your health. It’s thought that walking around with a cellphone permanently attached to the side of your head is almost sure to be __53__ your brain. And that may well betrue, but I’d rather wait until it’s proven before giving up that part of my daily life.But what has now been proven, in a very perfunctory manner, is that mobile phone radiation can have an effect on your brain. __54__ in this case it was a positive ratherthan negative effect.According to BBC news, the Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center conducted a study on 96 mice to see if the radiation given off by mobile phones couldaffect the onset of Alzheimer’s.Some of the mice were “genetically altered to develop beta-amyloid plaques in their brains” __55__ they aged. These are a marker of Alzheimer’s. all 96 mice were then“exposed to the electro-magnetic __56__ generated by a standard phone for two one-hour periods each day for seven to nine months.” The lucky things.__57__ the experiment showed that the mice altered to be predisposed to dementia were protected from the disease if exposed before the onset of the illness. Theircognitive abilities were so unimpaired as to be virtually __58__ to the mice notgenetically altered in any way.Unfortunately, although the results are positive, the scientists don’t actually know why exposure to mobile phone radiation has this effect. But it’s hoped that further study and testing could result in a non-invasive __59__ for preventing and treatingAlzheimer’s disease.Autopsies carried out on the mice also concluded no ill-effects of their exposure to the radiation. However, the fact that the radiation prevented Alzheimer’s means mobilephones __60__ our brains and bodies in ways not yet explored. And it’s sure there arenegative as well as this one positive.51. A. devicesB. risksC. phenomenaD. claims52. A. at leastB. at mostC. as ifD. as well53. A. blockingB. cookingC. exhaustingD. cooling54. A. ExceptB. EvenC. DespiteD. Besides55. A. untilB. whenC. asD. unless56. A. rangeB. continuumC. spectrumD. field57. A. ReasonablyB. ConsequentlyC. AmazinglyD. Undoubtedly58. A. identicalB. beneficialC. preferableD. susceptible59. A. effortB. methodC. huntD. account60. A. do affectB. did affectC. is affectingD. could have affectedPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by fivequestions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B,C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Passage oneI have just returned from Mexico, where I visited a factory making medical masks.Faced with fierce competition, the owner has cut his costs by outsourcing some of hisproduction. Scores of people work for him in their homes, threading elastic into masks by hand. They are paid below the minimum wage, with no job security and no healthcare provision.Users of medical masks and other laboratory gear probably give little thought to where their equipment comes from. That needs to change. A significant proportion of these products are made in the developing world by low-paid people with inadequate labor rights. This leads to human misery on a tremendous scale.Take lab coats. Many are made in India, where most cotton farmers are paid an unfair price for their crops and factory employees work illegal hours for poor pay.One-fifth of the world’s surgical instruments are made in northern Pakistan. When I visited the area a couple of years ago I found most workers toiling 12 hours a day, seven days a week, for less than a dollar a day, exposed to noise, metal dust and toxic chemicals. Thousands of children, some as young as 7, work in the industry.To win international contracts, factory owners must offer rock-bottom prices, and consequently drive down wages and labor conditions as far as they can. We laboratory scientists in the developed world may unwittingly be encouraging this: we ask how much our equipment will cost, but which of us asks who made it and how much they were paid?This is no small matter. Science is supposed to benefit humanity, but because of the conditions under which their tools are made, may scientists may actually be causing harm.What can be done? A knee-jerk boycott of unethical goods is not the answer; it would just make things worse for workers in those manufacturing zones. What we need is to start asking suppliers to be transparent about where and how their products are manufactured and urge them to improve their manufacturing practices.It can be done. Many universities are committed to fair trade in the form of ethically sourced tea, coffee or bananas. That model should be extended to laboratory goods.There are signs that things are moving. Over the past few years I have worked with health services in the UK and in Sweden. Both have recently instituted ethical procurement practices. If science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit.61. From the medical masks to lab coats, the author is trying to tell us ________.A. the practice of occupational protection in the developing worldB. the developing countries plagued by poverty and disease.C. the cheapest labor in the developing countries.D. the human misery behind them.62. The concerning phenomenon the author has observed, according to the passage,________.A. is nothing but the repetition of the miserable history.B. could have been even exaggerated.C. is unfamiliar to the wealthy west.D. is prevailing across the world.63. The author argues that when researchers in the wealthy west buy the tools oftheir trade, they should ___________.A. have the same concern with the developing countries.B. be blind to their sources for the sake of humanityC. pursue good bargains in the international market.D. spare a thought for how they were made.64. A proper course of action suggested by the author is ___________.A. to refuse to import the unethical goods from the developing world.B. to ask scientists to tell the truth as the prime value of their work.C. to urge the manufacturers to address the immoral issues.D. to improve the transparency of international contracts.65. By saying at the end of the passage that if science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit, the author means that ___________.A. the scientific community should stand up for all humanityB. the prime value of scientists’ work is to tell the truth.C. laboratory goods also need to be ethically sourced.D. because of science, there is hope for humanity.Passage twoA little information is a dangerous thing. A lot of information, if it’s inaccurate or confusing, even more so. This is a problem for anyone trying to spend or invest in an environmentally sustainable way. Investors are barraged with indexes purporting to describe companies’ eco-credentials, some of dubious quality. Green labels on consumer products are ubiquitous, but their claims are hard to verify.The confusion is evident form New Scientist’s analysis of whether public perceptions of companies’ green credentials reflect reality. It shows that many companies considered “green” have done little to earn that reputation, while others do not get sufficient credit for their efforts to reduce their environmental impact. Obtaining better information is crucial, because decisions by consumers and big investors will help propel us towards a green economy.At present, it is too easy to make unverified claims. Take disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions, for example. There are voluntary schemes such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, but little scrutiny of the figures companies submit, which means investors may be misled.Measurements can be difficult to interpret, too, like those for water sue. In this case, context is crucial: a little from rain-soaked Ireland is not the same as a little drawn from the Arizona desert.Similar problems bedevil “green” labels attached to individual products. Here, the computer equipment rating system developed by the Green Electronics Council shows the way forward. Its criteria come from the IEEE, the world’s leading professional association for technology/Other schemes, such as the “sustainability index” planned by US retail giant Walmart, are broader. Developing rigorous standards for a large number of different types of product will be tough, placing a huge burden on the academic-led consortium that is doing the underlying scientific work.Our investigation also reveals that many companies choose not to disclose data. Some will want to keep it that way. This is why we need legal requirements for full disclosure of environmental information, with the clear message that the polluter will eventually be required to pay. Then market forces will drive companies to clean up their acts.Let’s hope we can rise to this challenge. Before we can have a green economy we need a green information economy – and it’s the quality of information, as well as its quantity, that will count.66. “The confusion” at the beginning of the 2nd paragraph refers to ________.A. where to spend or invest in a sustainable wayB. an array of consumer products to chooseC. a fog of unreliable green informationD. little information on eco-credibility67. From the New Scientist’s analysis it can be inferred that in many cases________.A. eco-credibility is abusedB. a green economy is crucialC. an environmental impact is lessenedD. green credentials promote green economy68. From unverified claims to difficult measurements and then to individual products, the author argues that ________.A. eco-credibility is a game between scientists and manufacturesB. neither scientists nor manufactures are honestC. it is vital to build a green economyD. better information is critical69. To address the issue, the author is crying for ________.A. transparent corporate managementB. establishing sustainability indexesC. tough academic-led surveillanceD. strict legal weapons70. Which of the following can be the best inference from the last paragraph?A. The toughest challenge is the best opportunity.B. It is time for another green revolution.C. Information should be free for all.D. No quantity, no quality.Passage ThreePeople are extraordinarily skilled at spotting cheats – much better than they are detecting rule-breaking that does not involve cheating. A study showing just how good we are at this adds weight to the theory that our exceptional brainpower arose through evolutionary pressures to acquire specific cognitive skills.The still-controversial idea that humans have specialized decision-making systems in addition to generalized reasoning has been around for decades. Its advocates point out that the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionarily, since cheats risk undermining the social interactions in which people trade goods or services for mutual benefit.The test whether we have a special ability to reason about cheating, Leda Cosmides, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and her colleagues used a standard psychological test called the Wason selection task, which tests volunteers’ ability to reason about “if/then” statements.The researchers set up scenarios in which they asked undergraduate volunteers to imagine they were supervising workers sorting appliances for admission to two schools;a good one in a district where school taxes are high, and a poor one in an equally wealthy, but lightly taxed district. The hypothetical workers were supposed to follow arule that specified “if a student is admitted to the good school”, they must live in the highly taxed district.Half the time, the test subjects were told that the workers had children of their own applying to the schools, thus having a motive to cheat; the rest of the time they were told the workers were merely absent-minded and sometimes made innocent errors. Then the test subjects were asked how they would verify that the workers were not breaking the rule.Cosmides found that when the “supervisors” thought they were checking for innocent errors, just 9 of 33, or 27 percent, got the right answer – looking for a student admitted to the good school who did not live in the highly taxed district. In contrast, when the supervisors thought they were watching for cheats, they did much better, with 23 of 34, or 68 percent, getting the right answer.This suggests that people are, indeed, more adept at spotting cheat than at detecting mere rule-breaking, Cosmides said. “Any cues that it’s just an innocent mistake actually inactivate the detection mechanism.”Other psychologists remain skeptical of this conclusion. “If you want to conclude that therefore there’s a module in the mind for detecting cheaters, I see zero evidence for that,” says Steven Sloman, a cognitive scientists at Brown University in Province, Rhode Island. “It’s certainly possible that it’s something we learned through experience. There’s no evident that it’s anything innate.”71. The findings of the study were in favor of ____________.A. the highly developed skills of cheating at schoolB. the relation between intelligence and evolutionC. the phenomenon of cheating at schoolD. the human innate ability to cheat72. The test “supervisors” appeared to be more adept at ________.A. spotting cheats than detecting mere rule-breakingB. detecting mere rule-breaking than spotting cheatsC. spotting their own children cheating than others doing itD. detecting cheats in the highly taxed district than in the lightly taxed one73. When she says that …that can’t be the only thing going on in the mind, Cosmides most probably implies that ________.A. cheating is highly motivated in the social interactionsB. our specific cognitive skills can serve an evolutionary purposeC. there is no such a mental thing as a specialized decision-making systemD. the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionary74. In response to Cosmides’ claim, Sloman would say that ________.A. it was of great possibilityB. it could be misleadingC. it was unbelievableD. it’s acquired75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Cheating at SchoolB. Cheating as the Human NatureC. Imaginary Intelligence and CheatingD. Intelligence Evolved to Root Out CheatsPassage FourFor many environmentalists, all human influence on the planet is bad. Many natural scientists implicitly share this outlook. This is not unscientific, but it can create the impression that greens and environmental scientists are authoritarian tree-huggers who value nature above people. That doesn’t play well with mainstream society, as the apparent backlash against climate science reveals.Environmentalists need to find a new story to tell. Like it or not, we now live in the anthropocene (人类世) – an age in which humans are perturbing many of the planet’s natural systems, from the water cycle to the acidity of the oceans. We cannot wish that away; we must recognize it and manage our impacts.Johan Rockstrom, head of the Stockholm Environment Institute in Sweden, and colleagues have distilled recent research on how Earth systems work into a list of nine “planetary boundaries” that we must stay within to live sustainably. It is preliminary work, and many will disagree with where the boundaries are set. But the point is to offer a new way of thinking about our relationship with the environment – a science-based picture that accepts a certain level of human impact and even allows us some room to expand. The result is a breath of fresh air: though we are already well past three of the boundaries, we haven’t trashed the place yet.It is in the same spirit that we also probe the basis for key claims in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 2007 report on climate impacts. This report has been much discussed since our revelations about its unsubstantiated statement on melting Himalayan glaciers. Why return to the topic? Because there is a sense that the IPCC shares the same anti-human agenda and, as a result, is too credulous of unverified numbers. While the majority of the report is assuredly rigorous, there is no escaping the fact that parts of it make claims that go beyond the science.For example, the chapter on Africa exaggerates a claim about crashes in farm yields, and also highlights projections of increased water stress in some regions while ignoring projections in the same study that point to reduced water stress in other regions. There errors are not trifling. They are among the report’s headline conclusions.Above all, we need a dispassionate view of the state of the planet and our likely future impact on it. There’s no room for complacency: Rockstrom’s analysis shows us that we face real dangers, but exaggerating our problems is not the way to solve them. 76. As the first paragraph implies, there is between environmentalists and mainstream society _____________.A. a misunderstandingB. a confrontationC. a collaborationD. a consensus77. Within the planetary boundaries, as Rockstrom implies, ___________.A. we humans have gone far beyond the limitationsB. our human activities are actually moderate in degreeC. a certain level of human impact is naturally acceptableD. it is urgent to modify our relationship with the environment78. The point, based on Rockstrom’s investigation, is simply that __________.A. they made the first classification of Earth systemsB. it is not to deny but to manage impacts on the planetC. we are approaching the anthropocene faster than expected。

外科学博士试题集锦

去年在小木虫、百度文库、丁香园、爱爱医收集的博士入学考试外科学简答题，是好几个学校在一块的，北医、上交、协和、山大,301，华科的，受益颇大，当时下载也花了不少心血，总结费了不少时间，分享给大家，一份耕耘，一份收获，但愿好运常相随！！！考博问答题整理无菌术1.什么是无菌术？无菌术的内容包括那些？无菌术是针对微生物及感染途径所采取的一系列预防措施。

无菌术的内容包括灭菌、消毒法、操作规则及管理制度。

2.无菌术、灭菌？所谓灭菌就是杀灭一切活的微生物。

而消毒是指杀灭病原微生物和其他活动有害微生物，但不要求奢靡额和清除所有微生物3.常用的灭菌消毒法有：(1)高压蒸汽法。

(2)煮沸法。

(3)火烧法。

(4)药液浸泡法。

(5)甲醛蒸汽熏蒸法。

4.手术过程中的无菌原则(1)手术人员穿无菌手术衣和戴无菌手套之后，手不能接触背部、腰部以下和肩部以上部位，这些区域属于有菌地带；同样，也不要接触手术台边缘以下的布单。

(2)不可在手术人员的背后传递手术器械及用品。

坠落到无菌巾或手术台边以外的器械物品，不准拾回再用。

(3)手术中如手套破损或接触到有菌地方，应更换无菌手套。

如前臂或肘部触碰有菌地方，应更换无菌手术衣或加套无菌袖套。

如无菌巾、布单等物已被湿透，其无菌隔离作用不再完整，应加盖干的无菌布单。

(4)在手术过程中，同侧手术人员如需调换位置，一人应先退后一步，背对背地转身到达另一位置，以防触及对方背部不洁区。

(5)手术开始前要清点器械、敷料，手术结束时，检查胸、腹等体腔，待核对器械、敷料数无误后，才能关闭切口，以免异物遗留腔内产生严重后果。

(6)切口边缘应以无菌大纱布垫或手术巾遮盖，并用巾钳或缝线固定，仅显露手术切口。

术前手术区粘贴无菌塑料薄膜可达到相同目的。

(7)做皮肤切口以及缝合皮肤之前，需再消毒皮肤一次。

(8)切开空腔脏器前，要先用纱布垫保护周围组织，以防止或减少污染。

(9)参观手术的人员不可太靠近手术人员或站得太高，也不可经常在室内走动，以减少污染的机会。

中山大学考博真题外科学(普外) 2008-2021年答案

山大学 2021 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：外科学一、必答题（80 分）1、急性阑尾炎可能检查到的什么体征？（8 分）答：1、右下腹压痛，是急性阑尾炎最常见的重要体征，压痛点通常位于麦氏点 2、腹膜刺激征象，反跳痛，腹肌紧张，肠鸣音减弱或消失 3、右下腹包块 4、结肠充气试验阳性 5、腰大肌试验阳性说明阑尾位于腰大肌前方，盲肠后位或腹膜后位。

6、闭孔内肌试验阳性提示阑尾靠近闭孔内肌。

2、病人手术区消毒涂抹消毒液有哪些注意事项？（6 分）答：（1）消毒前检查皮肤有无破损及感染；（2）蘸消毒液不可过多，一般从切口中心向四周涂攃，但肛门和感染伤口手术，应由外向肛门或感染伤口；（3）污染的消毒液纱布，不能再用来涂攃清洁处；（4）消毒范围要包括切口周围至少15cm区域；（5）消毒者手勿接触病人的皮肤及其他物品，消毒完毕，应再用消毒继涂攃，然后穿手术衣，戴无菌手套。

3、请简述腹部损伤剖腹探查的适应症（8 分）答：（1）腹痛和腹膜刺激征有进行性加重或范围扩大者；（2）肠蠕动音逐渐减弱、消失或出现明显腹胀者；（3）全身情况有恶化趋势；（4）红细胞计数进行性下降者；（5）血压由稳定转为不稳定甚至下降者；（6）胃肠出血者；（7）积极救治休克而情况不见好或继续恶化者。

4、胃底-食道下段交通支由什么静脉组成？（5 分）答：（1）门静脉系统的：胃左静脉，胃短静脉；腔静脉系统的肋间静脉，膈-食管静脉，奇静脉，半奇静脉分支；5、导致腹壁强度降低的常见因素有哪些？（5 分）答：（1）腹白线发育不良；（2）切口感染所致术后伤口愈合不良；（3）股管（4）股环（5）腹股沟管（6）老年；（7）肥胖（8）肌萎缩（9）外伤（10）腹壁神经损伤6、简述原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的临床表现。

（7 分）答：（1）甲状腺肿大，性格急躁，容易激动，两手颤动；（2）怕热，多汗皮肤潮湿，食欲亢进但却消瘦，体重减轻；（3）心悸，脉快有力，内分泌紊乱，以及无力易疲劳，出现肢体近端肌萎缩；其中脉率增快，及脉压增大最为重要，常可作为判断病情程度和治疗效果的重要标志。

中南大学湘雅医院外科学(脊柱外)2012年考博真题考博试卷

脊柱外科、骨科专业题： 1.简述保持膝关节稳定的主要结构及这些结构损伤时的临床表现。（10 分） 2.试述参与骨折愈合的几种（可选述 2 种）主要细胞因子的生物学作用。（10 分） 3.试述人工关节置换术后假体下沉、松动的主要原因及如何防治。（10 分） 4.试述恶性骨肿瘤的治疗原则，确定保肢手术治疗应考虑的问题有哪些？常用的方法有哪些。（10 分） 5.腰椎滑脱的分类及其严重程度分度。（5 分） .神经根型脊椎病的临床表现和鉴别诊断。（7 分） .Dicogenic Low Back Pain 的概念，诊断方法，治疗手段。（7 分） 8.简述青少年特发性脊柱侧凹 King 分型和 Lenke 分型。（11 分）
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷Leabharlann 医学考博真题试卷第1页共1页
中南大学
2012 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（脊柱外）注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。外科总论部分：一、名词解释：（每题 5 分，共 15 分） 1.crash injury 2.controlled hypotension 3.predeposited autotransfusion 二、简答题（共 15 分） 1.water intoxication 的定义、临床表现及治疗方法？（10 分） 2.预防性使用抗生素的适应症。（5 分）
第1页共1页

考博外科学——精选推荐

考博外科学外科学总论（共50分）⼀名词解释：1.基因诊断2.⾼温灭菌法3.NHSTR4.GHTRS5.MODS⼆简答题：1 简述外科疾病的分类2 外科⼿术进⾏中的⽆菌原则3 感染性休克的治疗三问答题低渗性缺⽔的定义病因临床表现诊断治疗普外科各论（50分）⼀名词解释mastopathy 原发性腹膜炎strangulated hernia （狂晕刚意识到答成绞窄性肠梗阻了）abdominal compartment syndrome 第五个忘了⾼选择⾏迷⾛神经切断术（英⽂）⼆问答题甲状腺功能亢进症的病因术前术中注意事项⼿术适应症⼿术禁忌症术后常见并发症及处理原则原发性肝癌的病因病理临床表现诊断和鉴别诊断治疗2007年第⼆军医⼤学考博普通外科学⼀、多选题（12题，每题1分）1、腹腔镜⼿术禁忌：2、能叩诊出移动性浊⾳的腹腔积液：A、100ml B、200ml C、300ml D、400ml E、⼤于500ml3、急性胰腺炎⾎淀粉酶的变化：4、胆囊癌最佳的诊断⽅法：B超、CT、ERCP、？、？5、⼩⼉肠扭转病例6、肝脓肿病例7、以下胃、⼗⼆指肠穿孔描述不正确的是：⼆、填空题（8分）1、影响胃癌预后的因素有：（7空）2、下消化道出⾎的诊断⽅法有：（5空）3、下肢深静脉栓塞分为四型：_____型（4空）三、名词解释（6分，每题2分）1、buerger病2、charcot 综合征3、TME四、问答题1、家族性结肠息⾁病的发病原理、诊断、⼿术⽅式、术后随访原则？（20分）2、甲亢术后并发症及处理？（24分）3、肠梗阻按梗阻原因的分类；肠梗阻的治疗原则以及⾮⼿术治疗⽅法？（30分）第三军医⼤学2013博⼠普外专业⼀、名词解释1、richer疝2、倾倒综合征（英⽂）3、布加综合征（英⽂）4、⼆、简答题1、乳腺癌根治术切除范围2、胰腺癌⼿术切除范围3、简述直肠癌超低位保肛术4、chiold分级及其临床意义三、问答题1、急性梗阻性黄疸治疗原则2、论述胃癌外科治疗的最新进展2013南京医科⼤学普外科学（总论+普外）考博真题回忆版简答4分*61、创伤组织修补基本过程？2、30秒内确定⼼搏骤停的⽅法？3、输⾎后常见并发症？4、低钾的常见病因？5、营养⽀持⽅法选择原则？6、⼿术中的⽆菌原则？问答19分*41、胰腺假性囊肿的⼿术指征、⽅式、要点？2、甲状腺⼿术并发症及治疗？3、腹膜后⼗⼆指肠破裂诊断依据及治疗？4、完善的科研设计标志有哪些？第三军医⼤学2013年外科专业基础之⼈体解剖真题名词解释：胸⾻⾓纵隔膜迷路动脉韧带肺段简答脑屏障的主要特点喉的结构，运动及功能的关系胆汁的产⽣，排出的主要特点问答⽪质核束的主要特点内脏传导通路的主要特点迷⾛神经的主要特点腰丛的主要特点2013中⼭⼤学博⼠⽣⼊学考试（普外）1糖⽪质激素外科感染性休克2糖尿病围术期准备要点3开放⽓胸处理原则4影像学在泌尿系结⽯的诊断应⽤5胃癌腹腔镜禁忌6胆管囊性扩张的分型7下肢静脉体格检查名称8外科真菌感染因素和抗真菌药物9切⼝裂开预防10⿊⾊素瘤的临床表现11CEA.AFP.CA199.CA125.PSA，中⽂名称及诊断价值12门脉⾼压⾮⼿术治疗及贲门⾎管离断理由13 低渗性缺⽔的原因14乳腺癌分⼦分型及治疗建议15胃癌根治原则，根治划分，远端胃癌根治切除范围16慢性胰腺炎⼿术指征，⼿术原则，⼿术⽅式。

外科博士专业基础试题及答案

外科博士专业基础试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 外科手术中，以下哪个是无菌操作的基本要求？A. 手术室内保持清洁B. 手术人员必须穿戴无菌手术衣和手套C. 手术室内禁止无关人员进入D. 所有选项都是2. 以下哪项不是外科手术的基本原则？A. 无菌原则B. 无创原则C. 无痛原则D. 快速原则3. 以下哪个是外科手术中常用的止血方法？A. 压迫止血B. 电凝止血C. 药物止血D. 所有选项都是4. 以下哪个不是外科手术中常用的缝合材料？A. 丝线B. 肠线C. 不锈钢线D. 尼龙线5. 外科手术中，以下哪个是预防感染的重要措施？A. 术前准备B. 术中无菌操作C. 术后护理D. 所有选项都是6. 以下哪个是外科手术中常用的麻醉方式？A. 局部麻醉B. 椎管内麻醉C. 全身麻醉D. 所有选项都是7. 以下哪个不是外科手术中常用的引流方式？A. 腹腔引流B. 胸腔引流C. 静脉引流D. 动脉引流8. 以下哪个是外科手术中常用的切口类型？A. 横切口B. 纵切口C. 斜切口D. 所有选项都是9. 以下哪个不是外科手术中常用的止血带？A. 橡胶止血带B. 充气止血带C. 纱布止血带D. 金属止血带10. 以下哪个是外科手术中常用的抗感染药物？A. 青霉素B. 头孢类C. 红霉素D. 所有选项都是二、简答题（每题5分，共30分）1. 请简述无菌操作的基本原则。

2. 请简述外科手术中的无菌环境如何建立？3. 请简述外科手术中常用的缝合技术有哪些？4. 请简述外科手术中常见的并发症有哪些？5. 请简述外科手术中常用的麻醉方法及其特点。

6. 请简述外科手术中预防感染的措施。

三、论述题（每题25分，共50分）1. 论述外科手术中的无菌技术的重要性及其实施步骤。

2. 论述外科手术中对患者进行术前准备的重要性及其具体内容。

答案：一、选择题1. D2. D3. D4. C5. D6. D7. C8. D9. D10. D二、简答题1. 无菌操作的基本原则包括：保持无菌区域的清洁、避免接触无菌物品、使用无菌工具和材料、穿戴无菌手术衣和手套等。

中南大学外科学(乳腺外科)2012年考博真题试卷

3.现阶段提高乳腺癌的治愈率的措施有哪些？（15分）
4.乳腺癌的手术方式有哪些，试写一份乳腺癌改良根治术（保留胸肌）的手术记录（25分）
中南大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中南大学
2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（乳腺外科）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一.何谓肿瘤标志物？检测方法有哪些？（5分）
2.人体的酸碱平衡调节的机制有哪些？（5分）
3.静脉补钾的注意事项是什么？（5分）
4. ARDS是什么？发病的危险因素和发病机制有哪些？（5分）
5.休克的病理生理基础和病理生理改变是什么？（10分）
三级学科：乳腺外科试题
1.乳腺癌的治疗原则，治疗方法是什么？内分泌治疗的分类和选用原则？（15分）
2.乳腺癌目前的分子分型和各自的临床特点是什么？（15分）

中南大学湘雅医院外科学(普外科)2012年考博真题试卷

3、小肝癌的治疗方法?
4、肝癌的消融治疗有哪些方法？适应症？
5、肝内胆管结石的切肝指证？
6、甲状腺滤泡状癌的临床特点及手术方式？
7、TME的理论基础及基本原则？
8、胃癌的TNM分期？
9、门脉高压症是否做预防性手术？为什么?
10、ACS定义及治疗原则?
11、腹部外伤患者胰颈几乎横断，十二指肠3cm不规则裂伤。选择何种手术方式?为什么？
12、肿瘤分子靶向治疗包括哪些？
13、肝门胆管癌的分型及各型手术方式？
中南大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中南大பைடு நூலகம்湘雅医院
2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（普外科）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
1、20世纪50年代以来对肿瘤的认识有哪些进展。治疗有哪些进展。
2、女性乳腺5cm肿块，淋巴结肿大融合，无远处转移。临床分期?治疗方案？

中南大学湘雅二院外科学(脊柱外)(3966)2019年考博真题试卷

D. Postoperative antibiotics should be continued for 4 week course.
二、名词解释（4×4分）
1.脊髓震荡2.脊髓休克3.脊髓运动单元4. Kummell分s disease
三、简答题（49分）
1.什么是寰枢关节脱位，如何分型？（10分）
（1）该患者的X线片和MRI特点是什么？
（2）该患者的初步诊断是什么，还需要完善哪些检查？
（3）该患者的治疗原则是什么？
（4）该患者的手术指征是什么？有哪些手术方式可以选择，其各自的优缺点是什么？
A. Osteoid osteoma B. Osteoblastoma C. Osteosarcoma D. Giant cell tumor
5. Which of the following is ture regarding postoperative spinal infection?
A. Infection is caused by hematogenous inoculation of the wound by skin flora.
A. Double major(DM) B. Triple major(TM) C. Double thoracic(DT)
D. Main thoracic(MT) E. Thoracolumbar/lumbar(TL/L)
4. A 18-year-old man presents to your office with chronic back pain that is relieved by the use of non-steroidal anti-anflammatory drugs(NSAIDs).CT scan demonstrates a 15-mm circular radiolucency surrounded by sclerotic bone changes.What is the most likely diagnosis?

2018年中南大学真题参考答案

2018年中南大学真题参考答案一、选择题1.C解析：护基5.p742.E解析：患者血压低，取休克体位3.C解析：应开门挂牌，以防晕倒发生危险4.C解析：室颤首要措施应进行电除颤5.C解析：护基5.P219奇脉常见于心包积液和缩窄性心包炎。

6.D解析：护基5.p154头发的清洁护理注意事项7.E解析：菌痢患者禁止测直肠温度8.D解析：破伤风抗毒素脱敏注射的方法：少量多次9.C解析：护基5.p374静脉输液常用液体分类10.C解析：补钾的原则：不宜过浓、不宜过多、不宜过早、见尿给钾11.D解析：护理诊断不是医疗诊断12.A解析：血容量不足是目前患者最危及生命的情况，应首先纠正13.C解析：硬膜外麻醉试探剂量主要是试探是否入蛛网膜下腔，以免引起全脊髓麻醉危及生命14.B解析：体温下降后复升、白细胞持续上升应考虑细菌耐药的产生15.E解析：锻炼应循序渐进16.C解析：根据心功能衰竭程度来调整活动量17.E解析：冠脉造影是诊断冠心病的金标准18.C解析：不可两手同时按压颈动脉窦，只能交替按压19.A解析：气体交换受损对病人的影响最为严重20.E解析：发作时不可按压肢体，以免造成损伤21.E解析：头痛、呕吐、视力模糊提示颅内出血22.A解析：病原体寻找机会（机体免疫力下降）才引起疾病，称为机会性感染23.E解析：内科5.p705艾滋病病毒对紫外线不敏感24.C解析：系统性红斑狼疮病人避免食用芹菜25.B解析：重型再障早期即出现出血和感染26.C解析：水肿故给予低盐饮食，慢性肾炎给予低蛋白，优质蛋白为主27.B解析：胆道通畅则引流量逐渐减少，食欲好转、黄疸减退提示病情好转28.C解析：弹力绷带和弹力袜可预防深静脉血栓形成29.A解析：甘露醇使用方法：快速静滴降颅压30.A解析：外科5.p369腹股沟疝直疝和斜疝的鉴别31.C解析：甲状腺激素对于甲亢的诊断是最重要的32.B解析：尿路刺激征是上尿路结石的典型症状33.C解析：全非切除术后，胸腔闭式引流的目的主要是排出积血、积液34.B解析：脑脊液漏禁忌经鼻操作35.A解析：返流物误吸引起呼吸道梗阻，如不能有效抢救，可导致病人窒息甚至死亡36.C解析：术前禁食禁饮是预防全麻后误吸最重要的措施37.C解析：应先戴湿手套，后穿无菌手术衣、38.D解析：血钾低于3.5mmol/L为低钾血症，血钠在120-130mmol/L之间为中度缺钠39.C解析：前列腺摘除术后最重要的就是膀胱冲洗，加入凝血药减少出血40.B解析：根据该患者的腹部体征及里急后重的表现判断为消化系统症状，且体温反复升高，可判断为肠管间隙脓肿二、判断题1.×解析：成分输血也需要进行交叉配血试验解析：脑死亡才是人的本质性死亡3.×解析：只有鼠疫和霍乱属于甲类传染病4.×解析：护基5.p208体温的生理变化5.√解析：急性肺水肿多由于快速大量输液引起心脏负担过重所致6.×解析：青霉素过敏性休克呼吸道症状是呼吸道阻塞症状，喉头水肿、支气管痉挛等引起无法主诉7.√解析：内科5.p750典型霍乱的临床表现8.×解析：皮肤黏膜瘀点瘀斑是败血症期的临床表现9.×解析：柳氮磺胺吡啶宜饭后服10.√解析：碱化尿液、减轻尿路刺激症状11.√解析：淋巴瘤典型症状12.×解析：ITP典型症状为血小板减少13.×解析：应为门静脉系统转移14.×解析：门脉高压分流术后不宜早期活动15.×解析：股青肿是下肢静脉血栓中最严重的一种情况解析：最常见病因是胆道疾病，饮食不当是诱因不是病因17.×解析：喉返神经损伤引起声嘶18.√解析：外科5.p19高钾血症的心电图表现19.×解析：外科5.p594取患侧卧位20.×解析：骨筋膜室综合征患肢禁忌抬高三、问答题1.稽留热。

华中科技大学外科学(普外科)2018年考博真题考博试卷

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普外部分一、名词解释 1、PPPD 2、Retzius 静脉丛 3、TIPs 4、Whipple‘s 三联征 5、Petus-Jeghers 综合症 6、Riedel 甲状腺炎二、问答题 1、甲状腺的危象。 2、腋窝前哨淋巴结活检的适应症和意义。 3、胃肠道手术过程中如何操作可以减少日后粘连性肠梗阻的可能。 4、腹部损伤剖腹探查的手术指征。 5、肝癌根治切除的指征。 6、急性胰腺炎的手术适应症。
攻读博士学位研究生学考试试卷医学考博真题试卷
华中科技大学
2018 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
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考试科目：外科学（普外科）注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。总论部分一、名词解释（每题 4 分，共 16 分） 1.SIRS 2.GVHR 3.迟发型溶血反应 4.丹毒二、问答题（每题 6 分，共 24 分） 1.简述成分输血类型及适应证。 2.简述围手术期预防性使用抗生素的适应证及药物选择。 3.肠外营养适应证、途径、并发症。 4.试述高钾血症临床表现、诊断及处理。

中南大学医院关于外科学总试卷试题--优选库.docx

外科学总试题库一 .A 型选择题1． ARF时最需紧急处理的情况是( )A、酸中毒 B 、水中毒 C 、高钾血症 D 、感染 E 、低钠血症参考答案： C2．不用造影剂而显示尿路梗阻部位及程度的检查是( ) A、 CT B、 KUB+IVP C、 KUB D、肾图 E 、磁共振水成像参考答案： E3．患者腰部绞痛后突然无尿常提示( )A、肾前性ARFB、肾后性ARFC、肾性 ARFD、 MODE、ARDS参考答案： B4． MODS一期速发型的发生往往由于( )A、原发急症甚轻 B 、原发急症甚为严重C、肾功能障碍D、肺功能障碍 E 、胃肠功能障碍参考答案： B5．发生 MODS时，要待病变进展到相当程度方有明显临床表现的系统或器官是( )A、心血管 B 、肺 C 、肝、胃肠和血液凝固系统 D 、脑 E 、肾参考答案： C6．关于 MODS以下哪个是正确的？（A、凡有两个或两个以上的重要器官功能衰竭即是MODSB、肝脏损害往往是首发器官C、全身性炎症反应（SIRS）只表现在感染而与损伤无关D、肠道细菌 / 内毒素移位可触发（SIRS），但不会导致MODSE、以上都是错的参考答案： E 7．关于 MODS以下叙述哪个是不正确的？（）A、当病人出现创伤、休克、严重脓毒症时，应警惕有可能并发 MODSB、对病人的救治必须有整体观念C、急性创伤时，只要出现呼吸困难，就可以诊断为ARDSD、病因治疗是防治MODS的首要措施E、防治感染是预防MODS极为重要的措施参考答案： C8．关于多器管功能不全综合症（MODS）以下哪个是错误的？（）A、MODS常指急性疾病过程中发生的两个或两个以上主要器官功能不全B、其特点之一是急性C、死亡率高D、凡是两个或两个以上的主要器官功能不全就是MODSE、 MODS最好的治疗是预防参考答案： D9．现在认识MSOF属于全身性病理连锁反应，受累的器官处于变化中，病变有轻有重，所以改称为( )A、 ARDSB、 MODSC、 ARFD、 AOSCE、 DIC参考答案： B10． MODS二期迟发型的形成往往由于( )A、原发急症甚为严重 B 、心衰 C、肾衰D、继发感染特续存在毒素或抗原 E 、肝衰参考答案： D11． ARF时，若尿素氮升高较肌酐明显，其比例>20 时，提示 ( )A、肾前性ARFB、肾后性ARFC、高分解代谢存在D、低分解代谢存在 E 、肾性 ARF参考答案： C12． ARF当有高钾血症时必然有：( )A、高钠血症 B 、高钙血症 C 、高氯血症疗，防止 MODSD、高镁血症 E 、低磷血症参考答案： B参考答案： D18．治疗 ARF以下哪项是不正确的？（）13． ARF时，导致低血钠的主要原因是：( )A、有效的治疗基于正确的诊断。

中山大学外科学(普外科)2012年考博真题考博试卷

普外选答甲状腺已分化癌的手术选择,除了甲状页共1页
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
医学考博真题试卷
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中山大学
2012 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（普外科）注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。公共部分等渗性缺水,失水大于全身体重 5%时的表现周围动脉瘤的临床表现胰岛素瘤的临床表现骨折的早期并发症肠梗阻的水电解质酸碱平衡紊乱表现及原因胆囊息肉的处理原则术后切口裂开的原因如何选择乳腺癌术后辅助化疗按照伤口污染的程度，伤口如何分类，举例说明

博士外科试题及答案

博士外科试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共10分）1. 以下哪个选项不是开放性伤口的特点？A. 伤口边缘不整齐B. 伤口内组织损伤严重C. 伤口表面有异物D. 伤口边缘整齐答案：D2. 以下哪个选项是腹腔镜手术的主要优点？A. 手术创伤小B. 手术费用低C. 术后恢复慢D. 术中视野狭窄答案：A3. 以下哪个选项不是腹部外伤的常见症状？A. 腹痛B. 呕吐C. 腹泻D. 腹部压痛答案：C4. 以下哪个选项是阑尾炎的典型临床表现？A. 右下腹痛B. 左下腹痛C. 右上腹痛D. 左上腹痛答案：A5. 以下哪个选项是甲状腺癌的常见症状？A. 甲状腺肿大B. 甲状腺结节C. 甲状腺功能亢进D. 甲状腺功能减退答案：B二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）1. 以下哪些是肠梗阻的常见原因？A. 肠套叠B. 肠扭转C. 肠粘连D. 肠壁肿瘤答案：ABCD2. 以下哪些是胆囊结石的常见症状？A. 右上腹痛B. 黄疸C. 恶心呕吐D. 右下腹痛答案：ABC3. 以下哪些是胃癌的高危因素？A. 长期不良饮食习惯B. 幽门螺杆菌感染C. 家族遗传史D. 长期吸烟答案：ABCD4. 以下哪些是颅内压增高的常见症状？A. 头痛B. 呕吐C. 视力下降D. 意识障碍答案：ABD5. 以下哪些是乳腺炎的常见症状？A. 乳房红肿B. 乳房肿块C. 乳房疼痛D. 乳房溢液答案：AC三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. 简述急性阑尾炎的典型临床表现。

答案：急性阑尾炎的典型临床表现包括右下腹疼痛、恶心呕吐、发热和腹部压痛。

2. 描述一下甲状腺癌的诊断方法。

答案：甲状腺癌的诊断方法包括临床检查、超声检查、细针穿刺活检和血清甲状腺功能检测。

3. 简述肠梗阻的常见治疗方法。

答案：肠梗阻的常见治疗方法包括保守治疗（如禁食、胃肠减压、补液等）和手术治疗（如肠粘连松解术、肠切除术等）。

4. 描述一下颅内压增高的急救措施。

答案：颅内压增高的急救措施包括保持呼吸道通畅、降低颅内压（如使用甘露醇）、维持血压稳定和及时转送医院。

外科学试题库及答案

外科学试题库及答案第一部分：普通外科试题1. 以下哪种疾病是普通外科的常见疾病？答案：阑尾炎2. 一位患者被诊断为胃溃疡，请问以下哪种症状最常见？答案：上腹疼痛3. 当一位患者出现腹痛和黄疸时，最怀疑的是以下哪种疾病？答案：胆道结石4. 以下哪种情况应考虑进行胆囊切除手术？答案：胆囊结石5. 一位患者因剧烈腹痛被送入急诊，体检发现腹部有坚实的质感，最可能的诊断是？答案：急性阑尾炎6. 一位患者出现了鼻骨骨折，需要进行手术治疗，请问鼻骨骨折手术的最佳时机是？答案：一周内7. 一位患者出现了多发性肋骨骨折，应考虑以下哪种并发症？答案：气胸8. 以下哪种手术是治疗乳腺癌的首选？答案：乳房切除术9. 一位患者出现了腹部脂肪瘤，应考虑以下哪种治疗方法？答案：手术切除10. 以下哪种状况常见于外科手术后的患者？答案：术后感染第二部分：骨科试题1. 以下哪种疾病是骨科的常见疾病？答案：骨折2. 一位患者被诊断为骨质疏松症，最常见的骨折部位是哪里？答案：腕部3. 当一位患者出现肩关节疼痛和功能障碍时，最可能的诊断是？答案：肩袖损伤4. 以下哪种情况应考虑进行人工髋关节置换手术？答案：髋关节痛和功能障碍5. 一位患者因高速交通事故导致踝关节骨折，应考虑以下哪种治疗方法？答案：手术复位和内固定6. 以下哪种疾病是脊柱外科的常见疾病？答案：腰椎间盘突出症7. 一位患者被诊断患有骶髂关节炎，最常见的症状是什么？答案：下背痛8. 以下哪种手术是治疗骨折的首选？答案：骨复位和内固定9. 一位患者因踝关节扭伤，应采取以下哪种治疗方法？答案：冷敷和固定10. 以下哪种状况常见于骨科手术后的患者？答案：术后恢复过慢以上是关于外科学试题库及答案的一部分内容。

希望这些题目能够帮助您复习外科学知识，并为您的学术表现做出贡献。