英语四级改革后新题型--长篇阅读
英语四级改革后新题型 长篇阅读9
Hate Your Job? Here’s How to Reshape ItA)Once upon a time, if you hated your job, you either quit or bit your lip. These days, a group of researchers is trumpeting a third option: shape your job so ifs more fruitful than futile.B) "We often get trapped into thinking about our job as a list of things to do and a list of responsibilities," says Amy Wrzesniewski, an associate professor at the Yale School of Management. "But what if you set aside that mind-set?" If you could adjust what you do, she says, "who would you start talking to, what other tasks would you take on, and who would you work with?"C)To make livelihoods more lively, Wrzesniewski and her colleagues Jane Dutton and Justin Berg have developed a methodology they call job-crafting. They’re working with Fortune 500 companies, smaller firms and business schools to change the way Americans think about work. The idea is to make all jobs--even mundane (平凡的) ones---more meaningful by empowering employees to brainstorm and implement subtle but significant workplace adjustments. Step 1: Rethink Your Job--CreativelyD)"The default some people wake up to is dragging themselves to work and facing a list of things they have to do,"says Wrzesniewski. So in the job-crafting process, the first step is to think about your job holistically. You first analyze how much time, energy and attention you devote to your various tasks. Then you reflect on that allocation( 分配). See I0 perfect jobs for the recession--and after.E) Take, for example, a maintenance technician at Burt’s Bees, which makes personal-care products. He was interested in process engineering, though that wasn’t part of his job description. To alter the scope of his day-to-day activities, the technician asked a supervisor if he could spend some time studying an idea he had for making the firm’s manufacturing procedures more energy-efficient. His ideas proved helpful, and now process engineering is part of the scope of his work.F) Barbara Fredrickson, author of Positivity and a professor of psychology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, says it’s crucial for people to pay attention to their workday emotions. "Doing so," she says, "will help you discover which aspects of your work are most life-giving-and most life-draining."G) Many of us get stuck in ruts (惯例). Berg, a Ph.D. student at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania who helped develop the job-crafting methodology, says we allbenefit from periodically rethinking what we do. "Even in the most constraining jobs, people have a certain amount of wiggle room," he says. "Small changes can have a real impact on life at work."Step 2: Diagram Your DayH) To lay the groundwork for change, job-crafting participants assemble diagrams detailing their workday activities. The first objective is to develop new insights about what you actually do at work. Then you can dream up fresh ways to integrate what the job-crafting exercise calls your "strengths, motives and passions" into your daily routine. You convert task lists into flexible building blocks. The end result is an "after" diagram that can serve as a map for specific changes.I)lna Lockau-Vogel, a management consultant who participated in a recent job-crafting workshop, says the exercise helped her adjust her priorities. "Before, 1 would spend so much time reacting to requests and focusing on urgent tasks that I never had time to address the real important issues." As part of the job-crafting process, she decided on a strategy for delegating and outsourcing (外包) more of her administrative responsibilities.J)In contrast to business books that counsel, managers to influence workers through incentives, job-crafting focuses on what employees themselves can do to re-envision and adjust what they do every day. Given that according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, it now takes the average job seeker more than six months to find a new position, it’s crucial to make the most of the job you’ve got.Step 3: Identify Job Loves and HatesK) By reorienting (使适应) how you think about your job, you free yourself up for new ideas about how to restructure your workday time and energy. T ake an IT worker who hates dealing with technologically incompetent callers. He might enjoy teaching more than customer service. By spending more time instructing colleagues--and treating help-line callers as curious students of tech--the disgruntled IT person can make the most of his 9-to-5 position.L)Dutton, a professor at the University of Michigan’s Ross School of Business, says she has seen local auto-industry workers benefit from the job-crafting process. "They come in looking worn down, but after spending two hours on this exercise, they come away thinking about three or four things they can do differently."M) "They start to recognize they have more control over their work than they realized," says Dutton, who parmered with Wrzesniewski on the original job-crafting research.Step 4: Put Your Ideas into ActionN)To conclude the job-crafting process, participants list specific follow-up steps: Many plan a one-0n-one meeting with a supervisor to propose new project ideas. Others connect with colleagues to talk about trading certain tasks. Berg says as long as their goals are met, many managers are happy to let employees adjust how they work.O) Job-crafting isn’t about revenue, per se, but juicing up ( 活跃) employee engagement may end up beefing up the bottom line. Amid salary, job and benefit cuts, more and more workers are disgruntled. Surveys show that more than 50% aren’t happy with what they do. Dutton, Berg and Wrzesniewski argue that emphasizing enjoyment can boost efficiency by lowering turnover rates and jacking up productivity. Job-crafting won’t rid you of a lousy boss or a subpar salary, but it does offer some remedies for job dissatisfaction. If you can’t ditch or switch a job, at least make it more likable.1. A long time ago when a person hated his/her job, he/she will resign or bear it.2. Amy Wrzesniewski think job could be adjusted.3. Your first thing to do in the job-crafting process is to think about your job wholly .4. The idea of a maintenance technician at Burt’s Bees turned out to be helpful and energy-efficient.5. Berg’s suggestion about work is to rethink and make small changes.6. According to Ina Lockau-Vogel, the benefit from job-crafting is that it helps her set priorities properly.7. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the situation in job market is ---it is difficult to find a job.8. Dutton has seen that local auto-industry workersprofit from the job-crafting process.9. According to Berg, if the job-crafting process is successful, the supervisors are willing to let employees adjust what to do.10. If you can’t quit your job, using job-crafting may at least offer some remedies for job dissatisfaction.答案：文章精要日常生活中，人们往往认为工作是一些不得不做的任务、不得不承担的责任。
英语四级改革后新题型 长篇阅读2
A:What do we mean by being ‘talented or gifted’? The most obvious way is to look at the work someone does and if they are capable of significant success, label them as talented. The purely quantitative route —‘percentage definition’—looks not at individuals, but at simple percentages, such as the top five percent of the population, and labels them —by definition — as gifted. This definition has fallen from favor, eclipsed by the advent of IQ tests, favored by luminaries such as Professor Hans Eysenck, where a series of written or verbal tests of general intelligence leads to a score of intelligence.B:The IQ test has been eclipsed in turn. Most people studying intelligence and creativity in the new millennium now prefer a broader definition, using a multifaceted approach where talents in many areas are recognized rather than purely concentrating on academic achievement. If we are therefore assuming that talented, creative or gifted individuals may need to be assessed across a range of abilities, does this mean intelligence can run in families as genetic or inherited tendency? Mental dysfunction — such as schizophrenia — can, so is an efficient mental capacity passed on from parent to child?C:Animal experiments throw some light on this question, and on the whole area of whether it is genetics, the environment or a combination of the two that allows for intelligence and creative ability. Different strains of rats show great differences in intelligence or ‘rat reasoning’. If these are brought up in normal conditions and then run through a maze to reach a food goal, the ‘bright-strain make far fewer wrong turns that the ‘dull-ones’. But if the environment is made dull and boring the number of errors becomes equal. Return the rats to an exciting maze and the discrepancy returns as before — but is much smaller. In other words, a dull rat in a stimulating environment will almost do as well as bright rat who is bored in a normal one. This principle applies to humans too — someone may be born with innate intelligence, but their environment probably has the final say over whether they become creative or even a genius.D:Evidence now exists that most young children, if given enough opportunities and encouragement, are able to achieve significant and sustainable levels of academic or sporting prowess. Bright or creative children are often physically very active at the same time, and so many receive more parental attention as a result — almost by default — in order toensure their safety. They may also talk earlier, and this, in turn, breeds parental interest. This can sometimes cause problems with other siblings who may feel jealous even though they themselves may be bright. Their creative talents may be undervalued and so never come to fruition. Two themes seem to run through famously creative families as a result. The first is that the parents were able to identify the talents of each child, and nurture and encourage these accordingly but in an even handed manner. Individual differences were encouraged, and friendly sibling rivalry was not seen as particular problem. If the father is, say, a famous actor, there is no undue pressure for his children to follow him onto the boards, but instead their chosen interests are encouraged. There need not even by any obvious talent in such a family since there always needs to be someone who sets the family career in motion, as in the case of the Sheen acting dynasty. E:Martin Sheen was the seventh of ten children born to a Spanish immigrant father and an Irish mother. Despite intense parental disapproval he turned his back on entrance exams to university and borrowed cash from a local priest to start a fledgling acting career. His acting successes in films such as Badlands and Apocalypse Now made him one of the most highly-regardedactors of the 1970s. Three sons —Emilio Estevez, Ramon Estevez and Charlie Sheen —have followed him into the profession as a consequence of being inspired by his motivation and enthusiasm.F: A stream seems to run through creative families. Such children are not necessarily smothered with love by their parents. They feel loved and wanted, and are secure in their home, but are often more surrounded by an atmosphere of work and where following a calling appears to be important. They may see from their parents that it takes time and dedication to be master of a craft, and so are in less of a hurry to achieve for themselves once they start to work.G:The generation of creativity is complex: it is a mixture of genetics, the environment, parental teaching and luck that determines how successful or talented family members are. This last point — luck — is often not mentioned where talent is concerned but plays an undoubted part. Mozart, considered by many to be the finest composer of all time, was lucky to be living in an age that encouraged the writing of music. He was brought up surrounded by it, his father was a musician who encouraged him to the point of giving up his job to promote his child genius. Mozart himself simply wanted to create thefinest music ever written but did not necessarily view himself as a genius — he could write sublime music at will, and so often preferred to lead a hedonistic lifestyle that he found more exciting than writing music to order.H: Albert Einstein and Bill Gates are two more examples of people whose talents have blossomed by virtue of the times they were living in. Einstein was a solitary, somewhat slow child who had affection at home but whose phenomenal intelligence emerged without any obvious parental input. This may have been partly due to the fact that at the start of the 20th century a lot of the Newtonian laws of physics were being questioned, leaving a fertile ground for ideas such as his to be developed. Bill Gates may have had the creative vision to develop Microsoft, but without the new computer age dawning at the same time he may never have achieved the position on the world stage he now occupies.1. We can label someone who are capable of significant success as talented.2. Most people studying intelligence and creativity in the new millennium now prefer a broader definition.3. Animal experiments are contributed to whether it is genetics,the environment or a combination of the two that allows for intelligence and creative ability.4. Bright or creative children are often physically very active at the same time.5. Children in creative families feel loved and wanted, and are secure in their home.6. The generation of creativity is not simple.7. Bill Gates is an example of people whose talents have blossomed by virtue of the times they were living in.8. Evidence shows that bright or creative children are often physically very active and thus receive more parental attention to ensure their safety.9. Luck is often not mentioned but an undoubted part of a person how creative or talented.10. Albert Einstein’s and Bill Gates’ significant success may be due to thetimes they were living in答案：1. A2. B3. C4. D5. F6. G7. H8. D9. G10.H。
【VIP专享】英语四级改革后新题型 长篇阅读4
Definitions of Obesity
A: How does one define when a person is considered to be obese and not just somewhat overweight? Height-weight tables give an approximate guideline as to whether one is simply overweight or has passed into the obese stage.
C: However, it is recognized that this definition is limited as it does not take into account such variables as age, gender and ethnic origin, the latter being important as different ethnic groups have very different fat distributions. Another shortcoming is that it is not applicable to certain very muscular people such as athletes and bodybuilders, who can also have artificially high BMIs. Agencies such as the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) in the USA and the Interational Diabetes
英语四级改革之长篇阅读理解
英语四级改革之长篇阅读理解摘要：2013年12月的四六级改革已出方案。
针对阅读版块，传统阅读依旧传统，快速阅读却变成了长篇阅读。
考查形式从过去多元化的Y, N, NG、句子填空、多项选择转变成了十个句子的信息匹配。
2013年12月的四六级改革已出方案。
针对阅读版块，传统阅读依旧传统，快速阅读却变成了长篇阅读。
考查形式从过去多元化的Y, N, NG、句子填空、多项选择转变成了十个句子的信息匹配。
感觉上在向考研新题型靠拢。
但纵观目前官方给出的样题，实则不难发现，长篇阅读依旧快速阅读，只是更加快速阅读了些，颇有些换汤不换药的意思。
下面，就大纲样题一起来分析下，找找新旧阅读的异同。
样题Universities Branch Out来自于2007年12月四级真题的快速阅读原文。
这符合本次改革官方说法"原快速阅读理解调整为长篇阅读理解，篇章长度和难度不变。
"而题目实则与之前考法异曲同工。
匹配题主要在于定位，则就定位我们遵循专有名词，数词，连字符词，动宾结构，题干新信息等之前课上讲的定位原则，具体我们以样题来操作。
46. American universities prepare their undergraduates for global careers by giving them chances for international study or internship.原文：D Universities are also encouraging students to spend some of their undergraduate years in another country. In Europe, more than 140,000 students participate in the Erasmus program each year, taking courses for credit in one of 2, 2000 participating institutions across the continent. And in the United States, institutions are helping place students in summer internships(实习)abroad to prepare them for global careers. Yale and Harvard have led the way, offering every undergraduate at least one international study or internship opportunity and providing the financial resources to make it possible.重要提示：请各位同学看2007年12月快速阅读的第4题47. Since the mid-1970s, the enrollment of overseas students has increased at an annual rate of 3.9 percent.原文：C Of the forces shaping higher education none is more sweeping than the movement across borders. Over the past three decades the number ofstudents leaving home each year to study abroad has grown at an annual rate of 3.9 percent, from 8000,000 in 1975 to 2.5 million in 2994. Most travel from one developed nation to another, but the flow from developing to developed countries id growing rapidly. The reverse flow, from developed to developing countries, is on the rise, too. Today foreign students earn 30 percent of the doctoral degrees awarded in the United States and 38 percent of those in the United Kingdom. And the number crossing borders for undergraduate study is growing as well, to 8 percent of the undergraduates at America's best institutions and 10 percent of all undergraduates in the U.K. In the United States, 20 percent of the newly hired professors in science and engineering are foreign-born, and in China many newly hired faculty hired faculty members at the top research universities received their graduate education abroad.重要提示：请各位同学看2007年12月快速阅读的第2题48. The enrollment of international students will have a positive impact on America rather than threaten its competitiveness.原文：I Most Americans recognize that universities contribute to the nation's well-being through their scientific research, but many fear that foreign students threaten American competitiveness by taking their knowledge and skills back home. They fail to grasp that welcoming foreign students to the United States has two important positive effects：and like immigrants throughout history-strength the nation; and second, foreign students who study in the United States become ambassadors for many of its most cherished(珍视) values when they return home. Or at least they understand them better. In America as elsewhere, few Instruments of foreign policy are as effective in promoting peace and stability as welcoming international university students.49. The way research is carried out in universities has changed asa result of globalization.原文：E Globalization is also reshaping the way research is done. One new trend involves sourcing portions of a research program to another country. Yale professor and Howard Hughes Medical Shanghai's Fudan University, in collaboration with faculty colleagues from both schools. The Shanghai center has 95 employees and graduate students working in a4300-square-meter laboratory seminars with scientists from both campuses. The arrangement benefits both countries; Xu's Yale lab is more productive, thanks to the lower costs of conducing from a word-class scientist and his U.S. team.重要提示：请各位同学看2007年12月快速阅读的第5题50. Of the newly hired professors in science and engineering in the United States, twenty percent come from foreign countries.原文：C Of the forces shaping higher education none is more sweeping than the movement across borders. Over the past three decades the number of students leaving home each year to study abroad has grown at an annual rate of 3.0 percent, from 8000,000 in 1975 to 2.5 million in 2994. Most travel from one developed nation to another, but the flow from developing to developed countries id growing rapidly. The reverse flow, from developed to developing countries, is on the rise, too. Today foreign students earn 30 percent of the doctoral degrees awarded in the United States and 38 percent of those in the United Kingdom. And the number crossing borders for undergraduate study is growing as well, to 8 percent of the undergraduates at America's best institutions and 10 percent of all undergraduates in the U.K. In the United States, 20 percent of the newly hired professors in science and engineering are foreign-born, and in China many newly hired faculty hired faculty members at the top research universities received their graduate education abroad.重要提示：请各位同学看2007年12月快速阅读的第5题51. The number of foreign students applying to U.S. universities decreased sharply after September 11 due to changes in the visa process.原文：H American politicians have great difficulty recognizing that admitting more foreign students can greatly promote the national interest by increasing international understanding. Adjusted for inflation, public funding for international exchanges and foreign-language study is well below the levels of 40 years ago. In the wake of September 11,changes in the visa process caused a dramatic decline in the number of foreign students seeking admission to U.S.重要提示：请各位同学看2007年12月快速阅读的第8题52. The U.S. federal funding for research has been unsteady for years.原文：G For all its success, the United States remains deeply hesitant about sustaining the research university model. Most politician recognize the link between investment in science and national economic strength, but support for research funding has been unsteady. The budget of the National Institutes of Health doubled between 1998 and 2003,but has risen more slowly than inflations since then. Support for the physical sciences and engineering barely kept pace with inflation during that same period. The attempt to make up lost ground is welcome, but the nation would be better served by steady, predictable increases in science funding at the rate of long-term GDP growth, which is on the order of inflation plus 3 percent per year.[page]重要提示：请各位同学看2007年12月快速阅读的第7题53. Around the world, governments encourage the model of linking university-based science and industrial application.原文：F As a result of its strength in science, the United States has consistently led of the world in the world in the commercialization of major new technologies, from the mainframe computer and integrated circuit of the 1960s to the internet infrastructure(基础设施)and applications software of the 1990s.The link between university-based science and industrial application is often indirect but sometimes highly visible: Silicon Valley was intentionally created by Stanford University, and Route 128 outside Boston has long housed companies spun off from MIT and Harvard. Around the world, governments have encouraged copying of his model, perhaps most successfully in Cambridge, England, where Microsoft and scores of other leading software and biotechnology companies have set up shop around the university.重要提示：请各位同学看2007年12月快速阅读的第6题54. Present-day universities have become a powerful force for global integration.原文：A As never before in their long story, universities have become instruments of national competition as well as instruments of peace. They are the place of the scientific discoveries that move economies forward, and the primary means of educating the talent required to obtain and maintain competitive advantages. But at the same time, the opening of national borders to the flow of goods, services, information and especially people has made universities a powerful force for global integration, mutual understanding and geopolitical stability.重要提示：请各位同学看2007年12月快速阅读的第1题55. When foreign students leave America, they will bring American values back to their home countries.原文：I Most Americans recognize that universities contribute to the nation's well-being through their scientific research, but many fear that foreign students threaten American competitiveness by taking their knowledge and skills back home. They fail to grasp that welcoming foreign students and like immigrants throughout history-strength the nation; and second, foreign students who study in the United States become ambassadors for many of its most cherished(珍视) values when they return home. Or at least they understand them better. In America as elsewhere, few Instruments of foreign policy are as effective in promoting peace and stability as welcoming international university students.重要提示：请各位同学看2007年12月快速阅读的第9/10题综上，可以看出实际新的长篇阅读和过去的快速阅读考点重复率极高，同时由于少了干扰项，难度有所下降。
大学英语四级改革适用(长篇阅读)模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)
大学英语四级改革适用（长篇阅读）模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1.9 motor vehicles for every household in America, and just to illustrate how many cars this is, consider that the average American household has only 1.8 drivers; America has more vehicles than it has drivers to drive them. By the time a middle-class American reaches 35 years of age, he or she has likely owned 3 cars in his or her life.B)The Unites States’lawmakers have done little to undermine the romance between their citizens and their automobiles. Taxes on gasoline have been kept low, while massive highway building projects allow more and more cars to take to the road. Public transportation, on the other hand, has traditionally suffered from neglect. From the 1970s, since Americans have more than doubled their reliance on cars for long-distance rides, train and bus usage has largely stopped developing. Inner city transit systems in most cities were either deteriorating or crime-ridden, as in New York, or dysfunctional(机能不良的), as in Los Angeles.C)There are, however, signs that U.S. drivers are quietly looking for alternatives to car usage—with growing backing from legislators. Throughout the country a record number of commuters are taking buses and transit to work. In Washington DC, city officials say this summer has been the busiest in the history of the Metro rail system, with trains often carrying more than 600,000 passengers a day. In Cincinnati, transit authorities say there have been up to 50 percent more users this summer on some commuter routes. The Atlanta and Portland transit systems are also recording heavy usage. Nationwide, public transportation systems have recorded a 4.8 percent increase for the first quarter of 2003 over the same period in 2002, according to the American Public Transportation Association(APTA).D)Transit officials say the main reason is the recent rise in gasoline prices. Feeling the impact of cuts in production by oil-exporting countries, gasoline prices in the US shot up from a national average of $1.30 dollars a gallon(nearly 3.8 litres)late last year to high of $1.68 a gallon in June this year. In parts of the country, prices even reached $2 a gallon for the first time.E)While the price rise angered car drivers, many transportation experts feel it has turned attention to America’s meager(不景气的)public transport. “The public transport system has been better now than in the past decades,”says Delon Lowas, an urban planning analyst at the Sierra Club, the environmental group. According to APTA, a person commuting 10 miles to work every day by train instead of by car could save as much as 314 gallons(1193 liters)of gasoline annually —thus reducing emissions of hydrocarbon gases and other pollutants.F)The oil price rise might just have been the induction to result in a new revolution in the travel habits of US commuters, say environmentalists. As evidence, they point to the popularity of new light-rail systems in cities such as Portland. Even Los Angeles, whose residents are famous for their infatuation(迷恋)with cars, recently installed 17 miles of subway tracks. Now, US politicians are also warming to public transport. Federal and state governments are toying with some initiatives, such as tax breaks for people who use trains or buses.G)But public transportation continues to have its ideological critics. “It shouldn’t be encouraged at the expense of private ownership of vehicles,” says BenLieberman of the Competitive Enterprise Institute(CEI). He asserts that the government’s priority should be to make owning and driving a car more affordable by reducing environmental restrictions that push up the price of gasoline.H)The expansion of public transportation systems also draws opposition from those who are worried about the immense costs involved. They cite Los Angeles’ subway expansion, which cost a record $4.7 billion, as an instance of how expensive public transport can be.I)Citing costs of construction, Tome DeLay,the powerful Republican Whip of the House of Representatives, have moved to block funds for a proposed light-rail system in Houston. Mr. DeLay argues that the city should conduct a referendum(公民投票)before investing taxpayer’s money. The result: the Houston authorities might well have to manage without federal funds —or scrap the light-rail project entirely. Given the strong political pressure against it, some observers think the flirtation(对......的一时兴趣)with public transport will pass, not least because there are signs already that gas prices have started to fall. Mr. Lovaas, however, thinks that there has been “genuine grass-roots change” as people understand the environmental and social need for cutting down on automobile use. But he admitted that political opposition could take a long time to overcome. “The people at the top will be the last to get it.”11．One factor for the sharp rising price of gasoline in the US this year was oil production cuts by oil-exporting countries.正确答案：D解析：根据题干中的线索词price of gasoline和production cuts by oil—exporting countries将本题出处定位于D)段第2句Feeling the impact of cuts in production by oil—exporting countries，gasoline prices in the US shot up from anational average of $1．30 dollars a gallon(nearly 3．8 litres)late last year to high of $1．68 a gallon in June this year．(受到石油出口国削减产量的影响，美国的石油价格从去年年底每加仑(约3．8升)1．30美元的全国平均价格猛涨到今年6月份的每加仑1．68美元。
2014.06英语四级改革后阅读
Universities Branch OutA)As never before in their long history, universities have become instruments of national competition as well as instruments of peace. They are the place of the scientific discoveries that move economies forward, and the primary means of educating the talent required to obtain and maintain competitive advantage. But at the same time, the opening of national borders to the flow of goods, services, information and especially people has made universities a powerful force for global integration, mutual understanding and geopolitical stability.B)In response to the same forces that have driven the world economy, universities have become more self-consciously global: seeking students from around the world who represent the entire range of cultures and values, sending their own students abroad to prepare them for global careers, offering courses of study that address the challenges of an interconnected world and collaborative (合作的) research programs to advance science for the benefit of all humanity.C)Of the forces shaping higher education none is more sweeping than the movement across borders. Over the past three decades the number of students leaving home each year to study abroad has grown at an annual rate of 3.9 percent, from 800,000 in 1975 to 2.5 million in 2004. Most travel from one developed nation to another, but the flow from developing to developed countries is growing rapidly. The reverse flow, from developed to developing countries, is on the rise, too. Today foreign students earn 30 percent of the doctoral degrees awarded in the United States and 38 percent of those in the United Kingdom. And the number crossing borders for undergraduate study is growing as well, to8 percent of the undergraduates at America’s best institutions and 10 percent of all undergraduates in the U.K. In the United States, 20 percent of the newly hired professors in science and engineering are foreign-born, and in China many newly hired faculty members at the top research universities received their graduate education abroad.D)Universities are also encouraging students to spend some of their undergraduate years in another country. In Europe, more than 140,000 students participate in the Erasmus program each year, taking courses for credit in one of 2,200 participating institutions across the continent. And in the United States, institutions are helping place students in summer internships (实习) abroad to prepare them for global careers. Yale and Harvard have led the way, offering every undergraduate at least one international study or internship opportunity—and providing the financial resources to make it possible.E)Globalization is also reshaping the way research is done. One new trend involves sourcing portions of a research program to another country. Yale professor and Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator Tian Xu directs a research center focused on the genetics of human disease at Shanghai’s Fudan University, in collaboration w ith faculty colleagues from both schools. The Shanghai center has 95 employees and graduate students working in a 4,300-square-meter laboratory facility. Yale faculty, postdoctors and graduate students visit regularly and attend videoconference seminars with scientists from both campuses. The arrangement benefits both countries; Xu’s Yale lab is more productive, thanks to the lower costs of conducting research in China, and Chinese graduate students, postdoctors and faculty get on-the-job training from a world-class scientist and his U.S. team.F)As a result of its strength in science, the United States has consistently led the world in the commercialization of major new technologies, from the mainframe computer and the integrated circuit of the 1960s to the Internet infrastructure (基础设施) and applications software of the 1990s. The link between university-based science and industrial application is often indirect but sometimes highly visible: Silicon Valley was intentionally created by Stanford University, and Route 128 outside Boston has long housed companies spun off from MIT and Harvard. Around the world, governments have encouraged copying of this model, perhaps most successfully in Cambridge, England, where Microsoft and scores of other leading software and biotechnology companies have set up shop around the university.G)For all its success, the United States remains deeply hesitant about sustaining the research-university model. Most politicians recognize the link between investment in science and national economic strength, but support for research funding has been unsteady. The budget of the National Institutes of Health doubled between 1998 and 2003, but has risen more slowly than inflation since then. Support for the physical sciences and engineering barely kept pace with inflation during that same period. The attempt to make up lost ground is welcome, but the nation would be better served by steady, predictable increases in science funding at the rate of long-term GDP growth, which is on the order of inflation plus 3 percent per year.H)American politicians have great difficulty recognizing that admitting more foreign students can greatly promote the national interest by increasing international and foreign-language study is well below the levels of 40 years ago. In the wake of September 11, changes in the visa process caused a dramatic decline in the number of foreignstudents seeking admission to U.S. universities, and a corresponding surge in enrollments in Australia, Singapore and the U.K. Objections from American university and business leaders led to improvements in the process and a reversal of the decline, but the United States is still seen by many as unwelcoming to international students.I)Most Americans recognize that universities contribute to the nation’s well-being through their scientific research, but many fear that foreign students threaten American competitiveness by taking their knowledge and skills back home. They fail to grasp that welcoming foreign students to the United States has two important positive effects: first, the very best of them stay in the States and—like immigrants throughout history—strengthen the nation; and second, foreign students who study in the United States become ambassadors for many of its most cherished (珍视) values when they return home. Or at least they understand them better. In America as elsewhere, few instruments of foreign policy are as effective in promoting peace and stability as welcoming international university students.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
2023年12月英语四级改革新题型模拟题一
2023年12月英语四级改革新题型模拟题一Section B(原快速阅读理解调整为长篇阅读理解，篇章长度和难度不变。
篇章后附有10个句子，每句一题。
每句所含的信息出自篇章的某一段落，要求考生找出与每句所含信息相匹配的段落。
)Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statementcontains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived.You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions bymarking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Caring for elderly parents catches many unprepared[A ] Last July, Julie Baldocchi，s mother had a massive stroke and was paralyzed. Baldocchi suddenly had to become a family caregiver, something that she wasnt prepared for. “I was flying by the seat of my pants,” says Baldocchi, an employment specialist in San Francisco. Both of her parents are 83, and she knew her father couldnt handle her mothers care. The hospital recommended puttingher mother in a nursing home. Baldocchi wasnt willing to do that. But moving her back into her parents home created other problems. Baldocchi, 48, is married and lives about a mile away from her parents. She has a full-time job and has back problems that make it difficult for her to lift her mother. “I couldnt do it all,”she says. “But I didnt even know how to find help.”[B] With help from the Family Caregiver Alliance, she eventually hired a live-in caregiver. “But even if you plan intellectually and legally, youre never ready for the emotional impact,” Baldocchi says. In the first two months after her mothers stroke, she lost about 30 pounds as stress mounted. More than 42 million Americans provide family caregiving for an adult who needs help with daily activities, according to a 2023 survey by the AARP. An additional 61.6 million provided at least some care during the year. And many are unprepared.[C] While many parents lack an advance care directive, its the most basic and important step they can take. The directive includes several parts, including: a durable power of attorney, which gives someone legal authority to make financial decisions on anothers behalf; a health care proxy, which is similar to the power ofattorney, except it allows someone to make decisions regarding medical treatment; and a living will that outlines instructions for end-of-life care. (For example, parents can say if they want to be kept alive by artificial measures.) “Its invaluable for the kids, because its hard to make those decisions for a parent,” says Jennifer Cona, an elder- law attorney at Genser Dubow Genser Cona in Melville, N.Y. An advance care directive is the first lineof defense if a situation arises, says Kathleen Kelly, executive director of the Family Caregiver Alliance, which supports and educates caregivers. Without an advance directive, the family will have to petition the court to be appointed the parents legal guardian, says .[D] Its important for families to talk about long-term care so the adult children know their parents，preferences, wishes and goals, says Lynn Feinberg, a caregiving expert at AARP. But its not an easy conversation. Elderly parents are sometimes suspicious of their childrens financial motives, says Susan John, a financial plannerat Financial Focus in Wolfeboro, N.H. One client asked John to holda family meeting because they needed an intermediary to talk about financial issues, she says. And when there are many siblings, thefamily decisions can become a three-ring circus with much acrimony, says Ann-Margaret Carrozza, an elder-law attorney in Glen Cove, N.Y. Families who need information and help sorting out disagreements can call on elder-law attorneys, financial planners, geriatric care managers and caregiver support groups. In February, AARP said it will offer its members a new caregiving support service through financial services firm Genworth.[E] Many families are unprepared for quick decisions, especially when they find out that Medicare doesnt pay for long-term care, Feinberg says. The median cost of a year in a private room at a nursing home in 2023 was $77,745, according to Genworth. And only those who have spent most of their assets can qualify for Medicaid to pay for the nursing home.[ F] Assisted living is another option. Residents can have their own apartment to maintain some independence. But the facilities generally provide personal care services, such as meals, housekeeping and assistance with activities. Still, its not cheap: The national median cost in 2023 was $39,135, according to Genworth. Assisted living isnt covered by Medicaid.[G ] If they have a choice, at least 90% of elderly parentsprefer to stay at home as long as they can, according to。
英语四级改革后新题型长篇阅读7
英语四级改革后新题型长篇阅读7Another IntelligenceA:Emotional intelligence as a theory was first brought to public attention by the book Emotional Intelligence, Why It can Matter More Than IQ by Daniel Goleman, but the theory itself is, in fact, attributed to two Americans, John D Mayer and Peter Salovey. What is emotional intelligence exactly? According to Goleman, Emotional Intelligence consists of five key elements.B: The first is knowing one’s own emotions: being able to recognize that one is in an emotional state and having the ability to identify which emotion is being experienced, even if it is not a particularly comfortable feeling to admit to, e.g. jealously or envy.C: Emotional awarenes s can then lead to managing one’s emotions. This involves dealing with emotions, like jealousy, resentment, anger, etc, that one may have difficulty accepting by, perhaps, giving oneself comfort food, or doing nice things when one is feeling low. Many people do this instinctively by buying chocolate or treating themselves; others are able to wrap themselves in positive thoughts or ‘mother themselves’. There are, of course, many people who are incapable of doing this, and so need to be taught.D: The third area is self-motivation. Our emotions can simultaneously empower and hinder us, so it is important to develop the ability to control them.E: Strategies can be learnt whereby emotions are set aside to be dealt with at a later date. For example, when dealing with the success or good fortune of others, it is better not to suppress any negative emotion that arises. One just has to recognize it is there. And then one just needs to be extra careful when makingdecisions and not allow one’s emotions to cloud the i ssue, by letting them dictate how one functions with that person. The separation of logic and emotion is not easy when dealing with people.F: As social beings, we need to be able to deal with other people, which brings us to the next item on Goleman’s lis t, namely: recognizing emotions in other people. This means, in effect, having or developing ?social radar?, ie learning to read the weather systems around individual or groups of people. Obviously, leading on from this is the ability to handle relationships. If we can recognize, understand and then deal with other people’s emotions, we can function better both socially and professionally. Not being tangible, emotions are difficult to analyze and quantify, compounded by the fact thateach area in the list above, does not operate in isolation. Each of us has misread a friend’s or a colleague’s behavior to us and other people. The classic example is the shy person, categorized by some people as arrogant and distant and by others as lively and friendly and very personable. How can two different groups make a definitive analysis of someone that is so strikingly contradictory? And yet this happens on a daily basis in all our relationships —even to the point of misreading the behavior of those close to us! In the work scenario, this can cost money. And so it makes economic sense for business to be aware of it and develop strategies for employing people and dealing with their employees.G: All common sense you might say. Goleman himself has even suggested that emotional intelligence is just a new way of describing competence; what some people might call savior faire or savoir vivre. Part of the problem here is that society or someparts of society have forgotten that these skills ever existed and have found the need to re-invent them.H:But the emergence of Emotional Intelligence as a theory suggests that the family situations and other social interactions where social skills were honed in the past are fast disappearing, so that people now sadly need to bere-skilled.1. Emotional Intelligence as a theory is attributed to Mayer and Salovey.2. Having the ability to identify which emotion is being experienced belongs to knowing one's own emotions.3. Many people do nice things when they are feeling low.4. To develop the ability to control emotions is very important.5. The separation of logic and emotion is difficult when dealing with people.6. In order to be able to deal with other people,we need to recognize emotions in other people7. Employers can be aware of recognizing emotions in other people and develop strategies.8. Many people are incapable of managing their emotions, and so need to be taught.9. Goleman links Emotional Intelligence to competence.10. The fact that the idea of Emotional Intelligence has emerged suggests that social interactivities are becoming less frequent.答案：1.【线索词】theory【解析】选段落A。
大学英语四级阅读理解新题型解题技巧
大学英语四级阅读理解新题型解题技巧自2013年12月起，全国大学英语四、六级考试委员会对四、六级考试的试卷结构和测试题型作局部调整。
大学英语四级考试改革后，阅读理解新题型包括长篇阅读和篇章仔细阅读两部分，旨在测试考生在不同层面上的词汇掌握情况和阅读理解能力，本文将从理解篇章和段落的主旨大意及事实细节、推测判断以及根据上下文推测词义等方面进行分析和比较，并为考生提供相应的应试技巧和方法。
1 篇章和段落主旨大意及重要细节无论是长篇阅读还是篇章仔细阅读，在涉及篇章和段落主旨大意题型时，一般通常先简要地介绍文章的总体内容、写作目的或引出文章主题，然后再具体介绍细节。
因此，考生只需阅读文章的每个段落及归纳的各个小标题，就可以判断考题属于哪种类型。
如阅读到以下例句时，考生可以推断出是主旨类型的考题，如下：（1）The passage is mainly about______.（2）What is the main idea of…？（3）What is the main concern of…？（4）What is the author’s purpose／aim／goal in writing the passage？在备考此类考题时，考生应仔细阅读文章的第1段段首段尾或最后一段段尾，往往是整篇文章主题的所在_；其次，每一段的段首或段尾句有时是该段的主题句，概括主题可以从归纳每段的要点开始，最后将各段要点集中概括，进而归纳出全文的主题思想。
在解答事实细节题型时，考生应仔细辨别以下的命题方式通常有以下几种：（1）What characterizes…according to the author？（2）What do critics say about…？（3）Why do the author feel that？（4）According to the passage，when（where，why，how，who，etc.）…？（5）The following statements about…are NOT true EXCEPT______.考生如读到以上类似例句时可以判断是事实细节的考题，而该类型的阅读理解题目通常以举例，引言，转折关联，对比关联，因果关联，复合从句，现在分词和过去分词，特殊标点符号及比较级和最高级的命题方式出现。
英语四级改革后新题型 长篇阅读9
Hate Your Job? Here's How to Reshape It Once upon a time, if you hated your job, you either quit or A)bit your lip. These days, a group of researchers is trumpeting a third option: shape your job so ifs more fruitful than futile. We often get trapped into thinking about our job as a list B)Amy responsibilities, says things to do and a list of ofof School the Wrzesniewski, an associate professor at Yale Management. But what if you set aside that mind-set? If you start you do, she says, who would you could adjust what talking to, what other tasks would you take on, and who would you work with?her and make livelihoods more lively, Wrzesniewski C) Toa Justin Berg have developed and colleagues Jane Dutton with 're working call methodology they job-crafting. TheyFortune 500 companies, smaller firms and business schools toto is idea way Americans think about work. The change the ones---more 平(凡的) all make jobs--even mundaneand to brainstorm employees meaningful by empowering implement subtle but significant workplace adjustments. Step 1: Rethink Your Job--Creatively dragging to is up peopledefault D)The some wakethemselves to work and facing a list of things they have to do, 10/ 1says Wrzesniewski. So in the job-crafting process, the first step how You first analyze to think about your job holistically. is much time, energy and attention you devote to your various ). See I0 perfect tasks. Then you reflect on that allocation( 分配jobs for the recession--and after.s Bees, E) T ake, for example, a maintenance technician at Burt'in was interested products. which makes personal-care Hejob of his wasn't part that process engineering, though description. To alter the scope of his day-to-day activities, the time some if he could spend technician asked a supervisors manufacturing 'studying an idea he had for making the firmhelpful, His ideas proved energy-efficient. procedures moreand now process engineering is part of the scope of his work. Barbara Fredrickson, author of Positivity and a professor of F)psychology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, s crucial for people to pay attention to their workday 'says itemotions. Doing so, she says, will help you discover whichmost most life-giving-and your aspects of work arelife-draining.G) Many of us get stuck in ruts (惯例). Berg, a Ph.D. student at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania who helped develop the job-crafting methodology, says we all10/ 2benefit from periodically rethinking what we do. Even in the of have a certain amount jobs, most constraining people wiggle room, he says. Small changes can have a real impact on life at work.Step 2: Diagram Your DayTo lay the groundwork for change, job-crafting participants H)assemble diagrams detailing their workday activities. The firstobjective is to develop new insights about what you actually integrate ways to dream up fresh do at work. Then you can motives strengths, calls job-crafting exercise your what the lists task routine. You convert and passions into your daily after an result is building into flexible blocks. The end diagram that can serve as a map for specific changes.I) lna Lockau-Vogel, a management consultant who participated in a recent job-crafting workshop, says theexercise helped her adjust her priorities. Before, 1 would spend so much time reacting to requests and focusing on urgent tasks that I never had time to address the real important issues. As part of the job-crafting process, she decided on a strategy for delegating and outsourcing (外包) more of her administrative responsibilities.10/ 3to counsel, to business books that managers J) In contrast influence workers through incentives, job-crafting focuses on what employees themselves can do to re-envision and adjust what they do every day. Given that according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, it now takes the average job seeker more than s crucial to make the most six months to find a new position, it've got.of the job you' Step 3: Identify Job Loves and Hates) how you think about your job, you K) By reorienting (使适应free yourself up for new ideas about how to restructure yourake an IT worker who hates dealing workday time and energy. Tenjoy might incompetent callers. He with technologically teaching more than customer service. By spending more time as treating help-line callers instructing colleagues--andcurious students of tech--the disgruntled IT person can make the most of his 9-to-5 position.Ross 's the at University of MichiganDutton, L) a professor auto-industry local she has seen of School Business, says workers benefit from the job-crafting process. They come in this hours two on spending but worn looking down, after exercise, they come away thinking about three or four things they can do differently.10/ 4They start to recognize they have more control over their M)with parmered Dutton, who work than they realized, says Wrzesniewski on the original job-crafting research.Step 4: Put Your Ideas into Action list participants thejob-crafting process, N)To concludemeeting one-0n-one Many plan a specific follow-up steps: Others new project ideas. with a supervisor to propose tasks. about trading certain connect with colleagues to talk Berg says as long as their goals are met, many managers are happy to let employees adjust how they work.活t about revenue, per se, but juicing up ( Job-craftingisn'O)the beefing up end employee engagement may up 跃) bottom line. Amid salary, job and benefit cuts, more and more50% more than Surveys show that disgruntled. workers are and Berg they do. Dutton, 'arent happy with whatboost can emphasizing enjoyment Wrzesniewski argue that up and jacking by lowering turnover rates efficiencyt rid you of a lousy boss or a 'productivity. Job-crafting wonjob remedies for does salary, but it offer some subpart ditch or switch a job, at least make 'dissatisfaction. If you canit more likable.10/ 51. A long time ago when a person hated his/her job,he/she will resign or bear it.2. Amy Wrzesniewski think job could be adjusted.3. Your first thing to do in the job-crafting process is to think about your job wholly .4. The idea of a maintenance technician at Burt's Bees turned out to be helpful and energy-efficient.5. Berg's suggestion about work is to rethink and make small changes.6. According to Ina Lockau-Vogel, the benefit fromjob-crafting is that it helps her set priorities properly.7. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, thesituation in job market is ---it is difficult to find a job.8. Dutton has seen that local auto-industry workers 10/ 6profit from the job-crafting process.9. According to Berg, if the job-crafting process is successful, the supervisors are willing to let employees adjust what to do.10. If you can't quit your job, using job-crafting may at least offer some remedies for job dissatisfaction.答案：文章精要日常生活中，人们往往认为工作是一些不得不做的任务、不得不承担的责任。
英语四级改革后新题型 长篇阅读5
Education Study Finds U. S. FallingBehindA Teachers in the United States earn less relative to national income than their counterparts in many industrialized countries, yet they spend far more hours in front of the classroom, according to a major new international study.B The salary differentials are part of a pattern of relatively low public investment in education in the United States compared with other member nations of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, a group in Paris that compiled the report. Total government spending on educational institutions in the United States slipped to 4.8 percent of gross domestic product in 1998, falling under the international average — 5 percent — for the first time.C “The whole economy has grown faster than the education system,” Andreas Schleicher, one of the reports’authors,explained. “The economy has done very well, but teachers have not fully benefit.” The report, due out today, is the sixth on education published since1991 by the organization of 30 nations, founded in 1960, and now covering much of Europe, North America, Japan, South Korea, Australia and New Zealand.D In addition to the teacher pay gap, the report shows the other countries have begun to catch up with the United States in higher education: college enrollment has grown by 20 percent since 1995across the group, with one in four young people now earning degrees. For the first time, the United States’college graduation rate, now at 33percent, is not the world’s highest. Finland,the Netherlands, New Zealand and Britain have surpassed it.E The United States is also producing fewer mathematics and science graduates than most of the other member states.And, the report says, a college degree produces a greater boostin income here while the lack of a high school diploma imposes a bigger income penalty. “The number of graduates is increasing, but that stimulates even more of a demand —there is no end in sight,” Mr. Schleicher said. “The demand for skill, clearly,is growing faster than the supply that is coming from schools and colleges.”F The report lists the salary for a highschool teacher in the United States with 15 years experience as $36,219, above the international average of $31,887but behind seven other countries and less than 60 percent of Switzerland’s$62,052.Because teachers in the Unites States have a heavier classroom load —teaching almost a third more hours than their counterparts abroad — their salary per hour of actual teaching is $35, less than the international average of $41 (Denmark, Spain and Germany pay more than $50 per teaching hour, South Korea $77). In 1994, such a veteran teacher in the United States earned 1.2 times the average per capita income whereas in 1999 the salary was just under the national average. Only the Czech Republic, Hungary,Iceland and Norway pay their teachers less relative to national income; in South Korea, teachers the actual teaching salary earn 2.5 times the nationa laverage. Teacher pay accounts for 56 percent of what the United States spends on education, well below the 67 percent average among the group of countries.G The new data come as the United States faces a shortage of two million teachers over the next decade, with questions of training, professionalism and salaries being debated by politicians local and national. Joost Yff, an international expert at the American Association of Colleges of Teacher Education, said training for teachers is comparable among most of the nations in the study, and that they are all dealing with similar issues of raising standards and increasingprofessionalism.H Though the United States lags behind in scores on standardized tests in science and mathematics, students here get more instruction in those subjects, the report shows. The average 14-year-old American spent 295 hours in math and science classes in 1999, far more than the229 international average; only Austria(370 hours), Mexico (367)and New Zealand(320) have more instruction in those subjects. Middle-schoolers here spend less time than their international counterparts studying foreign languages and technology, but far more hours working on physical education and vocational skills. High school students in the United States are far more likely to have part-time jobs: 64 percent of Americans ages 15 to19 worked while in school, compared with an international average of 31 percent(only Canada and the Netherlands, with 69 percent, and Denmark,with 75 percent, were higher).I One place the United States spends more money is on special services for the disabled and the poor. More than one in four children here are in programs based on income — only five other countries serve even 1 in 10— and nearly 6 percent get additional resources based on physical or mental handicaps,twice or three times the rate in other countries.J The report shows a continuing shift in which the United States is losing its status as the most highly educated among the nations. The United States has the highest level of high school graduates ages 55 to 64, but falls to fifth, behind Norway, Japan, South Korea, the Czech Republic and Switzerland, among ages 25 to 34. Among college graduates, it leads in the older generation but is third behind Canada and Japan in the younger cohort (一群). While the portion of Americans with high school diplomas remains at 88 percent across age groups, the average age among member countries is rising. It has gone from 58 percent of those ages 45 to 54, to 66percent of those ages 35 to 44 and 72 percent of those ages 25 to 34. A higher percentage of young people in Norway,Japan, South Korea, the Czech Republic and Switzerland have degrees than in the United States.K “The U.S. has led the development in college education and making education sort of accessible for everyone,”Mr.Schleicher said. “It’s now becoming the norm.”1. Compared with their counterparts in many industrialized countries, the U.S. teachers work longer.2. The U.S. government spent 4.8% of its GDP on education in 1998.3. From the passage we learn about Finland surpasses the U.S.in college graduation rate.4. When the number of graduates in the U.S.increases, the demand for them is rising.5. The new study shows that the actual teaching salary per hour in the U.S. is $35.6. In the report, the U.S.students’ study of science and mathematics get most instruction in those subjects in the OECD.7. Compared with those in other OECD countries, high school students in the U.S. spend more time in in physical education and vocational skills.8. It is for the special services for the disabled and the poor that the United States pays more money than other OECD countries.9. Those who have high school diplomas in the U. S. account for 88percent of the Americans of all ages.10. According to Mr. Schleicher, the U.S.is becoming the norm in making education accessible for everyone and college education.答案：1.A2.B3.D4.E5.F6.H7.H8.I9.J10.K。
大学英语四级改革后新题型解析
大学英语四级改革后新题型解析大学英语四级改革后新题型解析一、试卷描述四级和六级的试卷结构、测试内容、测试题型、分值比例和考试时间如下表所示：二、新题型说明1. 单词及词组听写原复合式听写调整为单词及词组听写，短文长度及难度不变。
要求考生在听懂短文的基础上，用所听到的原文填写空缺的单词或词组，共10题。
短文播放三遍。
建昆点评：从样卷看，10个答案中，共短语占2~3个。
单词拼写难度两张试卷难度依然比较模糊，例如四级可以考到appropriately这样的难词，而六级也可以考出romantic这种四级在1998年就考过的词汇。
几乎所有人都认为，取消句子听写会使得听写难度减弱，恰恰相反，这只会使考生的偶然得分率提高，而考生长期忽视听写和拼写的事实会导致必然失分率的增加。
因为在过去的句子听写中，整句2%的分值可以至少保证考生写出句子中部分较为简单的单词继而得分，而新试卷中，一词(或一个短语)占1%的设计，会让得分和失分出现在转瞬之间。
你不妨做个测试，先看看以下几个中文词组，看能写出几个?然后看下拉看答案。
易受伤害的; 聪明的; 抽象的; 把事情搞清楚;答案：Vulnerable intelligent abstract figuring things out策略：请确认，在每次做完听力题目之后，题目选项和对应原文(答案区域)中全部单词短语保证拼写成功。
不用急，稍后，在考前约一个月，建昆老师的微信将开始播发每日听写训练。
2. 长篇阅读原快速阅读理解调整为长篇阅读理解，篇章长度和难度不变。
篇章后附有10个句子，每句一题。
每句所含的信息出自篇章的某一段落，要求考生找出与每句所含信息相匹配的段落。
有的段落可能对应两题，有的段落可能不对应任何一题。
建昆点评：这种设置，在雅思阅读中被称之为“段落信息匹配题”，经典之处在于迷惑力强。
请关注这句话：有的段落可能对应两题，有的'段落可能不对应任何一题。
按样卷的设置：四级本题共计9段，对应10题，这意味着必有一段对应两题;六级本题共计15段，对应10题，这意味着必有5题是纯干扰段。
英语四级改革后新题型 长篇阅读4
Definitions of ObesityA: How does one define when a person is considered to be obese and not just somewhat overweight? Height-weight tables give an approximate guideline as to whether one is simply overweight or has passed into the obese stage.B:The World Health Organization recommends using a formula that takes into account a person's height and weight. The "Body Mass Index" (BMI) is calculated by dividing the person's weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters, and is thus given in units of kg/m2. A BMI of 18.5-24.9 is considered to be the healthiest. A BMI of between 25 and 29.9 is considered to be overweight, while a BMI of over 30 is considered to be obese.C:However, it is recognized that this definition is limited as it does not take into account such variables as age, gender and ethnic origin, the latter being important as different ethnic groups have very different fat distributions. Another shortcoming is that it is not applicable to certain very muscular people such as athletes and bodybuilders, whocan also have artificially high BMIs. Agencies such as the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) in the USA and the International Diabetes Foundation (IDF) are starting to define obesity in adults simply in terms of waist circumference.Health Effects of ObesityD: Over 2000 years ago, the Greek physician Hippocrates wrote that "persons who are naturally very fat are apt to die earlier than those who are slender". This observation remains very true today. Obesity has a major impact on a person's physical, social and emotional well-being. It increases the risk of developing diabetes mellitus type 2 ("mature onset diabetes") and also makes Type 2 diabetes more difficult to control. Thus weight loss improves the levels of blood glucose and blood fats, and reduces blood pressure. The association between obesity and coronary heart disease is also well-known.CancerE: Furthermore, in 2001 medical researchers established a link between being overweight and certain forms of cancer,and estimated that nearly 10,000 Britons per year develop cancer as a result of being overweight. This figure was made up of 5,893 women and 3,220 men, with the strongest associations being with breast and colon cancers. However, it is thought that being overweight may also increase the risk of cancer in the reproductive organs for women and in the prostate gland for men.F: The link between breast cancer and nutritional status is thought to be due to the steroid hormones oestrogen and progesterone, which are produced by the ovaries, and govern a woman's menstrual cycle. Researchers have found that the more a woman eats, or the more sedentary her lifestyle, the higher are the concentrations of progesterone. This link could explain why women from less affluent countries have lower rates of breast cancer. Women from less affluent nations tend to eat less food and to lead lifestyles which involve more daily movement. This lowers their progesterone level, resulting in lower predisposition to breast cancer.G:The Times newspaper, in 2002 reported that obesity was the main avoidable cause of cancer among non-smokers in theWestern world!AgingH: Research published by St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK in 2005 showed a correlation between body fat and aging, to the extent that being obese added 8.8 years to a woman's biological age. The effect was exacerbated by smoking, and a non-overweight woman who smokes 20 cigarettes a day for 20 years added 7.4 years to their biological age. The combination of being obese and a smoker added at least ten years to a woman’s biological age, and although the study only involved women, the lead researcher Professor Tim Spector believes the finding would also apply to men.I:The aging effect was determined by measuring the length of telomeres, tiny "caps" on the ends of chromosomes, which help protect the DNA from the ageing process. Indeed, telomeres have been dubbed the "chromosomal clock" because, as an organism ages, they become progressively shorter, and can be used to determine the age of the organism. Beyond a certain point, the telomere becomes so short that it is no longer ableto prevent the DNA of the chromosome from falling apart. It is believed that excess body fat, and the chemicals present in tobacco smoke release free radicals which trigger inflammation. Inflammation causes the production of white blood cells which increases the rate of erosion of telomeres.DementiaJ:Recent research (2005) conducted in the USA shows that obesity in middle age is linked to an increased risk of dementia, with obese people in their 40s being 74% more likely to develop dementia compared to those of normal weight. For those who are merely overweight, the lifetime risk of dementia risk was 35% higher.K:Scientists from the Aging Research Centre at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden have been able to take information such as age, number of years in education, gender, body mass index, blood pressure level, physical activity and genetic factors, assigning each a risk score. They then used this information to devise a predictive test for dementia. This test will enable people at risk, for the first time, tobe able to affect lifestyle changes which will reduce their risk of contracting dementia.Other ProblemsL: The world-wide upsurge in obesity, particularly in children, is of major economic concern, liable to drain economies. Of further concern is that research conducted in Australia and published in 2006, shows that up to one third of breech pregnancies were undetected by the traditional "palpation" examination, the danger being greatest for those women who are overweight or obese—a growing proportion of mothers. This means that such women are not getting the treatment required to turn the baby around in time for the birth, and in many cases require an emergency Caesarean section.M:This is a true health-care crisis, far bigger than Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and ultimately, even bigger than AIDS.1. You can judge whether one is simply overweight or has passed into the obese stage according to the height-weighttable.2. Using the "Body Mass Index"to define a person's weight ideal is limited, because it does not takes into account many variables such as age, gender and ethnic origin.3. A person's emotional well-being would be affected by obesity.4. Obesity has something to do with cancer in the prostate gland for man.5. Women from less affluent nations tend to have much less breast cancer.6. A non-overweight woman who smokes 20 cigarettes a day for 20 years added7.4 years to her biological age.7. The excess body fat, like the chemicals present in tobacco smoke, can lead to inflammation.8. Obese people in middle age run an increased risk ofdementia .9. The predictive test for dementia will help people to affect lifestyle changes that will reduce their risk of contracting dementia.10. The world-wide upsurge in obesity, particularly in children, will possibly drain economies.答案：1. A2. C3. D4. E5. F6. H7. I8. J9. K10. L。
2021年大学英语四级阅读理解改革新题型匹配题附答案与解析最新版
大学英语四级阅读理解改革新题型（附答案和解析）Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section B(原迅速阅读理解调节为长篇阅读理解，篇章长度和难度不变。
篇章后附有10个句子，每句一题。
每句所含信息出自篇章某一段落，规定考生找出与每句所含信息相匹配段落。
) Directions：In this section，you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statementcontains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived.You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions bymarking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Caring for elderly parents catches many unprepared[A ] Last July，Julie Baldocchi，s mother had a massive stroke and was paralyzed. Baldocchi suddenly had to become a family caregiver，something that she wasn"t prepared for. “I was flying by the seat of my pants,” says Baldocchi，an employment specialist in San Francisco. Both of her parents are 83，and she knew her father couldn’t handle her mother’s care. The hospital recommended putting her mother in a nursing h ome. Baldocchi wasn’t willing to do that. But moving her back into her parents’ home created other problems. Baldocchi，48，is married and lives about a mile away from her parents. She has a full-time job and has back problems that make it difficult for her to lifther mother. “I couldn’t do it all,” she says. “But I didn’t even know how to find help.”[B] With help from the Family Caregiver Alliance，she eventually hired a live-in caregiver. “But even if you plan intellectually and legally，you’re never read y for the emotional impact,” Baldocchi says. In the first two months after her mother’s stroke，she lost about 30 pounds as stress mounted. More than 42 million Americans provide family caregiving for an adult who needs help with daily activities，according to a survey by the AARP. An additional 61.6 million provided at least some care during the year. And many are unprepared.[C] While many parents lack an advance care directive，it’s the most basic and important step they can take. The directive includes several parts，including：a durable power of attorney，which gives someone legal authority to make financial decisions on another’s behalf；a health care proxy，which is similar to the power of attorney，except it allows someone to make decisions regarding medical treatment；and a living will that outlines instructions for end-of-life care. (For example，parents can say if they want to be kept alive by artificial measures.) “It’s invaluable for the kids，because it’s hard to make those decisions for a parent,” says Jennifer Cona，an elder- law attorney at Genser Dubow Genser & Cona in Melville，N.Y. An advance care directive is the first line of defense if a situation arises，says Kathleen Kelly，executive director of the Family Caregiver Alliance，which supports and educates caregivers. Without an advance directive，the family will have to petition the court to be appointed the parent’s legal guardian，says .[D] It’s important for families to talk about long-term care so the adult children know their parents，preferences，wishes and goals，says Lynn Feinberg，a caregiving expertat AARP. But it’s not an easy conversation. Elderly parents are sometimes suspicious of their children’s financial motives，says Susan John，a financial planner at Financial Focus in Wolfeboro，N.H. One client asked John to hold a family meeting because they needed an intermediary to talk about financial issues，she says. And when there are many siblings，the family decisions can become a three-ring circus with much acrimony，says Ann-Margaret Carrozza，an elder-law attorney in Glen Cove，N.Y. Families who need information and help sorting out disagreements can call on elder-law attorneys，financial planners，geriatric care managers and caregiver support groups. In February，AARP said it will offer its members a new caregiving support service through financial services firm Genworth.[E] Many families are unprepared for quick decisions，especially when they find out that Medicare doesn’t pay for long-term care，Feinberg says. The median cost of a year in a private room at a nursing home in was $77,745，according to Genworth. And only those who have spent most of their assets can qualify for Medicaid to pay for the nursing home.[ F] Assisted living is another option. Residents can have their own apartment to maintain some independence. But the facilities generally provide personal care services，such as meals，housekeeping and assistance with activities. Still，it’s not cheap：The national median cost in was $39,135，according to Genworth. Assisted living isn’t covered by Medicaid.[G ] If they have a choice，at least 90% of elderly parents prefer to stay at home as long as they can，according toAARP research. But if the parents can no longer safely live at home，it can be hard for children to move them into an adult care facility. There may be another option. Sometimes the home can be modified so a parent can stay there. For example，Baldocchi put in a chair lift for her mother. She also arranged for a home caregiver.[H] Family caregivers take over many responsibilities. One might manage a parent’s finances，while another sibling will take the parent to doctors" appointments and shopping. Those who move in with a parent take on a significant and sustained burden of care. Jan Walker moved into her mother’s home in Leesburg，Fla. After her mother，who is 83，had fallen，she wasn’t able to get around as well. Walker，55，has three brothers. But she is the only daughter，is divorced and has no children. “I always knew that this was the role that I would have，and I gu ess my mind was prepared for it,” says Walker，who now is a full-time caregiver and works from home as a tutorial instructor for a digital scrapbooking website. “When you get into the trenches，it’s literally baptism by fire,” she says. “New things come up. It’s not just about advance planning for finances or medical care. It’s everything,” she says.[I ] Caregivers need to also watch their own health. “There is such a thing as caregiver burnout，” Cona says. Among female caregivers 50 and older，20% reported symptoms of depression，according to a study on working caregivers by MetLife. “It’s a hard job,” Walker says. “But most worthwhile things are hard. She was always there for me when I needed a helping hand. It’s only natural that I be here for her now.”46. When elderly parents cannot live at home safely，their children can change their home instead of sending them to an adult care facility.47. To talk about long-term care is not easy because sometimes aged parents are suspicious of their children’s fi nancial motives.48. Besides advance planning for finances or medical care，family caregivers take over many other responsibilities.49. The difference between a durable power of attorney and a health care proxy is that the latter allows someone to make decisions regarding medical treatment.50. Baldocchi did not want to send her mother to a nursing home，but she had difficulty taking care of her.51. Over 42 million caregivers helped an adult with everyday activities in the USA in .52. If a family needs information or help to sort out disagreements，there are many people they can call on.53. Caregivers should pay attention to their own health，or they may burn out or become depressed.54. One will have to petition the court to be the parent’s le gal guardian，if there is no advance directive.55. The national median cost of assisted living in was $39,135 and it is not covered by Medicaid.Section B46. [G]。
2023年专四阅读真题改革后
PART V READING COMPREHENSION [35 MIN] SECTION A MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONSIn this section there are three passages followed by ten multiple choice questions. For each multiple choice question, there are four suggested answer marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO. PASSAGE ONE(1) When I was twenty-seven years old, I was a mining-broker’s clerk in San Francisco, and an expert in all the details of stock traffic. I was alone in the world, and had nothing to depend upon but my wits and a clean reputation; but these were setting my feet in the road to eventual fortune, and I was content with the prospect. My time was my own after the afternoon board, Saturdays, and I was accustomed to putting it in on a little sail-boat on the bay. One day I ventured too far, and was carried out to sea. Just at nightfall, when hope was about gone, I was picked up by a small ship which was bound for London. It was a long and stormy voyage, and they made me work my passage without pay, as a common sailor. When I stepped ashore in London my clothes were ragged and shabby, and I had only a dollar in my pocket. This money fed and sheltered me twenty-four hours. During the next twenty-four I went without food and shelter.(2) About ten o’clock on the following morning, dirty and hungry, I was dragging myself along Portland Place, when a child that was passing, towed by a nurse-maid, tossed a big pear –minus one bite – into the gutter. I stopped, of course, and fastened my desiring eye on that muddy treasure. My mouth watered for it, my stomach craved it, my whole being begged for it. But every time I made a move to get it some passing eye detected my purpose, and of course I straightened up then, and looked indifferent and pretended that I hadn’t been thinking about the pear at all. This same think kept happening and happening, and I couldn’t get the pear.(3) I was just getting desperate enough to brave all the shame, and to seize it, when a window behind me was raised, and a gentleman spoke out of it, saying: “Step in here, please.”(4) I was admitted by a man servant, and shown into a sumptuous room where a couple of elderly gentlemen were sitting. They sent away the servant, and made me sit down. They had just finished their breakfast, and the sight of the remains of it almost overpowered me. I could hardly keep my wits together in the presence of that food, but as I was not asked to sample it, I had to bear my trouble as best as I could.(5) Now, something had been happening there a little before, which I did not know anything about until a good many days afterwards, but I will tell you about it now. Those two old brothers had been having a pretty hot argument a couple of days before, and had ended by agreeing to decide it by a bet, which is the English way of settling everything.(6) You will remember that the Bank of England once issued two notes of a million pounds each, to be used for a special purpose connected with some public transaction with a foreign country. For some reason or other only one of these had been used and canceled; the other still lay in the vaults of the Bank. Well, the brothers, chatting along, happened to get to wondering what might be the fate of a perfectly honest and intelligent stranger who should be turned adrift in London without a friend, and with no money but that million-pound bank-note, and no way to account for his being in possession of it. Brother A said he would starve to death; Brother B said he wouldn’t. Brother A said he couldn’t offer it at a bank or anywhere else, because he would be arrested on the spot. So they went on disputing till Brother B said he would bet twenty thousand pounds that the man would live thirty days, anyway, on that million, and keep out of jail, too. Brother A took him up. Brother B went down to the Bank and bought that note. Then he dictated a letter, which one of his clerks wrote out in a beautiful round hand, and then the two brothers sat at the window a whole day watching for the right man to give it to.(7) I finally became the pick of them.41. In Para. 1, the phrase “set my feet” probably means ____.A. put me asideB. prepare meC. let me walkD. start my journey42. It can be concluded from Para. 2 that ____.A. the man wanted to maintain dignity though starvedB. the man could not get a proper chance to eat the pear.C. the man did not really want the pear since it was dirtyD. it was very difficult for the man to get the pear43. Compared with Brother A, Brother B was more ____ towards the effect of the one-million-pound bank-note on a total stranger.A. neutralB. negativeC. reservedD. positivePASSAGE TWO(1) The concept of peace is a very important one in cultures all over the world. Think about how we greet people. In some languages, the phrases for greetings contain the word for peace. In some cultures we greet people by shaking hands or with another gesture to show that we are not carrying weapons – that we come in peace. And there are certain symbols which people in very different cultures recognize as representing peace. Let’s look at a few of them.The dove(2) The dove has been a symbol of peace and innocence for thousands of years in many different cultures. In ancient Greek mythology it was a symbol of love and the renewal of life. In ancient Japan a dove carrying a sword symbolized the end of war.(3) There was a tradition in Europe that if a dove flew around a house where someone wasdying then their soul would be at peace. And there are legends which say that the devil can turn himself into any bird except for a dove. In Christian are, the dove was used to symbolize the Holy Ghost and was often painted above Christ’s head.(4) But it was Pablo Picasso who made the dove a modern symbol of peace when he used it on a poster for the World Peace Congress in 1949.The rainbow(5) The rainbow is another ancient and universal symbol, often representing the connection between human beings and their gods. In Greek mythology it was associated with Iris, the goddess who brought messages from the gods on Mount Olympus. In Scandinavian mythology the rainbow was a bridge between the gods and the earth. In the Bible a rainbow showed Noah that the Biblical flood was finally over, and that God had forgiven his people. In the Chinese tradition, the rainbow is a common symbol for marriage because the colours represent the union of yin and yang. Nowadays the rainbow is used by many popular movements for peace and the environment, representing the possibility of a better world in the future and promising sunshine after the rain.Mistletoe(6) This plant was sacred in many cultures, generally representing peace and love. Most people know of the tradition of kissing under the mistletoe at Christmas time, which probably comes from Scandinavian mythology. The goddess Freya’s son was killed by an arrow made of mistletoe, so, in honour of him, she declared that it would always be a symbol of peace. It was often hung in doorways as a sign of friendship.(7) The ancient Druids believed that hanging mistletoe in your doorway protected you from evil spirits. Tribes would stop fighting for a period of time if they found a tree with mistletoe. But you will never see mistletoe in a Christian church – it is banned because of its associations with pagan religion and superstition.The olive branch(8) The olive tree has always been a valuable source of food and oil. In Greek mythology, the goddess Athena gave the olive tree to the people of Athens, who showed their gratitude by naming the city after her. But no one knows for sure when or why it began to symbolize peace. There is probably a connection with ancient Greece. Wars between states were suspended during the Olympic Games, and the winners were given crowns of olive branches. The symbolism may come from the fact that the olive tree takes a long time to produce fruit, so olives could only be cultivated successfully in long periods of peace. Whatever the history, the olive branch is a part of many modern flags symbolizing peace and unity. One well-known example is the United Nations symbol.The ankh(9) The ankh is an ancient symbol which was adopted by the hippie movement in the 1960s to represent peace and love. It was found in many Asian cultures, but is generally associated with ancient Egypt. It represented life and immortality. Egyptians were buried with an ankh, so that they could continue to live in the “afterworld”. The symbol was also found along the sides of the Nile, which gave life to the people. They believed that the ankh could control the flow of the river and make sure that there was always enough water.44. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?A. Concept of Peace.B. Popular Peace Symbols.C. Origin of Peace Symbols.D. Cultural Difference of Peace.45. The rainbow represents the connection between human beings and their gods in all the following countries EXCEPT _____.A. SwedenB. GreeceC. FinlandD. China46. In North Europe mistletoe was often hung in doorways to indicate_____.A. friendshipB. loveC. kinshipD. honour47. The origin of the ankh can date back to_____.A. the NileB. the “afterworld”C. the hippie movementD. ancient EgyptPASSAGE THREE(1)Two sides almost never change: That you can manipulate people into self-sufficiency and that you can punish them good citizenship.(2)The first manifests itself in our tireless search for the magical level at which welfare grants are big enough to meet basic needs but small enough to make low-paid work attractive. The second has us looking to the criminal justice system to cure behavior that is as much as anything the result of despair.(3)The welfare example is well known. We don’t want poor people to live in squalor or their children to be malnourished. But we also don’t want to subsidize the indolenc e of people who are too lazy to work. The first impulse leads us to provide housing, food stamps, medical care and a cash stipend for families in need. The second gets us to think about “workforce”.(4)We’ve been thinking about it for two reasons: the “nanny” problems of two high-ranking government officials (who hired undocumented foreigners as household helpers, presumablybecause they couldn’t find Americans to do the work) and President Clinton’s proposal to put a two-year limit on welfare.(5) Maybe so mething useful will come of Clinton’s idea, but I’m not all that hopeful. It looks to me like one more example of trying to manipulate people into taking care of themselves.(6) On the criminal justice side, we hope to make punishment tough enough to discourage crime bud not so tough as to clog our prisons with relatively minor offenders. Too short a sentence, we fear, will create contempt for the law. Too long a sentence will take up costly space better used for the violent and unremorseful.(7) Not only c an we never find the “perfect” punishment, our search for optimum penalties is complicated by our desire for fairness: to let the punishment fit the crime. The problem is that almost any punishment-even the disgrace of being charged with a crime - is sufficient to deter the middle class, while for members of the underclass, probation may be translated as “I beat it.”(8) So how can you use the system - welfare or criminal justice- to produce the behavior we want? The answer. I suspect is: You can’t.(9) We keep trying to use welfare and prison to change people - to make them think and behave the way we do - when the truth is the incentives work only for those who already think the way we do: who view today’s action with an eye on the future.(10) We will tak e lowly work (if that is all that’s available) because we believe we can make bad jobs work for us. We avoid crime not because we are better people but because we see getting caught as a future-wrecking disaster. We are guided by a belief that good things will happen for us in the future if we lake proper care of the present. Even under the worst of circumstances we believe we are in control of our lives.(11) And we have trouble understanding that not everybody believes as we believe. The welfare rolls, the prisons and the mean streets of our cities are full of people who have given up on their future. Without hope for the future, hard work at a low-paid job makes no sense. Workinghard in school, or pleasing a boss, or avoiding pregnancy makes no sense. The deadly disease is hopelessness. The lawlessness and poverty arc only the obvious symptoms.(12) I’m not advocating that we stop looking for incentives to move poor people toward self-sufficiency or that we stop punishing people for criminal behavior. There will always be some people who need help and some who deserve to be in jail.(13) All I’m saying is that the long-term answer both to welfare and the crime that plagues our communities is not to fine tune the welfare and criminal justice systems but to prevent our children from getting the disease of despair.(14) If we encourage our young people to believe in the future, and give them solid evidence for believing, we’ll find both crime and poverty shrinking to manageable proportions.48. What is the aut hor’s attitude towards Clinton’s proposal to welfare?A. Pessimistic.B. Optimistic.C. Suspicious.D. Sarcastic.49. It can be inferred from Para. 7 that optimum penalties are _____to the underclass.A. hopelessB. uselessC. frighteningD. humiliating50. Which of the following is the most appropriate title for the passage?A. Lawlessness and Poverty.B. Criminal Justice System.C. Welfare Grants.D. Disease of Despair.SECTION B SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONSIn this section there are five short answer questions based on the passages in Section A. Answer the questions with NO more than TEN words in the space provided on ANSWER SHEET TWO.PASSAGE ONE51. In Para. 4, what does the man mean by saying “I had to bear my trouble”?52. What can be inferred from the last sentence of the passage?PASSAGE TWO53. Why does the UN use the olive branch in its symbol?PASSAGE THREE54. According to the author, what balance should we keep in welfare?55. What does the author mean by saying “Even under the worst of circumstances, we believe we are in control of our lives” (Para. 10)?。
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英语四级改革后新题型--长篇阅读A: Pizza Hut was started in 1958, by two brothers in Wichita, Kansas. Frank and Dan Carney had the idea to open a pizza parlor. They borrowed $600 from their mother, and opened the very first Pizza Hut. In 1959, the first franchise unit opened in Topeka, Kansas. Almost a decade later, Pizza Hut would be serving one million customers a week in their 310 locations. In 1970, Pizza Hut was put on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol PIZ.B: In 1986, Pizza Hut introduced delivery service, something no other restaurant was doing. By the 1990's Pizza Hut sales had reached $4 billion worldwide. In 1998, Pizza Hut celebrated their 40th anniversary, and launched their famous campaign "The Best Pizzas Under One Roof." In 1996, Pizza Hut sales in the United States were over $5 million. Out of all the existing pizza chains, Pizza Hut had the largest market share, 46.4%. However, Pizza Hut's market share has slowly eroded because of intense competition from their rivals Domino's, Little Caesar's and newcomer Papa John's. Home delivery was a driving force for success, especially for Pizza Hut and Domino's.C: However, this forced competitors to look for new methods of increasing their customer bases. Many pizza chains decided to diversify and offer new non-pizza items such as buffalo wings, and Italian cheese bread. The current trend in pizza chains today is the same. They all try to come up with some newer, bigger, better, pizza for a low price. Offering special promotions and new pizza variations are popular today as well. For example, chicken is now a common topping found on pizzas.D: In the past, Pizza Hut has always had the first mover advantage. Their marketing strategy in the past has always been to be first. One of their main strategies that they still follow today is the diversification of the products they offer. Pizza Hut is always adding something new to their menu, trying to reach new markets. For example, in 1992 the famous buffet was launched in Pizza Hut restaurants worldwide. They were trying to offer many different food items for customers who didn't necessarily want pizza.E: Another strategy they used in the past and are still using is the diversification of their pizzas. Pizza Hut isalways trying to come up with some innovative way to make a pizza into something slightly different - different enough that customers will think it’s a whole new product. For example, let's look at some of the pizzas Pizza Hut has marketed in the past. In 1983, Pizza Hut introduced their Pan Pizza, which had a guarantee of being ready to eat in 5 minutes when dining at Pizza Hut restaurants. In 1993, they introduced the "BigFoot," which was two square feet of pizza cut into 21 slices. In 1995, they introduced "Stuffed Crust Pizza," where the crust would be filled with cheese. In 1997, they marketed "The Edge," which had cheese and toppings all the way to the edge of the pizza. Currently, they are marketing "The Big NewYorker," trying to bring the famous New York style pizza to the whole country.F: Another opportunity that Pizza Hut has is their new ordering online system. Anyone with Internet access can order whatever they wish and get it delivered to their house without even speaking to someone. This program has just been started, so we do not have any numbers to support whether or not it will be a success.G: Lastly, Pizza Hut has always valued customer service and satisfaction. In 1995, Pizza Hut began two customer satisfaction programs: a 1-800 number customer hotline, and a customer call-back program. These were implemented to make sure their customers were happy, and always wanted to return. In our plan, we will first give a situation analysis of current and relevant environmental conditions that affect our plan. Next, we will give a brief analysis of the current fast food industry, and any trends or changes that might occur in the future.H: However, the fact that Pizza Hut does have a restaurant to run is also a weakness. Pizza Hut has higher overhead costs, due to the restaurant that other competitors don't have to deal with. Another result of higher overhead costs is higher prices Pizza Hut must charge. Obviously, Pizza Hut is not the low cost producer. They rely on their quality pizza and good service to account for their higher prices.I: An indirect weakness that Pizza Hut has is that they have lost a lot of their customers and market share due tosuch intense competition with competitors. Pizza Hut's opportunities are almost endless. They can increase revenue with their new innovative pizzas, and increase brand loyalty with good customer service.J: Pizza Hut's number one threats are from their competitors. Currently, their closest competitor is Domino's Pizza. Domino's main competitive advantage over Pizza Hut is their price. It is generally lower than Pizza Hut. Also, Domino's was very profitable when they ran the promotional deal of delivering a pizza within 30 minutes. However, many lawsuits have been filed against Domino's in the past for reckless driving by their drivers, so Domino's withdrew the promotion. Little Caesar's is another one of Pizza Hut's competitors, right behind Domino's in market share. Little Caesar's is famous for offering large quantities of pizza for less money. Other competitors include Papa John's, Sbarro, and Pizza Inn.K: A problem facing all of the pizza chains is that each of their individual competitive advantages are pretty much everyone's competitive advantages. Most if not all the top pizza chains offer free delivery, and always have some sortof promotional deal offering large pizzas at reduced prices. Other competitors to take into consideration are frozen pizzas and make-it-yourself pizzas that are purchased in grocery stores. Some examples of these are Tombstone Pizzas, Boboli, and Di'Gornio pizzas.1. Pizza Hut expanded its business into many parts of the country by the time of 1969.2. Pizza Hut has not always dominated the market.3. buffalo wings, and Italian cheese bread are now commonly served at pizza restaurants.4. The diversification strategy is not to be the first mover.5. In Pizza Hut, a Pan Pizza was guaranteed to serve in 5 minutes.6. If you want a pizza from Pizza Hut delivered directly to your house, you have to have Internet access in the first place.7. In order to make sure their customers were happy, Pizza Hut introduced two customer satisfaction programs.8. The higher overhead costs of Pizza Hut obviously accounted for higher prices of their pizzas.9. The reason why Domino’s withdrew their promotionwas that they suffered legally from reckless driving by their drivers.10. Major pizza makers have to face the problem that their competitive advantages are the same.答案：1. A2. B3. C4. D5. E6. F7. G8. H9. J10. K。