毕业论文 外文文献
毕业论文(设计)外文文献翻译及原文
金融体制、融资约束与投资——来自OECD的实证分析R．SemenovDepartment of Economics，University of Nijmegen，Nijmegen（荷兰内梅亨大学，经济学院）这篇论文考查了OECD的11个国家中现金流量对企业投资的影响.我们发现不同国家之间投资对企业内部可获取资金的敏感性具有显著差异,并且银企之间具有明显的紧密关系的国家的敏感性比银企之间具有公平关系的国家的低.同时，我们发现融资约束与整体金融发展指标不存在关系.我们的结论与资本市场信息和激励问题对企业投资具有重要作用这种观点一致，并且紧密的银企关系会减少这些问题从而增加企业获取外部融资的渠道。
一、引言各个国家的企业在显著不同的金融体制下运行。
金融发展水平的差别(例如，相对GDP的信用额度和相对GDP的相应股票市场的资本化程度），在所有者和管理者关系、企业和债权人的模式中，企业控制的市场活动水平可以很好地被记录.在完美资本市场,对于具有正的净现值投资机会的企业将一直获得资金。
然而，经济理论表明市场摩擦，诸如信息不对称和激励问题会使获得外部资本更加昂贵，并且具有盈利投资机会的企业不一定能够获取所需资本.这表明融资要素，例如内部产生资金数量、新债务和权益的可得性，共同决定了企业的投资决策.现今已经有大量考查外部资金可得性对投资决策的影响的实证资料（可参考，例如Fazzari（1998）、 Hoshi(1991)、 Chapman（1996）、Samuel(1998））.大多数研究结果表明金融变量例如现金流量有助于解释企业的投资水平。
这项研究结果解释表明企业投资受限于外部资金的可得性。
很多模型强调运行正常的金融中介和金融市场有助于改善信息不对称和交易成本，减缓不对称问题,从而促使储蓄资金投着长期和高回报的项目,并且提高资源的有效配置（参看Levine（1997)的评论文章）。
因而我们预期用于更加发达的金融体制的国家的企业将更容易获得外部融资.几位学者已经指出建立企业和金融中介机构可进一步缓解金融市场摩擦。
《毕业论文中引用外文文献的技巧》
《毕业论文中引用外文文献的技巧》在撰写毕业论文时，引用外文文献是非常常见的情况。
正确地引用外文文献不仅可以提升论文的学术水平，还可以增加论文的可信度。
然而，许多学生在引用外文文献时常常遇到困惑和困难。
本文将介绍毕业论文中引用外文文献的技巧，帮助读者正确、规范地引用外文文献，提升论文的质量。
首先，毕业论文中引用外文文献时，应该注意以下几点：1. 确保引用文献的准确性：在引用外文文献时，务必确保文献信息的准确性，包括作者姓名、文献标题、期刊名称、出版日期等信息。
可以通过多个渠道核实文献信息，确保引用的文献是可信的。
2. 使用正确的引用格式：不同的学术领域和期刊可能有不同的引用格式要求，如APA、MLA、Chicago等。
在引用外文文献时，应该根据论文要求选择合适的引用格式，并严格按照格式要求进行引用。
3. 注意文献翻译问题：如果引用的外文文献需要翻译成中文，应该确保翻译的准确性和流畅性。
可以参考专业翻译工具或请教专业人士进行翻译，避免出现歧义或错误。
4. 注明文献来源：在引用外文文献时，应该注明文献的来源，包括文献的原文信息和翻译信息。
这样可以方便读者查找原始文献，增加引用的可信度。
5. 避免直译和抄袭：在引用外文文献时，应该避免直译和抄袭的情况。
可以适当进行文献内容的概括和改写，保持论文的原创性和学术性。
总之，正确地引用外文文献是撰写毕业论文的重要环节，需要认真对待。
通过遵循上述技巧，可以帮助读者规范引用外文文献，提升论文的学术水平和质量。
希望本文介绍的技巧对读者在毕业论文写作中有所帮助。
浙江大学本科毕业论文外文文献翻译
核准通过，归档资料。
未经允许，请勿外传!浙江大学本科毕业论文外文文献翻译The influence of political connections on the firm value of small and medium-sized enterprises in China政治关联在中国对中小型企业价值的影响1摘要中小型企业的价值受很多因素的影响,比如股东、现金流以及政治关联等.这篇文章调查的正是在中国政治关联对中小型企业价值的影响。
通过实验数据来分析政治关联对企业价值效益的影响.结果表明政府关联是关键的因素并且在中国对中小型企业的价值具有负面影响。
2重要内容翻译2。
1引言在商业界,有越来越多关于政治关联的影响的经济研究。
它们发现政治关联能够帮助企业确保有利的规章条件以及成功获得资源，比如能够最终提高企业价值或是提升绩效的银行贷款，这种政治关联的影响在不同的经济条件下呈现不同的效果。
在高腐败和法律制度薄弱的国家，政治关联对企业价值具有决定性因素1的作用.中国由高度集权的计划经济向市场经济转变，政府对市场具有较强的控制作用，而且有大量的上市企业具有政治关联。
中小型企业发展的很迅速，他们已经在全球经济环境中变得越来越重要。
从90年代起, 政治因素对中国的任何规模的企业来说都变得越来越重要,尤其是中小型企业的价值。
和其他的部门相比较，中小型企业只有较小的现金流，不稳定的现金流且高负债率.一方面，中小型企业改变更加灵活；另一方面,中小型企业在由于企业规模以及对银行来说没有可以抵押的资产，在筹资方面较为困难。
企业如何应对微观经济环境和政策去保证正常的企业活动，并且政治关联如何影响企业价值？这篇论文调查政治关联和企业价值之间的联系,并且试图去研究企业是否可以从政治关联中获利提升企业价值。
2.2定义这些中小型企业之所以叫中小型企业，是和管理规模有关。
对这些小企业来说，雇员很少，营业额较低,资金一般由较少的人提供,因此，通常由这些业主直接管理企业。
毕业论文英文参考文献与译文
Inventory managementInventory ControlOn the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion.The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility.Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored:First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments .Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field ofthese big boys, but also their simple modules inside the warehouse management functionality is defined as "inventory management" or "inventory control." This makes the already not quite understand what our inventory control, but not sure what is inventory control.In fact, from the perspective of broadly understood, inventory control, shouldinclude the following:First, the fundamental purpose of inventory control. We know that the so-called world-class manufacturing, two key assessment indicators (KPI) is, customer satisfaction and inventory turns, inventory turns and this is actually the fundamental objective of inventory control.Second, inventory control means. Increase inventory turns, relying solely on the so-called physical inventory control is not enough, it should be the demand and supply chain management process flow of this large output, and this big warehouse management processes in addition to including this link, the more important The section also includes: forecasting and order processing, production planning and control, materials planning and purchasing control, inventory planning and forecasting in itself, as well as finished products, raw materials, distribution and delivery of the strategy, and even customs management processes.And with the demand and supply chain management processes throughout the process, it is the information flow and capital flow management. In other words, inventory itself is across the entire demand and supply management processes in all aspects of inventory control in order to achieve the fundamental purpose, it must control all aspects of inventory, rather than just manage the physical inventory at hand.Third, inventory control, organizational structure and assessment.Since inventory control is the demand and supply chain management processes, output, inventory control to achieve the fundamental purpose of this process must be compatible with a rational organizational structure. Until now, we can see that many companies have only one purchasing department, purchasing department following pipe warehouse. This is far short of inventory control requirements. From the demand and supply chain management process analysis, we know that purchasing and warehouse management is the executive arm of the typical, and inventory control should focus on prevention, the executive branch is very difficult to "prevent inventory" for the simple reason that they assessment indicatorsin large part to ensure supply (production, customer). How the actual situation, a reasonable demand and supply chain management processes, and thus set the corresponding rational organizational structure and is a question many of our enterprisesto exploreThe role of inventory controlInventory management is an important part of business management. In the production and operation activities, inventory management must ensure that both the production plant for raw materials, spare parts demand, but also directly affect the purchasing, sales of share, sales activities. To make an inventory of corporate liquidity, accelerate cash flow, the security of supply under the premise of minimizing Yaku funds, directly affects the operational efficiency. Ensure the production and operation needs of the premise, so keep inventories at a reasonable level; dynamic inventory control, timely, appropriate proposed order to avoid over storage or out of stock; reduce inventory footprint, lower total cost of inventory; control stock funds used to accelerate cash flow.Problems arising from excessive inventory: increased warehouse space andinventory storage costs, thereby increasing product costs; take a lot of liquidity, resultingin sluggish capital, not only increased the burden of payment of interest, etc., would affect the time value of money and opportunity income; finished products and raw materials caused by physical loss and intangible losses; a large number of enterprise resource idle, affecting their rational allocation and optimization; cover the production, operation of the whole process of the various contradictions and problems, is not conducive to improve the management level.Inventory is too small the resulting problems: service levels caused a decline in the profit impact of marketing and corporate reputation; production system caused by inadequate supply of raw materials or other materials, affecting the normal production process; to shorten lead times, increase the number of orders, so order (production) costs; affect the balance of production and assembly of complete sets.NotesInventory management should particularly consider the following two questions:First, according to sales plans, according to the planned production of the goods circulated in the market, we should consider where, how much storage.Second, starting from the level of service and economic benefits to determine howto ensure inventories and supplementary questions.The two problems with the inventory in the logistics process functions.In general, the inventory function:(1)to prevent interrupted. Received orders to shorten the delivery of goods fromthe time in order to ensure quality service, at the same time to prevent out of stock.(2)to ensure proper inventory levels, saving inventory costs.(3)to reduce logistics costs. Supplement with the appropriate time interval compatible with the reasonable demand of the cargo in order to reduce logistics costs, eliminate or avoid sales fluctuations.(4)ensure the production planning, smooth to eliminate or avoid sales fluctuations.(5)display function.(6)reserve. Mass storage when the price falls, reduce losses, to respond to disasters and other contingencies.About the warehouse (inventory) on what the question, we must consider the number and location. If the distribution center, it should be possible according to customer needs, set at an appropriate place; if it is stored in central places to minimize the complementary principle to the distribution centers, there is no place certain requirements. When the stock base is established, will have to take into account are stored in various locations in what commodities.库存管理库存控制在谈到所谓“库存控制”的时候，很多人将其理解为“仓储管理”，这实际上是个很大的曲解。
毕业论文 外文翻译格式
毕业论文外文翻译格式毕业论文外文翻译格式在撰写毕业论文时，外文翻译是一个重要的环节。
无论是引用外文文献还是翻译相关内容，都需要遵循一定的格式和规范。
本文将介绍一些常见的外文翻译格式，并探讨其重要性和应用。
首先，对于引用外文文献的格式，最常见的是使用APA（American Psychological Association）格式。
这种格式要求在引用外文文献时，先列出作者的姓氏和名字的首字母，然后是出版年份、文章标题、期刊名称、卷号和页码。
例如：Smith, J. D. (2010). The impact of climate change on biodiversity. Environmental Science, 15(2), 145-156.在翻译外文文献时，需要注意保持原文的准确性和完整性。
尽量避免意译或添加自己的解释，以免歪曲原文的意思。
同时，还需要在翻译后的文献后面加上“译者”和“翻译日期”的信息，以便读者可以追溯翻译的来源和时间。
其次，对于翻译相关内容的格式，可以参考国际标准组织ISO（International Organization for Standardization）的格式。
这种格式要求在翻译相关内容时，先列出原文，然后是翻译后的文本。
例如：原文：The importance of effective communication in the workplace cannot be overstated.翻译：工作场所有效沟通的重要性不容忽视。
在翻译相关内容时，需要注意保持原文的意思和语气。
尽量使用准确的词汇和语法结构，以便读者能够理解和接受翻译后的内容。
同时，还需要在翻译后的文本后面加上“翻译者”和“翻译日期”的信息，以便读者可以追溯翻译的来源和时间。
此外，对于长篇外文文献的翻译，可以考虑将其分成若干章节，并在每个章节前面加上章节标题。
这样可以使读者更容易理解和阅读翻译后的内容。
毕业论文的外文文献
毕业论文的外文文献毕业论文的外文文献在撰写毕业论文时，外文文献的引用和参考是不可或缺的一部分。
外文文献提供了国际学术界的最新研究成果和观点，对于论文的深度和广度都起到了重要的推动作用。
本文将探讨毕业论文中外文文献的重要性以及如何有效引用和使用。
首先，外文文献在毕业论文中的重要性不言而喻。
随着全球化的发展，学术界的研究成果越来越国际化。
通过引用外文文献，我们可以了解到国际学术界对于某一领域的最新研究进展和观点，从而使我们的论文更加全面和具有说服力。
外文文献还可以为我们提供一些新的研究方法和理论框架，帮助我们拓展研究思路，提升论文的学术水平。
其次，如何有效引用和使用外文文献也是我们需要关注的问题。
首先，我们需要选择合适的外文文献。
在选择外文文献时，我们应该注重其权威性和可靠性。
一些知名的学术期刊和会议论文集是我们获取高质量外文文献的重要途径。
其次，我们需要理解和掌握外文文献的内容。
阅读外文文献可能会面临语言障碍，但我们可以通过查阅词典、翻译工具以及与他人的讨论来克服这一困难。
理解外文文献的内容是有效引用和使用的前提。
最后，我们需要在论文中恰当地引用外文文献。
引用外文文献时，我们应该注明作者、题目、出版年份等信息，并在参考文献列表中列出完整的引用信息。
同时，我们还应该注意避免过度引用外文文献，以免论文显得过于依赖他人的研究成果而缺乏创新性。
除了以上的一些基本要求之外，我们还可以通过一些技巧和策略来更好地利用外文文献。
首先，我们可以通过引用外文文献来支持自己的观点和论证。
外文文献往往能够提供更多的证据和数据，从而增强我们的论点的可信度。
其次，我们可以通过对比和分析多个外文文献的观点来得出自己的结论。
不同的学者和研究者可能对同一个问题有不同的看法和解释，我们可以通过比较和综合不同的观点来得出自己的独立见解。
此外，我们还可以通过对外文文献的引用来扩大论文的国际影响力。
一些知名的外文文献的引用可以为我们的论文增加学术声望和影响力，提升我们的研究的知名度。
毕业设计论文外文文献翻译
毕业设计(论文）外文文献翻译院系：财务与会计学院年级专业：201＊级财务管理姓名:学号：132148*＊*附件: 财务风险管理【Abstract】Although financial risk has increased significantly in recent years risk and risk management are not contemporary issues。
The result of increasingly global markets is that risk may originate with events thousands of miles away that have nothing to do with the domestic market。
Information is available instantaneously which means that change and subsequent market reactions occur very quickly。
The economic climate and markets can be affected very quickly by changes in exchange rates interest rates and commodity prices。
Counterparties can rapidly become problematic。
As a result it is important to ensure financial risks are identified and managed appropriately. Preparation is a key component of risk management。
【Key Words】Financial risk，Risk management，YieldsI. Financial risks arising1.1What Is Risk1.1.1The concept of riskRisk provides the basis for opportunity. The terms risk and exposure have subtle differences in their meaning. Risk refers to the probability of loss while exposure is the possibility of loss although they are often used interchangeably。
毕业论文外文文献
毕业论文外文文献Photography PenFilm director and critic Alexander Astruc's comments in today, wrote a famous:"Following a variety of other arts, especially painting, novel, film is rapidly becoming a tool to express ideas. It swept the market, a mall next to the theater's entertainment products. It is a well preserved image of the times methods. Now is gradually becoming a language, that is, the artist can use it to express themselves through a means of thinking, no matter how abstract this idea, or that it is also used as a kind of artists like prose or fiction a form to express their themes. So, I put this new era for film today called "photo pen" era, that era of writing, the use of the camera ……"Silent film attempts to use symbolic links to all the concept and meaning of the expression. We know, Lenovo exist in the image itself, naturally present in the film development process, there is the role of performance in each posture and expression, present in every word of in; also present in the camera movement, this movement linked to a piece of things, to link people and things ……"Obviously, that is, screenwriter making his own films. Or even say that there is no longer what the movie writer. Because, in such films, the playwright and director, there is nothing between significantdifferences and his film is not just a painting or performance of a scene the way, but a real way to write movies …… "Astruc's article have not been forgotten, because it used a very illustrative nature of the term - "Photography pen" - that educated young people began to consider the use of the French art of film such a practice. This is a tool to express ideas and feelings through it, like a novelist, film writer can, like, speak freely, she described the thoughts and feelings. Naturally, beyond reproach, the camera has become the pen with them to create.Is a writer, film director - or more accurately the performance of a French word - author. French film has been controlled in the hands of writers. If health is carne Pleasant creation, Spike for the DU Wei Will the creation. Moreover, the authors also controlled the director; onthis point, critics have begun to recognize that it is futile. Astruc and other followers were also noted between the author and the director, no longer exists any real difference. They believe, like many other art forms as works of art are often the perfect control by a person arising from, which must make large and heavy work condensed into one movie (creator) manageable level.To meet such a requirement, shall be the whole incident process more simple, realistic and more personalized way to take pictures, as less interference in the natural development of real events, real movie that came into being. This is for those people who want to become writers, is indeed a tempting proposal. The first representative of "New Wave" filmis widely used in the direct shot at the scene techniques, including improvisation shooting method.Another impact is the development of the wide-screen movies. In some ways, wide-screen movies are highly concise approach to the development of an important art form. As we have already discussed it, wide-screen to avoid too many"interpretative" clip.Therefore, the camera trying to be as a pen to a writer, as directly as the creative desire to shoot and it is able to achieve a high degree requirements concise closely related. At the same time, we will realize that this is not a "photo pen" by the application of this principle the only aspect. Directly in the filming and concise nature of the problem must be the theme and characters for the performance of the complexity of services. It is quite common in the novel; the film actually has very rare.The inevitable result of the development of these tendencies is another form of a new generation of film. Not is an early attention to the film industry veteran Pierre Melville next to the characteristics of such films had a wonderful definition:This is an excellent and film method. Shooting in natural scenes, there is no movie star, with little staff, very fast film, film did not release terms of security, not accredited, but also without any obligation.He said this film, later known as the new wave film school, the "New Wave."References:Karle Resize and Gavin Miller(The Technique of film Editing(Hastings House Publishers，1977，305-306(译文摄影笔电影导演兼评论家亚历山大?阿斯特吕克在当今的一篇著名评论里写道:“继其它各种艺术，特别是绘画、小说之后，电影正在迅速地成为一种表达思想的工具。
毕业论文外文出处
毕业论文外文出处毕业论文外文出处：引用与学术诚信的平衡引用外文文献是撰写毕业论文时常常会遇到的问题。
在进行研究时，我们往往需要参考他人的研究成果，以支持自己的观点和论证。
然而，我们在引用外文文献时必须遵守学术诚信的原则，确保引用的准确性和合法性。
本文将探讨毕业论文中引用外文文献的规范与挑战，并提供一些解决方案。
引用外文文献的规范是确保学术诚信的基础。
在引用外文文献时，我们应该注明作者、标题、出版年份和出版社等信息，以便读者追溯原始来源。
同时，我们还应该明确标注引用部分的页码或章节，以减少信息的误解和混淆。
此外，我们还应该遵循引文格式的要求，如APA、MLA或Chicago等，以确保文献引用的一致性和可读性。
然而，引用外文文献也存在一些挑战。
首先，我们可能会面临语言障碍。
毕业论文往往需要参考国内外的学术成果，而外文文献的阅读和理解对于非英语专业的学生来说可能是一项艰巨的任务。
因此，我们需要提前做好准备，学习相关的外语知识和技巧，以便更好地理解和引用外文文献。
其次，我们还需要面对引用外文文献的版权问题。
在引用外文文献时，我们必须确保遵守版权法律的规定，避免侵犯他人的知识产权。
为了避免版权纠纷，我们应该选择合法的渠道获取外文文献，如图书馆、学术数据库或合法的在线资源。
此外，我们还可以通过与作者或版权持有人联系，获得授权或许可，以确保引用的合法性。
针对上述挑战，我们可以采取一些解决方案。
首先，我们可以利用学术机构提供的资源和服务，如图书馆、学术数据库和在线期刊等，以获取合法的外文文献。
这些资源通常会提供详细的引文信息和全文访问权限，方便我们进行引用和阅读。
其次，我们可以寻求专业的翻译服务，以便更好地理解和引用外文文献。
翻译服务可以帮助我们将外文文献翻译成我们熟悉的语言，以便更好地理解和引用其中的内容。
然而，我们在使用翻译服务时也需要注意准确性和可靠性，尽量选择专业的翻译机构或人员。
最后，我们还可以参考其他学者的研究成果，以获取更多的引文信息和参考资料。
毕业论文文献内容编排中文与英文对照
毕业论文文献内容编排中文与英文对照在毕业论文的写作过程中，文献内容的编排是非常重要的一环。
其中，中文与英文对照是必不可少的部分。
在撰写毕业论文时，如何合理地安排中文和英文文献内容，是需要认真考虑的问题。
下面将从文献引用、文献列表和文献翻译等方面进行详细介绍。
一、文献引用在毕业论文中，引用文献是非常常见的做法。
当引用中文文献时，应在引用的文献后标注中文作者姓名和出版年份，如“张三，2000”。
而引用英文文献时，则需要标注英文作者姓名和出版年份，如“Smith, 2010”。
在引用文献时，要注意中英文对照的一致性，确保中英文作者姓名和出版年份的对应准确无误。
二、文献列表在毕业论文的文献部分，通常会列出所有引用过的文献。
在文献列表中，中文文献和英文文献的排列顺序可以根据引用的先后顺序或按照作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。
对于中文文献，应按照作者姓名的汉语拼音首字母顺序排列；对于英文文献，则按照作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。
在文献列表中，中文文献和英文文献之间可以用空行或其他方式进行区分，以便读者清晰地识别。
三、文献翻译在撰写毕业论文时，有时会需要引用外文文献。
对于外文文献的引用，需要进行准确的翻译。
在翻译文献时，要确保翻译的准确性和流畅性。
对于中文文献，如果需要引用英文文献的内容，可以在引用的内容后附上英文原文，以便读者查阅。
同样，对于英文文献，如果需要引用中文文献的内容，也可以在引用的内容后附上中文原文。
这样做不仅可以提高文献内容的可读性，还可以确保翻译的准确性。
总之，在毕业论文的文献内容编排中，中文与英文对照是非常重要的一环。
合理地安排中英文文献内容，不仅可以提高论文的质量，还可以让读者更好地理解论文的内容。
希望以上介绍对你在撰写毕业论文时有所帮助。
如何在毕业论文中合理地引用外文资料
如何在毕业论文中合理地引用外文资料在毕业论文中引用外文资料是非常常见的做法。
引用外文资料可以增加论文的可靠性和权威性，同时也可以为研究主题提供更全面的支持。
然而，正确而合理地引用外文资料对于论文的质量和学术道德非常重要。
本文将介绍如何在毕业论文中合理地引用外文资料。
一、选择合适的外文资料在引用外文资料之前，首先需要选择合适的资料。
在选择外文资料时，应确保内容与研究主题密切相关，并且具有一定的学术价值和权威性。
可以通过查阅国际知名期刊、学术数据库、学术会议论文等渠道获取高质量的外文资料。
二、正确引用外文资料在引用外文资料时，必须遵循学术规范和引用格式。
根据学术界的一般要求，可以采用以下两种常见的引用方式：1. 直接引用直接引用外文资料时，应将原文内容准确无误地翻译成中文，并在括号中注明出处，即作者姓名、出版年份和页码（如果是书籍）或段落号（如果是文章）。
例如：原文：According to Smith (2010, p. 25), "……"（具体引用内容）。
翻译后：根据Smith（2010，第25页）的研究，“……”（具体引用内容）。
2. 间接引用间接引用外文资料指的是在引用过程中不直接使用外文原文，而是将要引用的内容用自己的语言进行概括和解释，并在括号中注明出处。
例如：原文：According to the research conducted by Smith (2010), "……"（具体引用内容）。
翻译后：根据Smith（2010）的研究，他指出“……”（具体引用内容）。
三、注明出处和引用格式在引用外文资料时，必须注明出处，并按照规定的引用格式进行引用。
引用格式可以根据论文所属学科的不同而有所差异，一般可以采用APA、MLA、Chicago等常见的学术引用格式。
在整个毕业论文中，应保持引用格式的一致性。
四、避免滥用外文资料虽然外文资料的引用对于提升论文质量非常有帮助，但也应注意避免滥用外文资料。
毕业设计论文 外文文献翻译
毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献翻译计算机科学与信息工程系系（院）2008 届题目企业即时通Instant Messaging for Enterprises课题类型技术开发课题来源自选学生姓名许帅专业班级 04计算机科学与技术指导老师王占中职称工程师完成日期：2008年4 月 6 日目录I NSTANT M ESSAGING FOR E NTERPRISE (1)1. Tips (1)2. Introduction (1)3. First things first (2)4.The While-Accept loop (4)5. Per-Thread class (6)6. The Client class (7)企业即时通 (9)1.提示 (9)2.简介 (9)3.首先第一件事 (10)4.监听循环 (11)5.单线程类 (13)6.用户端类 (14)Instant Messaging for Enterprise1. TipsIf Java is, in fact, yet another computer programming language, you may question why it is so important and why it is being promoted as a revolutionary step in computer programming. The answer isn’t immediately obvious if you’re coming from a tr aditional programming perspective. Although Java is very useful for solving traditional standalone programming problems, it is also important because it will solve programming problems on the World Wide Web. What is the Web?The Web can seem a bit of a mys tery at first, with all this talk of “surfing,”“presence,” and “home pages.” It’s helpful to step back and see what it really is, but to do this you must understand client/server systems, another aspect of computing that is full of confusing issues. The primary idea of a client/server system is that you have a central repository of information，some kind of data, often in a database。
毕业论文外文文献
毕业论文外文文献文献1:Title: The Impact of Education on Economic GrowthEducation is widely recognized as one of the key drivers of economic growth and development. This is supported by various studies that have examined the relationship between education and economic outcomes. In particular, investment in education has been found to have a positive impact on productivity, wages, and overall economic performance.One study conducted by Barro and Lee (2013) examined the relationship between educational attainment and economic growth across a large number of countries over a long period of time. The study found that there is a positive correlation between the average number of years of education and economic growth rates. Specifically, each additional year of education for the average worker is associated with an increase in the annual growth rate of GDP per capita by about 0.37%.Another study conducted by Hanushek and Woessmann (2015) focused on the quality of education, rather than just the quantity. The study found that countries with higher-quality education systems, as measured by student achievement scores, tend to have higher economic growth rates. Specifically, a one standard deviation increase in a country's student test scores is associated with an increase in the average annual growth rate of GDP per capita by about 1.5%.These studies provide evidence for the significant impact of education on economic growth. They suggest that both the quantity and quality of education play a crucial role in determining economic outcomes. Investment in education can lead to improved productivity and innovation, which in turn drive economic growth.Furthermore, education also has a direct impact on individual economic outcomes. A study conducted by Card (1999) found that individuals with higher levels of education tend to earn higher wages compared to those with lower levels of education. The study estimated that each additional year of education is associated with an increase in wages by about 10%.Overall, the evidence suggests that education is crucial for achieving sustainable economic growth. Investing in education not only benefits individuals by improving their economic outcomes, but also benefits society as a whole by driving innovation, productivity, and economic prosperity.References:- Barro, R. J., & Lee, J. W. (2013). A New Dataset of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950–2010. Journal of Development Economics, 104, 184–198.- Hanushek, E. A., & Woessmann, L. (2015). The Knowledge Capital of Nations: Education and the Economics of Growth. MIT Press.- Card, D. (1999). The Causal Effect of Education on Earnings. Handbook of Labor Economics, 3, 1801-1863.Word Count: 398文献2:Title: The Role of Education in Reducing PovertyEducation plays a crucial role in reducing poverty and promoting social and economic development. It is widely recognized that access to quality education can help individuals escape the cycle of poverty and improve their socio-economic status.Several studies have examined the relationship between education and poverty reduction. One study conducted by Psacharopoulos and Patrinos (2004) analyzed data from a large number of countries and found that increasing the average years of schooling by one year can lead to a significant decrease in the poverty rate. The study estimated that a one-year increase in schooling can reduce the poverty rate by about 1.2 percentage points.Another study conducted by Glewwe and Kremer (2006) focused on the impact of quality education on poverty reduction. The study found that providing children with access to quality education can significantly improve their chances of escaping poverty in adulthood. Specifically, the study estimated that a one-year increase in schooling can lead to a 10% increase in future income for individuals living in poverty.These findings highlight the importance of both access to education and the quality of education in poverty reduction efforts. It is not just about ensuring that individuals have the opportunity to attend school, but also about providing them with the necessaryskills and knowledge to succeed in the labor market.Furthermore, education also has a positive impact on other dimensions of poverty, such as health and well-being. A study conducted by Patrinos and Velez (2014) found that education can lead to better health outcomes, lower fertility rates, and improved access to basic services, all of which contribute to poverty reduction.In conclusion, education plays a crucial role in reducing poverty and promoting social and economic development. It not only provides individuals with the skills and knowledge needed to escape poverty, but also improves their overall well-being. Therefore, investing in education is essential for achieving sustainable poverty reduction goals.References:- Psacharopoulos, G., & Patrinos, H. (2004). Returns to Investment in Education: A Further Update. Education Economics, 12(2),111–134.- Glewwe, P., & Kremer, M. (2006). Schools, Teachers, and Education Outcomes in Developing Countries. In E. A. Hanushek & F. Welch (Eds.), Handbook of the Economics of Education (Vol. 2, pp. 945–1017). Elsevier.- Patrinos, H. A., & Velez, E. (2014). How Does Education Affect Employment and Earnings in Developing Countries? The World Bank Research Observer, 29(2), 202–234.Word Count: 403。
法学 毕业论文 文献 外文 英文 翻译
附件一：英文文献INTRODUCTIONOffences of strict liability are those crimes which do not require mens rea with regard to at least one or more elements of the actus reus. The defendant need not have intended or known about that circumstance or consequence. Liability is said to be strict with regard to that element. For a good example see:R v Prince[1875]：The defendant ran off with an under-age girl. He was charged with an offence of taking a girl under the age of 16 out of the possession of her parents contrary to s55 of the Offences Against the Person Act 1861. The defendant knew that the girl was in the custody her father but he believed on reasonable grounds that the girl was aged 18. It was held that knowledge that the girl was under the age of 16 was not required in order to establish the offence. It was sufficient to show that the defendant intended to take the girl out of the possession of her father.It is only in extreme and rare cases where no mens rea is required for liability, thereby making the particular offence "absolute".GENERAL PRINCIPLESThe vast majority of strict liability crimes are statutory offences. However, statutes do not state explicitly that a particular offence is one of strict liability. Where a statute uses terms such as "knowingly" or "recklessly" then the offence being created is one that requires mens rea. Alternatively, it may make it clear that an offence of strict liability is being created. In many cases it will be a matter for the courts to interpret the statute and decide whether mens rea is required or not. What factors are taken into account by the courts when assessing whether or not an offence falls into the category of strict liability offences?THE MODERN CRITERIAIn Gammon (Hong Kong) Ltd v Attorney-General for Hong Kong [1984], the Privy Council considered the scope and role of strict liability offences in the modern criminal law and their effect upon the "presumption of mens rea". Lord Scarman laid down the criteria upon which a court should decide whether or not it is appropriate to impose strict liability: "In their Lordships' opinion, the law … may be stated in the following propositions … : (1) there is a presumption of law that mens rea is required before a person can be held guilty of a criminal offence; (2) the presumption is particularly strong where the offence is "truly criminal" in character; (3) the presumption applies to statutory offences, and can be displaced only if this is clearly or by necessary implication the effect of the statute; (4) the only situation in which the presumption can be displaced is where the statute is concerned with an issue of social concern, and public safety is such an issue; (5) even where a statute is concerned with such an issue, the presumption of mens rea stands unless it can be shown that the creation of strict liability will be effective to promote the objects of the statute by encouraging greater vigilance to prevent the commission of the prohibited act."(1) PRESUMPTION OF MENS REACourts usually begin with the presumption in favor of mens rea, seeing the well-known statement by Wright J in Sherras v De Rutzen：There is a presumption that mens rea, or evil intention, or knowledge of the wrongfulness of the act, is an essential ingredient in every offence; but that presumption is liable to be displaced either by the words of the statute creating the offence or by the subject-matter with which it deals, and both must be considered(2) GRAVITY OF PUNISHMENTAs a general rule, the more serious the criminal offence created by statute, the less likely the courts is to view it as an offence of strict liability. See:Sweet v Parsley [1970]：The defendant was a landlady of a house let to tenants. She retained one room in the house for herself and visited occasionally to collect the rent and letters. While she was absent the police searched the house and found cannabis. The defendant was convicted under s5 of the Dangerous Drugs Act 1965, of "being concerned in the management of premises used for the smoking of cannabis". She appealed alleging that she had no knowledge of the circumstances and indeed could not expect reasonably to have had such knowledge.The House of Lords,quashing her conviction, held that it had to be proved that the defendant had intended the house to be used for drug-taking, since the statute in question created a serious, or "truly criminal" offence, conviction for which would have grave consequences for the defendant. Lord Reid stated that "a stigma still attaches to any person convicted of a truly criminal offence, and the more serious or more disgraceful the offence the greater the stigma". And equally important, "the press in this country are vigilant to expose injustice, and every manifestly unjust conviction made known to the public tends to injure the body politic [people of a nation] by undermining public confidence in the justice of the law and of its administration."Lord Reid went on to point out that in any event it was impractical to impose absolute liability for an offence of this nature, as those who were responsible for letting properties could not possibly be expected to know everything that their tenants were doing.(3) WORDING OF THE STATUTEIn determining whether the presumption in favor of mens rea is to be displaced, the courts are required to have reference to the whole statute in which the offence appears. See:Cundy v Le Cocq (1884) ：The defendant was convicted of unlawfully selling alcohol to an intoxicated person, contrary to s13 of the Licensing Act 1872. On appeal, the defendant contended that he had been unaware of the customer's drunkenness and thus should be acquitted. The Divisional Court interpreted s13 as creating an offence of strict liability since it was itself silent as to mens rea, whereas other offences under the same Act expressly required proof of knowledge on the part of the defendant. It was held that it was not necessary to consider whether the defendant knew, or had means of knowing, or could with ordinary care have detected that the person served was drunk. If he served a drink to a person who was in fact drunk, he was guilty. Stephen J stated: Here, as I have already pointed out, the object of this part of the Act is to prevent the sale of intoxicating liquor to drunken persons, and it is perfectly natural to carry that out by throwing on the publican the responsibility of determining whether the person supplied comes within that category.(4) ISSUES OF SOCIAL CONCERNSee :R v Blake (1996) :Investigation officers heard an unlicensed radio station broadcast and traced it to a flat where the defendant was discovered alone standing in front of the record decks, still playing music and wearing a set of headphones. Though the defendant admitted that he knewhe was using the equipment, he claimed that he believed he was making demonstration tapes and did not know he was transmitting. The defendant was convicted of using wireless telegraphy equipment without a license, contrary to s1 (1) Wireless Telegraphy Act 1949 and appealed on the basis that the offence required mens rea.The Court of Appeal held that the offence was an absolute (actually a strict) liability offence. The Court applied Lord Scarman's principles in Gammon and found that, though the presumption in favor of mens rea was strong because the offence carried a sentence of imprisonment and was, therefore, "truly criminal", yet the offence dealt with issues of serious social concern in the interests of public safety (namely, frequent unlicensed broadcasts on frequencies used by emergency services) and the imposition of strict liability encouraged greater vigilance in setting up careful checks to avoid committing the offence.(5) IS THERE ANY PURPOSE IN IMPOSING STRICT LIABILITY?The courts will be reluctant to construe a statute as imposing strict liability upon a defendant, where there is evidence to suggest that despite his having taken all reasonable steps, he cannot avoid the commission of an offence. See:Sherras v De Rutzen [1895]: The defendant was convicted of selling alcohol to a police officer whilst on duty, contrary to s16(2) of the Licensing Act 1872. He had reasonably believed the constable to be off duty as he had removed his arm-band, which was the acknowledged method of signifying off duty. The Divisional Court held that the conviction should be quashed, despite the absence from s16 (2) of any words requiring proof of mens rea as an element of the offence. Wright J expressed the view that the presumption in favor of mens rea would only be displaced by the wording of the statute itself, or its subject matter. In this case the latter factor was significant, in that no amount of reasonable care by the defendant would have prevented the offence from being committed. Wright J stated: "It is plain that if guilty knowledge is not necessary, no care on the part of the publican could save him from a conviction under section 16, subsection (2), since it would be as easy for the constable to deny that he was on duty when asked, or to produce a forged permission from his superior officer, as to remove his armlet before entering the public house. I am, therefore, of opinion that this conviction ought to be quashed."MODERN EXAMPLESThe following case is a modern example of the imposition of strict liability: Alphacell v Woodward [1972] The defendants were charged with causing polluted matter to enter a river contrary to s2 of the Rivers (Prevention of Pollution) Act 1951. The river had in fact been polluted because a pipe connected to the defendant's factory had been blocked, and the defendants had not been negligent. The House of Lords nevertheless held that the defendants were liable. Lord Salmon stated: If this appeal succeeded and it were held to be the law that no conviction be obtained under the 1951 Act unless the prosecution could discharge the often impossible onus of proving that the pollution was caused intentionally or negligently, a great deal of pollution would go unpunished and undeterred to the relief of many riparian factory owners. As a result, many rivers which are now filthy would become filthier still and many rivers which are now clean would lose their cleanliness. The legislature no doubt recognized that as a matter of public policy this would be most unfortunate. Hence s2(1)(a) which encourages riparian factory owners not only to take reasonable steps to prevent pollution but to do everything possible to ensure that they do not cause it.ARGUMENTS FOR STRICT LIABILITY1. The primary function of the courts is the prevention of forbidden acts. What acts should be regarded as forbidden? Surely only such acts as we can assert ought not to have been done. Some of the judges who upheld the conviction of Prince did so on the ground that men should be deterred from taking girls out of the possession of their parents, whatever the girl's age. This reasoning can hardly be applied to many modern offences of strict liability. We do not wish to deter people from driving cars, being concerned in the management of premises, financing hire purchase transactions or canning peas. These acts, if done with all proper care, are not such acts as the law should seek to prevent.2. Another argument that is frequently advanced in favor of strict liability is that, without it, many guilty people would escape - that there is neither time nor personnel available to litigate the culpability of each particular infraction. T his argument assumes that it is possible to deal with these cases without deciding whether D had mens rea or not, whether he was negligent or not. Certainly D may be convicted without deciding these questions, but how can he be sentenced? Suppose that a butcher sells some meat which is unfit for human consumption. Clearly the court will deal differently with (i) the butcher who knew that the meat was tainted; (ii) the butcher who did not know, but ought to have known; and (iii) the butcher who did not know and had no means of finding out. Sentence can hardly be imposed without deciding into which category the convicted person falls.3. The argument which is probably most frequently advanced by the courts for imposing strict liability is that it is necessary to do so in the interests of the public. Now it may be conceded that in many of the instances where strict liability has been imposed, the public does need protection against negligence and, assuming that the threat of punishment can make the potential harm doer more careful, there may be a valid ground for imposing liability for negligence as well as where there is mens rea. This is a plausible argument in favor of strict liability if there were no middle way between mens rea and strict liability - that is liability for negligence - and the judges have generally proceeded on the basis that there is no such middle way. Liability for negligence has rarely been spelled out of a statute except where, as in driving without due care, it is explicitly required. Lord Devlin has said: "It is not easy to find a way of construing a statute apparently expressed in terms of absolute liability so as to produce the requirement of negligence."ARGUMENTS AGAINST STRICT LIABILITY1. The case against strict liability, then, is, first, that it is unnecessary. It results in the conviction of persons who have behaved impeccably and who should not be required to alter their conduct in any way.2. Secondly, that it is unjust. Even if an absolute discharge can be given D may feel rightly aggrieved at having been formally convicted of an offence for which he bore no responsibility. Moreover, a conviction may have far-reaching consequences outside the courts, so that it is no answer to say that only a nominal penalty is imposed.3. The imposition of liability for negligence would in fact meet the arguments of most of those who favor strict liability. Such statutes are not meant to punish the vicious will but to put pressure upon the thoughtless and inefficient to do their whole duty in the interest of public health or safety or morals." The "thoughtless and inefficient" are, of course, the negligent. The objection tooffences of strict liability is not that these persons are penalized, but that others who are completely innocent are also liable to conviction. Though Lord Devlin was skeptical about the possibility of introducing the criterion of negligence (above), in Reynolds v Austin (1951) he stated that strict liability should only apply when there is something that the defendant can do to promote the observance of the law - which comes close to requiring negligence. If there were something which D could do to prevent the commission of the crime and which he failed to do, he might generally be said to have failed to comply with a duty - perhaps a high duty - of care; and so have been negligent.4. In Alphacell v Woodward (1972) Lord Salmon thought the relevant statutory section, "encourages riparian factory owners not only to take reasonable steps to prevent pollution but to do everything possible to ensure that they do not cause it." This suggests that, however vast the expenditure involved, and however unreasonable it may be in relation to the risk, D is under a duty to take all possible steps. Yet it may be doubted whether factory owners will in fact do more than is reasonable; and it is questionable whether they ought to be required to do so, at the risk - even though it be unlikely - of imprisonment. The contrary argument is that the existence of strict liability does induce organizations to aim at higher and higher standards.POSSIBLE DEVELOPMENTSThere are several possible compromises between mens rea and strict liability in regulatory offences. A "halfway house" has developed in Australia. The effect of Australian cases is: D might be convicted without proof of any mens rea by the Crown; but acquitted if he proved on a balance of probabilities that he lacked mens rea and was not negligent; ie, that he had an honest and reasonable belief in a state of facts which, would have made his act innocent. The onus of proving reasonable mistake is on D.STATUTORY DEFENCESIt is common for the drastic effect of a statute imposing strict liability to be mitigated by the provision of a statutory defense. It is instructive to consider one example. Various offences relating to the treatment and sale of food are enacted by the first twenty sections of the Food Safety Act 1990. Many, if not all, of these are strict liability offences. Section 21(1), however, provides that it shall be a defense for the person charged with any of the offences to prove that he took all reasonable precautions and exercised all due diligence to avoid the commission of the offence by himself or by a person under his control. Statutory defenses usually impose on the defendant a burden of proving that he had no mens rea and that he took all reasonable precautions and exercised all due diligence to avoid the commission of an offence. The effect of such provisions is that the prosecution need do no more than prove that the accused did the prohibited act and it is then for him to establish, if he can, that he did it innocently. Such provisions are a distinct advance on unmitigated strict liability.附件二：英文文献翻译介绍严格责任犯罪是关于客观方面的一个或多个因素不要求犯罪意图的那些犯罪。
毕业论文外文文献
毕业论文外文文献在撰写毕业论文时，外文文献的引用和研究是必不可少的一部分。
外文文献通常能够提供更广阔的视角和更深入的研究，对于提升论文的学术价值和创新性有着重要作用。
以下是一篇关于外文文献在毕业论文中应用的正文内容。
随着全球化的不断推进，学术研究的国际化趋势日益明显。
在撰写毕业论文的过程中，外文文献的引用和研究显得尤为重要。
外文文献不仅能够为我们提供国际学术界的前沿动态，还能够拓宽我们的视野，丰富我们的研究内容。
首先，外文文献的获取是研究的第一步。
可以通过多种渠道获取外文文献，如学术数据库、图书馆资源、在线期刊等。
在获取文献时，应注重文献的权威性和时效性，确保所引用的资料是最新和最具权威的。
其次，外文文献的阅读和理解是关键。
由于语言和文化的差异，阅读外文文献可能会遇到一定的困难。
因此，需要具备一定的外语阅读能力，同时，可以借助翻译工具辅助理解。
在阅读过程中，应注重对文献内容的深入分析和批判性思考，而不是仅仅停留在表面的翻译和复述。
接着，外文文献的引用和整合是论文写作的重要环节。
在引用外文文献时，应遵循学术规范，正确标注引用格式。
同时，要将外文文献的观点和研究成果与自己的研究相结合，形成自己独特的见解和论证。
最后，外文文献的分析和讨论是提升论文质量的关键。
在论文中，应充分展示外文文献对于自己研究的贡献，以及如何通过外文文献的分析来支持自己的研究假设和结论。
此外，还应关注外文文献中可能存在的局限性和不足，提出自己的见解和改进建议。
总之，外文文献在毕业论文中的运用是一个复杂而细致的过程，它不仅要求我们具备一定的外语能力和学术素养，还要求我们能够批判性地思考和创新性地研究。
通过有效地利用外文文献，可以极大地提升毕业论文的学术价值和研究深度。
毕业论文外文文献及翻译
毕业论文外文文献及翻译毕业论文外文文献及翻译在撰写毕业论文的过程中，外文文献的引用和翻译是不可或缺的一部分。
外文文献的引用可以增加论文的可信度和学术性，而翻译则是将外文文献的内容转化为母语读者所能理解的形式。
本文将探讨毕业论文中外文文献的引用和翻译的重要性，并提供一些建议和技巧。
首先，外文文献的引用对于毕业论文的写作至关重要。
引用外文文献可以为论文提供更多的证据和支持，增强论文的可信度。
在引用外文文献时，需要确保文献的来源可靠，作者权威，内容与论文主题相关。
此外，引用外文文献还可以展示作者对国际学术研究的关注和理解，提升论文的学术性。
然而，引用外文文献并不意味着直接复制粘贴原文内容。
在论文中，外文文献的内容需要进行翻译，以确保读者能够理解和接受。
翻译外文文献需要一定的技巧和方法。
首先，翻译者需要确保准确理解原文的意思。
对于一些专业术语和学术用语，可以通过查阅专业词典或咨询专业人士来获得准确的翻译。
其次，翻译时需要注意语言的准确性和流畅性。
翻译应该符合母语读者的语言习惯和表达方式，使得读者能够顺畅地理解文献内容。
最后，翻译后的文献内容应该与论文的整体风格和语言风格保持一致，避免出现突兀的翻译。
在引用外文文献和翻译时，研究者还应该注意一些细节。
首先，引用外文文献时需要标注出处和页码，以便读者查阅原文。
其次，在引用外文文献时可以使用引文的方式，即将原文内容放在引号中，并注明作者和出处。
这样可以明确区分原文和翻译内容，避免产生版权纠纷。
另外，翻译后的文献内容应该与论文的整体结构和逻辑相符，不应该脱离论文的主题和论证。
在进行外文文献的引用和翻译时，还可以借助一些工具和资源。
首先，可以使用文献管理软件来管理和引用外文文献。
这些软件可以帮助研究者整理和管理大量的文献资料，并自动生成引用格式。
其次，可以使用在线翻译工具来辅助翻译。
然而，需要注意的是，机器翻译并不完美，可能存在一些语义和语法错误。
因此，研究者在使用机器翻译时需要仔细校对和修正翻译结果。
毕业设计论文外文文献翻译
xxxx大学xxx学院毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译系部xxxx专业xxxx学生姓名xxxx 学号xxxx指导教师xxxx 职称xxxx2013年3 月Introducing the Spring FrameworkThe Spring Framework: a popular open source application framework that addresses many of the issues outlined in this book. This chapter will introduce the basic ideas of Spring and dis-cuss the central “bean factory” lightweight Inversion-of-Control (IoC) container in detail.Spring makes it particularly easy to implement lightweight, yet extensible, J2EE archi-tectures. It provides an out-of-the-box implementation of the fundamental architectural building blocks we recommend. Spring provides a consistent way of structuring your applications, and provides numerous middle tier features that can make J2EE development significantly easier and more flexible than in traditional approaches.The basic motivations for Spring are:To address areas not well served by other frameworks. There are numerous good solutions to specific areas of J2EE infrastructure: web frameworks, persistence solutions, remoting tools, and so on. However, integrating these tools into a comprehensive architecture can involve significant effort, and can become a burden. Spring aims to provide an end-to-end solution, integrating spe-cialized frameworks into a coherent overall infrastructure. Spring also addresses some areas that other frameworks don’t. For example, few frameworks address generic transaction management, data access object implementation, and gluing all those things together into an application, while still allowing for best-of-breed choice in each area. Hence we term Spring an application framework, rather than a web framework, IoC or AOP framework, or even middle tier framework.To allow for easy adoption. A framework should be cleanly layered, allowing the use of indi-vidual features without imposing a whole worldview on the application. Many Spring features, such as the JDBC abstraction layer or Hibernate integration, can be used in a library style or as part of the Spring end-to-end solution.To deliver ease of use. As we’ve noted, J2EE out of the box is relatively hard to use to solve many common problems. A good infrastructure framework should make simple tasks simple to achieve, without forcing tradeoffs for future complex requirements (like distributed transactions) on the application developer. It should allow developers to leverage J2EE services such as JTA where appropriate, but to avoid dependence on them in cases when they are unnecessarily complex.To make it easier to apply best practices. Spring aims to reduce the cost of adhering to best practices such as programming to interfaces, rather than classes, almost to zero. However, it leaves the choice of architectural style to the developer.Non-invasiveness. Application objects should have minimal dependence on the framework. If leveraging a specific Spring feature, an object should depend only on that particular feature, whether by implementing a callback interface or using the framework as a class library. IoC and AOP are the key enabling technologies for avoiding framework dependence.Consistent configuration. A good infrastructure framework should keep application configuration flexible and consistent, avoiding the need for custom singletons and factories. A single style should be applicable to all configuration needs, from the middle tier to web controllers.Ease of testing. Testing either whole applications or individual application classes in unit tests should be as easy as possible. Replacing resources or application objects with mock objects should be straightforward.To allow for extensibility. Because Spring is itself based on interfaces, rather than classes, it is easy to extend or customize it. Many Spring components use strategy interfaces, allowing easy customization.A Layered Application FrameworkChapter 6 introduced the Spring Framework as a lightweight container, competing with IoC containers such as PicoContainer. While the Spring lightweight container for JavaBeans is a core concept, this is just the foundation for a solution for all middleware layers.Basic Building Blockspring is a full-featured application framework that can be leveraged at many levels. It consists of multi-ple sub-frameworks that are fairly independent but still integrate closely into a one-stop shop, if desired. The key areas are:Bean factory. The Spring lightweight IoC container, capable of configuring and wiring up Java-Beans and most plain Java objects, removing the need for custom singletons and ad hoc configura-tion. Various out-of-the-box implementations include an XML-based bean factory. The lightweight IoC container and its Dependency Injection capabilities will be the main focus of this chapter.Application context. A Spring application context extends the bean factory concept by adding support for message sources and resource loading, and providing hooks into existing environ-ments. Various out-of-the-box implementations include standalone application contexts and an XML-based web application context.AOP framework. The Spring AOP framework provides AOP support for method interception on any class managed by a Spring lightweight container.It supports easy proxying of beans in a bean factory, seamlessly weaving in interceptors and other advice at runtime. Chapter 8 dis-cusses the Spring AOP framework in detail. The main use of the Spring AOP framework is to provide declarative enterprise services for POJOs.Auto-proxying. Spring provides a higher level of abstraction over the AOP framework and low-level services, which offers similar ease-of-use to .NET within a J2EE context. In particular, the provision of declarative enterprise services can be driven by source-level metadata.Transaction management. Spring provides a generic transaction management infrastructure, with pluggable transaction strategies (such as JTA and JDBC) and various means for demarcat-ing transactions in applications. Chapter 9 discusses its rationale and the power and flexibility that it offers.DAO abstraction. Spring defines a set of generic data access exceptions that can be used for cre-ating generic DAO interfaces that throw meaningful exceptions independent of the underlying persistence mechanism. Chapter 10 illustrates the Spring support for DAOs in more detail, examining JDBC, JDO, and Hibernate as implementation strategies.JDBC support. Spring offers two levels of JDBC abstraction that significantly ease the effort of writing JDBC-based DAOs: the org.springframework.jdbc.core package (a template/callback approach) and the org.springframework.jdbc.object package (modeling RDBMS operations as reusable objects). Using the Spring JDBC packages can deliver much greater pro-ductivity and eliminate the potential for common errors such as leaked connections, compared with direct use of JDBC. The Spring JDBC abstraction integrates with the transaction and DAO abstractions.Integration with O/R mapping tools. Spring provides support classesfor O/R Mapping tools like Hibernate, JDO, and iBATIS Database Layer to simplify resource setup, acquisition, and release, and to integrate with the overall transaction and DAO abstractions. These integration packages allow applications to dispense with custom ThreadLocal sessions and native transac-tion handling, regardless of the underlying O/R mapping approach they work with.Web MVC framework. Spring provides a clean implementation of web MVC, consistent with the JavaBean configuration approach. The Spring web framework enables web controllers to be configured within an IoC container, eliminating the need to write any custom code to access business layer services. It provides a generic DispatcherServlet and out-of-the-box controller classes for command and form handling. Request-to-controller mapping, view resolution, locale resolution and other important services are all pluggable, making the framework highly extensi-ble. The web framework is designed to work not only with JSP, but with any view technology, such as Velocity—without the need for additional bridges. Chapter 13 discusses web tier design and the Spring web MVC framework in detail.Remoting support. Spring provides a thin abstraction layer for accessing remote services without hard-coded lookups, and for exposing Spring-managed application beans as remote services. Out-of-the-box support is inc luded for RMI, Caucho’s Hessian and Burlap web service protocols, and WSDL Web Services via JAX-RPC. Chapter 11 discusses lightweight remoting.While Spring addresses areas as diverse as transaction management and web MVC, it uses a consistent approach everywhere. Once you have learned the basic configuration style, you will be able to apply it in many areas. Resources, middle tier objects, and web components are all set up using the same bean configuration mechanism. You can combine your entireconfiguration in one single bean definition file or split it by application modules or layers; the choice is up to you as the application developer. There is no need for diverse configuration files in a variety of formats, spread out across the application.Spring on J2EEAlthough many parts of Spring can be used in any kind of Java environment, it is primarily a J2EE application framework. For example, there are convenience classes for linking JNDI resources into a bean factory, such as JDBC DataSources and EJBs, and integration with JTA for distributed transaction management. In most cases, application objects do not need to work with J2EE APIs directly, improving reusability and meaning that there is no need to write verbose, hard-to-test, JNDI lookups.Thus Spring allows application code to seamlessly integrate into a J2EE environment without being unnecessarily tied to it. You can build upon J2EE services where it makes sense for your application, and choose lighter-weight solutions if there are no complex requirements. For example, you need to use JTA as transaction strategy only if you face distributed transaction requirements. For a single database, there are alternative strategies that do not depend on a J2EE container. Switching between those transac-tion strategies is merely a matter of configuration; Spring’s consistent abstraction avoids any need to change application code.Spring offers support for accessing EJBs. This is an important feature (and relevant even in a book on “J2EE without EJB”) because the u se of dynamic proxies as codeless client-side business delegates means that Spring can make using a local stateless session EJB an implementation-level, rather than a fundamen-tal architectural, choice.Thus if you want to use EJB, you can within a consistent architecture; however, you do not need to make EJB the cornerstone of your architecture. This Spring feature can make devel-oping EJB applications significantly faster, because there is no need to write custom code in service loca-tors or business delegates. Testing EJB client code is also much easier, because it only depends on the EJB’s Business Methods interface (which is not EJB-specific), not on JNDI or the EJB API.Spring also provides support for implementing EJBs, in the form of convenience superclasses for EJB implementation classes, which load a Spring lightweight container based on an environment variable specified in the ejb-jar.xml deployment descriptor. This is a powerful and convenient way of imple-menting SLSBs or MDBs that are facades for fine-grained POJOs: a best practice if you do choose to implement an EJB application. Using this Spring feature does not conflict with EJB in any way—it merely simplifies following good practice.Introducing the Spring FrameworkThe main aim of Spring is to make J2EE easier to use and promote good programming practice. It does not reinvent the wheel; thus you’ll find no logging packages in Spring, no connection pools, no distributed transaction coordinator. All these features are provided by other open source projects—such as Jakarta Commons Logging (which Spring uses for all its log output), Jakarta Commons DBCP (which can be used as local DataSource), and ObjectWeb JOTM (which can be used as transaction manager)—or by your J2EE application server. For the same reason, Spring doesn’t provide an O/R mapping layer: There are good solutions for this problem area, such as Hibernate and JDO.Spring does aim to make existing technologies easier to use. For example, although Spring is not in the business of low-level transactioncoordination, it does provide an abstraction layer over JTA or any other transaction strategy. Spring is also popular as middle tier infrastructure for Hibernate, because it provides solutions to many common issues like SessionFactory setup, ThreadLocal sessions, and exception handling. With the Spring HibernateTemplate class, implementation methods of Hibernate DAOs can be reduced to one-liners while properly participating in transactions.The Spring Framework does not aim to replace J2EE middle tier services as a whole. It is an application framework that makes accessing low-level J2EE container ser-vices easier. Furthermore, it offers lightweight alternatives for certain J2EE services in some scenarios, such as a JDBC-based transaction strategy instead of JTA when just working with a single database. Essentially, Spring enables you to write appli-cations that scale down as well as up.Spring for Web ApplicationsA typical usage of Spring in a J2EE environment is to serve as backbone for the logical middle tier of a J2EE web application. Spring provides a web application context concept, a powerful lightweight IoC container that seamlessly adapts to a web environment: It can be accessed from any kind of web tier, whether Struts, WebWork, Tapestry, JSF, Spring web MVC, or a custom solution.The following code shows a typical example of such a web application context. In a typical Spring web app, an applicationContext.xml file will reside in the WEB-INF directory, containing bean defini-tions according to the “spring-beans” DTD. In such a bean definition XML file, business objects and resources are defined, for example, a “myDataSource” bean, a “myInventoryManager” bean, and a “myProductManager” bean. Spring takes care of their configuration, their wiring up, and their lifecycle.<beans><bean id=”myDataSource” class=”org.springframework.jdbc. datasource.DriverManagerDataSource”><property name=”driverClassName”> <value>com.mysql.jdbc.Driver</value></property> <property name=”url”><value>jdbc:mysql:myds</value></property></bean><bean id=”myInventoryManager” class=”ebusiness.DefaultInventoryManager”> <property name=”dataSource”><ref bean=”myDataSource”/> </property></bean><bean id=”myProductManager” class=”ebusiness.DefaultProductManage r”><property name=”inventoryManager”><ref bean=”myInventoryManager”/> </property><property name=”retrieveCurrentStock”> <value>true</value></property></bean></beans>By default, all such beans have “singleton” scope: one instance per context. The “myInventoryManager” bean will automatically be wired up with the defined DataSource, while “myProductManager” will in turn receive a reference to the “myInventoryManager” bean. Those objects (traditionally called “beans” in Spring terminology) need to expos e only the corresponding bean properties or constructor arguments (as you’ll see later in this chapter); they do not have to perform any custom lookups.A root web application context will be loaded by a ContextLoaderListener that is defined in web.xml as follows:<web-app><listener> <listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class></listener>...</web-app>After initialization of the web app, the root web application context will be available as a ServletContext attribute to the whole web application, in the usual manner. It can be retrieved from there easily via fetching the corresponding attribute, or via a convenience method in org.springframework.web. context.support.WebApplicationContextUtils. This means that the application context will be available in any web resource with access to the ServletContext, like a Servlet, Filter, JSP, or Struts Action, as follows:WebApplicationContext wac = WebApplicationContextUtils.getWebApplicationContext(servletContext);The Spring web MVC framework allows web controllers to be defined as JavaBeans in child application contexts, one per dispatcher servlet. Such controllers can express dependencies on beans in the root application context via simple bean references. Therefore, typical Spring web MVC applications never need to perform a manual lookup of an application context or bean factory, or do any other form of lookup.Neither do other client objects that are managed by an application context themselves: They can receive collaborating objects as bean references.The Core Bean FactoryIn the previous section, we have seen a typical usage of the Spring IoC container in a web environment: The provided convenience classes allow for seamless integration without having to worry about low-level container details. Nevertheless, it does help to look at the inner workings to understand how Spring manages the container. Therefore, we will now look at the Spring bean container in more detail, starting at the lowest building block: the bean factory. Later, we’ll continue with resource setup and details on the application context concept.One of the main incentives for a lightweight container is to dispense with the multitude of custom facto-ries and singletons often found in J2EE applications. The Spring bean factory provides one consistent way to set up any number of application objects, whether coarse-grained components or fine-grained busi-ness objects. Applying reflection and Dependency Injection, the bean factory can host components that do not need to be aware of Spring at all. Hence we call Spring a non-invasive application framework.Fundamental InterfacesThe fundamental lightweight container interface is org.springframework.beans.factory.Bean Factory. This is a simple interface, which is easy to implement directly in the unlikely case that none of the implementations provided with Spring suffices. The BeanFactory interface offers two getBean() methods for looking up bean instances by String name, with the option to check for a required type (and throw an exception if there is a type mismatch).public interface BeanFactory {Object getBean(String name) throws BeansException;Object getBean(String name, Class requiredType) throws BeansException;boolean containsBean(String name);boolean isSingleton(String name) throws NoSuchBeanDefinitionException;String[] getAliases(String name) throws NoSuchBeanDefinitionException;}The isSingleton() method allows calling code to check whether the specified name represents a sin-gleton or prototype bean definition. In the case of a singleton bean, all calls to the getBean() method will return the same object instance. In the case of a prototype bean, each call to getBean() returns an inde-pendent object instance, configured identically.The getAliases() method will return alias names defined for the given bean name, if any. This mecha-nism is used to provide more descriptive alternative names for beans than are permitted in certain bean factory storage representations, such as XML id attributes.The methods in most BeanFactory implementations are aware of a hierarchy that the implementation may be part of. If a bean is not foundin the current factory, the parent factory will be asked, up until the root factory. From the point of view of a caller, all factories in such a hierarchy will appear to be merged into one. Bean definitions in ancestor contexts are visible to descendant contexts, but not the reverse.All exceptions thrown by the BeanFactory interface and sub-interfaces extend org.springframework. beans.BeansException, and are unchecked. This reflects the fact that low-level configuration prob-lems are not usually recoverable: Hence, application developers can choose to write code to recover from such failures if they wish to, but should not be forced to write code in the majority of cases where config-uration failure is fatal.Most implementations of the BeanFactory interface do not merely provide a registry of objects by name; they provide rich support for configuring those objects using IoC. For example, they manage dependen-cies between managed objects, as well as simple properties. In the next section, we’ll look at how such configuration can be expressed in a simple and intuitive XML structure.The sub-interface org.springframework.beans.factory.ListableBeanFactory supports listing beans in a factory. It provides methods to retrieve the number of beans defined, the names of all beans, and the names of beans that are instances of a given type:public interface ListableBeanFactory extends BeanFactory {int getBeanDefinitionCount();String[] getBeanDefinitionNames();String[] getBeanDefinitionNames(Class type);boolean containsBeanDefinition(String name);Map getBeansOfType(Class type, boolean includePrototypes,boolean includeFactoryBeans) throws BeansException}The ability to obtain such information about the objects managed by a ListableBeanFactory can be used to implement objects that work with a set of other objects known only at runtime.In contrast to the BeanFactory interface, the methods in ListableBeanFactory apply to the current factory instance and do not take account of a hierarchy that the factory may be part of. The org.spring framework.beans.factory.BeanFactoryUtils class provides analogous methods that traverse an entire factory hierarchy.There are various ways to leverage a Spring bean factory, ranging from simple bean configuration to J2EE resource integration and AOP proxy generation. The bean factory is the central, consistent way of setting up any kind of application objects in Spring, whether DAOs, business objects, or web controllers. Note that application objects seldom need to work with the BeanFactory interface directly, but are usu-ally configured and wired by a factory without the need for any Spring-specific code.For standalone usage, the Spring distribution provides a tiny spring-core.jar file that can be embed-ded in any kind of application. Its only third-party dependency beyond J2SE 1.3 (plus JAXP for XML parsing) is the Jakarta Commons Logging API.The bean factory is the core of Spring and the foundation for many other services that the framework offers. Nevertheless, the bean factory can easily be used stan-dalone if no other Spring services are required.Derivative：networkSpring 框架简介Spring框架：这是一个流行的开源应用框架，它可以解决很多问题。
毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译要求
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译要求
根据《普通高等学校本科毕业设计（论文）指导》的内容，特对外文文献翻译提出以下要求：
一、翻译的外文文献一般为1～2篇，外文字符要求不少于1.5万（或翻译成中文后至少在3000字以上）。
二、翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关著作及其他相关材料，应与毕业论文（设计）主题相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业论文（设计）的参考文献。
并在每篇中文译文首页用“脚注”形式注明原文作者及出处，中文译文后应附外文原文。
三、中文译文的基本撰写格式为题目采用小三号黑体字居中打印，正文采用宋体小四号字，行间距一般为固定值20磅，标准字符间距。
页边距为左3cm，右2.5cm，上下各2.5cm，页面统一采用A4纸。
四、封面格式由学校统一制作（注：封面上的“翻译题目”指中文译文的题目，附件1为一篇外文翻译的封面格式，附件二为两篇外文翻译的封面格式），若有两篇外文文献，请按“封面、译文一、外文原文一、译文二、外文原文二”的顺序统一装订。
教务处
20XX年2月27日
杭州电子科技大学
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译
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杭州电子科技大学
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译
毕业设计（论文）题
目
翻译（1）题目
翻译（2）题目
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专业
姓名
班级
学号指导教师。
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毕业论文外文文献
毕业论文外文文献
随着全球化的发展和信息技术的迅猛进步，外文文献在学术研究中扮演着重要
的角色。
对于撰写毕业论文来说，外文文献的引用和参考是必不可少的。
本文
将探讨外文文献在毕业论文中的重要性以及如何有效地利用外文文献进行研究。
首先，外文文献在毕业论文中的重要性不言而喻。
毕业论文是学生在大学期间
最重要的研究项目之一，是对所学知识的综合应用和创新能力的体现。
而外文
文献作为国际学术界的重要资源，可以为研究者提供最新的研究成果、理论观
点和方法论。
通过引用外文文献，可以增强毕业论文的学术性和权威性，提高
研究水平和质量。
其次，如何有效地利用外文文献进行研究是撰写毕业论文的关键。
首先，要选
择合适的外文文献。
在选择外文文献时，应根据研究课题的特点和需求，选择
与之相关的文献。
同时，要注意选择具有权威性和可信度的文献，避免引用低
质量或不可靠的文献。
其次，要善于阅读和理解外文文献。
外文文献通常使用英语或其他外语撰写，
对于非英语专业的学生来说，阅读和理解外文文献可能存在一定的困难。
因此，研究者应提前做好相关的语言准备，掌握基本的外语阅读技巧和方法。
同时，
可以借助翻译工具或请教专业人士的帮助，确保对外文文献的准确理解。
此外，要善于提取和整理外文文献中的信息。
阅读外文文献时，要有目的地提
取和整理其中的关键信息，包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论等。
可以使用笔
记本或电子工具进行记录和整理，以便后续的论文写作和引用。
最后，要合理引用和参考外文文献。
在毕业论文中引用外文文献时，应遵循学
术规范和引用格式的要求，确保引用的准确性和规范性。
同时，要注明引用文
献的出处和作者，以避免抄袭和知识盗用的问题。
此外，还可以通过参考文献
的引用，为自己的研究提供更多的支持和论证。
综上所述，外文文献在毕业论文中的重要性不可忽视。
通过合理利用外文文献，可以提高研究的深度和广度，增强论文的学术性和权威性。
因此，学生在撰写
毕业论文时，应注重外文文献的引用和参考，善于利用外文文献进行研究，以
提高论文的质量和水平。
同时，学校和教师也应提供相应的指导和支持，帮助
学生合理利用外文文献，提升研究能力和学术素养。