英语词语辨析

一、cost的四条用法注意

1. 表示“花费”，其主语通常是事或物(包括形式主语it)，不能是人。如：

The computer cost (me) $2000. 这部电脑花了(我)2000美元。

It cost me $1000 a year to run a car. 使用一辆车每年要花(我)1000美元。

【注】表示主观上的“花费”，cost 通常不以人作主语，但是若表示客观上的“耗费”，有时也可用人作主语。如：Smokers cost the government a lot of money every year. 吸烟的人每年要耗费政府一大笔钱。

2. cost 的宾语通常是钱。如：

How much did it cost to build the bridge? 建这座桥花了多少钱?

【注】cost 有时也用于时间，但通常用于笼统时间(一般不用于具体明确的时间)。如：Making experiments like this cost much time and labour. 做这样的实验要花很多时间和劳力。

3. 通常不用于被动语态。如：

正：The coat cost thirty dollars. 这外套花了30美元。

误：Thirty dollars was cost by the coat.

4. 有时用于比喻用法中。如(from )：

His mistake cost him his job. 他的错误使他丢了工作。

Careless driving will cost you your life. 粗心开车会使你丧命。

二、spend 花费，主语是人

sb+spend + 时间/ 金钱+ on sth 在....上花多少时间/金钱

sb.spend + 时间/金钱 + (in)doing sth 在做...上花多少时间/金钱

例如:

把下面的句子背出来，对你的考试有用：(注意大写的地方)

1 He spent two weeks WITH his colleagues IN Beijing visit ING different schools there.

2 He spent 1760 yuan ON his new Japanese bike.

三、take 、spend、cost 、pay的用法都可以表示“花费”，但用法却不尽相同。

spend的主语必须是人，常用于以下结构：

(1) spend time ／money on sth. 在……上花费时间（金钱）。例：I spent two hours on this maths problem. 这道数学题花了我两个小时。

(2) spend time ／money (in) doing sth. 花费时间（金钱）做某事。例：They spent two years (in) building this bridge. 造这座桥花了他们两年时间。

(3)spend money for sth. 花钱买……。例：His money was spent for books. 他的钱用来买书了。

cost的主语是物或某种活动，还可以表示“值”，常见用法如下：

(1)sth. costs (sb.) ＋金钱,某物花了（某人）多少钱。例：A new computer costs a lot of money. 买一台新电脑要花一大笔钱。

(2) (doing) sth. costs (sb.) ＋时间,某物（做某事）花了（某人）多少时间。例：Remembering these new words cost him a lot of time. 他花了大量时间才记住了这些单词。

注意：cost的过去式及过去分词都是cost,并且不能用于被动句。

take后面常跟双宾语，常见用法有以下几种：

(1) It takes sb. ＋时间＋to do sth. 做某事花了某人多少时间。例：It took them three years to build this road. 他们用了三年时间修完了这条路。

(2)doing sth. takes sb. ＋时间,做某事花了某人多少时间。例：Repairing this car took him the whole afternoon. 他花了一下午修车。

pay的基本用法是：

(1) pay (sb.) money for sth. 付钱（给某人）买……。例：I have to pay them 20 pounds for this room each month. 我每个月要付20英磅的房租。

(2)pay for sth. 付……的钱。例：I have to pay for the book lost. 我不得不赔丢失的书款。

(3)pay for sb. 替某人付钱。例：Don?蒺t worry!I'll pay for you. 别担心，我会给你付钱的。

(4)pay sb. 付钱给某人。例: They pay us every month.他们每月给我们报酬。

（5）pay money back 还钱。例：May I borrow 12 yuan from you? I'll pay it back next week. 你能借给我12块钱吗？下周还你。

（6）pay off one's money还清钱。

四、still slient calm 用法区别

。1) calm指天气、海洋的“风平浪静”，还可指人的心情“平静”、态度“安详”,“沉着镇定”;指自然“无风无浪的”。例如:

He remained calm.

After the storm the sea was calm again.

The sea was very calm. 海面很平静。

The doctor did what he could to make the girl calm. 医生尽力让那女孩平静下来。

2)silent用于事物时,侧重没有声响;有时用于指人时,强调少言寡语。例如:

That's a silent film.

Why do you keep silent.?

You'd better be silent about what's happened. 对已经发生的事，你最好保持沉默。

The children went out，and the room was silent. 孩子们都出去了，房子变得寂静无声。

3)still侧重于"不动"、"静止"时,与calm, quiet, silent不能替换;侧重于"无声"时,可与quiet替换。例如:

Please keep still while I take a photo of you.

How still(quiet)everything is!

All sounds are still. 万籁俱寂。

The Swede stood quite still, except that his lips moved slightly. 那个瑞典人纹丝不动地站着，只有嘴唇在微微动着

五、quiet是形容词，可以修饰名词：

She is a quiet girl.

她是一个文静的女孩。

quietly是副词，可以修饰动词：

She is listening quietly to the teacher.

她在安静地听老师讲课。