曼昆哈佛大学经济学原理课件第二章.ppt
曼昆《经济学原理》Chapter 02
10
Figure 2
The production possibilities frontier
Quantity of Computers Produced
3,000 2,200 2,000 F C The production possibilities frontier shows the combinations of output—in this case, cars and computers— that the economy can possibly produce. The economy can produce any combination on or inside the frontier. Points outside the frontier are not feasible given the economy’s resources.
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The Economist as a Scientist
• Firms
– Produce goods and services – Use factors of production / inputs
• Households
– Own factors of production – Consume goods and services
© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
曼昆经济学原理课件(PPT 36页)
2006 年 花费比
例
标准普尔500指数(指数基金) 大型管理基金 标准普尔中型股400指数（指数基
金）
中型管理基金 标准普尔小型股300指数（指数基
金）
小型管理基金
6.2% 5.9
10.9 8.1
12.5 10.3
0.351 1.020
0.535 1.458
0.550 1.272
基本金融工具
32
市场非理性
基本金融工具
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例2: 投资决策
▪ 如果 r = 0.09.
通用汽车公司是否应该花1亿美元造一个在未来十 年内能产生两亿美元收入的工厂？
▪ 解决办法:找出未来十年两亿美元的现值
PV = ($200 百万)/(1.09)10 = $84 百万 因为 PV < 工厂成本，通用公司不应该造这个工 厂
现值帮助解释了为什么利率上升时投资会减少
A. Joe在买火险之后开始在床上吸烟
B. Susan的父母都因为牙龈疾病而失去了他们的牙 齿，因此Susan购买了牙科保险
C. 当Cindy停她的克尔维特敞篷车时，她懒得把车 顶关好，因为她购买的保险能够补偿车内的任 意失窃
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主动学习 2
参考答案
指出下述情形属于逆向选择还是道德风险的例子 A. Joe在买火险之后开始在床上吸烟
基本金融工具
现期财 富
财富
14
效用函数与风险厌恶
效用
赢得1000美元获 得的效用
输掉1000美 元损失的效
用
由于边际效用递减， 损失1000美元减少的 效用大于得到1000美 元增加的效用
财富 –1000 +1000
基本金融工具
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《经济学原理曼昆》PPT课件
精选ppt
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例 4：汽油需求：——短期 抑或 长期？
（ Gasoline in the Short Run vs. Gasoline in the Long Run ）
▪ 假如汽油价格上涨20%，在短期 或 长期，哪种情形下汽油需求量会下
降更多？为什么？
▪ 短期：汽油需求下降不太明显
—— 因为，短期人们除了尽可能乘坐公交车之外，没有太多其他替 代方法
( Q2 – Q1 ) / Q1 需求价格弹性 = ——————————
( P2 – P1 ) / P1
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11
利用“中点法”计算需求弹性
▪ 利用上述例子，采用“中点法”计算弹性，无论把哪一点（A或B）作
为变化的初始值或终止值，计算的弹性结果均相同：
▪ 价格变动的百分比：
= (250 – 200)/(250+200)/2 =50/225 =22.2%
供一个初略的答案：
—— 例如，消费者会因价格上涨减少对该物品的购买，即表现为需求量下
降
▪ 但要准确回答需求量究竟减少多少，则需借助其
他理论
▪ 这个理论就是“弹性理论”
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举例（ A Story）：
假如你的工作是为本地企业制作网站，制作一个网站收费 200美元。目前你每个月能卖出12个网站 由于制作网站的成本上升（包括你的时间的机会成本）， 因此，你考虑把价格由原先的$200提升到$250 需求定理告诉我们：如提高价格，你就不能卖出原来那么 多的网站 你将少卖出多少网站？你的收益将会增加还是减少？增加 或减少多少？
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例1：“加勒比” 游艇 vs. 胰岛素：
——必需品 vs. 奢侈品？（ Caribbean Cruises vs. Insulin ）
经济学原理曼昆Chapter 02
Chapter 2 Thinking Like an EconomistMULTIPLE CHOICEFigure 2-1AB 211. Refer to Figure 2-1.Which shape refers to the markets for goods and services? aa. oval Ab. oval Bc. rectangle 1d. rectangle 22. Refer to Figure 2-1.What is flowing from rectangle 1 to oval A? ba. revenueb. goods and services soldc. factors of productiond. labor, land, and capital3. Refer to Figure 2-1.Which of the following is an activity undertaken by the actors in rectangle 2? ca. produce and sell goods and servicesb. hire and use factors of productionc. own and sell factors of productiond. exchange goods and services between firms and householdsFigure 2-212345678910Consider the production possibilities curve for a country that can produce cars, corn (in bushels), or a combination of the two. 4. Refer to Figure 2-2. If this economy devotes all of its available resources to producing corn, then itwill produce da. 0 bushels of corn and 10 cars.b. 135 bushels of corn and 3 carsc. 160 bushels of corn and 10 cars.d. 160 bushels of corn and 0 cars.5. Refer to Figure 2-2. Which combination of points show production possibilities only achievablewith improvements in technology or increases in resources? da. A, D, and Eb. B and Gc. C and Fd. None of the above is correct.6. Refer to Figure 2-2. If this society moves from point D to point E, da. it gives up 25 bushels of corn to get 3 cars.b. it gives up 135 bushels of corn to get 3 cars.c. it gives up 3 cars to get 135 bushels of corn.d. it gives up 3 cars to get 25 bushels of corn.7. Refer to Figure 2-2. If this society is producing at point C, da. there is unemployment.b. production is efficient.c. growth can only be achieved through an advancement in technology.d. the opportunity cost of producing one more car is approximately 10 bushels of corn.8. Which of the following is a positive, as opposed to a normative, statement? ba. The US Department of Justice should allow a merger between AT&T and T-Mobilebecause it would have little effect on consumers.b. Antitrust laws should be used to prevent further concentration in the wireless telephoneservice market.c. The US Department of Justice sued AT&T to block its merger with T-Mobile.d. The wireless telephone service market is too highly concentrated.9. Which of the following famous people did not major in economics in college? ba. Donald Trumpb. Natalie Portmanc. John Elwayd. Mick Jagger10. Which of the following statements is correct about environmental economists? da. They view economics as a framework for natural resource allocation.b. They work at government agencies as well as universities and advocacy groups.c. They use economic arguments and systems to persuade companies to clean up pollutionand conserve natural resources.d. All of the above are correct.11. In the ordered pair (20, 100), 20 is the aa. x-coordinate.b. y-coordinate.c. scatterplot.d. slope.12. Between the two ordered pairs (20, 100) and (30, 80), the slope is ba. 1/2.b. -1/2.c. 2.d. -2.Figure 2-4snowblowers solds n o w s t o r ms 1020304050607080901234567891013. Refer to Figure 2-4. According to the graph, snowstorms aa. and snowblowers sold are positively correlated.b. and snowblowers sold are negatively correlatedc. and snowblowers sold are uncorrelated.d. are caused by more snowblowers being sold.14. Refer to Figure 2-4.Your friend John created the graph above to illustrate that snowstorms arecaused by more snowblowers being sold. You inform him that his interpretation is incorrect due to aa. omitted variable bias.b. reverse causality.c. slope mismatch.d. shifting versus moving along a curve.15. Refer to Figure 2-4.Which of the following could be an omitted variable in the graph? da. the price of snowblowersb. a change in consumers’ incomesc. a change in the seasonsd. All of the above are correct.PROBLEMFigure 2-1AB 211. Refer to Figure 2-1. What is the name of the model depicted in the figure?The Circular Flow2. Refer to Figure 2-1. What do the ovals represent in the figure?A: Markets for goods and service B: Markets for factors of production 3. Refer to Figure 2-1. What do the rectangles represent in the figure?1:Firms 2:Households4. Refer to Figure 2-1. What do the outer arrows represent in the figure?A to 1:revenue 1 toB :wages,rent, and profit B to 2 income 2 to A :spending 5.Refer to Figure 2-1. What do the inner arrows represent in the figure? A to 2:goods and services bought 2 to B:Labor,land,and capital B to1:Factors of production 1 to A: goods and services sold6. Refer to Figure 2-1. What does the arrow going from oval A to rectangle 2 represent in the figure? A to 2:goods and services bough7. Refer to Figure 2-1. What does the arrow going from oval B to rectangle 2 represent in the figure? B to 2 income 8.Refer to Figure 2-1. What are two elements not included in this figure that could be included in a more complex model? 9. The three main factors of production, or categories of inputs, used by firms to produce goods andservices areFigure 2-212345678910Consider the production possibilities curve for a country that can produce cars, corn (in bushels), or a combination of the two. 10.Refer to Figure 2-2. The bowed outward shape of the production possibilities curve indicates that opportunity cost of corn in terms of cars is 11.Refer to Figure 2-2. Which point(s) on the graph is(are) efficient production possibilities? 12.Refer to Figure 2-2. Which point(s) on the graph show unemployment of resources? 13. Refer to Figure 2-2. Which point(s) on the graph is(are) unattainable given current resources andtechnology?14.Who would be more likely to study the effects of government spending on the unemployment rate, a macroeconomist or a microeconomist? 15.Who would be more likely to study the effects of foreign competition on the accounting industry, a macroeconomist or a microeconomist? 16.Who would be more likely to study the effects of rent control on housing in New York City, a macroeconomist or a microeconomist? 17.Who would be more likely to study the inflation rate in the United States, a macroeconomist or a microeconomist? 18.Is the following a positive or normative statement? The federal minimum wage is lower than many state minimum wages. 19.Is the following a positive or normative statement? The Federal Reserve should set an inflation target and employ policies to meet the target. 20.Is the following a positive or normative statement? The United States government should mandate that every citizen purchases health insurance. 21. Is the following a positive or normative statement? The unemployment rate in Nevada is higher thanthe unemployment rate in New York.10203040506070801234567891022. Refer to Figure 2-3. What are the coordinates of point C?23. Refer to Figure 2-3. How are price and quantity related in this graph?24. Refer to Figure 2-3.What is the slope of the line?25. Refer to Figure 2-3.Is a move from point A to point B considered a shift of the curve or amovement along the curve?。
曼昆《经济学原理》宏观经济学ppt课件
研究对象
宏观经济学主要关注整个经济体系的总体运行，包 括总需求、总供给、国民收入、物价水平、就业和 经济增长等。
宏观经济学与微观经济学的关系
相互联系
宏观经济学和微观经济学是经济学的两个重要分支，它们之间相互联系、相互补充。 微观经济学是宏观经济学的基础，而宏观经济学则是微观经济学的延伸和扩展。
区别
开放经济下的政策目标
货币政策与财政政策
实现内外部经济均衡，即国内经济增长、充 分就业、物价稳定和国际收支平衡。
在开放经济下，政府可以运用货币政策和财 政政策来调节经济，但需要考虑汇率和国际 收支等因素。
汇率政策
国际经济政策协调
政府可以通过调整汇率水平来影响国际经济 活动和国内经济状况。
各国政府需要加强国际经济政策协调，共同 应对全球性经济问题，促进世界经济稳定发 展。
支持通货膨胀
凯恩斯主义宏观经济学派认为，适度的通货膨胀可以刺激 经济增长，政府可以通过控制货币供应量等手段来调节通 货膨胀率。
货币主义宏观经济学派
强调货币供应量
货币主义宏观经济学派认为，货币供应量的变化是影响经济波动 的主要因素，政府应该通过控制货币供应量来调节经济。
主张单一规则
该学派主张政府应该制定一个固定的货币增长规则，并严格执行， 以保持物价的稳定和经济的增长。
VS
政策效应互补
货币政策和财政政策在调控经济时具有不 同的特点和优势，可以相互补充、协调配 合，提高宏观调控效果。例如，在治理通 货膨胀时，可以采取紧缩性货币政策和扩 张性财政政策相配合的方式；在促进经济 增长时，可以采取扩张性货币政策和紧缩 性财政政策相配合的方式。
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国际经济学与宏观经济政策
Chapter
经济学原理ppt课件曼昆
和稳定全球经济。
汇率制度
固定汇率制度
固定汇率制度是指各国货币之 间保持相对稳定的汇率，通常
由中央银行进行干预。
浮动汇率制度
浮动汇率制度是指汇率由市场 供求关系决定，中央银行不进 行干预。
汇率目标区
汇率目标区是指各国政府设定 的汇率波动区间，以减少货币 投机的可能性。
货币局制度
货币局制度是指政府将本国货 币与另一国货币或一篮子货币 挂钩，通过固定汇率制度实现
货币稳定。
全球化与经济发展
全球化对经济增长的影响
技术进步与经济发展
全球化通过促进国际贸易和投资流动，有 助于提高生产效率和促进经济增长。
技术进步是推动经济发展的重要因素之一 ，它能够提高生产效率和产品质量，创造 新的市场需求。
量。
市场结构
完全竞争市场
市场中存在大量的小规模生产者，每个 生产者对市场价格的影响微乎其微。
垄断市场
只有一个生产者提供产品，其他生产者 无法进入市场。
寡头市场
少数几家生产者占据大部分市场份额， 产品具有同质性。
垄断竞争市场
市场中存在大量生产者，产品具有差异 性。
价格与市场均衡
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价格接受者
价格制定者
企业竞争策略与产业组织
企业竞争策略
01
企业为了在市场竞争中获得优势，会采取各种竞争策略，例如
价格战、品牌建设等。
产业组织
02
产业组织是指同一产业内企业之间的组织结构和关系，对于企
业竞争策略和产业绩效具有重要影响。
总结
03
企业竞争策略与产业组织是经济学中研究的重要领域，对于理
曼昆经济学原理课件 (2)
Financial Institutions in the U.S. Economy
u The financial system is made up of financial institutions that coordinate the actions of savers and borrowers.
• A medium of exchanges is an item that people can easily use to engage in transactions.
äThis facilitates the purchases of goods and services.
金融中介机构
u 银行
ä The sale of stock to raise money is called equity financing.
• Compared to bonds, stocks offer both higher risk and potentially higher returns.
ä The most important stock exchanges in the United States are the New York Stock Exchange, the American Stock Exchange, and NASDAQ.
ä银行通过允许人们根据自己的存款签发支 票，帮助创造出一种交换媒介。
• 交换媒介是人们能容易地用来进行交易的东 西。
ä这方便了物品与劳务的购买。
曼昆哈佛大学经济学原理第二章PPT精品文档37页
Every field of study has its own terminology
Mathematics
integrals axioms
vector spaces
torts
Law
Promissory estoppel
venues
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Uses two approaches: Descriptive (reporting facts, etc.) Analytical (abstract reasoning)
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
The Scientific Method
Uses abstract models to help explain how a complex, real world operates.
Develops theories, collects, and analyzes data to prove the theories.
Demand
Deadweight loss
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Economics trains you to. . . .
Think in terms of alternatives. Evaluate the cost of individual and
微观经济学原理(曼昆版课件)第二章PPT课件
• 生产可能性边界的移动
例）电脑行业的技 术进步提高了每个 工人每周可以生产 的电脑数量。
说明了经济的增长
9
第二个模型：生产可能性边界
• 生产可能性边界简化了复杂的经济，以便 强调一些基本但极为重要的思想：稀缺性、 效率、权衡取舍、机会成本和经济增长。
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像经济学家一样思考
• 经济学研究似乎并不需要任何极高的特殊天赋。与更高 深的哲学或纯科学相比，经济学不是……一门极其容易的 学科吗？一门容易的学科，但这个学科中很少有人能出类 拔萃！这个悖论的解释也许在于杰出的经济学家应该具有 各种天赋的罕见的结合。在某种程度上他应该是数学家、 历史学家、政治家和哲学家。他必须了解符号并用文字表 达出来。他必须根据一般性来深入思考特殊性，并在思绪 奔放的同时触及抽象与具体。他必须根据过去、为着未来 而研究现在。他必须考虑到人性或人的制度的每一部分。 他必须同时保持果断而客观的情绪；像艺术家一样冷漠而 不流俗，但有时又要像政治家一样脚踏实地。这是一个高 标准。但通过实践，你将会越来越习惯于像经济学家一样 思考。
• 经济由从事许多活动——购买、销售、工作、雇佣、 制造等——的千百万人所组成。
• 在此模型中，经济有两类决策者——家庭和企业— —所组成。
• 企业用劳动、土地和资本（建筑物和机器）这些投 入来生产物品和劳务。这些投入就是生产要素。
• 家庭和企业在两类市场上相互交易。在物品与劳务 市场上，家庭是买者，而企业是卖者；在生产要素 市场上，家庭是卖者，而企业是买者。
炼
爱 因 斯
而 已
3
2.1 作为科学家的经济学家
• 科学方法：观察、理论和进一步观察
例）牛顿发现万有引力
• 假设的作用：
假设可以使复杂的世界简单化，而且使解释这个世界变得 更容易。
经济学原理第二章课件
4
MEASURING THE COST OF LIVING
EXAMPLE
year price of pizza
basket: {4 pizzas, 10 lattes}
price of latte cost of basket
2007
2008
$10
$11
$2.00
$2.50
$10 x 4 + $2 x 10 $12 x 4 + $3 x 10
living.
MEASURING THE COST OF LIVING
14
Problems with the CPI: Unmeasured Quality Change
Improvements in the quality of goods in the
basket increase the value of each dollar.
How can we correct interest rates for inflation?
1
The Consumer Price Index (CPI)
measures the typical consumer’s cost of living
the basis of cost of living adjustments (COLAs) in
many contracts and in Social Security
MEASURING THE COST OF LIVING
2
How the CPI Is Calculated
1. Fix the “basket.” The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) surveys consumers to determine what’s in the typical consumer’s “shopping basket.”
曼昆经济学原理第二章
issues are related.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
THE ECONOMIST AS A SCIENTIST
• The economic way of thinking . . .
• Involves thinking analytically and objectively. • Makes use of the scientific method.
• integrals ❖ axioms ❖ vector spaces
• Psychology
• ego ❖ id ❖ cognitive dissonance
• Law
• promissory ❖ estoppel ❖ torts ❖ venues
• Economics
• supply ❖ opportunity cost ❖ elasticity ❖ consumer surplus ❖ demand ❖ comparative advantage ❖ deadweight loss
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
Figure 1 The Circular Flow
Revenue
Goods and services sold
曼昆经济学课件 (2)
3
Some Familiar Models
A road map
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
9
FIGURE 1: The Circular-Flow Diagram
Households: Own the factors of production, sell/rent them to firms for income Buy and consume goods & services
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
4
Some Familiar Models
A model of human anatomy from high school biology class
曼昆哈佛大学经济学原理第二章
The Economic Way of Thinking
Includes developing abstract models from theories and the analysis of the models.
The Circular Flow Model The Production Possibilities Frontier
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
The Circular-Flow Model
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
The Circular-Flow Diagram
Markets for Goods & Services Firms sell Households buy
Uses two approaches: Descriptive (reporting facts, etc.) Analytical (abstract reasoning)
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Psychology
ego id
cognitive dissonance
Every field of study has its own terminology
《曼昆经济学原理》课件
比较优势
各国根据自身的资源、技术和 成本优势进行专业化生产，实
现全球资源的最优配置。
贸易条件
贸易条件的变化对出口国和进 口国的影响，以及贸易条件与
经济增长的关系。
贸易政策
自由贸易政策和保护贸易政策 的优缺点，以及政策制定时应
考虑的因素。
国际金融
国际收支
国际收支平衡表的构成，以及影响国际收支 的因素。
国际货币体系
国际金本位制、布雷顿森林体系和牙买加体 系的比较和演变。
外汇市场
外汇市场的参与者、交易方式和汇率决定机 制。
资本流动
资本流动的原因、影响和风险。
汇率制度
固定汇率制度
固定汇率制度的优点和缺点，以及应 对货币投机的策略。
浮动汇率制度
浮动汇率制度的优点和缺点，以及汇 率浮动对经济的影响。
汇率目标区
国际合作在全球化进程中的作用和 必要性。
04
PART 05
经济学理论
REPORTING
古典经济学
01
总结词
古典经济学主张自由市场经济，强调市场供需关系和价格机制的自发调
节作用。
02 03
详细描述
古典经济学家认为，市场经济在自由竞争下能够达到最优资源配置，价 格、工资和利润等变量由市场供需决定，政府只需充当守夜人角色，不 应对经济进行过多干预。
《曼昆经济学原理》 PPT课件
REPORTING
• 导言 • 微观经济学 • 宏观经济学 • 国际经济学 • 经济学理论
目录
PART 01
导言
REPORTING
经济学定义
总结词
经济学是一门研究人类经济行为和现象的社会科学。
详细描述
经济学原理 曼昆 英文版课件 Chap_02
The Production Possibilities Frontier
•Shows the various combinations of two goods that can be produced by one firm. •Assumes two goods •Assumes fixed technology and fixed factors of production.
Thinking Like an Economist
Chapter 2
Economics trains you to. . . .
Be
mindful about the choices that you make. Evaluate the cost of individual and social choices. Examine and understand how certain events and issues are related. But there is the issue of terminology, some math, and GRAPHS, GRAPHS AND SOME MORE GRAPHS!
Economic Models
Economists use models to simplify reality in order to improve our understanding of the world. As simplifications of reality, models need assumptions. Models start small and then grow in increasing complexity.
Example-No Child Left Behind and Test Scores.
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Demand
Deadweight loss
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Economics trains you to. . . .
Think in terms of alternatives. Evaluate the cost of individual and social choices. Examine and understand how certain events and issues are related.
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The Economist as a Scientist
The economic way of thinking . . .
Involves thinking analytically and objectively. Makes use of the scientific method.
Two of the most basic economic models include:
The Circular Flow Model The Production Possibilities Frontier
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The Economic Way of Thinking
Includes developing abstract models from theories and the analysis of the models. Uses two approaches:
Descriptive (reporting facts, etc.) Analytical (abstract reasoning)
Every field of study has its own terminology
Mathematics
integrals axioms
vector spaces
torts
Law
Promissory estoppel
venues
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The Circular-Flow Model
The circular-flow model is a simple way to visually show the economic transactions that occur between households and firms in
the economy.
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The Scientific Method
Uses abstract models to help explain how a complex, real world operates. Develops theories, collects, and analyzes data to prove the theories.
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Economic Models
Economists use models to simplify reality in order to improve our understanding of the world
Psychology
ego id
cognitive dissonance
Every field of study has its own terminology
Economics
Supply
Opportunity cost
Elasticity
Comparative advantage
Consumer Surplus
Thinking Like an Economist
Chapter 2
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work should be mailed to: Permissions Department, Harcourt College Publishers, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida 32887-6777.
Observation, Theory and More Observation!
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The Role of Assumptions
Economists make assumptions in order to make the world easier to understand.
The art in scientific thinking is deciding which assumptions to make.
Economists use different assumptions to answer different questions.
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