曼彻特公司双相不锈钢资料

METRODE PRODUCTS LIMITED HANWORTH LANE CHERTSEY SURREY KT16 9LL UKDUPLEX & SUPERDUPLEX FERRITIC-AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELSCONTENTSPage 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6 7 8 8a 8b 8c 8d Introduction Base Materials Consumables Welding Guidelines Properties IIW Position Statement on Ferrite Project References Links to Appendices Data Sheets Weld Procedures Welding Guidelines Application Studies 2 3 4-6 7 8 16 - 17 18 19©Metrode Products LimitedPage 1Website Special Issue – 03/03 rev 1DUPLEX & SUPERDUPLEX FERRITIC-AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELSFor structural applicationsFor Offshore applicationsFor general fabrication1.INTRODUCTION Duplex and superduplex stainless steels are currently finding widespread use for a range of applications. The excellent combination of strength and corrosion resistance has proved to be invaluable, especially in the offshore and chemical industries. The more widespread application of duplex and superduplex stainless steels is rapidly increasing into areas of general fabrication, where it is replacing standard austenitic stainless steels such as 316L. The different industry sectors and applications each have their own welding consumable requirements. For this reason the range of consumables available is relatively large, each consumable having particular attributes. For example, in the offshore industry, where fixed pipe welding is prevalent and relatively stringent impact requirements are imposed, the 2205XKS, Zeron 100XKS, 2507XKS and Supercore 2205P are used. In general fabrication where ease of use and cosmetic appearance are important, with less emphasis on impact properties, Ultramet 2205 and Ultramet 2507 will be preferred. There is also an entirely separate area of use, covering casting repairs which will be subsequently solution annealed, where lower nickel, matching composition, consumables are sometimes used. The Metrode product range has consumables for the MMA(SMAW), TIG (GTAW), MIG (GMAW), FCAW and SAW processes which cover all of the potential applications. This Technical Profile covers not only the extensive range of Metrode consumables for duplex and superduplex materials, but also the practical aspects of welding these steels. The important features of weld procedure qualification – corrosion (G48A), impact properties, hardness and microstructure – are discussed and the procedural controls required to achieve the optimum properties are examined. Weld procedure records of successful procedures are provided together with the typical properties achieved. This information is intended to give sufficient guidance to enable weld procedures to be successfully carried out.©Metrode Products LimitedPage 2Website Special Issue – 03/032.BASE MATERIALS There is a wide range of base materials that can be broadly grouped into duplex and superduplex alloys. There are many, essentially equivalent, materials from many different manufacturers. Tables 1, 2 and 3 list the main base material specifications for wrought and cast duplex and superduplex along with nominal composition and examples of the proprietary alloys available.Table 1:UNS NoS32304 S31803 S32205 S32550 S31260(1)Wrought alloys – standard duplex stainless steelsEN 100881.4362 1.4462 1.4462 1.4507 -Cr 23 22 23 25 25Ni 4 5 6 6.5 7Mo 0.1 2.8 3 3 3Cu 1.5 0.5W 0.3N 0.10 0.15 0.18 0.16 0.16PREN * 24 32/33 35 38/39 37Examples of proprietary materials SAF 2304 (Sandvik/Avesta) UR35N (CLI) UR45N (CLI) SAF 2205 (Sandvik/Avesta) 2205 (Avesta) UR45N+ (CLI) Ferralium 255 (Meighs) DP3 (Sumitomo)(1)(1)UNS S32205, a variant of S31803 with analysis restricted to the upper range.Wrought alloys – superduplex stainless steelsEN 10088 1.4501 1.4410 1.4507 Cr 25 25 25 26 Ni 7.5 7 7 7 Mo 3.5 3.8 3.1 3.5 Cu 0.7 1.5 W 0.7 2 N 0.23 0.25 0.25 0.26 PREN * 40 42 40 40 Examples of proprietary materials Zeron 100 (Weir) SAF 2507 (Sandvik/Avesta) DP3W (Sumitomo) UR52N+ (CLI) Ferralium SD40 (Meighs)Table 2:UNS No S32760 S32750 S39274 S32550*PREN = PREW =Pitting Resistance Equivalent based on:Cr + 3.3Mo + 16NCr + (3.3Mo + 0.5W) + 16N includes the role of tungsten alloyingTable 3:UNS No J92205 J93370 J93380 J93404Cast alloys – duplex and superduplex stainless steelsDIN 1.4515/1.4517 1.4508 1.4469 ASTM A890 4A 6A 5A Equivalent wrought alloyS31803 / S32205 S32550 S32760 S32750©Metrode Products LimitedPage 3Website Special Issue – 03/033.CONSUMABLES Tables 4 and 5 summarise the Metrode range of duplex and superduplex welding consumables. Full data sheets for these products are presented in Appendices 1-3.Table 4: Filler materials for welding 22%Cr duplex stainless steels Wrought CastParent materialUNS S32304 & S31803Filler material Final condition TIG / MIG Filler wireUNS J92205 & J93370 Matching analysis * Solution annealed (1120°C + WQ)Overmatching analysis As-weldedER329N 1.6, 2.4 & 3.2mm ø: TIG 1.2mm MIG & Mechanised/Orbital TIG PREN: 35 min SUPERMET 2205 Rutile coated General purpose: downhand 2.5 – 5.0mm ø PREN: 38 ULTRAMET 2205 Rutile coated AWS: E2209-16 All-positional: structural 2.5 – 4.0mm ø PREN: 35 min 2205XKS Basic coated (maximum weld toughness) AWS: E2209-15 All-positional: pipework 2.5 – 5.0mm ø PREN: 35 min SUPERMET 2506 Rutile coated Downhand welding and repair of castings 2.5 – 5.0mm ø PREN: 36MMA ElectrodesSUPERMET 2506Cu Rutile coated AWS: E2553-16 Downhand welding and repair of Cu-bearing alloy castings 2.5 – 5.0mm ø PREN: 38Flux Cored Wire (FCAW)SUPERCORE 2205& Rutile Flux CoredSUPERCORE 2205PDownhand All-positional: pipework AWS: E2209T0-4 AWS: E2209T1-4 1.2mm ø, Argon +20% CO2 PREN: 35 minSub-Arc (SAW) Wire / FluxER329N 1.6 & 2.4mm ø SSB Flux or LA491 25kg drum Basic: (BI ≈ 3) PREN: 35 min*'Matching analysis' preferred, but in practice overmatching consumables have proved acceptable, eg Supermet 2205.©Metrode Products LimitedPage 4Website Special Issue – 03/03Table 5:Filler materials for welding 25%Cr type superduplex stainless steels Wrought & CastParent materialUNS S32760, S32750, S32550, S39274, J93380 & J93404Filler material Final condition TIG / MIG Filler wiresOvermatching analysis As-welded & Solution annealed (1120°C + WQ) ZERON 100X 1.6, 2.4 & 3.2mm ø: TIG 1.0mm MIG & Mechanised/Orbital TIG PREN: 40 min ZERON 100XKS Basic coated (max weld toughness) All-positional: pipework 2.5 – 5.0mm ø PREN: 40 min 2507XKS * Basic coated (max weld toughness) All-positional: pipework 2.5 – 4.0mm ø PREN: 40 min ULTRAMET 2507 * Rutile coated All-positional: structural 2.5 – 4.0mm ø PREN: 40 minMMA ElectrodesFlux cored wire (FCAW)SUPERCORE Z100XP Rutile flux cored Positional pipework and downhand welding 1.2mm ø, Argon + 20%CO2 PREN: 40 min ZERON 100X 1.6 & 2.4mm Ø SSB or LA491 FLUX 25kg drum Basic (BI=3) PREN: 40 minSub-Arc (SAW) Wire / Flux*For welding UNS S32760 Zeron 100XKS is preferred, especially for service in sulphuric acid.Page5Table 6:Filler materials for welding 25%Cr + 2%Cu superduplex stainless steels Wrought & CastParent materialUNS S32550 and J93370Filler material Final condition TIG / MIG Filler wiresOvermatching analysis As-welded & Solution annealed (1120°C + WQ) ZERON 100X * 1.6, 2.4 & 3.2mm ø: TIG 1.0mm MIG & Mechanised/Orbital TIG PREN: 40 min SUPERMET 2506Cu Rutile coated AWS: E2553-16 Downhand welding and repair of Cu-bearing alloy castings 2.5 – 5.0mm ø PREN: 40 ULTRAMET B2553 Basic coated AWS: E2553-15 All-positional pipework of Cu bearing superduplex 2.5 – 4.0mm ø PREN: 40 minMMA ElectrodesFlux cored wire (FCAW)SUPERCORE Z100XP * Rutile flux cored Positional pipework and downhand welding 1.2mm ø, Argon + 20%CO2 PREN: 40 min ZERON 100X 1.6 & 2.4mm ∅ * SSB FLUX 25kg drum Basic (BI=3) PREN: 40 minSub-Arc (SAW) Wire / Flux*These consumables contain about 0.7%Cu, so do not match the copper content of the base materials, but they are satisfactory for most applications.Page64.4.1WELDING GUIDELINESGENERAL GUIDELINESWeld procedures for duplex and superduplex stainless steels need to be controlled to ensure weld properties are achieved and also to ensure conformance with appropriate standards. Welding guidelines for Zeron 100 are presented in Appendix 4, and Appendix 5 gives examples of some successful weld procedures and the properties achieved. The general philosophy for welding duplex and superduplex stainless steels is shown in Figure 1. Some of the specific areas of weld procedure control that are closely defined in specification and application standards are explained in more detail in section 4.2.Figure 1: Welding duplex & superduplex stainless steels©Metrode Products LimitedPage 7Website Special Issue – 02/034.2PREHEAT, INTERPASS & HEAT INPUT CONTROLSPreheat Interpass temperature Heat inputIs not normally required. Preheat should only be used on material below about 5°C (41°F) or which is not dry. With standard duplex stainless steel, interpass temperatures are normally restricted to 150oC (300°F) maximum. This is in line with a number of specifications/codes: NORSOK M601, Shell ES106 and ES124; all 150°C (300°F) maximum. For the filling runs of a joint fairly high heat inputs are required before any noticeable effect is seen on the properties of duplex stainless steel welds. A range of 0.5 – 2.5 kJ/mm (12.5-62.5kJ/in) has been proposed as acceptable based on work at TWI, but the maximum is often restricted to lower heat inputs, eg Shell ES106, 0.5 – 2.0 kJ/mm (12.5-50kJ/in); Shell ES124, 0.5 – 1.75 kJ/mm (12.5-45kJ/in).The procedural controls required are described here generally for duplex and superduplex stainless steels, in practice the control for duplex stainless steels can be more relaxed than for superduplex.4.3 DISSIMILAR JOINTSDuplex and superduplex stainless steels are inevitably joined to other alloys. For most commonly used engineering alloys, this does not present any problem, provided the appropriate consumable used. Diagrams such as the Schaeffler diagram can prove useful in selecting the correct filler material. There will generally be a number of consumables which will provide an acceptable technical solution for any dissimilar joint, so the selection will often be based on practical aspects. For example, to reduce the number of procedures and consumables utilised, if duplex (2205) consumables are being used, these can conveniently be used for joints between duplex and CMn, low alloy and most austenitic stainless steels. The same applies to superduplex consumables. Duplex and superduplex consumables can also be used for surfacing CMn and low alloy steels without any intermediate buffer layers. Figure 2 summarises the selection of weld metals for dissimilar joints involving duplex and superduplex stainless steels.©Metrode Products LimitedPage 8Website Special Issue – 02/03Figure 2:Duplex & superduplex stainless steel dissimilar butt joints Recommended filler wires ** **Only wires are listed for brevity – associated MMA and FCW are also suitable. Consumable may need to be selected to meet minimum strength requirements of the CMn/low alloy steel.©Metrode Products LimitedPage 9Website Special Issue – 02/035.5.1PROPERTIESTENSILEThe tensile properties of duplex and superduplex weld metals comfortably achieve the requirements of the associated base materials. Transverse tensile tests made using the correct consumable fail in the base material. Typical tensile properties for the various welding processes in duplex and superduplex are given below in Table 6.Table 6: Typical tensile properties UTS, MPa (Ksi) TIG ER329N MIG ER329N SAW ER329N + SSB 2205XKS Ultramet 2205 Supermet 2205 Supercore 2205 / 2205P TIG Zeron 100X MIG Zeron 100X SAW Zeron 100X + SSB Zeron 100XKS Supercore Z100XP 2507XKS Ultramet 2507 800 (116) 800 (116) 800 (116) 810 (118) 850 (123) 850 (123) 800 (116) 920 (133) 920 (133) 920 (133) 900 (130) 880 (128) 900 (130) 950 (138) 0.2% Proof Stress, MPa (Ksi) 600 (87) 600 (87) 600 (87) 660 (96) 675 (98) 650 (94) 650 (94) 725 (105) 725 (105) 725 (105) 700 (102) 690 (100) 700 (102) 750 (109) Elongation, % 4d 32 32 32 28 27 30 27 25 25 25 24 27 28 25 5d 29 29 30 26 25 28 25 24 24 24 22 25 25 22 RoA, % 65 50 50 45 40 40 40 40 40 40 45 33 45 40Although the consumables listed in Table 6 are primarily for use in the as-welded condition, they are also used in the solution annealed condition – typically >1120°C (2050°F) / 3hrs + WQ. Following a solution anneal, the elongation will increase and the UTS will be slightly reduced but the major difference in tensile properties will be the reduction in 0.2% proof stress. Even following a full solution anneal heat treatment, the weld metal will meet the requirements of the appropriate base material. Requirements are now being seen which specify tensile properties at moderately elevated temperatures, eg 120 - 160°C (250-320°F). The graph on the next page, Figure 3, shows the general trend for the reductions in strength to be expected on testing at temperatures up to ~160°C (320°F).©Metrode Products Limited Page 10 Website Special Issue – 02/03Figure 3:Hot Tensile Properties for duplex and superduplex weld metals1000900Duplex 0.2% proof Duplex UTS Superduplex 0.2% proof Superduplex UTSStrength, MPa800700600500400050100150200250Temperature, oC5.2TOUGHNESSCVN toughness versus temperature curves describe a shallow sloping relationship, free from the pronounced ductile-brittle transition characteristics of CMn weld metals. Consequently CVN values show low scatter and overall, reflect a more consistent pattern of weld toughness than achieved from CMn weld metal. See Figures 4 and 5.Figure 4: 22%Cr type standard duplex stainless steel butt weld CVN toughness©Metrode Products LimitedPage 11Website Special Issue – 02/03Figure 5:25%Cr type superduplex stainless steel butt weld CVN toughnessWeld metal oxygen content, in the form of oxide/silicate micro-inclusions, strongly influences toughness. As oxygen increases, toughness is reduced. Gas shielded TIG, PAW and MIG processes promote lower weld metal oxygen levels than flux shielded MMA, FCAW and SAW processes. CVN absorbed energy (joules), for standard 10 x 10mm (0.4 x 0.4in) test specimens, and lateral expansion values show a close relationship up to the 100J level: Lateral Expansion (mm/in) ≈ Charpy Energy (J) 100Since lateral expansion values are not significantly affected by CVN specimen size, they can be used as a useful indicator of potential full-size CVN performance. Correction factors, based on the sub-size test specimen ligament cross-sectional area, provide a useful conversion to potential 10 x 10mm (0.4 x 0.4in) impact values, eg:Specimen size, mm (in)Ligament Area relationship Typical test data, J (ft-lb) Values corrected for 10 x 10 specimen, J (ftlb) J / cm2 (ft-lb/in2)10 x 10 (0.4 x 0.4)10 x 7.5 (0.4 x 0.3)10 x 5 (0.4 x 0.2)10 x 3.3 (0.4 x 0.1)1 95 (70) 95 (70) 119 (546)0.75 56 (41) 75 (55) 93 (430)0.5 41 (30) 82 (60) 103 (469)0.33 27 (20) 82 (60) 102 (469)Analysis of weld metal CVN values and Crack Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD) fracture toughness suggests that 40J (29ft-lb) average, 27J (20ft-lb) minimum single values at the minimum design temperature are sufficient to avoid the risk of brittle fracture. A corresponding minimum CTOD value of 0.1mm (~0.004in) is considered appropriate. Post-weld solution anneal (~1150°C/2100°F) + water quench heat treatment significantly improves weld toughness performance.©Metrode Products LimitedPage 12Website Special Issue – 02/035.3 5.3.1HARDNESS NACENACE requirements define maximum hardness levels for parent material to secure reliable resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in H2S-bearing ('sour') media. The following table shows the maximum hardness allowed as defined in NACE MR0175-97 (note the most recent revision of MR0175 should be referred to).Grade Duplex UNS S31803 eg SAF 2205 Condition UNS S32750 eg SAF 2507 Superduplex UNS S32760 eg Zeron 100Sol. Ann. + Cold Worked 232°C max. 0.002MPa H2S max. 1100MPa YS max. 36 max.Sol. Ann 232°C. 0.01MPa H2S max. 32 max.Sol. Ann. + Cold Worked 120g/l Cl0.02MPa H2S 34 max.Hardness; HRC5.3.2Weld Metal & HAZNACE hardness limits are used in fabrication specifications covering weldments. The weld root zone is subject to strain hardening induced by thermal contraction stresses. Each weld deposition strain ≡ hardening event. Root weld metal hardness directly relates to the number of weld beads in the joint. For example, 8in (219mm) diameter x 18.3mm (0.75in) wall thickness Zeron 100 superduplex stainless steel pipe TIG welded in the ASME 5G position using Zeron 100X filler wire and completed in 30 passes shows weld metal and HAZ root hardnesses higher than the corresponding cap hardnesses (Figure 6).Figure 6: Zeron 100 butt weld Rockwell C hardness valuesVickers Hardness (HV) is more applicable for the examination of specific weld zones, eg HAZ. (HV 10kg hardness indentation ≈ 1/10 size of HRC 150kg.) If HV is used, care should be taken in correlating to HRC and it is recommended the new Welding Institute (UK) HV/HRC correlation (Figure 7) is used rather than ASTM E140 which was developed for CMn steels.©Metrode Products LimitedPage 13Website Special Issue – 02/03Figure 7:TWI HV/HRC comparisonHardness, HRCHardness, HV The TWI HV/HRC correlation curve, based on statistical interpretation of hardness measurements from a wide range of 22%Cr duplex and 25%Cr superduplex weldments, is more realistic for equating hardness values derived by the two test methods. The limitations of the previous ASTM E140 CMn steel correlation curve are highlighted, particularly with respect to meeting NACE MR0175 HRC hardness requirements for 'sour' service applications.5.4 CORROSIONThe corrosion performance of duplex and superduplex weld metals is often assessed during procedure qualification using the ASTM G48A test. Typical acceptance criteria include: nil pitting, maximum test specimen weight loss of 20mg or 45g/m2 (~0.001lb/ft2)of surface tested. Accurate, meaningful, weight loss determination demands careful attention to test specimen preparation: polishing (eg 1200 grit) of all edges and surfaces not under test. To obtain uniform results, some specifications allow pickling and repassivation – eg 20% HNO3 + 5%HF, 60°C (140°F), 5 minutes as in NORSOK M-601 Rev 2. Ar/1-2%N2 gas shielding (+ pure argon purge) enhances weld metal nitrogen level, to boost pitting resistance, and may be essential practice where: the specified G48A test temperature exceeds the argon shielded ER329N root weld critical pitting limit (~25°C/77°F) and Zeron 100X filler metal usage is prohibited. nitrogen losses from argon shielded Zeron 100X TIG root bead weld metal jeopardises satisfactory G48A test performance at ~40°C (104°F). restoration of pitting resistance where early removal of backing gas protection causes root surface oxidation and susceptibility to attack.With multi-pass TIG welding, Ar + N2 usage should be restricted to initial root runs to avoid excessive nitrogen build-up, and the associated risk of weld porosity.©Metrode Products Limited Page 14 Website Special Issue – 02/03Pitting attack of specimen surfaces not under test, eg edge 'endgrain' micro-structure, is generally not considered a relevant part of acceptance criteria, though may cause problems meeting weight loss limits, where applicable.Figure 8: Pitting diagram5.5MICROSTRUCTURE & FERRITE CONTENTThe properties of duplex and superduplex stainless steel are dependent on the duplex ferritic-austenitic microstructure. Round-robin tests have shown point counting (ASTM E562) of weld joints (weld metal & HAZ) to have very low reproducibility from one laboratory to another. For this reason, it is recommended that, for weld metals, ferrite content be measured in FN (ferrite number) using suitably calibrated magnetic instruments. Despite the better reproducibility of FN measurements and IIW recommendations, procedure specifications still tend to be written around point counting with a ferrite content of about 25-65% normally being specified. Once the filler and hence weld metal composition has been selected, the cooling rate during welding is the factor that primarily controls the ferrite content. Slower cooling rates reduce the ferrite content – hence high heat inputs and preheating reduce the ferrite content. The WRC diagram can be used as a convenient method for estimating the potential ferrite content, in FN, from the analysis. There is always likely to be some discrepancy between calculated and measured ferrite values. There is a move towards acceptance criteria being based on actual corrosion and mechanical properties rather than weld metal microstructure. The 'Position Statement' from IIW in Appendix 6 helps to clarify the position in the case of dispute. Other useful references include: Gooch, T G & Woollin, P: 'Metallurgical examination during weld procedure qualification for ferritic-austenitic stainless steels'; Stainless Steel World 1999 conference, November 1999, The Hague. Kotecki, D J: 'Standards and industrial methods for ferrite measurement'; 1998 Welding Journal, May 49-52.Page 15 Website Special Issue – 02/03-©Metrode Products Limited6 – IIW Position Statement on Ferrite©Metrode Products LimitedPage 16Website Special Issue – 02/03©Metrode Products LimitedPage 17Website Special Issue – 02/037Project ReferencesDUPLEX & SUPERDUPLEX FERRITIC-AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS APPLICATIONSPROJECT REFERENCESMetrode filler materials for welding duplex and superduplex stainless steels have featured extensively in the fabrication of vessels, flowlines and pipework systems for the offshore oil/gas industry, which has increasingly turned to these materials for improved long term performance with a wide range of projects including: AMERADA HESS / Scott Project (UK) MARATHON OIL / East Brae Project (UK) WOODSIDE / Goodwyn A Project (Australia) BP / Forties Project (UK) LASMO / Kadanawari Project (Pakistan) STATOIL / Sleipner Project (Norway) ARCO Alaska / Point McIntyre (USA) CONOCO / Heidrun Project (Norway) PHILLIPS / Judy-Joanne Project (Norway) SHELL / FPSO Project (UK) SHELL / Pelican Project (UK) BP / ETAPS Project (UK) PHILLIPS / Ekofisk II (Norway) PETRONAS Project (Malaysia) SAMSUNG OFFSHORE YARDS (Korea) ONGC / Bombay High Project (India) KHIC (Korea) BP / Foinaven Project (UK) BP / Schiehallion FPSO Project (UK) SHELL / Kingfisher Project (UK) STATOIL / Norne Project (Norway) STATOIL / Gullfacks Project (Norway) WOODSIDE / Laminaria Project (Australia) ELF / N'Kossa Project (Congo) ELF / Girassol Project (Angola) SHELL / Odidi Project (Nigeria) ELF / Grande Paroisse (France) TERRA NOVA / FPSO (Canada) Process pipework, manifold system Manifold system Seawater system Seawater Riser Pipework Flowlines Process pipework and heat exchangers Pipeline Process pipework Process pipework, sub-sea manifolds Production ship process pipework Process pipework, risers, vessels Process pipework, sub-sea manifolds Process pipework Process pipework Process pipework Castings Castings Process pipework Process pipework Sub-sea pipeline Process vessels Sub-sea pipeline Separator & scrubber vessels Flowlines Bundles and Valves Flowlines Heat exchangers Process module pipework©Metrode Products LimitedPage 18Website Special Issue – 02/038 - Links to Appendices - Click and follow the link to the requested file. Use the Bookmark Tag on the file to return to the the main profile. 8a – Data Sheets Data Sheet for 22%Cr Duplex Stainless Steels – B-60 Data Sheet Zeron 100 Superduplex Stainless Steels – Data Sheet for 2507 Superduplex Stainless Steels – B-62 Data Sheet for Copper-containing Superduplex – B-63 8b – Weld Procedures 8c - Guidelines for welding Zeron 100 8d - Application Studies ER329N Sub Arc Wire used for Separator Vessels Supercore 2205P used for custom designed Pump Supercore 2205P and 2205XKS used for York Millennium Bridge Zeron 100X and 2507XKS used for topside modules Zeron 100XKS used for centrifuges Zeron 100X MIG used for motor covers Supercore 2205P used for gas coolers B-61©Metrode Products LimitedPage 19Website Special Issue – 02/03。