《 英汉互译》复习资料.
英汉互译期末复习
英汉互译期末复习一、翻译下列短语tourist visa 旅游签证special report 专题报道circus performance 马戏lyric poem 抒情诗internal combustion engine 内燃机Parataxis 意合Joseph Needham 李约瑟fundamental issue 基本问题theatrical mask 戏剧脸谱The Waterloo Bridge 魂断蓝桥village head 村长diplomatic passport 外交护照senior nurse 主任护士network transaction 网络交易area of news coverage 现场采访chain reaction 连锁反应data highway 信息高速公路 a stick-and –carrot policy 大棒加胡萝卜政策老乡fellow-townsman 公务员civil service头条新闻top/headline news 事倍功半half result with double efforts勿靠近车门keep clear of door 入境签证entry visa阶梯教室lecture theatre 免税商店duty-free shop安全检查security check 情人节the Valent ine’s Day元宵节the Lantern Festival 沉默是金Silence is golden杂技表演acrobatic performance 执行主席executive chairman科技英语English for science and technology经济舱Economy Class商务舱Business Class功臣the great contributor 武术martial art出发点starting point 室温room temperature蜀南竹海the Bamboo Forest in Southern Sichuan澳门Macao 归化adaptation红糖brown sugar二、翻译下列句子1.44、The odds are against such hopes being realized.实现这些希望的可能性很小。
《英汉互译》期末复习材料
《英汉互译》期末复习材料句子翻译A. E-C1.精密仪器必须防尘。
2.他母亲死于难产。
3.那个译员还是个新手，不要说太快了。
4.美国人从清晨直到深夜都能看到形形色色的电视节目。
5.这大约是其实际约2.5万英里周长的五分之二。
6.有人为求升官发财，对上司百般阿谀奉迎而丑态百出，实在令人不齿。
7.枪炮弹药四处飞窜，全体战士却若无其事地坚守阵地，准备给敌人迎头痛8.年长的人可以对年少的直呼其名，而小辈对长辈决不可如此，除非对方要你这么做。
9.让我们仔细看一下图二，它说明热如何使物体膨胀。
10.有些科学家认为这个行星上不可能有生物存在。
11.客栈虽然又旧又小，如果对你热情接待，就比住那种既没有微笑又不肯帮忙的现代化大酒店舒服多了。
12.你刚才提到的那个作家只不过是个有名无实的人。
他的作品太没意思了。
13.他所说的让我怕极了，我再也不去那个可怕的山洞了。
14.没想到那个大胖子竟然娶了个细高个的女人。
15.我累极了。
16.你看来一点也不了解这项计划的重要性，你最好现在就动手。
17.使我高兴的是，我儿子对意大利语还很精通哩。
18.他拥有一辆新的摩托车，为此邻里的男孩都羡慕他。
19.我前头的那辆车停住了，我错过了绿灯。
20.他可是个有关脑的人，不会相信你的杜撰。
B. C-E1.If it were not for the large orders from our regular customers, we could not quote at suchlow price.2.This is what China has learned from decades of achievement.3.The problem of environment is far from being settled.4.The total volume of state purchase in the first quarter has been raised by5.2 percent,compared with the same period of last year．5.Bake for 15 minutes at 120 degrees Celsius then raise the temperature to 240 degreesCelsius for another 10 minutes.6.When he knew others had made large amounts of money, he got extremely green - eyed.7.Located in Fuzhou, the capital city of Fujian Province, the headquarters of the school ismade up of two campuses, the Qishan Campus and the Cangshan Campus, with a totalland area of about 233 hectares.8.He stayed awake almost the whole night.9.You'd better send this piece of furniture to him, but you're unwilling to do that.10.Man's warm blood makes it difficult for him to live long in the sea without some kindwarmth ．11.Trees, flowers and grass, a picture of natural vitality, thrive on both banks.12.His heart was thumping.13.He is sucking vigorously at a pipe.14.Without putting on his shoes, he whizzed through the window.15.The audience murmured its approval.16.The little boat teeter-tottered in the heavy sea.17.Father is in a good mood at the moment ．Strike while the iron is hot and ask him to letyou go to the circus.18.Easier said than done; let's pay more attention to practice.19.He's always been good at fishing in troubled waters; he made a lot of money by buyinghouses that were bombed in the war.20.That singer was only a flash in the pan. He disappeared into the air after having madeone or two records.段落翻译A.中国烹饪技术在世界各地都享有盛名。
英译汉复习资料
1.China insisted on its admission into the institution as a developing country, which called for abalance between its rights and obligations.中国坚持以发展中国家身份加入世贸组织，以求实现权利与义务的平衡。
2. China’s entry into the WTO is about more than trade, it is about China’s future role in theworld economy and about the future direction of the global economic development.中国加入世贸组织的意义不仅仅在于贸易方面，更关系到中国将来在世界经济中的作用，以及全球经济未来的发展方向。
3. We are a peaceful nation. Yet, as we have learned, there can be no peace in a world of suddenterror. In the face of today’s new threat, the only way to pursue peace is to pursue those who threaten it.我们是个爱好和平的国家。
但是，我们认识到恐怖分子一天不消灭，世界将永无宁日。
在恐怖威胁面前，追寻和平之路的惟一途径就是把那些威胁和平的人绳之以法。
4. The Statue of Liberty, which measures 93 meters from top to bottom and is officially calledLiberty Enlightening the World, stands on an island at the entrance to New York Harbour.坐落在纽约港入口小岛上的自由女神像，从上到下高93米，其正式名称为“照亮世界的自由之光”。
汉英翻译教程期末考试复习要点
1. 直译法(1) 英译按原文的字面翻译, 其比喻意义同原文一样生动, 译文使读者能很快联想起英文中的对等成语. 如:竭泽而渔to drain a pond to catch all the fish (相当于kill the goose that lays the golden eggs)2) 打草惊蛇to stir up the grass and alert the snake (相当于wake a sleeping dog)3)易如反掌to be as easy a s turning over one’s hand (相当于as easy as falling off a log)4) 玩火自焚to get burnt by the fire kindled by oneself (相当于fry in one’s own grease)5)掌上明珠a pearl in the palm (相当于the apple of one’s eye)6)对牛弹琴to play the lute to a cow (相当于cast pearls before swine)7)守口如瓶to keep one’s mouth closed like a bottle (相当于keep a still tongue in one’s head)8) 雪中送炭to send charcoal in snowy weather (相当于help a lame dog over a stile)9) 画蛇添足to draw a snake and add feet to it (相当于paint the lily)(2) 不少汉语成语不一定有非常对等的英语成语, 但它们的字面翻译也能使译文读者得到正确无误的形象意义. 如:1) 声东击西to shout in the east and strike in the west2) 刻骨铭心to be engraved on one’s heart and bones3)井底之蛙to be like a frog at the bottom of a well4)调虎离山to lure the tiger from the mountain5)口蜜腹剑to be honey-mouthed and dagger-hearted2. 意译法如：手忙脚乱in a frantic rush 立竿见影get instant results它虽难以保全成语的文化特色和具体形象，却能简洁明快的反应出成语的喻义。
英汉互译复习资料
供复习用〔供第二轮复习用〕翻译技巧课后练习一、答复下列问题1.何谓翻译？〔开放式问题〕2.翻译过程是什么？3.翻译是技能、艺术还是科学？〔开放式问题〕4.翻译标准是什么？5.一名合格翻译工作者应具备什么样素质？〔开放式问题〕6.钱钟书先生关于文学翻译标准是什么？二句子翻译练习，注意语境对翻译选词影响[见第3章：英汉词义比照与翻译中根据语境选词]句子翻译练习：注意语境对翻译选词影响1.After he had a row with his wife at home he had a row with his mistress on the lake.2.Needing some light to see by, the burglar crossed the room with a light step to light the light with the light green shade.3. Lead as an element that gets into your body is absorbed into the bones and thus does harm to your health.4. Child enrolment is also affected by household size, birth order, livestock ownership and the ability of the household to absorb economic shocks.5. You could tell he was absorbed in his conversation, and not paying much attention to the road.6. As luck would have it, no one was in the building when the explosion occurred.7. As luck would have it, there was rain on the day of the picnic.8. He made a wise choice.9. We went away, as wise as we came.10. People praised highly the hero’s gl orious deeds.11. He had lied to me and made me the tool for his wicked deeds.12.Under the direction of the teachers, he has made great progress.13. Under the direction of Hitler and Mussolini, Franco started a civil war.14. For 15 years, Dr. Neil Todd has been searching for cats. Not big cats, like lions or tigers or pumas or leopards; nor fancy cats, like overbred Persians or Abyssinians or Siamese or Angoras.15. 谁说他从不喝酒？你看，他喝起白酒来，一杯又一杯。
实用英汉互译期末复习参考资料
句子翻译1.His novels nicely describe life in Britain between the wars. 他的小说细致地描述了两次大战之间英国的生活状况。
2.Round here, you leave school at sixteen and next thing you know, you’re married with three kids这一带的人十六岁中学毕业，接着就结婚，生三个孩子。
3.It is a common property of any matter that is expanded when it is heated and it contracts when cooled. 热胀冷缩是所有物质的共性。
4.Action is equal to reaction, but it acts in a contrary direction. 作用力与反作用力大小相等,方向相反。
5.The number of the young people in the United States who cannot read is incredible -- about one in four. 大约有四分之一的美国青年人没有阅读能力，这简直令人难以置信！6.上海人精明而不聪明。
People of Shanghai are penny wise and pound foolish.7.他能吃能睡。
He is a big eater and a good sleeper.8.他每天很晚才睡。
He stays up late every day.9.The end result of her hard work was a place at medical school. 她学习刻苦，终于进了医学院。
10.The thought of going out in the rain and fog discouraged him.一想到外面又是雨，又是雾，他就打退堂鼓了。
汉英翻译期末复习资料
题型一、单选（1分*10个=10分）n、adj、v、prep、短语二、句子翻译（3分*10个=30分）教材上、PPT上内容三、段落翻译（20分）选自PPT练习，10个句子四、简单句（20分）7个句型（1分），例句（2分）五、论述题（20分）二、1.楼高106米的深茂商业中心占地4201平方米，南靠深南大道，西临香密湖度假村，东连未来市中心新政大楼建筑群，共有楼面26层和地上车库两层。
Shenmao Commercial Centre stands 106meters high on a 4201 sq. meters site, consisting of 26 storeys and double-level underground car park. It borders Shennan Road to the south, Xiangmi Lake Holiday Resort to the west and the new municipal office building complex, the would-be city center, to the east.2.天目山树深人少，古树掩映，清泉石上流，雾生半山腰，如仙境一般。
Mt. Tianmu is like a fairy land. It is densely forested and scarcely frequented, with spring flowing over the rocks and fog streaming around the mountain sides.3.花前月下，情深深，意浓浓。
Many a moonlit night saw us sauntering along the flower-flanked paths exchanging words of love and affection.4.做好今年的政府工作，要高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜，以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导深入贯彻落实科学发展观。
英汉翻译复习资料
填空题复习资料：1.翻译人才在中国古代被称作象寄之才/象胥/舌人。
2.东晋时期的道安提出 “按本而传”的翻译思想,被人们称为直译的鼻祖。
3.六朝时期鸠摩罗什曾提出“改梵为秦，失其藻蔚，虽得大意，殊隔文体，有似嚼饭与人，非徒失味，乃令呕哕也。
”主张“依实出华。
”被人们称为意译的鼻祖。
4.《春秋谷梁传》中记载了孔子的“名从主人，物从中国”的翻译思想，而该译论比古罗马哲人西塞罗提出的“不要逐字翻译”早四五百年。
5.三国时期的支谦所作《法句经序》被看作是我国第一篇有关翻译的论文。
钱钟书在其《管锥编》中指出：“严复译《天演论》牟例所标：‘译事三难：信、达、雅’，三字皆已见此序。
”6.中国译学理论中不同时期的翻译标准可大致描述为：案本—求信—神似—化境—忠实，通顺—翻译标准多元互补论。
7. 按翻译题材，翻译可分为文学翻译、政论翻译、应用文翻译和科技翻译。
8．20世纪50年代初，傅雷在《〈高老头〉重译本序》中提出了“所求的不在形似而在神似”的重要观点；60年代初，钱钟书在《林纾的翻译》中提出了“化境”的翻译标准。
9. Translations are like women—when they are faithful they are not beautiful, when they are beautiful they are not faithful. 此比喻与我国老子的一个说法不谋而合。
老子说：“信言不美、美言不信”。
10．20世纪90年代，美籍意大利学者韦努蒂（Lawrence Venuti ）提出了抵抗式翻译/反翻译resistance translation翻译理论，该理论对于提高译者的地位很有帮助，但还不足以构成新的范式。
11.斯内尔-霍恩比（Mary Snell-Hornby）在其2006年的新著 《翻译研究的多重转向》中介绍：20世纪80年代，西方翻译研究出现文化转向；90年代出现实证论转向和全球化转向；而进入新世纪，翻译研究又回到了语言学时代，出现了“U字形转向”（U-turn）。
汉英翻译课外复习资料
英译常用的中国成语爱屋及乌Love me, love my dog.百闻不如一见Seeing is believing.比上不足比下有余worse off than some, better off than many; to fall short of the best, but be better than the worst.笨鸟先飞A slow sparrow should make an early start.不眠之夜white night不以物喜不以己悲not pleased by external gains, not saddened by personal losses不遗余力spare no effort; go all out; do one's best不打不成交No discord, no concord.拆东墙补西墙rob Peter to pay Paul辞旧迎新bid farewell to the old and usher in the new; ring out the old year and ring in the new 大事化小小事化了try first to make their mistake sound less serious and then to reduce it to nothing at all 大开眼界open one's eyes; broaden one's horizon; be an eye-opener国泰民安The country flourishes and people live in peace过犹不及going too far is as bad as not going far enough; beyond is as wrong as falling short; too much is as bad as too little功夫不负有心人Everything comes to him who waits.好了伤疤忘了疼once on shore, one prays no more好事不出门恶事传千里Good news never goes beyond the gate, while bad news spread far and wide.和气生财Harmony brings wealth.活到老学到老One is never too old to learn.既往不咎let bygones be bygones金无足赤人无完人Gold can't be pure and man can't be perfect.金玉满堂Treasures fill the home.脚踏实地be down-to-earth脚踩两只船sit on the fence君子之交淡如水the friendship between gentlemen is as pure as crystal; a hedge between keeps friendship green老生常谈陈词滥调cut and dried, cliché礼尚往来Courtesy calls for reciprocity.留得青山在不怕没柴烧Where there is life, there is hope.马到成功achieve immediate victory; win instant success名利双收gain in both fame and wealth茅塞顿开be suddenly enlightened没有规矩不成方圆Nothing can be accomplished without norms or standards.每逢佳节倍思亲On festive occasions more than ever one thinks of one's dear ones far away. It is on the festival occasions when one misses his dear most.谋事在人成事在天The planning lies with man, the outcome with Heaven. Man proposes, God disposes. 弄巧成拙be too smart by half; Cunning outwits itself拿手好戏masterpiece赔了夫人又折兵throw good money after bad抛砖引玉a modest spur to induce others to come forward with valuable contributions; throw a sprat to catch a whale破釜沉舟cut off all means of retreat；burn one‘s own way of retreat and be determined to fight to the end抢得先机take the preemptive opportunities巧妇难为无米之炊If you have no hand you can't make a fist. One can't make bricks without straw.千里之行始于足下a thousand-li journey begins with the first step--the highest eminence is to be gained step by step前事不忘，后事之师Past experience, if not forgotten, is a guide for the future.前人栽树，后人乘凉One generation plants the trees in whose shade another generation rests. One sows and another reaps.前怕狼，后怕虎fear the wolf in front and the tiger behind hesitate in doing something强龙难压地头蛇Even a dragon (from the outside) finds it hard to control a snake in its old haunt - Powerful outsiders can hardly afford to neglect local bullies.强强联手win-win co-operation瑞雪兆丰年A timely snow promises a good harvest.人之初性本善Man's nature at birth is good.人逢喜事精神爽Joy puts heart into a man.人海战术huge-crowd strategy世上无难事，只要肯攀登Where there is a will, there is a way.世外桃源a fictitious land of peace away from the turmoil of the world;死而后已until my heart stops beating岁岁平安Peace all year round.上有天堂下有苏杭Just as there is paradise in heaven, there are Suzhou and Hangzhou on earth.塞翁失马，焉知非福Misfortune may be an actual blessing.三十而立A man should be independent at the age of thirty. At thirty, a man should be able to think for himself.升级换代updating and upgrading (of products)四十不惑Life begins at forty.谁言寸草心，报得三春晖Such kindness of warm sun, can't be repaid by grass.水涨船高When the river rises, the boat floats high.时政表达汉译英发展是为了人民、依靠人民，发展成果全体人民共享Development is for the people, by the people, and its fruits should be shared by the people加强薄弱环节shore up weak links控制信贷投放rein in credit supply粮食供求关系趋紧There is a trend towards tighter grain supply./ Grain supply is tightening.建立了功能比较齐全的疾病防止体系A disease prevention and control system with a fairly comprehensive range of functions was set up.不搞一刀切refrain form taking uniform/one-size-fits-all approach to different situations调动了农民积极性These measures have encouraged farmers to grow more.增加了经济发展的后劲strengthen the basis for further/sustaining economic and social development环境友好型社会理念深入人心Public awareness of the need to develop an environment-friendly society heightened. 实施总体战略We followed a master strategy for…东部地区经济实力显著提高The eastern region has made marked gains in economic strength.贫困人口逐年减少 The size of the poor population has been reduced year after year. 破除迷信 do away with superstition冲破不合时宜的观念束缚break the shackles of outdated ideas改革开放是决定中国命运的重大而关键的选择Reform and opening-up is a major and crucial choice that is shaping the destiny/future of China.决不动摇never deviate from this policy执政为民run the government fro the people政府工作的出发点和落脚点basic consideration and aim of the work of the government保障和改善民生ensure the well-being of the people and improve their lives帮助解决他们的生活困难help them make ends meet in their daily lives特大自然灾害large-scale natural disaster/devastating disaster防灾减灾能力the ability to guard against disasters and mitigate their damages大部门larger departments进一步发展和解放生产力further promote the unfettered development of the productive forces我们要用制度管权、管事、管人We need to have proper rules and disciplines to govern administrative agencies, in exercising their power, conducting their businesses and managing their officials放开外贸经营权lift controls over access to foreign trade认真履行了加入WTO的各项承诺honored all the commitments we had made to join the WTO涉外经济体制regulatory mechanism governing external economic relations社会保障体系social safety net / social security system提高个人所得税起征点The threshold for personal income tax was raised.社会管理public administration解决土地征收征用损害群众利益问题resolve infringements on public interest inland expropriation and requisition宗教事务管理走向法制化Administration of religious affairs was put on a more solid legal footing.中国与其它发展中国家的合作开创了新局面China’s cooperation with other developing countries entered a new stage.坚持不懈的开展反腐败斗争unceasingly combat corruption经济增长的环境资源代价过大The price paid for economic growth in terms of resources consumption and environmental pressure is too high.由于推动价格上涨因素还存在，今年价格上涨的压力仍然较大Because factors for driving up prices are still there, upward pressure on prices will remain great this years.把CPI的增长幅度控制在比去年略低的水平We must hold the rise in this year’s CPI to a level slightly lower than of last year.固定资产投资反弹压力较大。
英语复习资料-汉译英(含英文对照)
汉译英1.不少病入膏肓者为了求得解脱往往要求医生使用致命药物;也有一些病人家属觉得彻底治愈病人已经无望,因此要求医生不要对病人再进行保命式的治疗.最近,"安乐死”这一问题在欧洲国家已酿成一场激烈的大争论.2.人们对“安乐死”可能被人滥用,或不必要使用的担心不无道理,但只要政府和有关方面措施得力,医院严格控制,这个问题最终或许可以得到解决.3.我们这么冒险尝试，无非是为了与自己或与命运堵一把，并从中实现自我之价值。
其后果不是被闹个灰头土脸，就是历经磨难，终成事业，或是一直得到上帝的眷顾，一帆风顺，而后无比自豪。
4.一旦一个人沉溺于赌，他不仅会挥霍掉多年辛勤工作换来的财产，而且也会失去自尊和良知。
所以奉劝这类人赶紧打住停手，脱离无穷的烦恼。
5.笑扮演的作用与角色比人们想象的复杂，发笑的原因众说纷纭。
6.我们为什么笑？令人信服的解释有待更多的证明。
但全世界人们都相信笑有很多好处。
笑能使人们保持身心健康，笑可以作为人与人之间交流的润滑剂，因为研究表明人们在社交场合中笑的可能性比独处时大，笑能消除人们之间的障碍，建立相互之间的联系。
7. 语言是价值观念体系和文化表达形式的载体，是团体和个人身份的决定性因素。
然而，据估计，世界上6000种语言中，超过50%的语言都处在消亡的边缘。
事实上，平均每两个星期就有一种语言消亡。
造成语言消亡的原因是多方面的，但英语在全球盛行难辞其咎，它的一统天下是令人担忧的。
8.有大量证据表明，美国在许多方面无疑都扮演着全球领头羊的角色。
它在输出其高科技产品和商业产品的同时，也在潜移默化地向世界兜售美国的价值观念。
9.从全球范围来看，环保运动已经开展了数十年，公众的环保意识也已相应地提高了。
但尽管如此，地球母亲的健康仍在以史无前例的速度恶化。
许多人不禁要问人类何时才能扭转局势。
10.在过去的几十年里，由于不遵循基本的生态原则，一些欠发达国家虽取得了快速的经济增长，却牺牲了环境。
英汉互译课后复习资料 L1
1 Definition of Translation (P1)In a broad sense:interlingual translation 语际翻译the process of transferring information from one language into anotherlanguage.（不同种语言之间的转换）intralingual translation 语内翻译the process of transferring information between different varieties withina language（同种语言的不同变体之间的转换）varieties指语言的不同变体：比如历史变体（historical variety）、社会变体（social variety）、地域变体（regional variety）等intersemiotic translation 符际翻译the process of transferring information between linguistic symbols andnon-linguistic symbols（语言和非语言符号之间的转换）In a narrow sense：translation just refers to interlingual translation2 History of Translation2.1 History of Translation Research in China (P1-3)in the Xia Dynasty，material and spiritual exchanges based on translation began to emerge and developthe Zhou & Qin Dynasty，borrowed words started to show up, which demonstrated the further development of activities involving translation.the Eastern Han Dynasty，translation began to serve as an independent course or profession2.1.1 The First Climax(the Eastern Han Dynasty –the Northern Song or Earlier Song Dynasty ): Translation of the Buddhist Scriptures2.2.2 The Second Climax(the late Ming Dynasty –the Opium War): Translation of Bible, Science & Technology, Philosophy, Literature, etc.2.2.3 The Third Climax (the May 4th Movement –the foundation of the People’s Republic of China): Translation of Western Politics, Economy, trends of thought, Culture, etc.the translation of democracy, science, human rights, patriotism, Marxism, etc2.2.4 The Fourth Climax (the foundation of the People’s Republic of China – the present): Translation of Overall Development and Rapid Progress2.2 History of Translation Research in the West (P3-6)2.2.1 Translation in the Ancient TimesThe First Climax (In the middle of the 3rd Century BC)The Second Climax (the 4th Century, AD - the 6th Century, AD)2.2.2 Translation in the Medieval TimesThe Third Climax (the 11th Century, AD - the 12th Century, AD)2.2.3 Translation in the RenaissanceThe Fourth Climax (the 14th Century, AD - the 16th Century, AD)The Fifth Climax (the late 17th Century, AD - the early 20th Century, AD)2.2.3 Translation in the Modern TimesThe Sixth Climax (the Second World War – the present):3 Criteria of Translation3.1 Criteria of Translation in China (6-7)3.1.1 Controversy between “Form” and “Content”3.1.2 Focus on Accuracy as well as Easiness3.1.3 Faithfulness, fluency and Elegance3.1.4 Pursuit of Easiness and Consistency in Style3.2 Criteria of Translation in the West (7-9)3.2.1 Brief Introduction of the Western Theories●P7: Marcus Tullius Cicero (马库斯·图留斯·西塞罗) (106 BC –43BC), a famouspolitician, speechmaker (演说家), rhetorician (雄辩家), legist (雄辩家) and philosopher (哲学家) during the period of ancient Rome, proposed the theory of “Literal Translation (直译) VS Free Translation (意译)”.●P8: Irish scholar Alexander F. Tytler (泰特勒) proposed three elements in Essay onthe Principles of Translation:⏹The translation should be a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. (译文应与原文的思想完全相符)⏹The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of theoriginal. (译文应与原文的风格及体裁相同)⏹The translation should have all the ease of original composition. (译文应与原作完全一样通顺自然)●P8: Eugene Nida (尤金·奈达), a major founder of the modern translation theories aswell as an excellent representative of translation practice, proposed “functional equivalence” (功能对等) based on “dynamic equivalence” (灵活对等) .One way of defining a D-E translation is to describe it as “the closest natural equivalent to the source-language message. This type of definition contains three essential terms 1) equivalent, which points toward the source-language, 2) natural, which points toward the receptor language, and 3) closest, which binds the two orientations together on the basis of the highest degree of approximation.”He animadverted on the traditional translation criteria focusing on the objective passage, and boldly raised a criterion that emphasizes on rea ders’ mental reaction ---- if the translated version can lead to the same mental reaction among its readers as that of the original readers’, then such translation is a success.3.2.2 Main Themes of the Western Translation (P9)●Theme One: Translation based on Literature and Art●Theme Two: Translation based on Linguistic Theories (Structural Linguistics 结构语言学)3.3 Translation Criteria for English Teaching (P9-10)●Accuracy●Fluency●Style Consistency4 Approaches of Translation (P10)●Literal Translation VS Free Translation●Form VS Content●Functional Equivalence VS Formal Correspondence●Source Language Oriented VS Target Language Oriented●Author Centered VS Reader Centered●The Purpose of the Writer VS The Purpose of the Translator⏹Exercise 1 (P30)1.There are many different understandings about translation. In a broad sense, translationincludes , and .2.refers to the process of transferring information from onelanguage into another language.3.refers to the process of transferring information betweendifferent varieties within a language.4.refers to the process of transferring information betweenlinguistic symbols and non-linguistic symbols.5.In a narrow sense, translation just refers to .6.In terms of translation, the western society has undergone the following fourstages: , , and .1. interlingual translation, intralingual translation, intersemiotic translation2. interlingual translation3. intralingual translation4. intersemiotic translation5. interlingual translation6. the Ancient Times, the Medieval Times, the Renaissance, the Modern Times⏹Exercise 2 (P30-31)⏹According to some historical literature, material and spiritual exchanges based ontranslation began to emerge and develop in .During , borrowed words started to show up, which demonstrated the further development of activities involving translation. It is universally acknowledged that translation didn’t serve as an independent course or profession until .⏹A) the Xia Dynasty B) the Shang Dynasty⏹C) the Zhou & Qin Dynasty D) the Eastern Han DynastyACD⏹Generally speaking, there are four climaxes in the Chinese history of translation. The firstclimax refers to from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty. The second climax refers to from the late Ming Dynasty to the First and Second Opium Wars. The third climax refers tofrom the May 4th Movement to the foundation of People’s Republic of China. The fourth climax refers to from the establishment of China till now.⏹A) the translation of democracy, science, human rights, patriotism, Marxism, etc.⏹B) the translation of the Buddhist Scriptures⏹C) the overall development and thriving advance of translation⏹D) the translation of Bible, science and technology, philosophy, literature, etc.B, D, A, C⏹Translation criterion is the focus of all translation theories. The translation criterionof , proposed by Yan Fu (严复), the greatest translator in the modern history of China, has captured a unique and significant position in both theory studies and practices. This translation criterion can be translated into “fidelity”, “expressiveness” and “elegance” in English.⏹A) 忠、通、雅B) 信、达、美⏹C) 信、达、雅D) 忠、顺、美C。
《汉英翻译》复习提纲-2
《汉英翻译》复习提纲Chapter oneas close／dumb as an oyster 守口如瓶cast／lay／have an anchor to windward 未雨绸缪范进迎了出去，只见那张乡绅下了轿进来，头带纱帽，……Fan Chin went out to welcome the visitor, who was one of local gentry, and Mr.Chang alighted from the chair and came in. He was we aring an official’s gauze cap…（乌）纱帽an official’s gauze capblue jokes下流的玩笑blue talk下流的言论This was the last straw. I was very young: the prospect of working under a woman constituted the ultimate indignity.我再也无法忍受了。
我当时很年轻，我要在一个女人手下工作，这对我简直是最大的侮辱。
Chapter two军事集团a military bloc反党集团anti-Party clique保税区bonded area消息灵通人士Informative sources or well-informed source持审慎态度With guarded reserve经济全球化economic globalization两岸关系the relationship between the two sidesthe relationship between the two sides of the Taiwan Straitrelations across the Taiwan Strait三个代表Three Represents／the Three R Principles科学发展观the scientific outlook on development中国特色社会主义socialism with Chinese characteristics 一国两制one country，two systems三资企业three kinds of foreign invested enterprises保税区bonded area海选mass election审美疲劳aesthetic fatigue跳槽job-hop暗箱操作manipulation behind the scene白色收入1egal income灰色收入grey income神舟五号Shenzhou No．5亚健康subhealth排行榜best seller list电子邮件electronic mail草根组织grass-root organization多媒体multimedia按揭贷款mortgage loan短信陷阱令你防不胜防Traps of Short Messages：Hard to Guard Against东北生态岌岌可危The Ecological Crisis in Northeast China夫妻联手解开新的基因奥秘Husband and wife team unlocks new gene secrets妇女正在成为家庭装修能手Women are become experts at home repairs.房屋起火五死四伤Five killed and four hurt in a house fire.严禁非法金融活动，维护经济秩序稳定State eliminates illegal banking挽留北京旧城墙Beijing to fix ancient city wall施罗德将出访美国Shroeder to visit US forging ties with the new Bush举世瞩目的中国农业Chinese Agriculture Attracting Worldwide Attention农民可放心的几件事The Things That Farmers Needn’t Worry About江泽民在贵州、广西考察扶贫开发工作强调扶贫攻坚战必须打好，务求全胜Jiang: Abolish rural poverty美国不要做干涉他国内政的事情US told to stop its ‘interfering’青海湖二百年内将成为盐湖Qinghai Lake to Become Salty Within 200 Years我国承担的人类基因组“天书”接近完成China to complete draft of 1% Human Genome上千律师义务帮助二战中国劳工打官司Lawyers to help forced laborers无可奉告No comments即将取得进展On the brink of breathrough援引...的话说Be quoted as saying (cited as saying)两栖明星a bi-media star大龄青年：single youth above the normal matrimonial age豆腐渣丁程：bean-curd projects（so named because they are too poor in quality to last out）三角债：chain debts; debt chains单亲家庭single-parent family防病毒软件anti-virus software免提电话hand-free phone生态宜居城市eco-friendly city无人售票车conductor-less bus无烟城市smoke-free city外向型经济export-oriented economy工薪族wage-earners打工族job-seekers; migrant worker刷卡族card-users追星族star-chasers国家发改委副主任张平说跨越式发展是一大亮点。
英汉翻译考试复习
英汉翻译复习题一、长句的翻译1. Nowhere is the clash (冲突)between development and environment more visible than inChina, where the world’s largest population faces polluting, deforestation （砍伐森林）and acid rain on a large scale.（分译）①中国发展与环境的矛盾表现得最为明显。
②这个世界上人口最多的国家面临着环境污染，森林砍伐，以及大范围酸雨侵袭的问题。
2. People were afraid of leaving their houses, for although the police had been ordered tostand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.（综合法）因为警察已经接到命令，要做好准备以处理紧急情况，但他们像其他人一样的困惑和无助，所以人们害怕离开他们的房子。
3. The laser is a very useful means for long-distance communications, the great accuracy in thedirection of its beams making effective use of small amounts of power.（分译）①激光视一种非常有用的远程通信工具。
②由于它的光束定位准确，能使人们有效使用少量能量。
4. In international trade, it is fairly important for the participants to know negotiationprinciples and tactics（战术、招数）in order to arrive at an agreement successfully.（逆译法）国际贸易中，为了顺利达成一个协议，对于参与者来说，了解谈判原则与战术是相当重要的。
英译汉翻译复习
There was another person who seemed to have answers. 另外一个人似乎胸有成竹。
His opposite, the man who is in the habit of doing more than what is strictly necessary and who is ready to accept what is offered in return, is rare everywhere. 与前一种人相反，另一种 人习惯于干得比他应该干 的要多，付给他多少报酬 他都乐于接受，这种人哪 里都很罕见。
有些定语从句从交际功能上分析，起到状语 从句的修饰职能。当定语从句与主句之间存在说 明原因、结果、目的、让步、假设等逻辑关系的 修饰功能时，译者应注意理清这些逻辑关系，做 出相应条件句型的转换。 There was something original and independent about the plan that ed all of them. 这个方案富有创意而且别出心裁，所 以使他们都很喜欢。（强调结果）
翻译 Translation
限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句
定语从句是在英语中广泛 使用的语言现象。一般认为定 语从句在性质上有限制性和非 限制性定语从句之分。对定语 从句翻译的变通处理，通常体 现在对从句位置、类型和关系 的调整上。因此，在翻译定语 从句时，要根据句子承担的交 际功能和上下文语境来灵活处 理。这里先谈及限制性定语从 句的处理方法。
限制性定语从句对所修饰的先行词起限 制作用，与先行词关系密切，不用逗号分开。 译者在翻译时要根据相互关系和限制的紧密 程度安排译文修饰部分的位置和逻辑关系。 这类句子的翻译可以用以下方式处理： 前置法 后置法
英汉翻译复习材料
A New Coursebook On English-Chinese TranslationChapter One: Introduction of Translation1.1Definition1.1.1What is translation?1.1.2Translatability (可译性)1.1.3Translatability has limitations1.1.4Classification①intralingual translation & interlingual translation②interpretation & translation③Translation of literary works, of scientific materials ,of practical writing, of journalese(newspapers and magazines)④full text; extracted; adapted translation1.2 Criterion of translation1.2.1 Criterion at home and abroad(1)严复的“信、达、雅”(faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance)(2) 钱钟书的“化境”(sublimation)(3) 傅雷的“神似”(similarity in spirit)(4) Alexander F. Tytler’s three principles of translation1.2.2 Basic criterion : faithfulness & smoothnessFaithfulness①Faithful to the original meaninge.g. 1. Jane does not work hard because she wants to earn money.误译：因为简想赚钱，所以才不下力干。
汉英翻译复习材料
汉英翻译考试复习材料汉语词语和英语词语之间不存在机械的对应，翻译中不能随意把某个汉语词和某个英语词划上等号。
发展水平level of development英语水平English proficiency生活水平living standard游泳水平swimming skills领导水平art of leadership使你的工作保持在高水平上Keep your work on a high plane.把我们的素质提高到一个新的水平to raise our quality to a new height住房紧张housing shortage历史经验past experience这家工厂只有几年的历史。
This factory was set up only a few years.他主要抓生产。
He is mainly in charge of production.他抓紧时间进行技术训练。
He lost no time in technical training.这部电影抓住了许多观众。
The movie appealed to a lot of audience.抓重点stress the essentials关心人民生活to care about the living of the people关心局势发展to follow the developments closely共同关心的问题issues of mutual interest我们关心中国是否能保持持续发展。
We would like to know whether China will be able to achieve a sustainable development.领导人对两国关系的发展非常关心。
Our leaders have taken interest in the development of our bilateral relations.在这种情况下under these/such circumstances; such being the case; in accordance with this specific condition这种情况必须改变。
英汉翻译复习资料
英汉翻译复习资料第一节西方翻译理论的发展概略, 翻译的定义，翻译的任务一、1、西方翻译理论经历了哪四个阶段？第一阶段: 语文学阶段第二阶段: 结构主义阶段第三阶段: 解构主义阶段第四阶段: 文化翻译阶段2、什么是翻译？翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来，以达到沟通思想情感，传播文化知识，促进社会文明，特别是推动译入语文化兴旺发达的目的。
3、翻译作为一种双语转换活动,其本质究竟是什么? 第一，翻译是一门科学。
第二，翻译是一种技巧。
第三，翻译是一门艺术。
第四，翻译是一种风格。
第二节翻译的标准1、翻译的基本标准翻译的根本问题有两个：忠实与通顺。
2、翻译的最高标准忠实而通顺是翻译的基本标准；在此基础上，还能充分传达出原作的神韵，则可视为翻译的最高标准。
3、翻译的过程一般来讲，可将翻译过程概括为：理解、表达和校核三个步骤。
第三节可译性的限度无对等词，文化冲突以及可译性的限度这三个因素是英汉语言文化差异在翻译过程中的主要体现。
了解这三种英汉殊异现象、他们产生的原因和在英汉翻译中的具体体现对于译者来说是十分必要的。
只有充分认识语言的差异性，深入研究和探讨其特点和规律，再进行比较，才能选取尽可能贴切、准确的词语和句式来表达原文的含义和语言特色，实现最佳的翻译效果。
第四节直译与意译；异化法与归化法直译和意译是两种基本的翻译方法。
直译有助于保留原文的格调并引进新鲜、生动的词语、句法结构和表达方法，从而使译语不断丰富、日益完善，同时能保留原文的异国情调或称“洋味儿”。
而意译则便于调和原文与译文形式上的矛盾，使译文通顺流畅，符合译语的语法规范和表达习惯。
需要强调的是，直译不是死译或硬译，不是生搬硬套，逐字照译。
直译强调“留其形” 而“达其意” ,意译不是任意增删，不是胡译或乱译。
意译则强调“传其神”, 不需要“留其形”。
异化法与归化法异化和归化可以看作是直译和意译的概念延伸，但又不完全等同于直译和意译。
直译和意译所关注的核心问题是如何在语言层面处理形式和意义，往往是单个词，短语或句子采取何种翻译方法，形式、意义和语言风格是否忠实的问题。
英汉互译全重点
15世纪末克里斯托弗·哥伦布在新世界发现了巧克力。
事实上，阿兹特克人喝巧克力的历史比任何人都早Drink chocolate well before everybody。
这是一种苦味的饮料，混合着烘烤过的可可种子和香料。
阿兹特克人十分崇尚这种饮料，但它十分神圣，只有富人能够喝得起so sacred that only the rich people could afford it 。
它无法与当今知名的巧克力相比，以至于它的征服者发现它难以入口。
经过改良的巧克力变身人气饮料it became a popular drink after the revolution。
因此各国都试图去寻找一种独特的秘方以使人们更能适应和享受巧克力。
巧克力在比利时的历史之初，被认为是一种礼物the chocolate was considered as a gift。
比利时巧克力独特的原因是其高品质原料和几乎狂热遵守的旧世界制造技术。
即便是当今世界的自动化和大规模生产环境下，大部分比利时巧克力仍是小店作坊，用最原始的设备手工制作的made by hand in small shops using original equipment。
事实上，这些小的巧克力店是当今的旅游胜地，吸引着无数游客来到比利时。
就像葡萄酒厂一样，到比利时参观巧克力商店的人们都会品味和购买许多巧克力商品。
2家里有苹果吗？如果有的话，请大人把它切开。
这时，你看到什么？原来苹果是有层次的。
最外层是果皮，它很薄但很坚韧it is thin but tough and protects the fruit，保护着整个水果。
果皮下面是果肉，果肉是构成苹果的主要物质，有的果肉很硬，也有的比较柔软。
最里面则是果核，它是苹果里最硬的部分，以此来保护其中的种子。
地球就像一个苹果，它分四层。
外层叫地壳，它是一层厚厚的岩石the other layer is the crust it is solid rock，厚达5-20英尺，在大陆区域会更厚一些。
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供复习用（供第二轮复习用）20140603翻译技巧课后练习一、回答问题1.何谓翻译？（开放式问题）2.翻译的过程是什么？3.翻译是技能、艺术还是科学？（开放式问题）4.翻译的标准是什么？5.一名合格翻译工作者应具备什么样的素质？（开放式问题）6.钱钟书先生关于文学翻译的标准是什么？二句子翻译练习，注意语境对翻译选词的影响[见第3章：英汉词义对比与翻译中根据语境选词]句子翻译练习：注意语境对翻译选词的影响1.After he had a row with his wife at home he had a row with his mistress on the lake.2.Needing some light to see by, the burglar crossed the room with a light step to light the light with the light green shade.3. Lead as an element that gets into your body is absorbed into the bones and thus does harm to your health.4. Child enrolment is also affected by household size, birth order, livestock ownership and the ability of the household to absorb economic shocks.5. You could tell he was absorbed in his conversation, and not paying much attention to the road.6. As luck would have it, no one was in the building when the explosion occurred.7. As luck would have it, there was rain on the day of the picnic.8. He made a wise choice.9. We went away, as wise as we came.10. People praised highly the hero’s glorious deeds.11. He had lied to me and made me the tool for his wicked deeds.12.Under the direction of the teachers, he has made great progress.13. Under the direction of Hitler and Mussolini, Franco started a civil war.14. For 15 years, Dr. Neil Todd has been searching for cats. Not big cats, like lions or tigers or pumas or leopards; nor fancy cats, like overbred Persians or Abyssinians or Siamese or Angoras.15. 谁说他从不喝酒？你看，他喝起白酒来，一杯又一杯的。
Keys to Exercises1.在家里同妻子吵架后，他与情人在湖上泛舟。
2. 夜贼需要一点亮光来看东西，便蹑手蹑脚穿过房间，点亮了那盏带浅绿色灯罩的灯。
3. 进入体内的铅元素被吸收进骨骼，从而对身体产生危害。
4. 儿童报名入学还受到很多因素是影响，包括家庭规模、出生顺序、牲畜饲养情况以及家庭消解经济意外的能力。
5. 可以看出，当时他只顾着说话，没有太注意路上的情况。
6. 幸运的是，爆炸发生时，楼里没有人。
7. 不幸的是，野餐的那天下起了雨。
8. 他做出了明智的选择。
9. 我们离开时跟进来的时候一样，仍然一窍不通。
10. 人们高度赞扬这位英雄的光辉事迹。
11. 他欺骗了我，使我成了他从事罪恶勾当的工具。
12. 在老师的指导下，他取得了长足的进步。
13. 在希特勒和墨索里尼的唆使下，佛朗哥发动了一场内战。
14. 15年来，内尔·托德先生一直在找猫，不是大型猫科动物，如狮子、老虎、美洲狮、美15. Who says he never drinks? Look, he is really a chain drinker of spirit.三句子翻译练习，注意英译汉时的省译与汉译英时的增译[ [见第四章：英译汉的省译与增译]1. No man is too old but he may learn.2. The boy entered the room, his coat wet through.3.When Danone decided to set up manufacturing operations in Indonesia to locally produce dairy products and milk-based drinks, they invited Wahaha to join them.4. Mr. Li ordered a book and it has just arrived.5. In winter, additional trains operate directly from Goschenen to Brig on Saturdays and Sundays.6. She looks like any other little girl in her first year at school: a smart uniform, a happy smile anda bag of books.7. While Einsten is supposed to have been so distracted by solving problems that he forgot to put on his socks, Sidis simply did not know how to dress himself properly even by the time he was an adolescent.8. She went, with her neat figure, and her sober womanly step, down the dark street.9. Almost 500,000 additional primary school pupils arrived to enroll on the first day of school, double the number anticipated.10. Everything is satisfying and we are confident of our success.11 大部分发展中国家独立后，在发展民族经济、改变贫穷落后面貌、缩小同发达国家之间的差距等方面取得了很大进步。
Keys to Practice1. 活到老，学到老。
2. 男孩子走进屋里，大衣都湿透了。
3. 达能决定在印度尼西亚开展生产业务，在当地生产乳制品和牛奶饮料时，邀请哇哈哈加入。
4. 李先生订了一本书，现在刚到。
5.冬季，美国星期六和星期日还增开从格申恩到布拉格的直达列车。
6. 她看起来跟一年级其他小女孩一样：漂亮的校服、开心的笑容和装满书本的书包。
7.爱因斯坦可能由于沉迷解决问题二忘记穿袜子，希迪斯甚至到了青年时代还不知如何正确穿戴。
8. 她顺着黑暗的街道走去，显出利落匀称的身材，迈着女人端庄的步子。
9. 入学的第一天，又有近50万小学生报名读书，是预期人数的两倍。
10. 一切进展顺利，我们相信能够成功。
11. Most developing countries have made great progress in developing their economy, shaking off their poverty and backwardness and narrowing the gap between themselves and developed countries.四句子翻译练习，注意语态转译[第5章](p98)EXERCISETranslate the following sentences, paying attention to the conversion of the voices:1.She told me that her master had dismissed her. No reason had been assigned; no objection had been made to her conduct . She had been forbidden to appeal to her mistress.2.He was guided in his everyday life by an unshakable conviction that moral values are absolute.3.Not only politeness but reverence is demanded in church.4.I felt uneasy for the whole day as I was aroused from deep sleep by the ringing of the telephone early in the morning.5.It has been decided that the fund will be distributed to those who need help badly.6.If there is any confusion or misunderstanding in the application, the patent might not be granted or the inventor might not be fully protected.7.Rainbows are formed when sunlight passes through small drops of water in the sky.8.Selenology is founded on the data collected by shuttles.ernments of low-income countries must be persuaded to give greater priority to education in their discussions with donors, and to allocate to it a greater share of the savings from debt relief. 10.To help the partners achieve their objectives in line with the new concept, marketing and sales activities in conjunction with tourist partners, especially those for the Davos-Zermatt connection, will be intensified.11.The girl is hard to get along with.12.敬请告知开户行和账户号以便我方尽快汇款。