2012年广东中山大学环境学导论考研真题
2012年中山大学考研教育硕士(Ed.M)教育综合真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2012年中山大学考研教育硕士（Ed.M）教育综合真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 名词解释题 2. 简答题 3. 论述题1．德育正确答案：德育是教育者按照一定社会或阶级的要求，有目的、有计划、系统地对受教育者施加思想、政治和道德影响，通过受教育者积极的认识、体验、身体力行，以形成他们的品德和自我修养能力的教育活动。
简而言之，德育就是教师有目的地培养学生品德的活动。
2．班级上课制正确答案：班级上课制是指由一定数量、年龄、文化程度的学生组成教学班，教师根据规定的课程、教学进度、教学时间表，对学生进行集体教学的一种组织形式，它是我国学校教学的基本组织形式。
班级授课制的主要特征是学生固定、教师固定、内容固定、时间固定和场所固定。
班级授课制的优点是：①有利于提高教学工作的效率；②有利于发挥教师优势；③有利于发挥班集体的教育作用；④有利于师生身心健康发展；⑤有利于提高教学质量。
其缺点是：①这种教学组织形式面向班级，使用统一的教材、统一的教学要求和教学进度，不利于因材施教；②教学主要局限于课堂，容易产生理论脱离实际的现象；③学生的主体地位或独立性受到一定的限制，教学活动多由教师直接做主；④实践性不强，学生动手机会少等。
3．学制正确答案：学校教育制度简称“学制”，亦称“学校系统”，是指一个国家各级各类学校的体系，它规定各级各类学校的性质、任务、入学条件、修业年限以及它们之间的衔接和关系。
学校教育制度内容有：幼儿园、小学、中学、各种专业学校、大学和业余学校等。
不同历史时期和不同的国家形成了不同的学校教育制度：按教育程度来划分，有幼儿教育、初等教育、中等教育、高等教育机构；按教育类型划分，有普通教育、专业教育等教育机构；按受教育的时间来划分，有全日制、半日制、业余教育等机构；按主要教育手段和场所划分，有面授、函授、巡回、广播、电视等教育机构；按教育对象的年龄划分，有学龄期教育、成人教育机构；按主办单位划分，有国家办、地方办、企事业办和私人办的教育机构，组成了一个纵横交叉的学校教育网。
2019中山大学871环境工程导论考研真题试卷与真题答案
2019中山大学871环境工程导论考研真题试卷与真题答案一、考试解读：part 1 学院专业考试概况：①学院专业分析：含学院基本概况、考研专业课科目:871环境工程导论的考试情况；②科目对应专业历年录取统计表：含中山大学相关专业的历年录取人数与分数线情况；③历年考研真题特点：含中山大学考研专业课各部分的命题规律及出题风格。
part 2 历年题型分析及对应解题技巧：根据中山大学871环境工程导论考试科目的考试题型（名词解释题、简答题、论述题等），分析对应各类型题目的具体解题技巧，帮助考生提高针对性，提升答题效率，充分把握关键得分点。
part 3 2018真题分析：最新真题是中山大学考研中最为珍贵的参考资料，针对最新一年的中山大学考研真题试卷展开深入剖析，帮助考生有的放矢，把握真题所考察的最新动向与考试侧重点，以便做好更具针对性的复习准备工作。
part 4 2019考试展望：根据上述相关知识点及真题试卷的针对性分析，提高2019考生的备考与应试前瞻性，令考生心中有数，直抵中山大学考研的核心要旨。
part 5 中山大学考试大纲：①复习教材罗列（官方指定或重点推荐+拓展书目）：不放过任何一个课内、课外知识点。
②官方指定或重点教材的大纲解读：官方没有考试大纲，高分学长学姐为你详细梳理。
③拓展书目说明及复习策略：专业课高分，需要的不仅是参透指定教材的基本功，还应加强课外延展与提升。
part 6 专业课高分备考策略：①考研前期的准备；②复习备考期间的准备与注意事项；③考场注意事项。
part 7 章节考点分布表：罗列中山大学871环境工程导论的专业课试卷中，近年试卷考点分布的具体情况，方便考生知晓中大考研专业课试卷的侧重点与知识点分布，有助于考生更具针对性地复习、强化，快准狠地把握高分阵地！二、历年中山大学考研真题试卷与答案详解：整理中大该专业2004-2006,2010-2018年考研真题（不含14），并配有2010-2018年答案详细讲解（不含14）。
何强《环境学导论》(第3版)笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解
目 录第1章 环境与环境科学及环境学1.1 复习笔记1.2 课后习题详解1.3 考研真题与典型题详解第2章 当代世界环境问题2.1 复习笔记2.2 课后习题详解2.3 考研真题与典型题详解第3章 生态学基础3.1 复习笔记3.2 课后习题详解3.3 考研真题与典型题详解第4章 生态学在环境保护中的应用4.1 复习笔记4.2 课后习题详解4.3 考研真题与典型题详解第5章 城市生态系统5.1 复习笔记5.2 课后习题详解5.3 考研真题与典型题详解第6章 人口的增长与控制6.1 复习笔记6.2 课后习题详解6.3 考研真题与典型题详解第7章 粮食问题7.1 复习笔记7.2 课后习题详解7.3 考研真题与典型题详解第8章 能源与环境8.1 复习笔记8.2 课后习题详解8.3 考研真题与典型题详解第9章 未来的能源供应9.1 复习笔记9.2 课后习题详解9.3 考研真题与典型题详解第10章 我国的能源供应与环境保护问题10.1 复习笔记10.2 课后习题详解10.3 考研真题与典型题详解第11章 水资源及其利用与保护11.1 复习笔记11.2 课后习题详解11.3 考研真题与典型题详解第12章 海洋污染12.1 复习笔记12.2 课后习题详解12.3 考研真题与典型题详解第13章 大气的污染13.1 复习笔记13.2 课后习题详解13.3 考研真题与典型题详解第14章 大气污染气象学14.1 复习笔记14.2 课后习题详解14.3 考研真题与典型题详解第15章 全球性大气环境问题的形成机制及其防治对策15.1 复习笔记15.2 课后习题详解15.3 考研真题与典型题详解第16章 噪声公害与微波污染16.1 复习笔记16.2 课后习题详解16.3 考研真题与典型题详解第17章 固体废物与危险废物的污染及控制对策17.1 复习笔记17.2 课后习题详解17.3 考研真题与典型题详解第18章 自然资源的利用和保护18.1 复习笔记18.2 课后习题详解18.3 考研真题与典型题详解第19章 当代世界环境问题变化的趋势19.1 复习笔记19.2 课后习题详解19.3 考研真题与典型题详解第20章 环境经济学概论20.1 复习笔记20.2 课后习题详解20.3 考研真题与典型题详解第1章 环境与环境科学及环境学1.1 复习笔记【知识框架】【重点难点归纳】一、环境及其组成1．人类的环境（1）自然环境自然环境是人类出现之前就存在的，是人类目前赖以生存、生活和生产所必需的自然条件和自然资源的总称（或直接或间接影响到人类的一切自然形成的物质、能量和自然现象的总体）。
历年中山大学考研真题试卷与答案详解汇总-中大考研真题哪里找？-中大考研真题下载-2018中大考研真题汇编
历年中山大学考研真题试卷与答案汇总——中大考研真题哪里找？逸仙中大考研网（）汇集了中山大学各专业历年考研真题试卷（原版），同时与中山大学专业课成绩前三名的各专业硕士研究生合作编写了配套的真题答案解析，答案部分包括了（解题思路、答案详解）两方面内容。
真题解析先对每一道真题的解答思路进行引导，分析真题的结构、考察方向、考察目的，向考生传授解答过程中宏观的思维方式；其次对真题的答案进行详细解答，方便考生检查自身的掌握情况及不足之处，并借此巩固记忆加深理解，培养应试技巧与解题能力，真题详情请点击进入中大考研真题答案。
同时，登入逸仙中大考研网还能与中大研一研二的学长学姐们一起交流考研心得，点击中大考研辅导班（/kaoyan/），领取为你量身定制的考研学习计划。
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逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学352口腔综合2005-2018年考研真题试卷逸仙中大考研网链接地址：/中大考研辅导班链接地址：/news/details.aspx?id=3023中大考研真题答案链接地址：/kaoyan/[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学653马克思主义基本原理考研真题与答案（2005-2018）[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学849专业综合基础考研真题与答案(2003-2018年）[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学652政治学原理2004-2018年考研真题及答案[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中大838新闻与传播实务及研究方法考研真题及答案（2009-2018年）[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学644视觉传播学2007-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学648交互设计2011-2014年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学839设计学2007-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 306临床医学综合能力（西医）历年考研真题与答案详解【2005-2018年】[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学353卫生综合2005-2018年考研真题与答案[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学677数学分析与高等代数2008-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学662数学分析1999-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学861高等代数2000-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学867水文学2005-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学866地理学基础2005-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学866城市规划原理2008-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学865遥感与地理信息系统2005-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学668区域分析与规划2008-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学846民族学理论与方法2005-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学647社会学理论2003-2018年考研真题及答案[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学843人口统计学2005-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学844人类学理论与方法2007-2018考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学845民俗学理论与方法2005-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学842社会研究方法与社会统计学2003-2018年考研真题及答案[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学649人类学概论2005-2018考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学648人口理论2005-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学教育学（A）2005-2018考研真题及答案[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学计算机应用基础2005-2018考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学642教育学（B）1997-2018考研真题及答案[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学现代教育技术2010-2018考研真题及答案[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学教育管理学2010-2018年考研真题及答案[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学教育综合2010-2018年考研真题及答案逸仙中大考研网链接地址：/中大考研辅导班链接地址：/news/details.aspx?id=3023中大考研真题答案链接地址：/kaoyan/[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学642教育学及运动训练学2005-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学878电子技术基础2005、2007-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学895道路工程2009-2015年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学873交通工程学2010-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学875水力学2005-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学872理论力学2010-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学879有机化学(B)2011-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学881信号与系统(B)2011-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学602高等数学（B）2005-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学874工程热力学2006-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学813逻辑学概论2005-2018考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学812中国哲学史2003-2018年考研真题试卷（不含07）[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学811马克思主义哲学2003-2018年考研真题及答案[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学621一元微积分2005-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学624中国美学2005-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学815宗教理论2005-2018考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学816科学哲学2005-2018考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学620西方哲学史2003-2018年考研真题及答案[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学海洋地质2007-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学887海洋学导论2010-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学888自然地理学2003-2016年考研真题试卷（不含07-09，14）[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学241英语考研真题及答案（2003-2018年，不含04）[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学242俄语考研真题试卷与答案（2005-2018年）[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学243日语2003-2018年考研真题及答案[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学244法语2003-2018考研真题及答案[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学245德语2004-2018考研真题及答案[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学246西班牙语2009-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学247韩语2008-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学248阿拉伯语2011-2014、2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学641基础日语2003-2018年考研真题及答案[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学640基础德语2004-2018年考研真题试卷逸仙中大考研网链接地址：/中大考研辅导班链接地址：/news/details.aspx?id=3023中大考研真题答案链接地址：/kaoyan/[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学639基础法语2003-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学832语言学概论（B）2007-2016年考研真题及答案[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学886管理学（B）2010-2018年考研真题及答案[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学885经济学(含微观和宏观经济学)2011-2018年考研真题及答案[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学613现代汉语与语言学概论2008-2018年考研真题及答案[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学806古汉语与古文字2008-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学611文学评论写作2005-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学804文学理论(含中西文论)2005-2018考研真题及答案[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学616作品评论2005-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学618非物质文化遗产学2008-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学810戏曲与民俗2008-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学809世界文学2005-2018年考研真题及答案[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学807中国古代文学与批评2005-2018年考研真题及答案[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学612语言学概论2005-2018年考研真题及答案[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学615文学基础2007-2018年考研真题及答案[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学808中国现当代文学2007-2018年考研真题及答案[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学805汉语语言学基础2005-2018年考研真题及答案[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学610民俗学概论2005-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学803民间文学概论2007-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学829公共管理研究方法2003-2018考研真题与答案[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学637公共管理学2004-2018年考研真题及答案[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学636政治学理论2005-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学827政治学研究方法2005-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学665生物综合2009-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学667化学综合2010-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学663综合化学2005-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学862有机化学2003-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学638基础英语2003-2018年考研真题与答案[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学903工科化学2011-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学902化工原理2006-2018年考研真题试卷逸仙中大考研网链接地址：/中大考研辅导班链接地址：/news/details.aspx?id=3023中大考研真题答案链接地址：/kaoyan/[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学854化学（B）2007-2018年考研真题与答案详解[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学655化学（A）2007-2018年考研真题与答案详解[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学871环境工程导论2005-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学870环境评价2005-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学911大气科学基础2005-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学906普通物理A2005-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学666医学综合2005-2016年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学907电子技术（数字和模拟）2009-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学675基础医学综合2008-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学674生物化学与分子生物学1999-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学672生物综合（B）2010-2016年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学907病理生理学2005-2016年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学908免疫学2005、2011-2016年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学909生理学2005-2016年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学661药分综合2005-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学662药理学综合2008-2016年考研真题与答案详解[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学338生物化学2011-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学860生物技术2011-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学901微机原理与应用2005-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学853材料化学2007-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学898普通物理2005-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学601高等数学（A）2005-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学802运筹学2005-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学831运筹学与管理信息系统2005-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学830微观经济学与金融经济学11-12、2018考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中大660生物化学（一）考研真题试卷【99-18】[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学857细胞生物学考研真题试卷（1999-2018）[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学831语言学概论C考研真题试卷（08-18）[ 逸仙中大考研网] 2018中山大学833英语语言文学考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 2018中大837外国语言学及应用语言学考研真题试卷逸仙中大考研网链接地址：/中大考研辅导班链接地址：/news/details.aspx?id=3023中大考研真题答案链接地址：/kaoyan/[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中大619历史学基础（A）考研真题与答案（07-18）[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中大842社会研究方法和社会统计学考研真题与答案（03-18）[ 逸仙中大考研网] 397法硕联考专业基础（法学）考研真题试卷与答案详解（00-18）[ 逸仙中大考研网] 398法硕联考专业基础（非法学）考研真题试卷与答案详解（00-18）[ 逸仙中大考研网] 497法硕联考综合(法学)考研真题试卷与答案详解（00-18）[ 逸仙中大考研网] 498法硕联考综合（非法学）考研真题试卷与答案详解（00-18）[ 逸仙中大考研网] 408计算机学科专业基础综合考研真题试卷与答案（09-18联考）[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中大111单独考试思想政治理论考研真题试卷(09-18）[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中大440新闻与传播专业基础考研真题试卷（15-18）[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中大334新闻与传播专业综合能力考研真题试卷（15-18）[ 逸仙中大考研网] 2018中大347心理学专业综合考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中大837传播实务及研究方法历年考研真题试卷【09-18】[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中大643新闻与传播学基础历年考研真题试卷（09-18）[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中大801微观经济学与宏观经济学历年考研真题试卷（05-18）[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中大832微观经济学与管理学历年考研真题试卷（03-18）[ 逸仙中大考研网] 历年中山大学904信号与系统考研真题试卷（05-18）[ 逸仙中大考研网] 历年中山大学431金融学综合考研真题试卷（11-18）[ 逸仙中大考研网] 历年中山大学664药学综合A考研真题试卷（05-18）[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学908微观经济学与宏观经济学（单考）考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学240英语（单考）考研2005-2018年真题与答案逸仙中大考研网链接地址：/中大考研辅导班链接地址：/news/details.aspx?id=3023中大考研真题答案链接地址：/kaoyan/[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学903数字电路和微机原理2015-2016年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学889环境科学2003-2018年考研真题试卷（不含07-10）[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学841英语写作与百科知识2015-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学646综合英语考研真题试卷与答案（2008-2009、2014-2018年）[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学864人文地理学理论与方法2005-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学623中西哲学史2013-2018考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学828政治学考研真题试卷（2003-2006，2013-2018年）[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学622逻辑哲学与逻辑史基础知识2013-2018考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学814伦理学基本知识2008-2018考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学625中外哲学史基础知识2013-2018考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学650考古学基础考研真题与答案（2007-2018）[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学848中共党史2005-2018考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学434国际商务专业基础2014-2018年考研真题及答案详解[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学880生物化学(A)2010-2018考研真题试卷（不含12）[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学618考古学基础（A）2013-2016年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学348文博综合2011-2018考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学437社会工作实务考研真题及答案详解（2005-2018年，不含06-09）[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学331社会工作原理考研真题及答案详解（2005-2018年，不含07-09）[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学新传专硕2015-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学349药学综合考研真题试卷（2011-2018年）[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学852材料物理2011-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中大837传播实务及研究方法考研真题及答案（2012-2018年）[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学432统计学考研真题与答案（2011-2018年）[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学899光学2008-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学656岩石学2012-2018年考研真题试卷[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学448汉语写作与百科知识2010-2018考研真题及答案[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学357英语翻译基础考研真题试卷与答案（2010-2018）[ 逸仙中大考研网] 中山大学211翻译硕士英语考研真题及答案（2010-2018）逸仙中大考研网链接地址：/中大考研辅导班链接地址：/news/details.aspx?id=3023中大考研真题答案链接地址：/kaoyan/。
中山大学环境学论述题
三、论述题食物链是指在一个生态系统中一种生物以另一种生物为食，而另一生物以第三种生物为食，这种生物彼此间通过食物联系起来的的关系称为食物链。
营养级食物链的每一个营养链接称为一个营养级。
（4分）污染物生物富集作用的机制如下：（6分）（1）污染物进入水体后被水生生物吸收或经微生物作用后被水生生物吸收，在随着食物链，通过不同的营养级的传递，迁移是顶级生物的污染物富即达到严重的程度，如日本有名的水俣病就是食用富集了大量有机汞的鱼类引起的。
（2）污染物进入土壤后由植物吸收，以食物链逐级传递到食物链中的顶级生物和人，从而达到富集的作用。
1、我国城市垃圾填埋处置中的主要问题（5分）（1）大部分城市目前仍采用堆放或简单填埋方式处置城市垃圾；（2）没有建造能达到环境保护目的的渗滤液收集系统，不能对渗滤液进行收集和集中净化处理，已导致水资源和周围环境的严重污染；（3）没有很好的压实机械，填埋场未达使用年限就填满封场；（4）对填埋场气体未加收排，引发的爆炸事故时有发生。
2、从国外多种处理方式的情况看，城市垃圾处理有以下趋势（5分）（1）工业发达国家由于能源、土地资源日益紧张，焚烧处理比例逐渐增多；（2）填埋法作为垃圾的最终处置手段一直占有较大比例；（3）农业型的发展中国家大多数以堆肥为主；（4）其它一些新技术，如热解法、填海、堆山造景等技术，正不断取得进展。
我国的能源问题主要是能源产量低，人均能耗量少；能源利用率低，浪费严重；能源构成以煤为主，污染严重；农村地广人多而能源供应紧缺等。
（3分）据此，解决我国的能源问题应从以下几个方面考虑：（1）煤的综合利用与燃烧技术的改进。
主要是煤的气化和综合利用，改进煤的燃烧技术两个方面。
（2）保护农村生态平衡的能源政策。
积极利用沼气，营造薪炭林，推广速生树种，以利于绿化，制止水土流失，保护土壤肥力和延长水库寿命。
（2分）（3）因地制宜开发多种能源。
能源开发要采取因地制宜的方针，除了在华北、东北和沿海大陆架地区继续积极开发煤和石油外，还应在西南和华南地区大力利用水力资源，发展水电事业；在缺乏矿物能源和水力资源的东南沿海地区，则应注意发展利用核电能、风能、潮汐能等；具有丰富太阳能的西北和华北地区，可以充分利用太阳能。
中山大学2012年博士研究生入学考试英语试题(回忆版)
中山大学2012年博士研究生入学考试英语试题（回忆版）阅读1：When global warming finally came, it stuck with a vengeance (异乎寻常地). In some regions, temperatures rose several degrees in less than a century. Sea levels shot up nearly 400 feet, flooding coastal settlements and forcing people to migrate inland. Deserts spread throughout the world as vegetation shifted drastically in North America, Europe and Asia. After driving many of the animals around them to near extinction, people were forced to abandon their old way of life for a radically new survival strategy that resulted in widespread starvation and disease. The adaptation was farming: the global-warming crisis that gave rise to it happenedmore than 10,000 years ago.As environmentalists convene in Rio de Janeiro this week to ponder the global climate of the future, earth scientists are in the midst of a revolution in understanding how climate has changed in the past—and how those changes have transformed human existence. Researchers have begun to piece together an illuminating pictureof the powerful geological and astronomical forces that have combined to change the planet‟s environmentfrom hot to cold, wet to dry and back again over a time period stretching back hundreds of millions of years.Most importantly, scientists are beginning to realize that the climatic changes have had a major impact on the evolution of the human species. New research now suggests that climate shifts have played a key role in nearly every significant turning point in human evolution: from the dawn of primates (灵长目动物) some 65 million years ago to human ancestors rising up to walk on two legs, from the huge expansion of the humanbrain to the rise of agriculture. Indeed, the human history has not been merely touched by global climate change, some scientists argue, it has in some instances been driven by it.The new research has profound implications for the environmental summit in Rio. Among other things, the findings demonstrate that dramatic climate change is nothing new for planet Earth. The benign (宜人的) global environment that has existed over the past 10,000 years—during which agriculture, writing, cities and most other features of civilization appeared—is a mere bright spot in a much larger pattern of widely varying climate over the ages. In fact, the pattern of climate change in the past reveals that Earth‟s climate will almost certainly go through dramatic changes in the future—even without the influence of human activity.1. Farming emerged as a survival strategy because man had been obliged ________.A) to give up his former way of lifeB) to leave the coastal areasC) to follow the ever-shifting vegetationD) to abandon his original settlement2. Earth scientists have come to understand that climate ________.A) is going through a fundamental changeB) has been getting warmer for 10,000 yearsC) will eventually change from hot to coldD) has gone through periodical changes3. Scientists believe that human evolution ________.A) has seldom been accompanied by climatic changesB) has exerted little influence on climatic changesC) has largely been effected by climatic changesD) has had a major impact on climatic changes4. Evidence of past climatic changes indicates that ________.A) human activities have accelerated changes of Earth‟s environmentB) Earth‟s environment will remain mild despite human interferenceC) Earth‟s climate is bound to change significantly in the futureD) Earth‟s climate is unlikely to undergo substantial changes in the future5. The message the author wishes to convey in the passage is that ________.A) human civilization remains glorious though it is affected by climatic changesB) mankind is virtually helpless in the face of the dramatic changes of climateC) man has to limit his activities to slow down the global warming processD) human civilization will continue to develop in spite of the changes of nature阅读2American no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing. The Degradation of language and Music and why we should like, care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr.McWhorter‟s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees gradual disappearance of “whom” ,for example, to be natural and no more regranttable than the loss of the case-endingsof Old EnglishBut the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing”, has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas .He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to mostEnglish-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms-he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china”. A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevita ble one.1. According to Mc Whorter, the decline of formal EnglishA is inevitable in radical education reforms.B is but all too natural in language development.C. has caused the controversy over the counter-culture.D. brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s.2. The word “talking” (Linge6, paragraph3) denotesA. modesty.B. personality.C. liveliness.D. informality.3. To which of the following statements would Mc Whorter most likely agree?A. Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.B. Black English can be more expressive than standard English.C. Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.D. Of all the varieties, standard English Can best convey complex ideas.4. The description of Russians' love of memorizing poetry shows the author'sA. interest in their language.B. appreciation of their efforts.C. admiration for their memory.D. contempt for their old-fashionedness.5. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” asA. “temporary” is to “permanent”.B. “radical” is to “conservative”.C. “functional” is to “artistic”.D. “humble” is to “noble”阅读3Massive changes in all of the world‟s deeply cherished sporting habits are underway. Whether it‟s one of London‟s parks full of people playing softball, and Russians taking up rugby, or the Superbowl rivaling the British Football Cup Final as a televised spectator event in Britain, the patterns of players and spectators are changing beyond recognition. We are witnessing a globalization of our sporting culture.That annual bicycle race, the Tour de France, much loved by the French is a good case in point. Just a few years back it was a strictly continental affair with France, Belgium and Holland, Spain and Italy taking part. But in recent years it has been dominated by Colombian mountain climbers, and American and Irishriders.The people who really matter welcome the shift toward globalization. Peugeot, Michelin and Panasonic are multi-national corporations that want worldwide returns for the millions they invest in teams. So it does them literally a world of good to see this unofficial world championship become just that.This is undoubtedly an economic-based revolution we are witnessing here,one made possible by communications technology, but made to happen because of marketing considerations. Sell the game and you can sell Cola or Budweiser as well The skilful way in which American football has been sold to Europe is a good example of how all sports will develop. The aim of course is not really to spread the sport for its own sake, but to increase the number of people interested in the major money-making events. The economics of the Superbowl are already astronomical. With seats at US $125, gate receipts alone were a staggering $ 10,000,000. The most important statistic of the day, however, was the $ 100,000,000 in TV advertising fees. Imagine how much that becomes when the eyes of the world are watching.So it came as a terrible shock, but not really as a surprise, to learn that some people are now suggesting thatsoccer change from being a game of two 45-minute halves, to one of four 25-minute quarters. The idea is unashamedly to capture more advertising revenue, without giving any thought for the integrity of asport which relies for its essence on the flowing nature of the action.Moreover, as sports expand into world markets, and as our choice of sports as consumers also grows, so we will demand to see them played at a higher and higher level. In boxing we have already seen numerous, dubious world title categories because people will not pay to see anything less than a “World Tide” fight, and this mean s that the title fights have to be held in different countries around the world!1. Globalization of sporting culture means that ___.A. more people are taking up sports.B. traditional sports are getting popular.C. many local sports are becoming internationalD. foreigners are more interested in local sports2. Which of the following is NOT related to the massive changes?A. Good economic returns.B. Revival of sports.C. Communications technology.D. Marketing strategies.3.What is the author‟s attitude towards the suggestion to change soccer into one of four 25-minute quarters?A. Favourable.B. Unclear.C. Reserved.D. Critical.4. People want to see higher-level sports competitions mainly because___.A. they become more professional than ever.B. they regard sports as consumer goods.C. there exist few world-class championshipsD. sports events are exciting and stimulating阅读4What does the future hold for the problem of housing? A good deal depends, of course, on the meaning of “future”. If one is thinking in terms of science fiction and the space age, it is at least possible to assume that man will have solved such trivial and earthly problems as housing. Writers of science fiction, from H.G. Wells onwards, have had little to say on the subject. They have conveyed the suggestion that men will live in great comfort, with every conceivable apparatus to make life smooth, healthy and easy, if not happy. But they havenot said what his house will be made of. Perhaps some new building material, as yet unimagined, will have been discovered or invented at least. One may be certain that bricks and mortar(泥灰，灰浆) will long have gone out of fashion.But the problems of the next generation or two can more readily be imagined. Scientists have already pointed out that unless something is done either to restrict the world‟s rapid growth in population or to discover and develop new sources of food (or both), millions of people will be dying of starvation or at the best suffering from underfeeding before this century is out. But nobody has yet worked out any plan for housing these growing populations. Admittedly the worst situations will occur in the hottest parts of the world, where housing can be light structure or in backward areas where standards are traditionally low. But even the minimum shelter requires materials of some kind and in the teeming, bulging towns the low-standard “housing” of flattened petrol cans and dirty canvas is far more wasteful of ground space than can be tolerated.Since the war, Hong Kong has suffered the kind of crisis which is likely to arise in many other places during the next generation. Literally millions of refugees arrived to swell the already growing population and emergency steps had to be taken rapidly to prevent squalor(肮脏)and disease and the spread crime. The city is tackling the situation energetically and enormous blocks of tenements(贫民住宅)are rising at an astonishing aped. But Hong Kong is only one small part of what will certainly become a vast problem and not merely a housing problem, because when population grows at this rate there are accompanying problems of education, transport, hospital services, drainage, water supply and so on. Not every area may give the same resources as Hong Kong to draw upon and the search for quicker and cheaper methods of construction must never cease.1.What is the author‟s opinion of housing p roblems in the first paragraph?A.They may be completely solved at sometime in the future.B.They are unimportant and easily dealt with.C.They will not be solved until a new building material has been discovered.D.They have been dealt with in specific detail in books describing the future.2.The writer is sure that in the distant future ___.A.bricks and mortar will be replaced by some other building material.B.a new building material will have been invented.C.bricks and mortar will not be used by people who want their house to be fashionable.D.a new way of using bricks and mortar will have been discovered.3.The writer believes that the biggest problem likely to confront the world before the end of the century ___.A.is difficult to foresee.B.will be how to feed the ever growing population.C.will be how to provide enough houses in the hottest parts of the world.D.is the question of finding enough ground space.4.When the writer says that the worst situations will occur in the hottest parts of the world or in backward areas, he is referring to the fact that in these parts ___.A.standards of building are low.B.only minimum shelter will be possible.C.there is not enough ground space.D.the population growth will be the greatest.5.Which of the following sentences best summarizes Paragraph 3?A.Hong Kong has faced a serious crisis caused by millions of refugees.B.Hong Kong has successfully dealt with the emergency caused by millions of refugees.C.Hong Kong‟s crisis was not only a matter of housing but included a number of other problems of population growth.D.Many parts of the world may have to face the kind of problems encountered by Hong Kong and may find it much harder to deal with them.阅读5Of all the components of a good night's sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears, by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just "mental noise" — the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is "off-line". And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. "It's your dream," says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago's Medical Center. "If you don't like it, change it"Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM （rapid eye movement）sleep — when most vivid dreams occur — as it is when fully awake, says Dr. Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved, the limbic system （the "emotional brain"）is especially active, while the prefronted cortex （the center of intellect and reasoning）is relatively quiet. "We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day," says Stanford sleepresearcher Dr. William Dement.The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright's clinic Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don't always think about the emotional significance of the day's events —until, it appears, we begin to dream.And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or "we wake up in a panic," Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feeling. Sleep — or rather dream — on it and you'll feel better in the morning.11. Researchers have come to believe that dreamsA.can be modified in their coursesB.are susceptible to emotional changesC.reflect our innermost desires and fearsD.are a random outcome of neural repairs12. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to showA it's function in our dreamsB the mechanism of REM sleepC the relation of dreams to emotionsD its difference from the prefrontal cortex13. The Negative feelings generated during the day tend toA aggravate in our unconscious mindB develop into happy dreamsC persist till the time we fall asleepD show up in dreams early at night14. Cartwright seems to suggest thatA waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreamsB visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under controlC dreams should be left to their natural progressionD dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious15. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?A Lead your life as usual B.Seek professional helpC Exercise conscious controlD Avoid anxiety in the daytime完型填空：Celebrities (名人)lead very stressful lives, for no matter how fascinating or powerful they are, they have too little privacy, too much pressure, and no safety.For one thing，celebrities don‟t have the privacy an ordinary person has. The most personal details of their lives are printed on the front pages of the National Enquirer and the Globe so that bored supermarket shoppers can read about "Leonardo DiCaprio"s Awful Secret" or "The Heartbreak behind Winona Ryder's Smile." Even a celebrity's family is made public. A teenage son's arrest for using drug or a wife's drinking problem becomes the subject of headlines. Photographers chase celebrities at their homes, in restaurants, and on the street, hoping to get a picture of Halle Berry in curlers (卷发器)or Jim Carrey drinking beer. When celebrities try to do the things that normal people do, like eat out or attend a football game, they run the risk of being interrupted by thoughtless photographers.Celebrities must also cope with the constant pressure of having to look great and act right. Their physical appearance is always under observation. Famous women, especially, suffer from public attention, inviting remarks like "She really looks old" or "Boy, has she put on weight." Embarrassing pictures of celebrities are sold at high prices, which increases the pressure on celebrities to look good at all times. Famous people are also under pressure to act claim and collected under any circumstances. Because they are constantly observed, they have no freedom to be angry or to do something just a little crazy.Most important, celebrities must deal with the stress of being in constant danger. The friendly behaviors such as kisses of enthusiastic fans can quickly turn into uncontrolled attacks on a celebrity‟s hai r, clothes, and car. Most people agree that photographers bear some responsibility for the death of one of the leading celebrities of the 1990s-Princess Diana. Whether or not their pursuit caused the accident that took her life, it‟s clear she was chased by reporters like an escaped prisoner chased by police dogs. And celebrities can even fall victim to deliberately deadly attacks. The attempt to kill Ronald Reagan and the murder of John Lennon came about because two unbalanced people could not get these world-famous figures off their minds. As a result, famous people must live with the fact that they are always fair game-and never out of season.排序段落：In many states this year, budget requests by state universities have had to be scaled back or frozen, while tuition, the share of the cost borne by the students themselves, has gone up—in some cases faster than the rate of inflation. The problem for the governors is particularly distressing because they all agree that the quality of their colleges and universities helps drive the economic engines of their states. And they are constantly beingtold by everyone from college administrators to editorial writers that the only way to make their state universities better is to spend more money.So it was against this backdrop that members of the National Governors Association came together in this New England city this past week to discuss issues of common concern, one being higher education. And the focus of their talks about colleges centered not on how money could be more effectively directed, but on how to get greater productivity out of a system that many feel has become highly inefficient and resistive to change.As a result, the governors will embark on a three-year study of higher education systems and how to make state colleges and universities better able to meet the challenges of a global economy in the 21st century. And judging from the tenor and tone of their discussion, the study could produce a push for higher standards, more efficiency and greater accountability. “When it comes to higher education, we talk a lot about money, but we don‟t often talk of standards and accountability. With tuition ri sing faster than the rate of inflation and students taking longer and longer to finish college, one of these days the public is going to say, …Enough!‟” Pennsylvania Republican Gov. Tom Ridge said.Ridge and his fellow governors came away from the meetings resolute in the belief that higher education needs a fresh look and possibly a major boost in productivity to meet demands of new technologies and a changing work force. Several governors noted that establishment of clearer standards, greater efficiencies in providing services, and more student competency testing might be needed, in addition to curriculum inspection.Such proposals would be sure to shake up those who protect the status quo and trigger a major public debate. Education establishments that often believe that they know best tend to get nervous when elected officials seek to become involved. Utah GOP Gov. Mike Leavitt said the NGA discussion represented a “major shift” in the way governors address higher education and signaled their desire for greater direct involvement by the state chief executives in the oversight of their state university systems. While the governors were quick to note that American higher education still is the best in the world, they say adjustments that reflect the changing realities of the global economy might be needed to keep it that way.英译汉：The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. Traditionally legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist‟s intellectual preparation for his or her career.But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories. Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.1. Traditionally legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.Part B 选择搭配Directions:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1~5, choose the most suitable one from the list A~G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices which do not fit in any of the gaps.remain a huge strength, bring together students and researchers from all disciplines and all parts of the world, and guarantee a human scale of values within a big university.1) Above everything else will still rise the questioning, tough-minded hunger for learning, for pushing the boundaries of knowledge ever outwards. That has characterized this university.2) . Not in the heart of the city: the colleges, the river and the commons and meadows that cluster around it. The。
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2012年广东中山大学环境学导论考研真题
必答题：
一、环境要素是什么？简述环境要素的分类和性质（10分）
二、人口容量是什么？简述影响人口容量的自然因素（10分）
三、何谓生态系统？简述生态系统的结构和功能，并对生态系统保护提出建议（20分）
四、试述酸雨的形成机制，并对酸雨防治提出建议（20分）
五、何谓自然净化？并就某一具体方面阐述其净化机理并提出改善措施（20分）
六、土壤污染的途径有哪些？并按其污染途径提出防治措施（20分）
选做题（4选2）：
1、你认为当今世界是处于变暖还是变冷的过程中？请提出你的依据，并提出解决方案（25分）
2、请论述污水厌氧处理的机理，并论述影响厌氧处理的因素并提出改进措施（25分）。