英国文学简史——18世纪文学共80页文档
英国文学简史
英国文学简史笔记一．早中世纪文学：Early and Medieval English Literature（约5世纪-1485) The ancestor: Celts(凯尔特人）.Life style: Primitive life(原始生活）.Language: Celtic（凯尔特语）(Britons 大不列颠语).最早的英国史：1. Roman Conquest. (55BC--410AD)---Julius Caesar.2. Anglo-Saxon Conquest. (450--1066)---Anglos, Saxons, Jutes(朱特人).3. Norman Conquest. (1066--1350).中期英国史：1.Romance(罗曼史): love, chivalry(骑士精神), religion;2.3 major themes: (1).Matter of France;(2).Matter of Greece and Rome;(3).Matter of Britain.nguage: 3 language.文学作品：1.Geoffrey Chaucer (杰弗里。
乔叟):Chaucer's works:(1) . The Canterbury Tales( 坎特伯雷故事集);(2). The Wife of Bath (巴斯夫人）；(3). Romance of the Rose (玫瑰传奇);(4).The House of the Fame (声誉殿堂);(5).The Parliament of Fowls (百鸟会议);(6).Troilus and Cressie (特洛伊斯和克莱西德）.Chaucer's contribution to the English language:(1). The " father of English poetry";(2). He introducer from France and Italy the rhymed (押韵的)stanzas of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter ( heroic couplet) (抑扬格、五音步诗), instead of the Old English alliterative( 头韵的) verse;(3). For the first time in English literature, he presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture( 现实主义）of the English society of life in his masterpiece " The Canterbury Tales( 坎特伯雷故事集)";(4). He was the first English poet who wrote in English, thus establishing English as the literature language;(5), He did much in making the London dialect(方言) the foundation for modern English language.Chaucer's social significance:(1). Influenced by the early Italian Renaissance, Chaucer affirmed man's right to pursue earthly happiness and opposed asceticism, praised man's energy, intellect, and love of life;(2). Meanwhile, he also exposed and satirized the social evils, esp.,the religious abuses.2.The Song of Beowulf (贝奥武甫，a hero）3.The English Ballads (大众民谣): a story told in song.; in various Englishand Scottish dialects.---- Robin Hood (罗宾汉), who is strong, brave, clever, tender-hearted and affectionate(深情的).二、文艺复兴时期文学: The English Renaissance（15世纪后期-17世纪初）文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义.几个过渡时期：1. The Hundred Year's War: 1337--1453;2. The wars of the Rose(玫瑰战争/蔷薇战争): 源于两个皇族所选的家微。
英国文学简史分类
英国文学简史分类一、古英国文学古英国文学是指公元5世纪至公元11世纪之间的英国文学作品。
这一时期的文学作品主要以英国盎格鲁人和撒克逊人的口头传承方式流传下来。
最早的古英国文学作品是口头传承的史诗，如《贝奥武夫》和《西德里克史诗》。
这些作品描绘了英雄壮举和神话传说，展现了古英国人的价值观和文化背景。
二、中世纪文学中世纪文学是指公元11世纪至15世纪之间的英国文学作品。
这一时期的文学作品受到基督教和法国文学的影响，主题涉及爱情、骑士精神和宗教信仰等。
最著名的中世纪文学作品是《亚瑟王传奇》，它描绘了亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事，体现了骑士精神和中世纪的价值观。
此外，还有一些宗教戏剧，如《诗篇》和《谢弗尔诗篇》等，用于教育和传播基督教信仰。
三、文艺复兴文学文艺复兴文学是指16世纪至17世纪初期的英国文学作品。
这一时期的文学作品受到古希腊罗马文化的影响，主题多样化，包括诗歌、戏剧、散文等。
著名的文艺复兴文学作品包括莎士比亚的戏剧作品，如《哈姆雷特》和《罗密欧与朱丽叶》，以及约翰·米尔顿的史诗《失乐园》等。
这些作品在文学史上具有重要地位，对后世的文学创作产生了深远影响。
四、启蒙时代文学启蒙时代文学是指18世纪的英国文学作品。
这一时期的文学作品反映了对理性、科学和人权的追求。
著名的启蒙时代作家包括约翰·洛克、伊莱扎·海伍德和亚当·斯密等。
他们的作品涉及政治、哲学和经济等领域，对当时社会产生了重要影响。
其中，洛克的《人类理解论》被认为是启蒙运动的经典之作。
五、浪漫主义文学浪漫主义文学是指19世纪初期的英国文学作品。
这一时期的文学作品强调个人情感、自然景观和想象力。
著名的浪漫主义作家包括威廉·华兹华斯、塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治和乔治·戈登·拜伦等。
他们的作品描绘了自然的壮丽和人类的内心世界，对后世文学产生了深远影响。
其中，华兹华斯的《抒情诗集》被誉为浪漫主义诗歌的代表作品。
英国文学——18世纪概述
启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期—18世纪中期）1688年的“光荣革命”推翻复辟王朝，确定了君主立宪制，建立起资产阶级和新贵族领导的政权，英国从此进入一个相对安定的发展时期。
18世纪初，新古典主义成为时尚。
新古典主义推崇理性，强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅，追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。
亚历山大·蒲柏（Alexander Pope, 1688-1744）是新古典主义诗歌的代表，他模仿罗马诗人，诗风精巧隽俏，内容以说教与讽刺为主，形式多用英雄双韵体，但缺乏深厚感情。
18世纪英国散文出现繁荣，散文风格基本建立在新古典主义美学原则之上。
理查德·斯梯尔（Richard Steele, 1672-1729）与约瑟夫·艾迪生（Joseph Addison, 1672-1719）创办《闲谈者》（Tatler）与《观察者》（Spectator）刊物，发表了许多以当时社会风俗、日常生活、文学趣味等为题材的文章，他们清新秀雅、轻捷流畅的文体成为后人模仿的典范。
乔纳森·斯威夫特（Jonathan Swift, 1667-1745）是英国文学史上最伟大的讽刺散文作家，他的文风纯朴平易而有力。
斯威夫特的杰作《格列佛游记》（Gulliver's Travels）是一部极具魅力的儿童故事，同时包含着深刻的思想内容。
作者通过对小人国、大人国、飞岛国、慧马国等虚构国度的描写，以理性为尺度，极其尖锐地讽刺和抨击了英国社会各领域的黑暗和罪恶。
塞缪尔·约翰逊（Samuel Johnson, 1709-1784）是18世纪英国人文主义文学批评的巨擘，《莎士比亚戏剧集序言》（The Preface to Shakespeare）和《诗人传》（Livesof the Poets）是他对文学批评作出的突出贡献。
他从常识出发，在某些方面突破了新古典主义的框框，不乏真知灼见。
约翰逊的散文风格自成一家，集拉丁散文的典雅、气势与英语散文的雄健、朴素于一体。
英国文学简史
英国文学简史古英语时期(Old English Period)时间：450-1600背景：盎格鲁撒克逊人（Anglo-Saxon）入侵英国作品种类：史诗(epic)代表作家：不详代表作品：贝奥武夫（Beowulf）中世纪英语时期(Middle English Period)时间：1066-1500背景：诺曼人(Normans)征服英国作品种类：传奇(Romans)代表作家:不详代表作品：高文爵士和绿骑士（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight）文艺复兴时期(The Renaissance)时间：1500-1660背景：新航路开辟，伊丽莎白一世登基，自然科学技术的发展。
作品种类：戏剧（drama），诗歌（poetry）代表作家：莎士比亚（William Shakespeare）代表作品：哈姆雷特（Hamlet）17世纪时期(The 17th Century)时间：1603-1688背景：资产阶级革命与复辟时期作品种类：散文（essay），史诗（epic），寓言故事（allegory），诗歌（poetry）代表作家：弥尔顿（John Milton）代表作品：失乐园(paradise lost)新古典主义时期(The Neoclassical Period)时间：1660-1785背景：启蒙运动作品种类：散文（essay），小说（novel），诗歌（poetry）代表作家：亚历山大.蒲泊(Alexander Pope)代表作品：An Essay on Man浪漫主义时期(The Romantic Period)时间：1798-1832背景：法国大革命，工业革命作品种类：诗歌（poetry）代表作家：雪莱(Percy Bysshe Shelley)代表作品：西风颂（Ode to the West Wind）维多利亚时期(The Victorian Period)时间：1832-1900背景：维多利亚女王统治时期，资本主义经济发展，自然科学的发展作品种类：小说（novel）代表作家：狄更斯（Charles Dickens）代表作品：远大前程（Great Expectations）现代主义时期(The Modern Period)时间：1914-1965背景：第二次世界大战，人们对西方文明的危机感作品种类：诗歌（poetry），小说（poetry）代表作家：艾略特（T.S Eliot）代表作品：荒原（The Waste Land）The Middle English PeriodGeoffrey ChaucerSpecial featuresThe first most significant poet in English literary history to write in Middle English.Help perfect English language as as a literary medium.A first rate story-teller. Reading him can be an immensely enlightening and educational experience.Points of viewEnormous sense of humor.Loyalty to reality. A master of realism.Infinite sense of humanity.Major WorksCanterbury TalesA collection of 20-odd stories.Similar with Boccacio’s Decameron.Including 20 complete stories and 4 fragments---already an amazing number.People come from virtually all walks of life. A picture of 14-century English life.Place women on an equal footing with men.(“The Wife of Bath’s Tale” What is that women desire most?)Prominence: The holy orders and the middle classThomas MoreSpecial featuresThe wisest and noblest person that lived then.Privy councilor to the king.Beheaded by the king because of he did not go along with the king’s divorce.Points of viewMore was first and foremost a humanist at heart.Major WorksUtopiaLook forward to the future of man.Offer an ideal which has inspired generations of serious social thinkers. An imaginary country where democracy replaces tyranny, commonwealth replaces private property.Its strict adherence to conformity, simplicity and monotony is totally incompatible with human nature, and curbs individual rights and freedom.Its slavery system goes against individual dignity and self-worth.The utopian society is clearly male-dominated.RenaissanceSpenserSpecial featuresOne of the most important English poets.Milton calls him his “poetic father”Points of viewDetermined to revive Chaucer’s poetic legacy and reinvent English poetry.Conformed to morality and Christian dogmas.Major WorksThe Faerie QueenA grand epic poem“The only long poem that a lover of poetry can sincerely wish longer”Picturesque, rhyme, theme, plot.William ShakespeareSpecial featuresMost popular and most widely respected writer in all English literature. Careful rumination over human condition andsupreme understanding of human nature.His poets drew great attention for their grace in form, depth in thought, and vivacity in tone.His dramatic works:Early period:histories and comediesMiddle period:tragicLate period:Romances&serenityPoints of viewHis universe is a veritable microcosm of the human world, where all types of people exist.He has the common life of the common run of mankind in mind in his literary creations.His cosmos is highly moral with a sense of certitude and justice.He sees reflection of life as legitimate job of a playwright.Major WorksBlack comedyIndividual worthA faithful record of the mood and tenor of the timesFrancis BaconSpecial featuresHis inductive method of reasoning and learning; he valued experience and observation.His prose is fresh, vigorous, powerful, and aphoristic so that he was able to dominate English prose for decades.Bacon’s essays was the first of its kind to appear in English literature. Major WorksHuman nature, political concerns and socio-economic ideas.John MiltonSpecial featuresThe third greatest English poet after Chaucer and Shakespeare.The greatest to come out of the 17th century.His experience with the telescope helped him visualize haven, earth and hell.Major WorksParadise Lost made its author the greatest modern epic poet in English literary history.About biblical story of creation.Samson Agonistes was patterned on Greek tragedies.The character of Samson offers an obvious outlet of self-expression for the poet who resembled the biblical hero in more than one way. Lycidas has certainly proved to be a frame of reference for the writing of the genre of pastoral elegies.John BunyanSpecial features“No one can please God more than I do.”He was known as “Bishop Bunyan”.His prose has a striking modern ring. It has paved the way for the rise of the modern English novel.He became a great force in the history of English prose without ever desiring it.Major WorksThe Pilgrim’s Progress is an allegory.A medieval miracle play with vivid and lively personifications of virtues and vices and all the human qualities in between.The Classic AgeThomas GraySpecial featuresA poet of transition form the neoclassic to the Romantic period.A forerunner of the Romantic movement both in subjects and simple language.Gray is famous for his letter writing.Oliver GoldsmithSpecial featuresGoldsmith is prone to a kind of idealizing and sentimentality that is always easy for modern people to comprehend.Points of viewGoldsmith’s poem was written in the fashionable heroic couplet of the time.The author’s sentiments of grief and nostalgia are genuine and convincing.Major WorksShe stoops to conquerAs a satire on the artificial and pretentious behavior of the day, the play exalts the quality of t ruth and honest feeling.The salutary influence the play exercised on the 18th century is considerable.Goldsmith’s dialogues are vivacious and immensely humorous, and the whole performance impressed the audience with its vitality and joyful mood.The Vicar of WakefieldHis wit, humor, his craft of planning ballads and tales within tales, and his philosophical depth, which all make for the fascination it holds for its readers, modern as well as ancient.William BlakeSpecial featuresAn important landmark in between two literary periods, pointing directly to that of Romanticism.His poets: his social events and his mysticism.He is noted or his originality both in theme and form.Points of view“Without contrast and contraries, there is no progression.”Blake was basically a visionary. His fight was a “mental” fight, one that he hoped would restore England to spiritual and social health.Major WorksBy far his most powerful and the most permanent are Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience.Jonathan SwiftSpecial featuresThe literary king of his day. He wrote a lot of powerful satirical essays and books.His lucid and terse prose has contributed not a little toward the development of the best English prose tradition.Points of viewHis satires on human institutions and social ills were all meant tohelp improve the lot of man.Major WorksGulliver’s TravelsGulliver is a man observant to all the 18th century values, while Swift was, on the other hand, a man intensely critical of his time.The author is different from the narrator, and the author would like people to think twice about what Gulliver disapprove of. Gulliver is part of the author’s satire.Daniel DefoeSpecial featuresA firm supporter of the Glorious Revolution.Points of viewHis views on the novel focus on its realism and aesthetic.“Any story failing to deal with the human experience is pure fiction and a lie.”His protagonists are common people with real common names and speak as “I”, telling their own stories in the first-person narrative.As a moralist, he wrote with the conviction that his works wouldbe educational and help people behave.Major WorksRobinson CrusoeA middle class book, offering justifications for the class’forthcoming rise to pre-dominance in national life.A typical show of Puritan individualism.(self-reliance andhard-working)The creation of the world and and self-identity.An ordinary humankind’s self-made success.。
18世纪英国文学
二《汤姆·琼斯》 汤姆·琼斯》
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内容简介
以主人公的活动为线索,用第三人称叙述的传纪体小说。中心 故事是写主人公汤姆·琼斯的坎坷命运和曲折遭遇,他自幼遭到 遗弃与虐待,在成长过程中又不断受到小人布立非的暗算,最后 又遭恩主兼养父奥尔华绥误解,被逐出家门,同时又与恋人索菲 亚离散。这一对恋人分别后历尽各种磨难与诱惑,最后苦尽甘来, 汤姆的身世之谜大白（与布立非是同母异父兄弟，也是奥尔华 绥的外甥）,重获奥尔华绥恩宠，并与索菲亚结成眷属。
“编者相信，这部自述是事实的忠实的记录， 其中绝无虚构之处” 其中绝无虚构之处” —《鲁滨逊漂流记》第一卷 序言 鲁滨逊漂流记》 — “ 这个故事，虽然是寓言性，同时又是历 史的。它是一种绝无仅有的生活苦难和一 种无与伦比的生存方式的精妙再现……” 种无与伦比的生存方式的精妙再现……” —《鲁滨逊漂流记》第三卷 序 鲁滨逊漂流记》 言
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典型性
现实主义创作方法要求除了细节真实外, 现实主义创作方法要求除了细节真实外,还要 真实地再现典型环境中的典型人物,在小说《 真实地再现典型环境中的典型人物,在小说《汤 姆·琼斯》中,菲尔丁运用对比手法成功塑造了同 琼斯》 一类型而不同特点的一系列典型人物
身份的焦虑
英国学者威廉· 英国学者威廉·布洛姆在总结有关身份问题的最近 研究成果时简要概括到: 研究成果时简要概括到:“身份确认对任何个人来 说,都是一个内在的、无意识的行为要求，个人努 力设法确认身份以获得心理安全感, 力设法确认身份以获得心理安全感,也努力设法维 持、保护和巩固身份以维护和加强这种心理安全 感,后者对于个性稳定与心灵健康来说,有至关重要 后者对于个性稳定与心灵健康来说, 的作用。从婴儿期到成年以至老年, 的作用。从婴儿期到成年以至老年,身份确认这一 行为要求一直发挥着作用“ 行为要求一直发挥着作用“。而一个人的身份包 括诸多层面,根据荷兰学者吉尔特· 括诸多层面,根据荷兰学者吉尔特·霍夫斯塔德有关 文化身份的论述, 文化身份的论述,一个人始终同时属于以下不同层 面或身份标志:如国家层面、地域/种族/信仰/ 面或身份标志:如国家层面、地域/种族/信仰/语言 层面、性别层面、代的层面、阶级或身世层面、 组织或职业层面等等。
英国文学简史 4新古典主义(18世纪)
The Neoclassical Period （18th century）Definitions of literary terms英语081班汪志超51011080951) The Enlightenment MovementThe 18th-century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason.The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France & swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th & 16th centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modem philosophical & artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality & science. They called for a reference to order, reason & rules & advocated universal education. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander pope & so on.2) NeoclassicismIn England, neoclassicism is initiated by John Dryden, culminated in Alexander Pope and continued by Samuel Johnson. It was a reaction against the fire of passions that blazed in the later Renaissance. It found its literary artistic model in the classical literature of ancient Greek and Latin authors, such as Homer, Virgil, Horace. The neoclassicists have their artistic ideas: order, logic, symmetry, restraint, accuracy, good taste, good sense, decorum and so on. In drama, they follow the Three Unities closely.1Richard Steele(1672-1729) and Joseph Addison(1672-1719)The Tatler ; The Spectator (the earliest periodicals)2Samuel Johnson（1709-1784）Samuel Johnson, commonly called Dr. Johnson, was one of the greatest figures of 18th-century English literature. He was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the late 18th century. He had a hand in all the different branches of literary activities. He was a poet, dramatist, prose romancer, biographer, essayist, critic, lexicographer & publicist.His major works :poems: "London", & "The vanity of Human Wishes"a romance: The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia ;a tragedy: Irenehundreds of essays in the two periodicals :The Rambler & The Idler;English dictionary :A Dictionary of the English Language传记文学双星：Life of Johnson by James Boswell,The Life of Charlotte Bronte by Elizabeth Cleghon Gaskell3Alexander pope（1688-1744）poetPope is one of the fore-most satirists in world literature as well as a great poet. Pope's mock-heroic poem The Rape of the Lock is one of the finest examples of English comic verse. As a representative of the Enlightenment, Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England. He was the greatest poet of his time.His major works1). The Rape of the LockA delightful burlesque of epic poetry, it ridicules the manners of the English nobility. The poem isbased on an actual incident in which a young nobleman stole a lock of a lady's hair.2) An Essay on CriticismHis first important work, An Essay on Criticism was a long didactic poem in heroic couplets. In this work, he reflected the neo-classical spirit of the times by advocating good taste, common sense & the adherence to classical rules in writing & criticism. The whole poem is written in a plain style, hardly containing any imagery or eloquence &therefore makes easy reading.3）The DunciadGenerally considered Pope's best satiric work, The Dunciad goes deep in meaning & works at many levels. Its satire is directed at Dullness in general, & in the course of it all the literary men of the age. Poets mainly who had made Pope's enemies, are held up to ridicule. But the poem is not confined to personal attack. Dullness as reflected in the corruptness of government, social morals, education & even religion, is expertly exposed & satirized.The Realistic Novel:The mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form, the modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. This-the most significant phenomenon in the history of the development of English literature in the eighteenth century - is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution & a symbol of the growing importance & strength of the English of the growing importance & strength of the English middle class, Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe ,Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Tobias George Smollett, & Oliver Goldsmith.1Daniel Defoe(1660-1731)He acquired a pure naked English—smooth, easy, almost colloquial. Yet never coarse. He loved short, crisp, plain sentences. There is nothing artificial in his language; it is really common English.作品：1）Pamphlet: The Trueborn Englishman—A Satire.(It contained a caustic exposure of the aristocracy and the tyranny of the church.)2)Novels:Robinson Crusoe(The character of Robinson Crusoe is representative of the English bourgeoisie atthe earlier stage of its development.); Captain Singleton; Moll Flanders; Colonel Jacque2Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)He is an Irish. Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. His language is simple, clear and vigorous. He said, “Proper words in proper places, makes the true definition of a style.” Swift is a master of satirist, and his irony is deadly. But his satire is masked by an outward gravity, and an apparent calmness conceals his bitter irony. This makes his satire all the more powerful, as shown in his Modest Proposal.作品：1）Two stories: A Tale of a Tub; The Battle of the Books(The two stories made him well-known as a satirist.)2) Novel:Gulliver’s Travels3) Pamphlets :The Drapier’s Letters; A Modest Proposal(Swift’s pamphlets in Ireland form avery important part of his works.)3Samuel Richardson(1689-1761)His main achievement as a novelist lies in his technique to show characters as personalities. Psychological analysis.作品：Pamela (The story is a told in a series of letters from the heroine, Pamela Andrews.书信体小说);Clarissa; Sir Charles Grandison.Pamela was a new thing in three ways:Firstly, it discarded the “improbable and marvellous”accomplishment of the former heroic romances, and pictured the life and love of ordinary people.Secondly, its intension was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction. Thirdly, it described not only the sayings and doings of the characters but also their secret thoughts and feelings. It was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.4Henry Fielding(1707-1754)1)简介：As a novelist, Fielding is very great. He is the founder of the English realistic novel and sets up the theory of realism in literary.“Nature herself,” i.e., the exact observation and study of real life, was the basis of Fielding’s work. Byron, in a famous phrase, called Fielding “the prose Homer of Human Nature”. Fielding established once for all the form of the modern novel. His importance in the history of the novel is unique. He has been rightly call the “father of the English novel”.2）作品：Novels:①Joseph Andrews ②Jonathan Wild ③Tom Jones(流浪汉小说) ④AmeliaPicaresque Novel(流浪汉小说)is a popular sub-genre of prose fiction, which is usually satirical and depict in realistic and humorous details the adventures of a roguish hero of low social class, who lives by his or her wits in a corrupt society. The characteristic of it is loosely linked episodes, intrigue fights and adventures. The style of this novel originated in Spain and flourished in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, and continued to influence modern literature. In England, Tobias Smollett’s works, Daniel Defoe’s “Moll Flanders”, Fielding’s “Tom Jones”, and Charles Dickens’“Pickwick Papers” are considered to be picaresque novels. In modern America, Sawl Bellow’s “Adventure of Augie March”, Jack Kerouac’s “Dharma Bums” can be called picaresque novels. The Chinese “Journey to the Wrest” is considered to has considerable elements of picaresque.3）Some Features of Fielding’s Novels①Fielding’s method of Relating a Story: told directly by the author.②Satire in Fielding’s Novels. Satire sounds everywhere in Fielding’s works.③Fielding believed in the educational function of the novel.④Style. Fielding is a master of style. His style is easy, unlaboured and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous.5Tobias Smollett(1721-1771)He is a Scottish. He belonged to the realistic school.作品：Roderick Random, Peregrine Pickle, Humphry Clinker, History of England.6Laurence Sterne(1713-1768)He is a novelist of the sentimentalist school. He was born in Ireland.A Sentimental Journey.The drama of the 18th century was extensive, but very little of it has permanent or acting value. Only two men, Goldsmith and Sheridan, produced works which are of high literary quality and which are still remain their interest upon the stage.1Oliver Goldsmith(1730-1774)Goldsmith was a poet, novelist, dramatist and essayist, all combined in one person. He was born in Ireland.Comedies: The Good-Natured Man, She Stoops to Conquer2、Richard Brinsley Sheridan(1751-1816)was, like Goldsmith, an Irishman. His literary fame rests almost exclusively uponhis dramas. His dramas are sufficient to maintain his reputation as one of the most brilliant of English writers of Comedy.戏剧作品：①The Rivals, ②The School for Scandal（It gives a brilliant portrayal and a biting satire ofIn the first half of the 18 century, Pope was the leader of English poetry and the heroic couplet the fashion of poetry. But the middle of the century, however, sentimentalism gradually made its appearance.The appearance and development of sentimentalist poetry marks the midway in the transition from classicism to its opposite, Romanticism, in English poetry.Sentimentalism : It is a literary current started in the middle of 18th century. It is a part of the Pre-Romantic trend as reaction against the cold, logic rationalism that dominated people’s life and writing since the last decade of the 17th century. It appeared to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice. They believed that the effective emotions were the evidence of kindness and goodness. A ready sympathy and an inward pain for the misery of others became part of accepted social morality and ethics. Their words reveal a purely emotional approach to life on the part of the narrator. They formed the contrast of rationally composed novel. The most outstanding figure of this school was Laurence Stern who composed “Tristram Shandy”and “Sentimental Journey through France to Italy”. Samuel Richardson’s work also belong to this school because he used a lot of psychological analysis. Oliver Goldsmith’s work, especially “The Vicar of Wakefield”is of this time. Thomas Gray, a member of Graveyard school is a member of sentimental school, because Graveyard School is part of Sentimental School.1Laurence Sterne(1713-1768)He is a novelist of the sentimentalist school. He was born in Ireland.作品：Tristram Shandy, A Sentimental Journey.2Thomas Gray(1716-1771):作品：Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard. （This is a poem full of the gentle melancholy which marks all early romantic poetry.）Graveyard School: is a term applied to the 18th century poets who wrote melancholy, reflective works, often set in graveyard, on the theme of human morality. The dominant imageries are graveyard, death and darkness. They are part of Sentimental School in the 18th century literature. Thomas Gray’s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” was the best known example for the time.Elegy: It is an ancient form of writing. Its tradition can be traced back to Greek. It is a kind of war song, the song that eulogizes the warring spirit, especially to celebrate the victory of the war and to lament upon the dead. Later, thiswriting is used for lamentation over one’s loss, one’s complaint, one’s unhappiness or things like that. In France, people sometimes use elegy for love lyric.3Oliver Goldsmith(1730-1774)Goldsmith was a poet, novelist, dramatist and essayist, all combined in one person. He was born in Ireland.作品：⑴Poems:①The Traveller is based on Goldsmith’s personal observation during his European wanderings. He came to the conclusion that human happiness depends less on political institution than onour own minds.②The Deserted Village is Goldsmith’s best poem. It contains some charmingdescriptions of village life. He marks the depopulation in the countryside owing to the inroads ofmonopolizing riches.⑵Novel: The Vicar of Wakefield. His novel appeals to human sentiment as a means of achieving happinessand social justice. That is why he is acknowledged to be one of the representatives of English sentimentalism.⑶Comedies: The Good-Natured Man, She Stoops to Conquer⑷Essays: The Citizen of the World.Goldsmith’s place as one of the greatest English essayists is mainlyIn the latter half of the 18century, a new literary monument arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival. In England, this movement showed itself in the trend of Pre-Romanticism in poetry, which was ushered by Percy, Macpherson and Chatterton, and represented by Blake and Burns,the two greatest romantic poets of the 18th century.Pre-Romanticism:It rose as a reaction against enlightenment and neoclassicism, especially against reasons advocated by them. It originated by conservative groups men of letters and rose in the latter half of 18th century. The representatives are Thomas Gray, William Blake and Robert Burns.1William Blake(1757-1827)①The earliest of the major English Romantic poets.②Like Shelley, Blake strongly criticized the capitalists' cruel exploitation, saying that the "dark satanic mills left menunemployed, killed children & forced prostitution."③From childhood, Blake had a strongly visual mind; whatever he imagined, he also saw. As an imaginative poet, hepresents his view in visual images instead of abstract terms. " I know that This world is a world of IMAGINATION & Vision," & that "The Nature of my work is visionary or imaginative."④Blake writes his poems in plain & direct language.works：①The Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy & innocent world,though not without its evils & sufferings.②The Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war &repression with a melancholy tone.③Marriage of Heaven & Hell marks his entry into maturity.④The Book of Urizen, The Book of Los，The Four Zoas，Milton2、Robert Burns(1759-1796)He is the greatest of Scottish poets. He devoted all his free time to collecting, editing, restoring and imitating traditional Scottish songs, or writing verses of his own to traditional tunes.works：①Burns is remembered mainly for his songs written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects.②Numerous are Burns’ songs of love and friendship. A Red, Red Rose③Bruce at Bannockburn is a typical song of patriotism.⑤The Tree of Liberty and A Revolutionary Lyric are the poems on the theme of revolution.⑥The Toadeater is a piece of bitter satire.⑦The Jolly Beggars is characterized by humour and lightheartedness.。
English literature V-18世纪英国文学
British Empire
Mongol Empire
Eurasia on the eve of the Mongol invasions, c. 1200.
Historical Background
❖ The "Glorious Revolution" of 1688 ended in a compromise between the aristocracy and bourgeoisie. England became a constitutional monarchy and power passed from the King to the Parliament and the cabinet ministers.
sustained growth.
Industrial Revolution
❖ The application of steam power to the industrial processes of printing supported a massive expansion of newspaper and popular book publishing, which reinforced rising literacy and demands for mass political participation.
❖ During the Industrial Revolution an intellectual and artistic hostility towards the new industrialization developed. This was known as the Romantic movement.
❖ The movement stressed the importance of "nature" in art and language, in contrast to "monstrous" machines and factories.
十八世纪英国文学简介
The Restoration Literature (1660-1700)
The Age of Dryden
Chief Characters of This Age
• English literature of this period was influenced by that of France where classicism was prevailing. There was a great variety in literary forms with John Dryden as the dominant figure.
French Philosophers Montesquieu & Voltaire
Rousseau, Didero & Kant
Thomas Paine & William Godwin
Edmund Burke & Edward Gibbon
The Enlightenment Movement
All for Love
ANTONY: How I loved. Witness, ye days and nights, and all ye hours, That danced away with down upon your feet, As all your business were to count my passion! One day passed by, and nothing saw but love; Another came, and still 'twas only love:
John Dryden (1631-1700)
• Heroic play: The Conquest of Grenada • Blank verse tragedy: All for Love • Prose: An Essay of Dramatic Poesy • Poetry:
(完整word版)英国文学史及选读作者及作品(word文档良心出品)
英国文学史及选读作者及作品一、盎格鲁-撒克逊时期The Anglo-Saxon Period※《贝奥武甫》“The Song of Beowulf”《浪游者》“Widsith”or “The Traveller’s Song”《航海家》“Seafarer”二、盎格鲁-诺曼时期The Anglo-Norman Period※《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》“Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ”杰弗里《史记》Geoffrey’s “History”莱亚门《布鲁特》Laysmon’s “Brust”《罗兰之歌》“Chanson de Roland”三、乔叟时期Geoffrey Chaucer (1340?-1400)※《坎特伯雷故事集》“The Canterbury Tales”《玫瑰传奇》“Romance of the Rose”《好女人的故事》“The Legend of Good Women”《声誉殿堂》“The House of Fame”《百鸟会议》“The Parliament of Fowls”《特罗伊勒斯和克莱西德》“Troilus and Gressie”大众民谣Popular Ballads※《罗宾汉和阿林代尔》“Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale””※《起来，去关门》“Get Up and Bar the Door”※《派屈克·斯宾塞爵士》“Sir Patrick Spens”托马斯·帕西《英诗辑古》Bishop Thomas Percy ”Reliques of Anciet English Poetry”兰格论《农夫皮尔期》“The Vision of Piers, the Plowman”四、文艺复兴时期The Renaissance1．威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeare(1564-1616)1590《亨利六世》第二部The Second Part of “King Henry Ⅵ”《亨利六世》第三部The Third Part of “King Henry Ⅵ”1591《亨利六世》第一部The First Part of “King Henry Ⅵ”1592《理查三世》“The Life and Death of King Richard Ⅲ”《错误的喜剧》“The Comedy of Errors”1593《泰特斯·安德鲁尼克斯》”Titus Andronicus”《驯悍记》“The Taming of the Shrew”1594《维洛那两绅士》“The Two Gentlemen of Verona”《爱的徒劳》“Love’s Labour’s Lost”《罗密欧与朱丽叶》“Romeo and Juliet”1595《理查二世》“The Life and Death of King Richard Ⅱ”《仲夏夜之梦》“A Midsummer Night’s Dream”1596《约翰王》“The Life and Death of King John”※《威尼斯商人》“The Merchant of Venice”1597《亨利四世》第一部The First Part of “King Henry Ⅳ”《亨利四世》第二部The Second Part of “King Henry Ⅳ”1598《无事生非》“Much Ado About Nothing”《温莎的风流娘儿们》”The Merry Wives of Windsor”《亨利五世》”The Life of King Henry Ⅴ”1599《尤利乌斯·凯撒》“The Life and Death of Julius Caesar”《皆大欢喜》”As You Like It”1600《第十二夜》“Twelfth Night ,or, What You Will”※1601《哈姆雷特》“Hamlet, Prince of Denmark”1602《特洛伊洛斯与克瑞西达》“Troilus and Cressida”《终成眷属》“All’s Well That Ends Well”1604《一报还一报》“Measure for Measure”《奥塞罗》“Othello, the Moore of Venice”1605《李尔王》”King Lear”《麦克白》“The Tragedy of Macbeth”1606《安东尼和克莉奥佩特拉》“Antony and Cleopatra”1607《科里奥拉鲁斯》”The Tragedy of Coriolanus”《雅典的泰门》“Timon of Athens”1608《佩里克利斯》“Pericles, Prince of Tyre”1609《辛白林》“Cymbeline, King of Britain”1610《冬天的故事》“The Winter’s Tale”《暴风雨》“The Tempest”《亨利八世》“The Life of King Henry Ⅷ”Poems《维纳斯与阿多尼斯》“Venus and Adonis”《露克丽丝受辱记》“Lucrece”※《十四行诗》“Sonnets”2。
英国文学简史——18世纪文学
incident recounted by his friend - a fop at the court forcibly cut off a lock of curls of a pretty maid of honour and which caused a quarrel between the families and became the talk of London. Pope satirized the triviality and silliness of the high class with a delicate
Regularity in construction.
Presentation of types rather than individuals
第四页，编辑于星期六：二十点 五十四分。
Characteristics:
Poetry:
Following The ancient divisions
Lyric, epic, datactic, satiric or dramatic
some fixed laws and rules drawn from Greek works.
第三页，编辑于星期六：二十点 五十四分。
Characteristics:
Drama:
Rimed couplet instead of blank verse. Three unities of time, place and action.
英国文学简史-18th-century(1)PPT课件
man as an imperfect being, inherently sinful, whose potential was limited.
emphasis on order and reason, on restraint, on common sense
Enlightenment Movement
The England Enlightener (P127)
2021//12
2
The 18th Century England
comparatively peaceful development
In politics
a constitutional monarchy
2021/3/12
11
Dissimilarities in Point of View
man as a being fundamentally good and possessed of an infinite potential for spiritual and intellectual growth.
2021/3/12
5
The Features of English Enlightenment
▪ (1)English enlighteners believed in the power of reason. That is why the 18th century has often been called “the age of reason” or “the kingdom of reason”.
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week7The Eighteenth Century English Literature--18世纪英国文学
The Eighteenth Century English LiteratureI. Historical and social BackgroundThe 18th century is a period of comparatively peaceful development in England. After the Glorious Revolution, England entered the Golden Age. The state power passed from the king gradually to the Parliament and the cabinet ministers; therefore, system was established in England. A vast abroad of British colonies in Asia, Africa and North America and Acts of at home caused the Industrial Revolution.So, towards the middle of the 19th century, England had become the first powerful capitalist country, the work-shop of the world, flooding the markets both at home and abroad with its manufactured goods.Popular again and again hit Ireland; in Scotland people were threatening of independence from the British government; and the American people started their War of Independence in 1776 and finally broke away from the British government. As the Industrial Revolution went on in its full swing, more and more people joined the rank of the middle class or the propertied class through much hard work. Morally, they stressed the virtues of self-discipline, thrift and hard work. People divided into the liberal Whigs, who were determined to safeguard popular liberty, and the conservative Tories, with tender memories of kingcraft. On the extreme of Toryism were Jacobites. And almost all writers of theage were servants of Whigs or Tories during their competition.Ⅱ. Cultural Background1. EnlightenmentThe was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18th century. It was an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They thought the chief means for bettering the society was "enlightenment" or "education" for the people. The English enlighteners were bourgeois democratic thinkers. They set no revolutionary aim before them and what they strove for was to bring it to an end by clearing away the feudal ideas with the bourgeois ideology.Enlighteners fell into two groups-the group and the radical group. Moderate enlighteners supported the principles of the existing social order and considered that partial reforms would be sufficient. In this group may be included chiefly Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, Daniel Defoe and Samuel Richardson. They tried to work out a standard of moral conduct, which could be more suitable to the existing social conditions. Radical enlighteners struggled for more resolute democratization in the management of the government, and defended the interests of the exploited masses, the peasants and the working people in the cities. The representative writers of this group areJonathan Swift, Henry Fielding, Tobias George Smollett, Oliver Goldsmith and Richard Brinsley Sheridan. They stressed the discrepancy between what they called “the proper, moral standards”and the bourgeois-aristocratic society of their age.2. The influence of EnlightenmentInspired by the spirit of the Enlightenment, people were encouraged to cultivate a sound sense of rationality and a witty intellectuality. More schools were set up. The Copyright Act of 1709 made, for the first time in English history, literary creation an honorable and independent profession.Besides the popular forms of poetry, novel and drama, the period also saw the appearance of such popular press as pamphlets and newspapers and periodicals. And there was also the flourish of coffee houses and all kinds of social clubs, (about 2000 in London.) which greatly helped the cultivation and promotion of the new English culture.However, in the later part of the century, people began to feel discontented with the rigidity of rationality. A demand for a release of one's spontaneous feeling, a relaxation from the cold and rigid logic of rationality and an escape from, the inhuman Industrial Revolution gradually took shape in the form of sentimental and pre-romantic novel and poetry.Ⅲ. Characteristics of the LiteratureThe main literary stream of the 18th century was . What the writers described in their works were social realities. The main characters were usually common men. Most of the writers concentrated their attention on daily life. Literature included book, newspaper, magazine, and pamphlets. Prose had a rapid development in this age, so the 18th century was an age of prose.Novel writing made a big advance in this century. Along with the economic independence, the eighteenth-century writers enjoyed greater freedom in their creative activities and were now able to devote themselves to whatever interested them and to give utterance to whatever they thought right or proper. For the first time too, the literary tendency of the age was moving-away from the conventional romance stories about the life of the rich and noble people of the aristocratic class and turning to works that would give accounts of the common life of the ordinary folk.In this age was much used in writing. It refers to any writing, in poetry or prose, with the purpose to ridicule, censure(责难) and correct the vices, follies, stupidities and corruptions of the society, and to satirize their enemies.The development of the literature in this period can be summarized as: the predominance of neoclassical poetry and prose in the early decades of the 18th century; the rise and flourish of modern realistic novel in the middle years of the 18th century; and the appearance ofgothic novel and the sentimental and pre-romantic poetry and fiction in the last few decades of the 18th century.1. Neo-Classicism in English LiteratureIn early 18th century, writers of the neo-classical school were Addison, Steele and Pope. In the middle decades of the century, Samuel Johnson became the leader of the classical school in English poetry and prose.The classicists found their artistic models in the classical literature of the ancient Greek and Roman writers, and tried to control literary creation by some fixed laws and rules drawn from their works. In writing plays they used rimed instead of blank verse. They observed the three unities-the unities of time, place and action. They thought poetry should follow the ancient divisions, falling into lyric, epic, didactic, satiric or dramatic and each group should be guided by some peculiar principles. Prose should be precise, direct and flexible. They put the stress on the classical ideals of order, logic, restrained emotion, accuracy, good taste and decorum. Their works, mostly refined and perfect, are conscientious craftsmanship and often highly didactic. Neoclassical poetry reached its stylistic perfection during the period.A. Alexander Pope (1688-1744)a. A brief introduction of PopePope was the representative writer of the neo-classical school. He was a master in satire and heroic couplet and epigram. He popularized the neo-classical literary tradition. He was one of the early representatives of the Enlightenment, who introduced into English culture the spirit of rationalism and greater interest in the human world. He represented the highest glory and authority in matters of literary art and made great contributions to the theory and practice of prosody(诗学).b. Pope's Major Works:An Essay on Criticism《批评论》(1711), written in heroic couplet, was a manifesto of English neo-classicism. It sums up the art of poetry of old Greek and Roman.The Rape of the Lock《卷发遇劫记》(1714). A fop at the court forcibly cut off a lock of curls of a pretty maid of honor. In this poem the poet describes how a quarrel between two aristocratic families arose.It is a satire of the court life of that time.Essay on Man《人论》, written in her oic couplet, indicates the poet’s political and philosophical viewpoint. It deals with man’s relation to the universe, to society, to himself, and to happiness.The Dunciad《愚人志》is Pope’s famous satirical poem. It is full of bitter personal attacks on the poet’s personal enemies, and it also gives a broad satirical picture of the whole literary life in the early 18th century England.c. Pope’s epigram“Hills peep over hills, and Alps on Alps arise!”山外有山，天外有天。
英国文学简史
A Brief Outline of British Literature1.Anglo-Saxon Period盎格鲁-撒克逊时期（Around the 5th century BC to the 8th century AD, the earliest inhabitants of the British islands are Celtics that invaded the British Isles and settled there for nearly 500 years. This long period of time is called the Anglo-Saxon period. ）*Beowulf is seen as the early British epic poem, a long narrative poem about the making of a nation and the fate of its people.2.Medieval Period 中世纪时期（It began with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire (476) and merged into the Renaissance(15th- 17th century).）*Geoffrey Chaucer(1343-1400) with his masterpiece The Canterbury Tales is regarded as the father of English poetry. （The Canterbury Tales is a collection of short stories in verse, depicting realistically the panorama of life in the 14th century England.）3.Renaissance period (Elizabethan period )文艺复兴时期Late 15th c.–early 17th c.Renaissance is the great flowering of art, architecture, politics, and literature, usually seen as the end of the Middle Age and the beginning of the modern world.The Middle Age is also called Dark Age, during which Christianity dominated all the western world and many famous scientists like Copernicus, Bruno, Galileo, were executed because of their scientific findings.The key ideology of this age is humanism, whose emphasis is on the truthfulness of science and the individualism of man.RepresentativeWriters of British Renaissance：*Thomas More托马斯·莫尔(1478-1535): Utopia《乌托邦》, a novel about idealistic socialism.*Edmund Spenser埃德蒙·斯宾塞(1552 -1599): Farie Queen《仙后》, an incomplete English epic poem. It was the first work written in Spenserian stanza (9-line stanza). It is an allegorical work as a praise of Queen Elizabeth I.*Christopher Marlowe克里斯托弗·马洛(1564–1593): His masterpiece of drama is The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》. It is commonly referred to as Doctor Faustus, a play based on the German story Faust《浮士德》, in which a man sells his soul to the devil for power and knowledge.Tamburlaine《帖木儿大帝》The Jew of Malta《马耳他岛的犹太人》*Francis Bacon弗兰西斯·培根（1561-1626）: He is best remembered as the first important essayist in England. He was famous for his Collection of Fifty-eight Essays.《论说文集》His other works include New Instrument (Novum Organum)and Advancement of Learning. These works entitled him as the founder of modern science.*William Shakespeare威廉·莎士比亚(1564–1616), with his 154 sonnets and 37 plays, is the most influential writer of English literature.It is said that the three most important cultural sources include Greek literature, Bible, and Shakespeare.Four Great Tragedies: Hamlet《哈姆莱特》, Othello《奥赛罗》,King Lear《李尔王》, Macbeth《麦克白》Four Great Comedies: The merchant of V enice《威尼斯商人》A Midsummer Night's Dream《仲夏夜之梦》Twelfth Night《第十二夜》; As you like it《皆大欢喜》Great Histories: the life and death of Julius Caesar《裘力斯·凯撒》King Henry Ⅳ《亨利四世》The life of King Henry Ⅴ《亨利五世》The Life and Death of King Richard Ⅲ《理查三世》Romeo and Juliet《罗密欧与朱丽叶》The Tempest《暴风雨》The Taming of the Shrew《驯悍记》*Ben Johnson本·琼生（1573-1637）：Every Man in His Humor《人人高兴》Volpone《狐狸》The Alchemist《练金术士》4.Restoration literature王朝复辟时期（It is also called 17th Century Literature. When Queen Elizabeth died in 1603, King Charles was beheaded and the republic of Great Britain was founded. After Charles II restored his reign, the Restoration age began. And more bourgeois writers appeared. Literature of this period is known as Restoration literature, chiefly to praise the harmony of the age and the glorious reign of King Charles II. ）Representative writers of Restoration literature：*John Milton (1608–1674): Paradise Lost《失乐园》（dramatizes the Biblical account of humanity‘s banishment from Paradise.）Paradise Regained《复乐园》（is Milton‘s sequel to Paradise Lost, in which Jesus triumphantly resists Satan and regains the Paradise lost by Adam and Eve.）Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》（Milton employed the Old Testament story ofSamson to inspire the defeated English Puritans with the courage to triumph through sacrifice. This is a rather revolutionary work at that time. We can guess that the first two masterpieces tend to foreshadow the purpose of this work.）*John Dryden约翰·德莱顿(1631 -1700) a laureate poet, an influential essayist and dramatist :Marriage A-la-Mode《時尚婚姻》(1672) All for Love《一切为了爱情》(1678) ―Song for St. Cecilia’s Day‖ is a famous short poem of irregular ode to sing a high praise of the power of music.*John Bunyan约翰·班扬：Th e Pilgrim’s Progress《天路历程》*William Congreve威廉·康格里夫：Love for Love《以爱还爱》The Way of the World《如此世道》5.Age of Enlightenment(18th-century Literature)启蒙时期（The British literature before 18th century chiefly belonged to the Age of neoclassicism, a term derived from classicism in Greek literature. Neoclassic writers in Britain esteemed such virtuous qualities as objectivity, harmony, rationality, dignity, proportion, and moderation.The 18th century is regarded as the Age of Enlightenment (or simply the Enlightenment or Age of Reason).It was a cultural movement of intellectuals to emphasize reason and individualism rather than old moral and tradition. Its purpose was to reform society using reason, to challenge conventional ideas, and to advance knowledge through scientific methods. ）Enlightenment Writers：*Alexander Pope亚历山大·蒲柏(1688 -1744): a student of John Dryden and a poet. He wrote poems in the famous form heroic couplet (iambic pentameter rhyming in pairs). 是新古典主义诗歌的代表Essay on Criticism《论批评》Essay on Man《人论》The Rape of the Lock《秀髮劫》*Jonathan Swift乔纳森·斯威夫特(1667 -1745): Gulliver’s Travels《格列佛游记》，a novel as a political satire to lay bare the narrow-minded struggles between the two parties of Whigs and Tories in England. The Tories were the conserve party and the Whigs were known as the Liberal Party.*Samuel Johnson塞缪尔·约翰逊(1709 – 1784):As a real critic in English history, he wrote The Preface to Shakespeare《莎士比亚集》Lives of the poets《诗人传》As a linguist, he wrote Dictionary of the English Language for the first time in English history.*James Boswell詹姆斯·鲍斯韦尔(1740 -1795)：He is famous in the English world as the first real biographer in English for his The Life of Samuel Johnson《约翰逊传》*Daniel Defoe丹尼尔·笛福(1660 –1731)：Regarded as the father of English novels英国小说之父. His masterpiece is Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨孙漂流记》Through describing Crusoe‘s marvelous capacity to survive on the isolated island, his boundless energy and persistence in overcoming obstacles, Defoe glorifies human labor and gives people the inspiration to realize their personal values through intelligent hard work.*Henry Fielding亨利·菲尔丁:Tom Jones《汤姆·琼斯》*Oliver Goldsmith奥利弗·哥尔德斯密斯: The Deserted Village《荒村》*James Thomson詹姆斯·汤姆：The Seasons《四季歌》*William Collins威廉·柯林斯：Ode to Evening《黄昏颂》*Thomas Gray托马斯·格雷：Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard《墓园哀歌》6.Romanticism (1798 – 1832) 浪漫主义时期（Romanticism is a school of literature opposed to Neoclassicism. The main form of literature for romanticists is poetry. During the early part of the 19th century, class conflicts became more and more severe. The rational method could not solve the existing social problems. New approaches had to be found.For romanticists, intuitions and emotions were more crucial than reason and common sense. They held that one could find truth through one‘s feelings and that not everything in this world could be explained by reason.Romanticists emphasized the power of passion and the value of individualism. They believe that radical actions could provide effective solutions to the existing social problems. ）Romantic Poets：*William Blake威廉·布莱克(1757 – 1827): pioneer of Pre-romantic Movement. He wrote two collections of poems: Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience. These are two books of his collected poems, in which he adopts irony and severely criticizes the injustices of the cruel capitalist society.*Robert Burns罗伯特·彭斯(1759 – 1796)：He is a Scottish peasant poet, and wrote poems about the misery of the poor working class people. ―To a Mouse‖, ―A Red, RedRose‖, ―Auld Lang Syne‖ are just a few of his famous poems.Lake Poets：*William Wordsworth威廉·华兹华斯(1770 –1850), Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772 -1834) and Robert Southey were regarded as the three great "Lake Poets‖ or ―three great Lakers‖.Lyrical Ballads, co-authored by Wordsworth and Coleridge, was thought of as the declaration of Romanticism Movement.*George Gordon Lord Byron乔治·戈登·拜伦(1788–1824)：Don Juan《唐璜》（is Byron‘s masterpiece written in the prime of his creative power. His aim was to remove the cloak of the high society. He called this long poem an epic satire.）Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage《恰尔德·哈罗尔德游记》*Percy Bysshe Shelley 珀西·比希·雪莱(1792-1822)：A high-spirited revolutionary poet.Queen Mab 《麦布女王》The Revolt of Islam《伊斯兰的反叛》Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》The Mask of Anarchy《暴政的假面具》Ode to the West Wind《西风颂》A song: Men of England《给英格兰人的歌》*John Keats约翰·济慈（1795—1821）：To Keats, poetry exists for its own sake. By describing the beauty of nature, he wishes to arouse the reader‘s heart to love nature and escape from the worldly worries.―Ode To a Nightingale‖《夜莺颂》, ―Ode to the Grecian Urn‖《希腊古瓮颂》, ―To Autumn‖《秋颂》are just few of his many romantic poems.7.Period of Realism (1830 – 1918)批判现实主义时期（Realism(Victorian Literature) , during the reign of Queen Victoria, is based on the accurate, unromantic observation of human experiences. Realists insist on precise description, authentic action, true-to-life dialogue, moral honesty, and a democratic openness toward social realities. The purpose of realism is to present an intense exposure and sharp criticism of greed and hypocrisy of the ruling class and the injustices of the society.）Novelists of Realism：*Jane Austen简·奥斯汀(1775 –1817): As a pre-realist, she paved a way for the later women writers, best at describing young girls from middle-class families.Pride and Prejudice《傲慢与偏见》Emma《爱玛》Persuasion《劝导》Sense and Sensibility《理智与情感》Mansfield Park 《曼斯菲尔德庄园》*Charles Dickens查尔斯·狄更斯（1812－1870) ：A radical, he uses humor and satire to write his works. He said, ―The greatest literature was literature for the people.‖Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》Hard Times《艰难时世》A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》David Copperfield《大卫·科波菲尔》Great Expectations《远大前程》*Three Bronte sisters勃朗特三姐妹Charlotte Bronte夏洛蒂·勃朗特(1816 -1855): Jane Eyre《简·爱》Emily Bronte艾米丽·勃朗特(1818-1848): Wuthering Heights《呼啸山庄》Anne Bronte 安妮·勃朗特(1820-1849): Agnes Grey《阿格尼斯·格雷》*William Makepeace Thackeray威廉·梅克比斯·萨克雷(1811 –1863) ：His masterpiece is Vanity Fair《名利场》. The book‗s title comes from John Bunyan‘s allegorical story The Pilgrim‘s Progress《天路历程》. In that work, "Vanity Fair" refers to a stop along the pilgrim's progress: a never-ending fair held in a town called Vanity, which is meant to represent man's sinful attachment to worldly things. *Thomas Hardy托马斯·哈代(1840-1928)：Far from the Madding CrowdMayor of the Casterbridge 《卡斯特桥市长》Jude the Obscure 《无名的裘德》Tess of the Durbervilles 《德伯家的苔丝》（presents the tragic fate of a ―pure‖ young peasant woman at the time of capitalist invasion into the countryside in the 19th-century England.）Poets of Realism：*Robert Browning罗伯特·布朗宁(1812–1889):Pippa Passes《皮帕走过了》The Ring and the Book《指环与书》My Last Duchess 《我的前公爵夫人》*Mathew Arnold 马修·阿诺德(1822–1888): Dover Beach《多佛海滩》Realism Dramatists：*Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查德·布林斯利·谢里丹(1751-1816) :The School for Scandal《造谣学校》（This play can be considered as a Comedy of Manners. One of the characteristics of the Comedy of Manners is the hypocrisy of the characters. ）*Oscar Wilde奥斯卡·王尔德(1854-1900)：The Importance of Being Earnest 《不可儿戏》/《真诚最要紧》，*George Bernard Shaw萧伯纳(1856-1950)：Pygmalion 《卖花女》（《皮格马利翁》）Major Barbara《巴巴拉少校》Mrs. Warren’s Profession《华伦夫人的职业》Saint Joan《圣女贞德》8.Modernism (1918 – 1945) 现实主义时期（Background: The catastrophe of the First World War had shaken the faith in the moral basis of Western civilization and raised doubts about the adequacy of traditional literary modes in presenting the harsh realities of the postwar world.Influenced by different ideas, thoughts, and various social realities, modernism was made up of many facets in composing literature: naturalism自然主义, surrealism超现实主义, existentialism存在主义, symbolism象征主义, imagism意象主义, fantasy幻想, stream of consciousness意识流, and the like. ）Modernist Writers：*D. H. Lawrence 戴维·赫伯特·劳伦斯(1885-1930):Sons and Lovers《儿子与情人》: the study of man-woman relations.Women in Love《恋爱中的女人》The Rainbow《虹》Lady Chatterley’s Lover《查泰莱夫人的情人》*William Golding威廉·戈尔丁(1911-1993)：Lord of the Flies《蝇王》（It‘s an anti-Utopian novel. A group of boys stranded on an island. They try to civilize nature, but instead descend into savagery of killing one another. This work successfully penetrates into the evilness of human nature.）*George Orwell乔治·奥威尔(1903-1950):Animal Farm《动物庄园》is considered an allegory about the corruption of absolute power.Nineteen Eighty-Four《1984》is Orwell's prophetic vision about the tragic results of totalitarianism.*Joseph Conrad约瑟夫·康拉德(1857 – 1924) is well known for his use of Stream of Consciousness to reveal a character‘s complex psychology. Stream of Consciousness is a writing device to demonstrate the inner workings of people‘s mind. One‘s present was believed to be the sum total of his past. Time was no longer a series of chronological moments to be presented in sequence, but a continuous flow in the conscious mind of the individual character.Heart of Darkness 《黑暗之心》, a novel.*Virginia Woolf 艾德琳·弗吉尼亚·伍尔芙(1882 -1941) is also a writer of stream of consciousness.Mrs. Dalloway《达洛维夫人》To the Lighthouse《到灯塔去》*J ames Joyce詹姆斯·乔伊斯(1882–1941) Another novelist of stream of consciousness from Dublin.Ulysses 《尤利西斯》Dubliners 《都柏林人》*T. S. Eliot 托马斯·斯特尔那斯·艾略特(1888 – 1965)The Waste Land《荒原》Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock《普鲁弗洛克》*William Butler Yeats威廉·巴特勒·叶芝(1865-1939) a poet of symbolism―The Lake Isle of Innisfree‖, ―Sailing to Byzantium‖驶向拜占庭, ―The Second Coming‖, and many more poems.9.Contemporary Literature（1945- ）当代文学*Doris Lessing 多丽丝·莱辛(1919-2013):The Grass Is Singing 《野草在歌唱》The Golden Notebook 《金色笔记》.*Samuel Becket 塞缪尔·贝克特( 1906 -1989 ): Waiting for Godot 《等待戈多》, a representative drama of absurd theater.*John Osborn (1929 - ): Look Back in Anger --- initiative drama.。
英国文学简史
英国文学简史前言I这本书是关于英国文学的大体介绍。
它基于我对英国文学十年的阅读，教育还有研究经历以及我对有用的文学评论要旨的熟悉。
目录第一章古英语（盎格鲁撒克逊）时期—《贝奥武夫》—中世纪英语时期古英语（盎格鲁撒克逊）时期英国文明是世界上最古老的文明之一。
它现存的标志之一就是追溯到公元前1400—1800的巨石阵，那时，人类仍然缠绕在时代的迷雾当中。
这是一堆史前的有纪念意义的石头，象征着相当先进的工程和天文学。
像这样先进的工程和天文学也只能是一个完整先进的文化得一部分，正如人类历史表明，一个先进的文化，不得不作为支流有一个先进的文学，该国家的古人们必须已经拥有他们自己的史前文学。
但是那些可能以口语形式或者其他形式存在的文学除了留下一些碎片和残留物什么都没有留下。
这可能是凯尔特人摧毁的。
凯尔特人很可能是史上记载的第一批大不列颠岛居住者。
这些强有力建立的民族和深受喜爱的人民非常顽强，他们喜爱战争。
他们部落当中的一个，大不列颠在公元前5世纪建立，保持了将近500多年，给这个部落命名为：“大不列颠”，意思是“大不列颠人民的土地”。
凯尔特人遗留下一个传统，就是口头讲述神话和传说的传统，其中亚瑟的传说是重要的一部分。
大约在公元前55年，尤里乌斯·凯撒的罗马士兵来到这里停留了5个世纪，把他们的文明给移植到了这块土地上。
罗马人修建了公路和桥梁，树立了雕塑，在浴池的温泉旁边修建了浴室，里面装有加热系统。
当时凯尔特人和罗马人的文化遗产被公元前5世纪的央格鲁撒克逊侵略者摧毁。
央格鲁撒克逊是德国部落的一支，他们居住在易北河河口，沿着北海。
他们来到北海把凯尔特人驱赶到北部和西部，慢慢地发展他们自己的语言和文化。
央格鲁撒克逊成为古英语，这个地方成为英格兰或者是央格鲁人土地，“央格鲁人的土地。
”这一时期通常是这块土地上的小规模国家之间的战争时期。
公元597年，央格鲁撒克逊开始信仰基督教。
在7世纪的下半世纪，第一位英国诗人凯德盟，开始唱歌。
英国文学简史
英国文学简史英国文学是世界文学史上的重要组成部分，其影响和贡献无法忽视。
英国文学的历史可追溯到古代时期，经过不断演变和发展，形成了独特的风格和传统。
本文将简要介绍英国文学的发展历程，让读者对英国文学有一个整体的了解。
古代英国文学古代英国文学的起源可以追溯到盎格鲁-撒克逊时期（5世纪-1066年），当时英国人民的口头传统是主要的文学表达形式。
其中最著名的作品是《贝奥武夫》（Beowulf），这是英国最早的史诗，讲述了英雄贝奥武夫与怪物战斗的故事。
这部作品描绘了当时社会的价值观和道德观念，对后来的英国文学产生了深远的影响。
中世纪英国文学中世纪是英国文学的重要时期，其中最著名的作品是亚瑟王传说。
亚瑟王是英国传说中的国王，他与他的骑士圆桌骑士团的故事成为了中世纪文学的热门题材。
著名的亚瑟王传说作品包括《亚瑟王之死》（Le Morte d’Arthur）和《伊万荷》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight）等。
这些作品描绘了勇气、荣誉和骑士精神等中世纪价值观。
此外，中世纪英国文学还包括一些宗教作品，如《坎特伯雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales）和《生命之泉》（Piers Plowman）。
这些作品具有深厚的宗教意味，反映了当时社会的宗教观念和信仰。
文艺复兴时期是英国文学的黄金时代，也是英国文学迈向现代化的关键时期。
在这个时期，人们对古代希腊和罗马文化的研究和赞美达到了高峰，这对英国文学的发展产生了深远的影响。
著名的文艺复兴时期英国文学作品包括威廉·莎士比亚（William Shakespeare）的戏剧作品，如《哈姆雷特》（Hamlet）、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet）和《麦克白》（Macbeth）等。
这些作品以其深刻的人物塑造、复杂的情节和多样化的题材而闻名，并成为了世界文学的经典之作。
此外，约翰·密尔顿（John Milton）的史诗作品《失乐园》（Paradise Lost）也是文艺复兴时期英国文学的重要作品之一。
英国文学简史（中文版）.doc
英国文学简史（刘炳善）第一章中世纪文学第一节古英语文学一从“不列颠”到“英格兰”与欧洲大陆隔海相望的不列颠岛上，很早就居住着克尔特人。
他们当中的布里顿族，在大约公元前５世纪进入不列颠，“不列颠”一词便来源于克尔特人的“布里顿”一词，意为“布里顿人的国度”。
克尔特人的口头文学历史悠久、丰富多彩，内容有多神教的神话故事和英雄传说，其中亚瑟王的故事不断流传、扩展，成为英国和西方文学的创作素材的一大源泉。
公元前５５年开始，罗马人由侵略到逐渐征服了不列颠，把不列颠划为罗马帝国的一个省，并带入了罗马文明。
他们的许多军事要塞发展成为今天的重要城市，他们修建的大道有的到十八世纪还是交通要道。
在古英语文学中保存下来的一首短诗《废墟》中，一位生活在七世纪的诗人凭吊被撒克逊人摧毁的罗马人的城镇，寻觅当时当地大厅浴堂的盛况而不可得。
罗马的势力维持到５世纪初期。
北欧的日耳曼人的骚扰不列颠的同时也大举入侵罗马帝国，罗马人不得不从４０１年起撤回本土，专心御敌，９年后罗马帝国皇帝宣布放弃对不列颠的主权。
罗马人在统治不列颠的３５０年中，对不列颠的语言文学没有产生很大的影响。
五世纪中期，日耳曼人中的盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特等部落从欧陆渡海来到不列颠。
他们遭到了当地居民猛烈的反抗，大约１５０年后才征服不列颠南部、中部的大部分地区。
一些土著克尔特人沦为奴隶，又有一些克尔特人被驱赶到北部、西部的山区、威尔士、苏格兰，甚至渡海到爱尔兰、布列塔尼半岛。
盎格鲁人把不列颠称为“盎格兰”，这便是“英格兰”一词的由来。
克尔特的不列颠被盎格鲁—撒克逊的英格兰所替代。
盎格鲁—撒克逊人在征服和国家形成过程中，氏族制度逐渐解体，封建制度逐渐形成，多神教也逐渐为基督教所代替。
盎格鲁—撒克逊语便是古英语，英国文学史就是从五世纪盎格鲁—撒克逊族的征服开始的。
二来自北欧祖先的史诗：《贝奥武甫》如同许多民族，盎格鲁—撒克逊人的诗歌来源于人民的口头集体创作，反映了远占部落人们的生产劳动、对自然与社会现象的幻想性解释。
英国18世纪文学史（全文5篇）
英国18世纪文学史（全文5篇）第一篇：英国18世纪文学史《英国18世纪文学史》Daniel Defoe(1660-1731): Robinson Crusoe 《鲁滨逊漂流记》丹尼尔·笛福出生于英国伦敦的一个小商人家庭, 信奉不同于国教的长老会。
笛福原姓福（Foe），1703年后自称笛福(Defoe)。
笛福没有受过大学古典文学教育，仅接受过中等教育。
早年经商，经营过内衣、烟酒业等，曾到过欧洲大陆的许多国家。
1692年经商破产转而以其他方式谋生。
他反对封建专制，主张发展资本主义工商业，善于写政论和讽刺诗，曾因讽刺政府入狱。
1683年，笛福曾被海盗俘虏过。
他一生充满冒险与刺激，他的经历可以说毫不逊色于其小说《鲁滨逊漂流记》中的主人公鲁滨逊。
笛福在59岁时开始小说创作,他的小说从一个侧面反映了十八世纪英国海外扩张的历史。
《鲁滨逊漂流记》(Robinson Crusoe)就是最具代表性的一部海上和荒岛历险小说。
小说题材取材于苏格兰水手亚历山大·塞尔柯克的历险及作者本人被海盗俘虏的经历，1719年发表后迅即赢得读者的欢迎。
此后，他创作了大量海上历险及传奇故事，如《辛格尔顿船长》（，英文1720）、《摩尔·费兰德斯》（，英文1722）、《杰克上校》（，英文1722）和《罗克萨娜》（，英文1724）等。
此外，他还发表了若干传记、游记，及几部有关经商的书。
笛福是英国启蒙时期现实主义小说的奠基人，被后人尊称为“小说之父”。
笛福的小说大多与海洋有关，小说传承了文艺复兴时期西班牙流浪汉小说的格调。
小说中的主人公往往出身卑微却拥有超人的聪明才智，能在不利的环境中战服重重困难，靠机智和个人奋斗而获得成功。
笛福善于描写人物，他的主人公一般充满活力且不信天命。
故事情节大多由主人公自述，这样的叙事技巧让小说阅读者在阅读时倍感亲切。
其小说细节逼真，语言自然，使读者犹如身临其境。
《鲁滨逊漂流记》是笛福的代表作。