罗经国版《新编英国文学简史(上)》第四章
罗经国《新编英国文学选读》（第4版）教材-第8章浪漫主义时期（1798～1832）【圣才出品】
罗经国《新编英国⽂学选读》（第4版）教材-第8章浪漫主义时期（1798～1832）【圣才出品】第8章浪漫主义时期(1798～1832)8.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Historical Background（历史背景）(1) The American and French Revolutions（美国⾰命和法国⾰命）Under the influence of the American and French revolutions, national liberation movements and democratic movements swept across many European countries. England was no exception.在美国⾰命和法国⾰命的影响下，民族解放运动和民主运动席卷整个欧洲。
英国也不例外。
(2) The Industrial Revolution（⼯业⾰命）It brought great wealth to the rich and worsened working and living conditions of the poor. With the invention of new machines, many skilled workers were replaced by women and children and working hours for young children lasted fourteen to sixteen hours a day.⼯业⾰命使富⼈更富，穷⼈更穷。
随着新的⽣产机器的发明，妇⼥和⼉童渐渐取代了熟练的⼯⼈，为了⽣存，他们每天必须⼯作⼗四到⼗六个⼩时。
Ⅱ. Intellectual Background（学术背景）(1)Rousseau (1712～1778)（卢梭）He is generally regarded as the father of romanticism, and he rejects theworship of reason. He believes that in the really vital problems of life it is much safer to rely on feelings, to follow our instincts and emotions. He preaches that civilized men sho uld “return to nature”, to a primitive state of life.卢梭是浪漫主义之⽗，他反对崇拜理性，他认为对待⽣活中很多⾄关重要的问题最好是靠感觉、直觉、情感，。
罗经国《新编英国文学选读》(第4版)教材-第4章 15世纪(1400～1550)【圣才出品】
第4章15世纪(1400～1550)4.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Historical background（历史背景）(1) The Hundred Years’ War（百年战争）The Hundred Years’War continued and in 1415 at the Battle of Agincourt King Henry Ⅴ (1413～1422) defeated the French army and claimed himself the heir to the French throne.百年战争还在持续，在1415年的阿金库尔战役中，亨利5世（1413～1422）战胜了法国军队，并宣布自己是法国的继承者。
(2) The War of the Roses (1455～1485)（玫瑰战争）The War of the Roses, or the Thirty Years’ War, was a series of civil wars fought between the two great families, both of which claimed the right to the English throne. It lasted for thirty years until King Henry Ⅶ defeated Richard Ⅲ(1483～1485) at the Battle of Bosworth and ended the civil war.玫瑰战争，又叫三十年战争，是发生在两个家族之间的一系列内战，他们都宣称自己有权统治英国。
它持续了30年，直到亨利7世在博斯沃思战争（1483～1485）中打败理查德3世，内战宣告结束。
(3) The discovery of America and the new sea routes（美洲大陆和新航海线路的发现）In 1492, a Genoese mariner, Christopher Columbus (ca.1436～1506) who believed that he could reach India by sailing west, landed in America with thesupport of the Spanish sovereigns Ferdinand and Isabella.1492年，热那亚水手克里斯托弗·哥伦布相信只要一直向西航行就能到达印度，在费迪南和伊莎贝拉的支持下，他登上了美洲大陆。
罗经国版《新编英国文学简史（上）》第四章
罗经国版《新编英国文学简史（上）》第四章●知识目标：1.了解十五世纪的英国历史背景及社会发展状况。
2.掌握十五世纪英国文学的特征。
3.了解十五世纪英国的著名作家及其生平。
4.阅读理解并正确评价十五世纪英国著名作家的代表作。
重点阅读理解十五世纪英国著名作家的作品教学难点正确评价十五世纪英国著名作家的代表作C h a p t e r4T h e15t h c e n t u r y(1400–1550)●I. Historical background1. The Hundred Years’ War (1337 – 1453)●Henry VI--a puppet●French heroine Joan of Arc●In 1453, all English territory in France was lost to the French only Calais to English king●2. The War of the Roses (1455 – 1485)●a series of civil wars fought between the two great families, both of which claimed the right to the English throne. All noble families were involved in it.The House of Lancaster-red roseThe House of York - white roseResult:Henry Tudor (VII) married Elizabeth of the House of York -brought compromise between the two familiesand established a highly consolidated rule.3. The discovery of America and the new sea routes●Christopher Columbus, 1492, landed in America●Vascoda Gama, 1497, rou nd the tip of Africa and reached India ●John Cabot and his son Sebastian, 1498, provided thebasis for the English claim to North America●4. Reformation of the church●Tudor Monarchs ruled England and Wales for 200 years●Henry VII●Henry VIII -- 6 wives: divorce 2, kill 2, struggle for divorce●Edward VI●Mary Tudor●Elizabeth I●Henry VIII took decisive measure to break away from the Church of Rome.●1534---passed the Act of Supremacy: as the supreme head on earth, thus the Anglican Church was foundedM e d i e v a l l i t e r a t u r e(c o n t i n u e d):B a l l a d1. Ballad2. Textual study:1) Robin Hood and the three squires2) Sir Patrick SpensB a l l a d:d e f i n i t i o n●An anonymous narrative poem preserved by oral transmission. Usually inquatrains with a distinctive and memorable rhyme, the ballad uses iambic tetrameter for the 1st & 3rd lines and iambic trimeter for the 2nd & 4th.●Ex:●The youngster was clothed in scarlet red,●In scarlet fine and gay;●And he did frisk it over the plain,●And chanted a roundelay.Q u a t r a i n:d e f i n i t i o n●A poem or stanza that contains 4 lines with various rhymingpatterns.●Ex:●It fell about the Martinmas time,And a gay time it was then,When our goodwife got puddings to make,And she’s boile d them in the pan.T h e b a s i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f b a l l a d s●The beginning is often abrupt: without any introduction of the characters and the background of the tale●There are strong dramatic elements: single episode, climax, intensity andimmediacy●The story is often told through dialogue and action●The theme is often tragic, though there are a number of comic ballads●The ballad meter is used: four-line stanzasodd numbered lines with 4 feet eacheven numbered lines with 3 feet each●Subject matter of the balladsEnglish ballads: the Robin Hood balladswar ballad, bloodshed ballad, superstition ballad, domestic affairs, outlawry, love, sea, and border ballad.●Collections of balladsBishop Thomas Percy, Reliques of Ancient English Poetry Professor F. J. Child, English and Scottish BalladsL i t e r a t u r e i n t h e15t h c e n t u r y●1. Popular Ballads●Review the definition and the main feature of ballads●2. Sir Thomas Malory (1405 –1471)●The Death of Arthur: complied togeth er the stories of KingArthur and the Knights of the Round Table●contribution to the development of English prose●left a legacy to later writers that many of them used as subject matter in their writing●3. Early English plays●ancient Greece and Rome, drama was a form of entertainment●roman catholic church prohibited it●9th and 10th century allowed only for religious services14th century developed into 2 kinds●Mystery plays -are chiefly based on stories form the Bible●Miracle plays -are on the lives of Christian saints●These two names are used to designate the religious drama which developed amongChristian nations at the end of the Middle Ages. It should be noted that the word"mystery" has often been applied to all Christian dramas prior to the sixteenth century, whereas it should be confined to those of the fifteenth century, which represent the great dramatic effort anterior to the Renaissance Before this period dramatic pieces were called "plays" or "miracles". The embryonic representations, at first given in the interior of the churches, have been designated as liturgical dramas.T e x t u a l s t u d y:●Ballads of Robin Hood●It was popular in the second half of the 14th C.●Origin：the ballads are based on the perpetual struggles of the peasants against thelandlords and local official. (peasant uprising).●The character of Robin HoodHe is a partly historical and partly legendary character. He is many-sided. He is strong, brave, clever, tender-hearted and affectionate. He hates the noble class and loves the low-class people. However, he is devout and orthodox in religion; in addition, heshows reverence for the king. In spite of this, Robin Hood represents the fighting spirit, indomitable courage and revolutionary energy of the English peasantryT e x t u a l s t u d y:S i r P a t r i c k S p e n s●Stanza 11) What is the king doing at the beginning of the scene?2) What does he want to do?●Stanza 21) Who answered the king?2) What does he tell the king?T e x t u a l s t u d y:S i r P a t r i c k S p e n s●Stanza 31) What does the king do to the knight’s suggestion?2) What is Patrick Spens doing at the time?●Stanza 41) What does Patrick Spens do at the first sight of the letter?2) What does he do after that?T e x t u a l s t u d y:S i r P a t r i c k S p e n s●Stanza 51) Why does Sir Patrick Spens feel that “the tear blinded his ee” ?2) What is the implied meaning of the phras e “to send meout this time o’ the year” ?Stanza 61) What does Sir Patrick Spens do to his men?2) What is the response from his men?T e x t u a l s t u d y:S i r P a t r i c k S p e n s●Stanza 71) Who is speaking in this stanza?2) What does the speaker say?●Stanza 81) What are the “Scots nobles” like with reference to the first two lines of the stanza?2) What conclusion do you come to with the reference to the last two lines of thestanza?T e x t u a l s t u d y:S i r P a t r i c k S p e n s●Stanza 91) What do the wives of the sailors do after what happened in stanza 8?●Stanza 101) What is the meaning expressed in this stanza?2) Why does this stanza express a similar meaning to the last stanza?T e x t u a l s t u d y:S i r P a t r i c k S p e n s●Stanza 111) What finally happens to Sir Patrick Spens and his men?T e x t u a l s t u d y:S i r P a t r i c k S p e n s●What is the theme of this ballad?the courageous knight diligently obeying the command of his king in spite of the knowledge that he will almost certainly be going to his death.Homework:What are the basic characteristics of ballads?。
罗经国版《新编英国文学简史（上）》第三章
罗经国版《新编英国文学简史（上）》第三章I. Historical background1. The Hundred Years’ War between England and France (1337--- 1453) cause: for the French throneresult: awakening of national consciousness in EnglandFrench language gradually replaced by the native tongue2.the peasant uprising of 1381cause: the exploitation and oppression of the peasants by the feudal lords leader: spiritual leader: John BallLiterary worksJohn Wycliff (1324? –1384): father of English proseFirst figure to demanded to reform the church to do away with the corruption and rottenness ?Translated the Bible into standard EnglishA great contribution to English literature and English languageFix a national standard for English instead of dialectsWilliam Langland (1330? –1400)Works: The Vision of Piers PlowmanForm: allegory--is a story or description in which the characters and events symbolize some deeper underlying meaning, and serve to spread moral teaching.Double meaning:Abstract qualities or ideas are personified as characters in the storyMedieval Literature (continued)— Chaucer (1340?—1400)Chaucer: some basic factsChaucer’s masterpiece: The Canterbury Tales●Overview;●Structure;●Textual study:●the opening lines of the General Prologue●the image of the Nun●Scansion 韵律分析Chaucer: some basic factsFull name:●Geoffrey ChaucerBirth & death:●1340?—1400Career:●A wide range of career as courtier, soldier, diplomat, and civil servant ?Place in British literature:●“father of English poetry” and one of the greatest narrative poets of England●Forerunner of humanism●The first realistic writer●Master of the English language●The first to be buried in the Poet’s Corner of Westminster AbbeyLiterary Career1. The first period (the 1360s-about 1372)He was influenced by the French poetry of the Middle Ages and he translated works from French.Romance of the Rose/ The Book of the Duchess2. The second period (1372-1386)He was influenced by the great literary figures of early Renaissance in Italy, such as Dante.Troilus and Cryseyde the longest couplet poemThe Parliament of Fowls The House of Fame3.The third period (1386-1400)He produced his work full maturity free from any dominant foreign influenceThe Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales: an overviewThe Canterbury T ales is a collection of stories written by Geoffrey Chaucer in the 14th century (two of them in prose, the rest in verse). The tales are told by a group of pilgrims on their way from Tabard Inn in Southwark to Canterbury to visit the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral. The Canterbury Tales are written in Medieval English.Canterbury Tales: an overviewOne day in April, the poet comes to the Tabard Inn in the southern suburb of London. By nightfall, 29 pilgrims arrive at the inn and they get ready to go to Canterbury. Harry Bailey, the host of the Tabard Inn, proposes that eachpilgrim should tell two stories on the way to Canterbury and two more on the way back. The best story-teller is to be given a free supper, at the cost of all the rest. The host offers to go with them as their judge and guide. According to the plan, there should be 120 stories, but actually 24 tales are finished.Portrait of Chaucer as a pilgrimThe Canterbury Tales: its structureThe Canterbury Tales is made up of three parts:The General Prologue;24 tales, two of which left unfinished;separate prologues to each tale with links, comments, quarrels, etc. in between.ProloguePrologue provides a framework for the tales. It creates agalley of vivid characters from all walks of life, except the highest (the king and the top nobility) and the lowest (the very poor labouring folk), then assigns to each of them appropriate tales that shed light on the respec tive narrator’s distinctive personality.Textual study: General PrologueThe structure of the general prologue:●Lines 1-34: an elaborate introduction●Lines 35-719: portraits of pilgrims●Lines 720-821: the host’s suggestion of a tale-telling contest andits acceptance●Lines 822-858: the decision that the knight tell the first tale Textual study: General Prologue1. What is the structure of the opening 18 lines?The opening 18 lines make up 1 sentence in the original.2. What is the imagery expressed in these lines?spring’s renewal and rebirth3. Which verbs describe the action of nature?piercing (2), engendering (4), inspiring (5), pricking (11)4. What is the main idea expressed in these lines?a microcosm of 14th-century English society;5. How do you appreciate these lines?The literary forms of talesThese tales cover all the major types of medieval literature romance: folk tale, beast fable, story of adventure, allegorical tale, Saint’s life, sermon and alchemical accountThe wife of Bathlight-hearted, merry, vulgar, talkativeSocial significanceChaucer takes the stand of the rising bourgeoisie, because he affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness and opposes the dogma of asceticism. As a forerunner of Humanism, he praises man’s energ y, quick wit and love of life. At the same time, his tales expose and satire the social evils at his time.WeaknessLiving in a transitional period, Chaucer is not entirely devoid of medieval prejudices. There is nothing revolutionary in his writing, though he lived in a period of peasant uprising, so sometimes , he cracks a rough joke.The significance of The Canterbury TalesIt gives a comprehensive picture of Chaucer’s timethe dramatic structure of the poem has been highly commended by criticsstories are cleverly woven together by links between the storiesstories are related to the personalities of the tellersChaucer’s humourChaucer ―the smyler with the knyf under the cloke‖Chaucer’s contribution to the English languageHe wrote in the London dialect to prove that English language is abeautiful language and can be handled to express different moodsThus increased the prestige of eh English language.ContributionChaucer greatly contributes to the founding of the English literary language. His language now is called Middle English. He is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. He didmuch in making the dialect of London thestandard for the modern English speech.Chaucer introduced heroic couplet from France to English poetry, instead of alliterative verse.In The Legend of Good Women, he used for the first time in English heroic couplet.In The Romance of the Rose, he first introduced to the English the octosyllabic couplet.Couplets: couplets are two lines of verse, usually connected by a rhyme. Poets in the 18th C,in particular used couplets frequently. Heroic couplet:couplets in iambic pentametere.g.Her eyes are wild, her head is bore,The sun has burnt her coal-black hair.Her eye-brow have a rusty stain,And she came from far over the main.---Wordsworth: The Mad MotherHome work1. What are the artistic features and significances of The Canterbury Tales?Scansion 韵律分析Scansion is the process of measuring斟酌verse, identifying its prevailing meter 韵律、格律and rhythm 节奏, and accounting for deviations from the metrical pattern. In scanning a poem, we try to determine its dominant rhythm and meter, and to account for variations from the norm.The form of a poemNumber of lines2. A few verse formsThe form of a poemNumber of linesA stanza or poem with1 line: monostich2 lines: couplet3 lines: tercet / triplet4 lines: quatrain5 lines: limerick6 lines: hexastich7 lines: heptastich 8 lines: octaveThe form of a poem2. A few verse forms:sonnet 十四行诗blank verse 无韵诗/ 素体诗free verse 自由体诗heroic couplet 英雄偶句体诗doggerel 打油诗Triolet 八行两韵诗Rhythm1. Definition:the regular recurrence of the accent or stress in a poem 2. How do we mark the rhythm of a poem?We use ’ for a stressed syllable and ﹀an unstressed syllable. For example:﹀’﹀’﹀’﹀’﹀’Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?MeterDefinition: the number of foot in a poetic lineTypes of meter:1) iambic抑扬格的：an unstressed syllable followed by astressedsyllable;for example:﹀’﹀’﹀’ ﹀’﹀’As soon as April pierces to the root﹀’﹀’﹀’﹀’﹀’The drought of March, and bathes each bud and shootTypes of meterIamb 抑扬格Trochee 扬抑格Anapest 抑抑扬格Dactyl 扬扬抑格…Types of meterIamb 抑扬格：an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable;iambic抑扬格的for example:﹀’﹀’﹀’ ﹀’﹀’As soon as April pierces to the root﹀’﹀’﹀’﹀’﹀’The drought of March, and bathes each bud and shootTypes of meter2. Trochee 扬抑格：a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable;trochaic扬抑格的for example:’﹀’﹀’ ﹀’﹀Whan that April with his shoures sooteTypes of meter3. Anapest抑抑扬格：two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllableanapestic:抑抑扬格的4. Dactyl扬抑抑格：a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllablesdactylic:扬抑抑格的Foot 音步DefinitionThe basic unit of measurement in a line of poetry. In scansion, a foot represents one instance of a metrical pattern and is shown either between or to the right or left of vertical lines, as in the following:﹀’︱﹀’︱﹀’︱﹀’whose woods︱these are︱I think ︱I knowFoot2. Below is a list of classifications:monometer: one foot 单音步dimeter: two feet 两音步trimeter: three feet 三音步tetrameter：four feet 四音步pentameter：five feet 五音步hexameter：six feet 六音步heptameter：seven feet 七音步octameter：eight feet 八音步FootThe meter in a poem is classified according both to its pattern and the number of feet to the line.The following line is one of iambic pentameter﹀’﹀’﹀’ ﹀’﹀’As soon as April pierces to the rootThe following line is one of trochaic tetrameter:’﹀’﹀’ ﹀’﹀Whan that April with his shoures sooteRhyme1. Definition:the matching of final vowel and consonant sounds in two or more words.2. How do we record the rhyme scheme of a poem?We use a, b, c, …We use the same letter to mark the lines with the same rhyme.3. What is the rhyme scheme of The Canterbury Tales?Heroic coupletDefinition:lines of iambic pentameter rhymed in pairs: aa, bb, cc, and so on. This verse form was introduced into English poetry by Chaucer, and has been in constant use ever since.for example:As soon as April pierces to the rootThe drought of March, and bathes each bud and shootthrough every vein of sap with gentle showersfrom whose engendering liquor spring the flowers;。
罗经国新编英国文学选读第4版笔记和考研真题详解
罗经国《新编英国文学选读》（第4版）笔记和考研真题详解目录第1章 盎格鲁-撒克逊时期(450～1066) 1.1 复习笔记 1.2 考研真题与典型题详解第2章 诺曼时期(1066～1350) 2.1 复习笔记 2.2 考研真题与典型题详解第3章 乔叟时期(1350～1400) 3.1 复习笔记 3.2 考研真题与典型题详解第4章 15世纪(1400～1550) 4.1 复习笔记 4.2 考研真题与典型题详解第5章 英国文艺复兴(1550～1642) 5.1 复习笔记 5.2 考研真题与典型题详解第6章 17世纪(1603～1688) 6.1 复习笔记 6.2 考研真题与典型题详解第7章 18世纪(1688～1798) 7.1 复习笔记 7.2 考研真题与典型题详解第8章 浪漫主义时期(1798～1832) 8.1 复习笔记 8.2 考研真题与典型题详解第9章 维多利亚时期(1832～1901) 9.1 复习笔记 9.2 考研真题与典型题详解第10章 20世纪 10.1 复习笔记 10.2 考研真题与典型题详解弘博学习网————各类考试资料全收录内容简介《新编英国文学选读》（第4版）（罗经国主编）一直被用作高等院校英语专业英国文学教材，被许多院校指定为英语专业考研必读书和学术研究参考书。
作为罗经国《新编英国文学选读》（第4版）教材的学习辅导书，本书遵循该教材的章目编排，共分10章，每章由两部分组成：第一部分为复习笔记（中英文对照），总结本章的重点难点；第二部分是考研真题与典型题详解，精选名校经典考研真题及相关习题，并提供了详细的参考答案。
本书具有以下几个方面的特点：1．梳理章节脉络，浓缩内容精华。
每章的复习笔记以该教材为主并结合其他教材对本章的重难点知识进行了整理，并参考了国内名校名师讲授该教材的课堂笔记，因此，本书的内容几乎浓缩了经典教材的知识精华。
2．中英双语对照，凸显难点要点。
本书章节笔记采用了中英文对照的形式，强化对重要难点知识的理解和运用。
罗经国《新编英国文学选读》(第4版)教材-第2章 诺曼时期(1066～1350)【圣才出品】
第2章诺曼时期(1066～1350)2.1 复习笔记I. Historical background（历史背景）The Norman Conquest of England in 1066 accelerated the development of feudalism in England. William claimed himself William I, King of England, and regarded himself as the sole owner of the land of all England. He himself kept large tracts of land for his own use and allocated land to his relatives and his followers who had won merit in the conquest. Those people who received land from the king were made “barons” and in return they had to provide the king with knights if there should be a war. The chief class conflict of the time was that between the serfs and the peasants on the one hand, and their feudal lords, including the king, the barons, and the church on the other hand.1066年，诺曼人战胜英格兰人，加快了英国的封建化进程。
威廉任命自己为威廉一世，英国国王，自己是英国唯一的统治者。
他将大量的土地归为自己所有，将土地分给自己的亲人和在战争中立下功劳的将士们。
新编英国文学选读罗经国
新编英国文学选读罗经国英国文学是世界文学的一部分，其作品流传广泛，并对后世文学产生深远影响。
罗经国给出的新编英国文学选读，是对英国文学经典作品的深入整理和介绍。
在本文中，我们将对该选读进行简要介绍，并结合几位英国文学大师的作品进行更详细的分析和评价。
首先，新编英国文学选读所包含的作品涵盖了从中世纪到现代的英国文学精华，包括莎士比亚、狄更斯、奥斯丁等众多作家的代表作。
从古老的史诗《贝奥武夫》、《坎特伯雷故事集》到现代的小说和诗歌，这些作品展现了英国文学的丰富多彩和深厚底蕴。
首先，我们来看莎士比亚的作品。
莎士比亚是英国文学史上最杰出的戏剧家和诗人之一，他的作品被称为世界文学的瑰宝。
在新编英国文学选读中，包括了莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》、《李尔王》等著名作品。
他的作品情节曲折，语言精炼，对人性和社会现实的描写深刻而真实，通过对人类心灵的深度剖析，展现了人类的欲望、恐惧、痛苦和幸福，对后世文学产生了深远的影响。
其次，我们来分析狄更斯的作品。
狄更斯是19世纪英国最伟大的小说家之一，他的作品揭示了工业革命期间英国社会的黑暗面和悲惨生活的真实写照。
在新编英国文学选读中，包括了狄更斯的《雾都孤儿》、《双城记》等著名作品。
他的作品具有强烈的社会批判意识，对贫困、不公正和伦理道德等问题进行了深刻的揭露，展现了他对人道主义事业的关怀和呼吁。
最后，我们来谈谈奥斯丁的作品。
奥斯丁是英国文学史上最杰出的女作家之一，她的作品以细腻的笔触描绘了当时英国乡村的风土人情和上层社会的生活，以及女性在那个年代的境遇和处境。
在新编英国文学选读中，包括了奥斯丁的《傲慢与偏见》、《理智与情感》等著名作品。
她的作品以幽默机智的语言和深刻的洞察力，展现了当时社会的习俗、道德观念和婚姻观念，对后世文学和社会风气产生了深远的影响。
总之，新编英国文学选读是一部对英国文学经典作品的深入整理和介绍，通过对这些作品的研读和分析，有助于我们更好地了解英国文学的发展历程和特点，对世界文学和人类精神有着深刻的启示和影响。
新编英国文学选读
新编英国文学选读引言英国文学是世界文学的瑰宝之一，承载着英国人民的智慧和创造力。
自古以来，英国文学就以其丰富的文化内涵和卓越的艺术风格而闻名于世。
在新编英国文学选读中，我们将深入了解英国文学的丰富内涵和优秀代表作品。
第一章：英国文学的起源与发展英国文学的起源可以追溯到古代，当时的英国人依靠口头传统来传承知识和文化。
在这一章节中，我们将了解到古代英国文学的特点以及代表作品，如贝奥武夫和亚瑟王传说等。
同时，我们还将探讨英国文学是如何在中世纪和文艺复兴时期得以繁荣发展的。
第二章：伊丽莎白时代的文学伊丽莎白时代是英国文学史上的黄金时期，这个时期的文学作品多样且富有创造力。
莎士比亚是这个时期最伟大的戏剧家之一，他的作品《哈姆雷特》、《麦克白》等至今仍被广泛上演和研究。
此外，约翰·密尔顿的史诗《失乐园》也是这一时期的重要作品之一。
第三章：启蒙运动与浪漫主义的兴起18世纪，英国文学迎来了启蒙运动的兴起。
启蒙运动提倡理性和学问的重要性，对整个英国社会产生了深远的影响。
在这一时期，约翰·洛克的政治哲学著作《人类理解论》和亚当·斯密的经济学著作《国富论》等深刻地影响了欧洲社会的发展。
随后，浪漫主义成为了19世纪英国文学的主导风格。
浪漫主义作品强调情感和个体的力量，其中威廉·华兹华斯的《世界上最后一朵野玫瑰》、塞缪尔·柯勒律治的《抒情诗集》等都是经典之作。
浪漫主义的影响也延续到了维多利亚时代。
第四章：维多利亚时代的文学维多利亚时代是英国文学史上一个重要的时期，这一时期的文学作品反映了当时社会的变革和发展。
查尔斯·狄更斯的《雾都孤儿》是维多利亚时代最具影响力的小说之一，透露出社会阶级问题和工业化带来的人道困境。
同时，勃朗特姐妹的《呼啸山庄》和《简爱》也是这一时期的经典之作。
第五章：现代主义与当代英国文学20世纪初，现代主义运动的兴起对英国文学产生了巨大影响。
代表性作品如弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫的《至灵阁》、T·S·艾略特的《荒原》等，都是现代主义文学中的杰作。
罗经国新编英国文学简史上
--In religion, it was against superstition, intolerance, and dogmatism; in politics, it was against tyranny; and in society, it was against prejudice, ignorance, inequality, and any obstacles to the realization of an individual’s full intellectual and physical wellbeing. At the same time, they advocated universal education. In their opinion, human beings were limited, dualistic, imperfect, and yet capable of rationality and perfection through education.
Cultural Background
-- The celebration of reason, the power by which man understands the universe and improves his own condition
-- They claimed that the individual was the basic unit of social analysis, and that the society should emerge and develop as the result of a social contract among the individuals.
Historical Background
罗经国《新编英国文学选读》（第4版）教材-第3章乔叟时期（1350～1400）【圣才出品】
罗经国《新编英国⽂学选读》（第4版）教材-第3章乔叟时期（1350～1400）【圣才出品】第3章乔叟时期(1350～1400)3.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Historical background（历史背景）Two important historical events happened during the century in which Chaucer lived and their influence can be detected in the writings of Chaucer and Langland. The first was the Hundred Years’ War between England and France, starting from the reign of Edward the Third (1327～1377) and ending during the reign of Henry the Sixth (1421～1471). It was a series of wars fought between the English kings and the French kings for the French throne. The second historical event was the peasant uprising of 1381, during the reign of King Richard the Second. This peasant uprising was the direct result of exploitation and oppression of the peasants by the feudal lords.在乔叟⽣活的年代，发⽣过两件⼤事，它们的影响⼒可以在乔叟和朗格兰的作品中见到。
第⼀件⼤事是英法百年战争，始于爱德华三世统治时期（1327～1377），终于亨利六世时期（1421～1471）。
罗经国《新编英国文学选读》（第4版）章节题库-第八章至第十章【圣才出品】
罗经国《新编英国文学选读》（第4版）章节题库-第八章至第十章【圣才出品】第8章浪漫主义时期(1798～1832)一、填空题1.Prometheus Unbound,a lyrical drama in four acts,was written by_____.（大连外国语大学2008研）【答案】(Percy Bysshe)Shelley【解析】雪莱，全名为Percy Bysshe Shelley。
《解放了的普罗米修斯》是雪莱的著名诗剧，取材于古希腊罗马神话。
2.William_____based his poetic theory on the principle that“all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of_____.”（天津外国语大学2011研）【答案】Wordsworth,powerful feeling【解析】William Wordsworth和Samuel Taylor Coleridge共同出版的Lyrical Ballads 《抒情歌谣集》标志着英国浪漫主义的开始。
题中句子属于序言中的引用，是William Wordsworth的浪漫主义的主要原则之一。
3.Author:_____.Title:_____.（南京大学2008研）Of vapours,from whose solid atmosphereBlack rain,and fire,and hail will burst:oh hear!【答案】Percy Bysshe Shelley;Ode to the West Wind【解析】题目节选自浪漫主义诗人雪莱的Ode to the West Wind （《西风颂》）。
4.Each literary movement can be seen as a strong reaction to the previous aesthetic principles.Romanticism in the history of English literature can be presented as a strong reaction to_____.（天津外国语大学2009研）【答案】neoclassicism【解析】浪漫主义重在打破新古典主义的桎梏，新古典主义强调理性，秩序和优雅的风趣，而浪漫主义则重在人的感情和自然美。
罗经国版《新编英国文学简史(上)》第六章2 (1)
God to enjoy the supreme beauties and bounties of
Paradise, provided they do not eat the fruit that grows on the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil. Satan desires to tear them away from the influence of God and make them tools in his struggle against God’s authority.
John Milton
Life The greatest poet and pamphleteer during the bourgeois revolution in the mid-17th century as well as the greatest author of Puritanism. Major Works Textual Study Paradise Lost The Plot of the Epic The theme of the Epic The image of Satan On His Blindness
The Image of Satan
Satan in the poem is a rebel who rises against God and, though defeated, still seeks for revenge. He is by far the most striking character in the poem. Satan is the real hero of the poem. Like a conquered and banished giant, he remains obeyed and admired by those who follow him down to hell. He is firmer than the rest of the fallen angels. One can't help but admire Satan's stubbornness and determination in the face of so much which goes against him, and his incredible efforts to achieve his goals.
罗经国版《新编英国文学简史(上)》第六章3
Point of View
1.
2.
Religiously, Bunyan was a devout Christian. He insisted that Biblical doctrines be the best way of life and everyone be entitled to understand Bible in his own way. He believed that man’s final salvation could be achieved only by one’s own spiritual struggle. Politically, Bunyan had a deep hatred for the corrupted and hypocritical rich who accumulated their wealth by hook and by crook (illegal way). He eulogized the truthseeking Chrisitan, who was a symbol of the virtuous common people.
Bunyan’s literary creation
The Pilgrim’s Progress: an allegory A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. Thus an allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning. The most famous allegory in English literature is John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress. Bunyan’s hero, Christian, makes a journey to the Celestial city, during which he meets such characters as Hope, Shame, and Despair. The symbolic meaning of the journey is the search for spiritual salvation.
罗经国新编英国文学选读
罗经国新编英国文学选读（最新版5篇）目录（篇1）一、罗经国与《新编英国文学选读》二、书籍内容概述1.选文时期范围2.选文作者及作品三、书籍特点1.系统性2.代表性3.权威性四、书籍价值1.考研考证参考价值2.文学研究价值3.教育教学价值五、总结正文（篇1）罗经国是一位在英国文学研究领域具有很高声誉的学者，他所编撰的《新编英国文学选读》是一本系统性、代表性、权威性的英国文学选读教材。
该书共分为上下两册，所选内容均为英国文学史上脍炙人口的经典作品，选文包括盎格鲁 - 撒克逊时期、诺曼时期、乔叟时期、15 世纪、文艺复兴、17 世纪、18 世纪等时期的英国文学作品。
如《贝奥武甫》《坎特伯雷故事集》、莎士比亚的《十四行诗》《威尼斯商人》《哈姆雷特》、弥尔顿的《失乐园》、笛福的《摩尔·弗兰德斯》、菲尔丁的《弃儿汤姆·琼斯的故事》等有关作品。
这本书具有很高的系统性，按照时间顺序排列，让读者能够清晰地了解英国文学的发展脉络。
同时，它还具有很强的代表性，所选作品均为各时期的典型代表作，让读者能够领略到英国文学的精髓。
在权威性方面，罗经国在编撰过程中引用了大量的文献资料，对文学作品进行了深入的剖析，使得这本书具有很高的学术价值。
《新编英国文学选读》不仅具有考研考证的参考价值，还对文学研究具有一定的价值。
此外，它还可以作为英国文学课程的教材，帮助学生更好地理解和掌握英国文学知识。
目录（篇2）1.罗经国与《新编英国文学选读》2.书籍内容概述3.罗经国的文学研究背景4.《新编英国文学选读》各版本的特点5.读者对《新编英国文学选读》的评价正文（篇2）罗经国是一位在英国文学研究领域具有深厚学术造诣的学者，他编写的《新编英国文学选读》旨在为读者呈现英国文学史上脍炙人口的经典作品，并引导读者深入了解英国文学的发展脉络。
《新编英国文学选读》共分为上下两册，所选内容涵盖了英国文学史上各个重要时期，如盎格鲁 - 撒克逊时期、诺曼时期、乔叟时期、15 世纪、文艺复兴、17 世纪、18 世纪等。
新编英国文学选读（上）,罗经国,期末复习每章问题
新编英国文学选读（上）,罗经国,期末复习每章问题Week I Assignment—Beowulf1. How many groups of early settlers came to Britain? (Please provide their names, time and place as to when and where they were from)2. How many languages were spoken at the same time in Norman England? And on what occasions were they spoken?3. From which early settlers? languages is the modern English language derived?Anglo- Saxon4. Who was the father of English history? And what book did he wrote?5. What are King Alfred the Great? contributions to English literature?6. Pls make a brief summary of the story of Beowulf.7. What?s the metrical feature of the Anglo-Saxon poetry; take the epic Beowulf for example?8. What?s the significance of Beowulf?9. Explain the following terms.AlliterationKenning (provide some examples)10. Scan the meter of the following lines and underline the alliterative letters in the following lines.Condemned to agony. The door gave way,Toughened with iron, at the touch of those hands.The foe then stepped onto the unstained floor,Angrily advanced: out of his eyes stood.An unlovely light like that of fire.11. Read part II on your own and find as many kennings aspossible.Homework week 2 Assignment 21. Explain the following terms:Knights / romance2. Please summarize the story of Sir Gawain and Green Knight.3. Pls describe the feudal system of hierarchy in Norman England.4. What are the main themes of religious literature?5. What are the subject matters of romance?6. What conclusion can we draw about the chivalric spirit from the story of Sir Gawain?7. What?s the metrical feature of Sir Gawain and Green Knight?8. Scan the last five lines of the second stanza.Our knightAnd at that holy tideHe prays with all his mightThat Mary maybe his guideTill a dwelling comes in sight9. pls recite the second stanza of the poem.Homework Week 31. Explain : allegory2. What is John Wycliff?s contribution to English literature?3. What is heroic couplet?4. Scan the following lines:And the small fowls are making melodyThat sleeps away the night with open eye5. pls sum up the life story and writing career of Chaucer.6. What is the significance of The Canterbury Tales?7. What kind of book is The Canterbury Tales?8. In what way does Chaucer contribute to the English language?8. Pls point out the lines that present Chaucer?s mild satire upon the Prioress.9. what kind of person is the woman of Bath?Assignment 41. What is ballad?2. What are the characteristics of popular ballad?3. Explain …The ballad meter?4. Please scan the third stanza of Robin hood.5. pls explain the war of roses and Henry VIII?s reformation of the church.6. Please recite The Three Ravens.Assignment 51. Explain [ the English renaissance]2. [humanism]3. [gentleman]4. [religious reformation]5. What is Spenserian stanza? What is his writing style?6. Pls briefly summarize the story of Faerie Queene.7. Pls Scan stanza 17 of canto iv of the Faerie Queene.8. What are the six virtues presented in the six books of Faerie Queene?9. What are the seven sins? Also pls sum up the features of each sin described by Spencer?10. Please recite the first two stanzas.Assignment 61. What are the reasons for the flouring of drama in Renaissance England?2. Describe the English theater (take the Globe for example) .3. Who are the University wits?4. What renaissance spirit does Tamberline the great represent? And what spirit does Dr. Faustus represent?5. What is the writing style of Christopher Marlowe?6. What is blank verse? Scan the first four lines of Dr. Faustus.Homework week 7:1. What are the famous four tragedies of Shakespeare? And the famous comedies?2. Into how many periods is Shakespea re?s writing career divided?3. What are the great achievements of Shakespeare?4. What is Shakespearean sonnet? Pls recite sonnet 18!5. Is Shylock a cruel usurer or a persecuted Jew? Pls analyze Shylock?s character.6. Pls recite Portia?s famous speech on mercy versus justice; and Hamlet?s famous soliloquy. Homework week-81. What are the two main reasons for the British Bourgeois revolution?2. What is the significance of “the Glorious revolution”?3. What God created on the first six days? God?s creation of man?4. What do you know about Francis Bacon?s Philosophical view and the style of his essays?5. Pls recite Of Study.Homework week 9:1. What is metaphysical poetry? Its main theme? Its representatives?2. What is cavalier poetry? Its main theme? Representatives?3. What are the main features of John Donne?s poetry?4. What is feminine ending? And what is masculine ending?5. Recite Virtue.6. What is Miltonic style? (written/ oral)7. In what kind of genre is Milton?s Paradise Lost wr itten?8. What main theme does Paradise Lost deal with? What is the purpose of Milton?s in writing this poem?9. What sentiment is expressed in the image of Satan? And what kind of attitude should we take towards Satan in paradise Lost?10. What is the significance of the love story between Adam and Eve?Homework week 101. In what kind of genre is Milton?s Paradise Lost written?2. What main theme does Paradise Lost deal with? What is the purpose of Milton?s in writing this poem?3. What sentiment is expressed in the image of Satan? And what kind of attitude should we take towards Satan in paradise Lost?4. What is the significance of the love story between Adam and Eve?5. What is Miltonic style?6. What is the genre of Pilgrim?s Progress?7. W ho is the man in Bunyan?s dream And what book in his hand? What the burden is?8. What kind of journey did the pilgrim make? And adventure he underwent through what city?9. What is the significance of the story? And the city?10. What is Bunyan?s style? What does he criticize through his satire/Homework week 12 & Revision:1. What are the six features of 18th century English cultural life?2. What are the five characteristics of neo-classicism?3. What class and class spirit are embodied in the figure “Robinson Crusoe”?4. Please state the reasons why Defoe is regarded as a great artist (with his Moll Flanders?s entering the serious literature)?5. Why was Jonathan Swift respected by the Irish people as their National hero?6. Why is Swift?s A Mode st Propsal regarded as a bitter satire?Homework week 131. Addison and Steel launched several periodicals together. What are their aims?2. What do they mainly deal with in their essays?3. What methods do they adopt in writing the essays?4. What is Addison?s writing style?5. The Royal Exchange: how many important roles did the merchants play in Addison?s time?6. What is genre of the Rape of the Lock by A Pope?7. What is it about?8. What is the significance of An Essay on Man? What are Pope?s achi evements?9. Pls explain Augustan Age.10. Pls recite An essay on Man: Whatever Is, Is Right; and Know Then Thyself.P.S.1 pls read carefully the Royal Exchange and An Essay On man2 pls preview Johnson?s The Preface to Shakespeare; and Fielding?s Tom Jones.Homework week 141. How many periodicals did S Johnson publish?2. How did he compile A Dictionary of English Language? what is the significance of A Letter to the Right Honorable The Earl of Chesterfield?3. How many careers did Henry Fielding go in for? And what are his achievements for each career?4. How many novels did Fielding write altogether?5. What is the special genre did Fielding create in Tom Jones?6. How many parts can Tom Jones be divided into? And what does each part mainly deal with? And What aspect of English society does each part represent ?Homework week 15:1. Of what school was Thomas Gray a representative poet?2. In what way do the poets of this school deviate from the neo-classic rules?3. In What tradition is Sherid an?s masterpiece the School of Scandal written?4. What does Sheridan mainly expose in this play?5. Pls recite the first four stanzas of Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard.Homework week 16:1. What are the features of Burns?s poems?2. Please read Is There for Honest Poverty and answer: What kind of feeling is conveyed in this poem? And what is Burns?s attitude towards both the rich and the poor respectively?3. Please recite A Red, Red Rose.4. In what way(s) do the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience reflect the world respectively?5. What are the features of William Blake?s poetry?6. What kind of picture of the society has been drawn inLondon?7. pls recite The Lamb and The Tiger.。
罗经国《新编英国文学选读》(第4版)-章节题库-第4章 15世纪(1400～1550)【圣才出品】
第4章15世纪(1400～1550)一、填空题1. The most magnificent prose work of the 15th century is Le Morte D’ Arthur concerning with _____ legend.【答案】Arthurian【解析】15世纪左右公认的集大成作品为《亚瑟王之死》，是关于亚瑟王的传奇故事。
2. The fifteenth century has been traditionally described as the barren age in English literature. But it is the spring tide of English _____.【答案】ballads【解析】十五世纪英国歌谣开始兴起。
二、选择题Robin Hood was written in the form of _____.（北二外2014研）A. free verseB. balladC. sonnetD. blank verse【答案】B【解析】罗宾汉是用歌谣的形式书写的。
三、术语解释1. Morality playKey:①A kind of religious drama popular in England, Scotland, France, and elsewhere in Europe in the 15th and early 16th centuries. ②Morality plays are dramatized allegories, in which personified virtues, vices, diseases, and temptations struggle for the soul of man as he travels from birth to death. ③They instill a simple message of Christian salvation, but often include comic scenes. The best-known is Everyman. They had a considerable influence on the development of Elizabethan drama.2. Ballad（厦门大学2012研）Key: ①A folk song or orally transmitted poems telling a direct dramatic manner some popular story usually derived from a tragic incident in local history or legend. The story is told simply, impersonally, and often with vivid dialogue. ②Ballads are normally composed in quatrains with vivid alternating fore-stress and three-stress lines, the second and fourth lines rhyming;. But some ballads are in couplet form, and some others have six-line stanzas. ③Appearing in many parts of Europe in the late Middle Ages, ballads flourished particularly strongly in Scotland from the 15th century onward. Since the 18th century, educated poets outside the folk-song tradition—notably Coleridge and Goethe—have written imitations of the popular balla d’s form and style: Coleridg e’s ‘Rime of the Ancient Marine r’ is a celebrated example.四、论述题What is the most important department of English folk literature? And make comments on its most famous cycle: the Robin Hood Ballads.Key: (1) The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad. A ballad is a story told in song, usually in quatrains with alternating four-stress and three-stress lines, the second and fourth lines rhyming. When it was chanted by ball-assigners, the audience joined in a refrain which usually followed each stanza. They are mainly the literature of the peasants, and in them one is able to understand the outlook of the English common people in feudal society.The subject of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters of class struggle.(2) The most famous cycle of English ballads centers on the stories about a legendary outlaw called Robin Hood. Robin Hood, a legendary popular hero, is depicted in the ballads as a valiant outlaw, famous in archery, living under the greenwood tree with his merry men, taking from the rich and giving to the poor, waging war against bishops and archbishops, and constantly hunted by the sheriffs, whom he constantly outwits.Clearly the historical origin of Robin Hood and his band of outlaws is to be found in the perpetual struggles of the peasants against the landlords, against the local officials and against the king’s judges. Robin Hood is a partly historical and partly legendary character.The character of Robin Hood is many-sided. Strong, brave and clever, he is at the same time tender-hearted and affectionate. But the dominant Key in his character is his hatred for the cruel oppressors and his love for the poor and downtrodden. Robin Hood appears to be devout and orthodox in religion. Another feature of Robin’s view is his reverence for the king. The king appears in the ballads as an intermediary between the outlaws and his officials and judges, as the humorous and understanding guest in the greenwood, feasting on his own stolen deer. In spite of this, the Robin Hood ballads show the fighting spirit, indomitable courage and revolutionary energy of the English peasantry.（此题分两部分作答，第一部分主要分析什么是歌谣以及歌谣的写作主题；第二部分主要分析Robin Hood 的主要内容，主题和Robin Hood的形象。
罗经国版《新编英国文学简史(上)》第一章
Celtic tribes were original inhabitants lived in Britain before the coming of Anglo-Saxon. In 55 B.C., Roman invaded Britain in the leading of Julius Caesar, then Claudius conquered it in A.D. 43 and Britain become a Roman province In mid-5th C, Angles, Saxons and Jutes migrated to England from European Continent. (western Denmark and the northwest coast of Germany ) They were in the late stage of tribalism. In the 7th C, 7 kingdoms co-existed. In the 8th C, Wessex became a military and political center. From the late 8th C, Danes came to harass the eastern coast of Britain. Lasting for more than a century, in thelate 9th C, King Alfred of Wessex succeed in the war against Danes. All the kingdoms were united together to one and ruled England for a quarter of a century. (A. D. 1017-1042) 1066, Normans invaded England by the leading of William, the Duke of Normandy. It was Norman Conquest that ended the history of the Old England.
新编英国文学选读 罗经国 北外课堂笔记整理版 北京大学出版社
1. Chapter One The Anglo-Saxon Period (450 —— 1066) 1. Historical backgroundThe Celts 〉the Brythons.The Iron Age.The ceremonies of May Day and the cult of mistletoe.From 55 BC to 407 AD, the Roman Empire, a slave society.London was founded.Little influence on the cultural life of the Celts,Town with names ending in “chester” or “caster”.De Bello Gallico by Julius Caesar and Germania by Publius Cornelius Tacitus450 AD, the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes.“angul” means a hook; “seax” means a short sw ord.Around 500 AD, the Celtic King Arthur fought against Cerdic, the founder of the kingdom of Wessex. Camelot, King Arthur’s capital.Later 8th, the Danes, or the Vikings.King Alfred the Great of Wessex (849-899)Harold, the last Saxon King 〉William the Duke of Normandy.597, Pope Gregory the Great sent St. Augustine to England and the first converted king was King Ethelbert of Kent.2. Northumbrian School and Wessex literature——two highlights in the development of the Anglo-Saxon literature.Monasteries and abbeys in the kingdom of Northumbria.Caedmon in the 7th turned the stories in the Bible into verse form ——Paraphrase. Inspired by God.The Venerable Bede (673-735), wrote in Latin The Ecclesiastical History of the English People from Caesar to 731. It was Bede who told about the story of Caedmon.The reign of King Alfred (871-899)First, Latin books into West Saxon dialect. It is said that King Alfred translated the history of Bede.Second, the launching of The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, from Caesar’s conquest to 1154.Third, created a style of Anglo-Saxon prose which was not obscure.3. Anglo-Saxon poetryThe earliest is Widsith and the last is Maldon.BeowulfAs early as the 6th in oral formWritten down in the 8th.The manuscript preserved dates back to the 10th and in Wessex dialect. One datable fact in the poem is a raid on the Franks by Gelac in 520. 3183 lines.Danish King Hrothgar built a hall called Heorot.Grendel for 12 years.Beowulf, nephew to King Hygelac of the Geats. With 14 companions.Hrothgar's friend Aeschere killed by Grendel's mother.Killing Grendel’s mother with a magic sword in the cave.One of the 12 companions, Wiglaf, helped Beowulf kill the dragon.Physical strength demonstrates his high spiritual qualities.A mixture of paganism and Christian elements.Old English Poetry:1. The technical structure:1)Every line consists of two clearly separated half lines between whichis a caesura. The two parts of the line are united by alliteration,a form of initial rhyme, which is the repetition of the same sound orsounds at the beginning of two or more words that are next to or close to each other.2)Every half line consists of two feet and each foot is made up of anaccented syllable and a varying number of unaccented syllables.3)Generally there are 3 alliterations per line, two in the first halfline and one on the first foot of the second half line.2. The scop also used a figurative language called “kenning”, a metaphor usually composed of two words, which becomes the formula of a special object: “helmet bearer” for “warrior.”3. The use of repetition and variation. Same idea expressed more than once by synonyms.PS: 第4頁第2段第3行經Word自動更正提示以及維基百科確認，“Ecclesiatical”為印刷錯誤，應為“Ecclesiastical”。
罗经国版《新编英国文学简史(上)》第二章
The rules governing the manners and morals of a knight are known as chivalry.
The content of romance was usually about love, chivalry and religion. The structure is loose and episodic: the language is simple and straightforward. The romance show medieval, aristocratic men and women in relation to their idealized view of the world. If the epic reflects a heroic age, the romance reflects a chivalric one.
The historical background
3) English as a dominant language after the intermingling of the Normans and the Saxons
※ structure: remained English ※ common words: retained, modified sound & form ※ new adoptions: beef, pork … ※ added synonyms: construct, inquire, commence, humid … languages used side by side Latin- the language of education French-the language of the upper classes Middle English (Anglo-Saxon)-the language of the common
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Subject matter of the ballads English ballads: the Robin Hood ballads war ballad, bloodshed ballad, superstition ballad, domestic affairs, outlawry, love, sea, and border ballad. Collections of ballads Bishop Thomas Percy, Reliques of Ancient English Poetry Professor F. J. Child, English and Scottish Ballads
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Textual study:
Ballads of Robin Hood It was popular in the second half of the 14th C. Origin：the ballads are based on the perpetual struggles of the peasants against the landlords and local official. (peasant uprising). The character of Robin Hood He is a partly historical and partly legendary character. He is manysided. He is strong, brave, clever, tender-hearted and affectionate. He hates the noble class and loves the low-class people. However, he is devout and orthodox in religion; in addition, he shows reverence for the king. In spite of this, Robin Hood represents the fighting spirit, indomitable courage and revolutionary energy of the English peasantry
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2. The War of the Roses (1455 – 1485) a series of civil wars fought between the two great families, both of which claimed the right to the English throne. All noble families were involved in it. The House of Lancaster-red rose The House of York - white rose Result: Henry Tudor (VII) married Elizabeth of the House of York -brought compromise between the two families and established a highly consolidated rule.
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4. Reformation of the church Tudor Monarchs ruled England and Wales for 200 years Henry VII Henry VIII -- 6 wives: divorce 2, kill 2, struggle for divorce Edward VI Mary Tudor Elizabeth I Henry VIII took decisive measure to break away from the Church of Rome. 1534---passed the Act of Supremacy: as the supreme head on earth, thus the Anglican Church was founded
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ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
3. The discovery of America and the new sea routes Christopher Columbus, 1492, landed in America Vascoda Gama, 1497, round the tip of Africa and reached India John Cabot and his son Sebastian, 1498, provided the basis for the English claim to North America
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Medieval literature (continued): Ballad 1. Ballad 2. Textual study: 1) Robin Hood and the three squires 2) Sir Patrick Spens
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Ballad: definition
An anonymous narrative poem preserved by oral transmission. Usually in quatrains with a distinctive and memorable rhyme, the ballad uses iambic tetrameter for the 1st & 3rd lines and iambic trimeter for the 2nd & 4th. Ex: The youngster was clothed in scarlet red, In scarlet fine and gay; And he did frisk it over the plain, And chanted a roundelay.
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The basic characteristics of ballads
The beginning is often abrupt: without any introduction of the characters and the background of the tale There are strong dramatic elements: single episode, climax, intensity and immediacy The story is often told through dialogue and action The theme is often tragic, though there are a umber of comic ballads The ballad meter is used: four-line stanzas odd numbered lines with 4 feet each even numbered lines with 3 feet each
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Quatrain: definition
A poem or stanza that contains 4 lines with various rhyming patterns. Ex: It fell about the Martinmas time, And a gay time it was then, When our goodwife got puddings to make, And she’s boiled them in the pan.
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Literature in the 15th century
1. Popular Ballads Review the definition and the main feature of ballads 2. Sir Thomas Malory (1405 –1471) The Death of Arthur: complied together the stories of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table contribution to the development of English prose left a legacy to later writers that many of them used as subject matter in their writing
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These two names are used to designate the religious drama which developed among Christian nations at the end of the Middle Ages. It should be noted that the word "mystery" has often been applied to all Christian dramas prior to the sixteenth century, whereas it should be confined to those of the fifteenth century, which represent the great dramatic effort anterior to the Renaissance Before this period dramatic pieces were called "plays" or "miracles". The embryonic representations, at first given in the interior of the churches, have been designated as liturgical dramas.