新闻英语翻译研究文献综述复习进程
英语笔译文献综述
英语笔译文献综述Here is an essay on the topic of "A Literature Review on English-Chinese Translation" with over 1000 words, written in English without any additional punctuation marks in the body of the text.The field of English-Chinese translation has been a subject of extensive research and study for decades. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the demand for accurate and effective translation services has grown significantly. This literature review aims to provide an overview of the current state of research in this field, highlighting key themes, methodologies, and areas for further exploration.One of the primary focuses in English-Chinese translation research has been on the linguistic and cultural challenges inherent in the process. Scholars have examined the differences in grammatical structures, idioms, and cultural references between the two languages, and how these disparities can impact the quality and accuracy of translations. Studies have explored strategies for navigating these challenges, such as the use of machine translation, the role of human translators, and the importance of cultural awareness and adaptation.Another area of research has been the impact of technological advancements on the translation industry. The rise of machine translation, computer-assisted translation tools, and cloud-based platforms has transformed the way translation services are delivered. Researchers have investigated the strengths and limitations of these technologies, as well as the implications for the role of human translators in the future. Additionally, studies have examined the ethical considerations surrounding the use of artificial intelligence in translation, such as issues of data privacy, bias, and the potential displacement of human workers.The quality and evaluation of English-Chinese translations have also been the subject of extensive research. Scholars have developed frameworks and methodologies for assessing the accuracy, fluency, and overall effectiveness of translations, taking into account factors such as linguistic equivalence, cultural appropriateness, and the intended purpose of the translation. These evaluation methods have been applied to a wide range of translation contexts, including literary works, technical documents, and business communications.Another area of focus in the field of English-Chinese translation is the training and professional development of translators. Researchers have explored the skills, knowledge, and competencies required for effective translation, and have investigated the bestpractices for educating and training translators. This includes the use of translation-specific curricula, the integration of technology into the learning process, and the importance of ongoing professional development and certification.In addition to these core areas of research, scholars have also examined the role of English-Chinese translation in various domains, such as international business, education, and healthcare. These studies have explored the unique challenges and considerations that arise in these specialized contexts, and have provided insights into the strategies and approaches that can lead to successful translations.Despite the significant progress that has been made in the field of English-Chinese translation, there are still many areas that require further research and exploration. For example, the impact of globalization and the increasing use of English as a lingua franca on translation practices is an emerging area of interest. Additionally, the ethical implications of translation, such as the potential for misrepresentation or the perpetuation of cultural biases, warrant deeper examination.Furthermore, the field of English-Chinese translation would benefit from more interdisciplinary collaboration, drawing on insights from fields such as linguistics, cognitive science, and cultural studies. By fostering a more holistic and multifaceted approach to translationresearch, scholars can gain a deeper understanding of the complexities and nuances involved in the process.In conclusion, the field of English-Chinese translation has been the subject of extensive research and study, yielding valuable insights into the linguistic, cultural, and technological challenges involved in the translation process. As the demand for translation services continues to grow, it is crucial that researchers and practitioners work together to advance the field, develop innovative solutions, and ensure the highest quality of translation services. By doing so, they can contribute to greater cross-cultural understanding and effective communication in an increasingly globalized world.。
文献综述外文翻译写作规范及要求
文献综述外文翻译写作规范及要求
文献综述是对已经发表的学术文献进行系统的综合分析和评价的一种
学术写作形式。
在撰写文献综述的过程中，外文翻译是不可或缺的一部分。
下面是一些关于外文翻译的写作规范和要求。
1.准确：外文翻译要准确无误地表达原文的意思。
翻译过程中应注意
遵守语法规则、掌握专业术语以及正确理解上下文。
2.逻辑清晰：翻译后的中文句子要符合中文语法和表达习惯，并保持
逻辑上的连贯。
避免使用过于生硬或拗口的句子结构。
3.简洁明了：文献综述注重对已有文献的概括和总结，因此翻译过程
中应力求简洁明了，避免翻译过多的细节和废话。
4.专业术语准确翻译：外文翻译中的专业术语在翻译过程中要保持准
确性。
可以参考已有的专业词典、论文翻译表格等工具来确保专业术语的
正确翻译。
5.文体和语气恰当：根据不同的文献类型和句子语境，选择合适的文
体和语气进行翻译。
可以参考论文综述的写作规范和范例，避免过于口语
化或过于正式的翻译。
在撰写文献综述的过程中，准确和恰当的外文翻译是非常重要的。
只
有通过准确和规范的翻译，才能保证文献综述的质量和可信度。
因此，应
该注重提升外文翻译的能力并积极学习相关的写作规范和要求。
说明书翻译的文献综述
中国地质大学长城学院本科毕业设计（论文）文献综述系别：外语系专业：英语翻译姓名：学号：2013 年4月22日Literature Review1.The background of the research.Some product instruction translations are not standard, They are not often familiar with which field the product belongs to, The conciseness of product instruction reflect in the nominalization. It is a common sight to use some simple verbs and speaking vocabulary to describe the goods simply and vividly in the instruction. Long sentences in the product manual cut short into noun or phrase. The conciseness of product instruction also be fund expression in abbreviating the structure of the word and abbreviation. So we should pay attention to the accuracy of product instruction translation.2. The relevant information2.1. Language features of product instructionProduct manuals usually adopt a complete narrative text. The product performance, functionality, and matters needing attention and so on are explained in detail. Product specifications have a variety of text function, its unique language features determine the characteristics of objectivity, conciseness and appeal.2.2 The structural features of product instructionThe main content of product instruction: Title(name, manufacturer, brand, registered trademarks, product type, product code).Text(Product overview, producing area, specifications, components, materials, characteristics, structure, function, usage, precautions, main performance, technical indicators, the production batch number, quality assurance, name, address, zip code, phone, fax, E-mail). Winding-up stage(the contact information of manufacturer).The appendix(maintenance and repair).3. The category of product instruction translation3.1Literal TranslationLiteral translation means to translate literally and to translate word for word, but you should not obey the writer’s meaning. Literal translation is mainly used to deal with some advertisements with simple sentence structure and understandable semantic meaning.3.2 Free TranslationIt means a half-baked demarcation vaguely meaning it is something different form literal or verbatim translation, neither of which exists; advertising’s free translation needs the translation express ing the original text’s content, but may differ from the original text’s style. One may not use the literal translation, in these situations, one can try free translation.3.3Omission TranslationOmission means leaving out the redundant or useless information from the source text to make the target text terse, easy to remember and idiomatic. More often than not, this strategy is employed to deal with advertisement translation from Chinese to English for the primary reason that the English language is usually compact, explicit, and concise while Chinese is always wordy and implicit. This linguistic differences is due in large part to the fact that English and Chinese are from two completely different language families, both of which are deeply affected by history and culture. For example, through history Chinese people gradually developed a belief in the harmony of nature and man, while westerners would rather believe in the separation of nature from man. Whereas the Chinese language often features clichés and florid words, English is always terse and clear. There are few occasions where you can find redundant and unnecessarily wordy language in English.Bibliography[1]Nord, Christine.(1991). Text Analysis in Translation[J]. Amsterdam : Benjamins. 67-72[2]Nord, Christine.(2001). Translating as a Purposeful Activity[M]: Functionalist Approached Explained. Shanghai : Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,121-130.[3] 张美芳，黄国文.《语篇翻译学与翻译研究》.青岛：青岛出版社，2002（5）：211-231[4]贾文波.《应用翻译功能论》，北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2004（7）：245-251[5]贾文波，《英时文翻译--政治经济汉译英300句析》，北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2000（1）：97-99[6]彭萍，《实用商务文体翻译》，北京，中央编译出版社，2008（5）：113-115[7]谢建平，《功能语境与专门用途英语语篇翻译研究》，杭州，浙江大学出版社，2008（5）：201-204[8]贾文波，原作意图与翻译策略[J].中国翻译，2002（4）：30-33[9]贾文波，文本功能对应用翻译的策略指导[J].[10]李建军，英汉应用文互译[M]上海交通大学出版社2008[11]崔美曼，新编实用英汉翻译教程，东南大学出版社2008[12]张新红、李明，商务英语翻译[M]高等教育出版社2003。
英语专业文献综述
Yi b i n U n i v e r s i t y2015届本科毕业论文文献综述题目_翻译目的论指导下的英语介词汉译策略研究二级学院外国语学院专业英语学生姓名简汝梦学号110405034 年级2011级指导教师徐文英职称讲师年月日文献综述翻译目的论指导下的英语介词汉译策略研究Study on the Translation Strategies of English PrepositionsBased on Skopos Theory姓名：简汝梦学号：110405034 指导老师：徐文英摘要:英语介词使用频率高，搭配能力强，含义灵活，因此在翻译中属于比较难以处理的一种词类.目的论论者认为翻译是有明确的目的和意图,在译者的作用下，以原文文本为基础的跨文化的人类交际活动。
目的论以文本目的为翻译过程的第一准则，目的决定了译者需要采用何种翻译策略和方法。
目的论的提出为英语介词的汉译提供了可靠的指导.本文将目的论引入到介词翻译中，认为在目的论原则的指导下，英语介词的汉译可通过加词、减词、分译、转译等策略来达到较好的翻译效果以及更好地实现翻译目的。
关键词：英语介词；翻译；目的论导言：随着时代的发展，以及中国入世的大好形势的出现，汉语与英语在世界上似乎显得同等重要,所以将这两种语言互相转化是我们越来越重要的任务。
在英语中，英语介词数量不多，但其构成的介词短语在英语中的出现频率很高，功能多样且位置灵活，对构成句子具有重要作用，因此对于英语介词的翻译策略问题一直深受广大翻译学者的关注。
目的论以文本目的为翻译过程的第一准则，目的论者认为翻译是一种有目的的活动,目的决定了译者需要采用何种翻译策略和方法，即“目的决定论”.目的论的提出为英语介词汉译提供了有效的指导.因此，译者若能熟练掌握翻译目的和翻译方法，则能译出高质量的译文.鉴于此，本文先是阐述各大专家对于英语介词翻译以及翻译目的论的已有研究和探索，并结合笔者自己的观点加以评述;然后以此综述在翻译目的论指导下研究英语介词的汉译策略是个切实可行的手段；最后预测此观点的发展前景一定是光明受欢迎的。
文献综述、外文翻译
上市公司财务风险的评价及控制的文献综述0704043046 会计074 唐明婷中国从资本市场建立开始，上市公司也随之不断地发展，上市的公司从行业、类型到地区、规模都呈现多样化趋势。
中国的上市公司，特别是上市公司中的ST公司，存在着严重的财务风险问题，财务风险比较大，对上市公司的发展会有很大的影响。
因此对上市公司财务风险问题的研究是十分重要的。
通过对这一领域大量文献的研究，从企业财务风险的成因、评价体系及控制三个角度综述，加强分析，以期对上市公司财务风险的理论和实践研究提供借鉴和指导。
(一)国外研究综述西方古典经济学家在十九世纪就已经提出了风险的概念，认为风险是经营活动的副产品，经营者的收入是其在经营活动中承担风险的报酬。
从狭义上看，企业的财务风险是指由于利用负债给企业带来的破产风险或普通股收益发生大幅度变动的风险。
这种观点立足于企业筹资时过多举债或举债不当。
西方国家强调全面风险管理的观念是从资金运动到资本经营整个体系的过程，对财务风险的控制包括风险预警、风险识别、危机处理等内容。
美国经济学家富兰克.H.奈特(Frank H.Knight)在1921年出版的(Risk，Un certai nty and Profit) 一书中认为：风险是指“可度量的不确定性”。
而“不确定性”是指不可度量的风险。
风险的特征是概率估计的可靠性，概率估计的可靠性来自所遵循的理论规律或稳定的经验规律。
与可计算或可预见的风险不同，不确定性是指人们缺乏对事件的基本知识，对事件可能的结果知之甚少，因此，不能通过现有理论或经验进行预见和定量分析①。
②Ross, Westerfield, Jordan(1995在《Fundamentals of Corporate Finance 提到债务筹资会增加股东的风险，使用债务筹资所产生的这部分额外风险称为公司股①［美］Frank H.Knight,王宇，王文玉译.《风险、不确定性和利润》［M］.中国人民大学出版社.2005;②此段原文如下：“The debt finacing increases the risks borne by the stockholders. The extra risk that arises from the use of debt finacing is called the financial risk of the firm equity. In other word,financial risk is the equity risk that comes from the financial policy(i.e. capital structure) of the f1rm. ” Ross,Westerfield,Jordan,Fundamentals of Corporate Finance,1995东的财务风险。
外文翻译及文献综述规范与要求
毕业设计（论文）——外文翻译（原文）Electrode layout of ZnO pyroelectric sensorsAbstractIn the present study, an electrode layout of pyroelectric sensors is developed to improve electric signals. Voltage responsivity is a main target to enhance the performance of pyroelectric sensors. A partially covered, top electrode has been proven to effectively increase the voltage responsivity of pyroelectric sensors. In the experimental results, the proposed electrode layout with an array type in ZnO pyroelectric sensors possessed higher voltage signals, about 3.6 times that of a fully covered type, and about 2 times that of a partially covered type. Moreover, a finite element model is used to explore the temperature variation rate in ZnO pyroelectric sensors for both the fully covered and the partially covered electrodes. In the simulation results, the partially covered electrode can indeed improve the temperature variation rate in the ZnO layer.Keywords: MEMS; Pyroelectric; Sensor; ZnO1. IntroductionMultilayer pyroelectric sensors have been successfully used in many applications, such as pollution monitoring, hot image detectors, intruder alarms, and gas analysis. They possess many advantages including non-cooled detection, room-temperature operation, lower system costs, fast speeds, port-ability, having a wide spectral response with high sensitivity and being integrable with on-chip circuitry [1-3]. The conventional pyroelectric sensors are comprised of a pyroelectriclayer sandwiched between top and bottom electrodes. The topside is exposed to a heat source. The dynamic response currentof pyroelectric sensors is proportional to the temperaturevariation rate of pyroelectric layers [1]. A higher temperaturevariation rate in the pyroelectric layer leads to a higher response current for the pyroelectric sensors. A partially covered,top electrode has been proven to result in a higher responsivity than that of a fully covered electrode because it opens windows for the ZnO layer to directly come into contact with theheat source [4]. Therefore, the electrode layout plays an important role in pyroelectric sensors. This concept has been expanded to etch a three-dimensional pattern on the respon- sive element of LiTaO3; lateral temperature gradients will beinduced on the sidewall of responsive elements under homogenous irradiation. Therefore, the temperature variation rates of responsive elements increases, which can increase the voltage responsivity of pyroelectric sensors [5].ZnO is a unique material because it possesses various prop-erties like semiconductivity, piezoelectricity, and pyroelectricity. Wide band-gap wurtzite phase ZnO has attracted attentiondue to its versatility in many promising applications, such as blue and ultraviolet light emitters, transparent conductors,solar cell windows, gas sensors, photovoltaic devices, pyroelectric imaging sensors, surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices and film bulk acoustic resonators (FBAR). ZnO films have been synthesized by numerous methods, such as metal organic chemical vapor deposition, molecular beam epitaxy, magnetron sputtering, pulsed laser deposition, atomic layer deposition, spray pyrolysis, the filtered cathodic vacuum arctechnique, and the sol-gel process. The quality of ZnO films obtained by these methods depends on the growth methods and conditions. Thus, preferential orientation of ZnO films depends on growth conditions. The most densely packed and thermodynamically favorable growth orientation in a ZnO wurtzite structure is the one with the c-axis perpendicular to a substrate. ZnO films, with the c-axis normal to the substrate, are preferred in many applications, such as ZnO pyroelectric devices [4, 6] and film bulk acoustic resonators [7]. The pyroelectricity of ZnO is attributable to non-centro-symmetrical crystals and has a specific polar axis along the direction of spontaneous polarization [1, 2]. Given that ZnO is subjected to temperature variations, its internal polarization will produce an electric field. ZnO films are usually deposited by RF sputtering. The properties of ZnO are affected by sputtering conditions such as the composition of mixed process gases, working注意：英文翻译标题格式： Times New Roman－四号－加粗；英文正文： Times New Roman－五号－单倍行距。
本科毕业论文文献综述及英文翻译撰写要求与格式规范
本科毕业论文（设计）文献综述和外文翻译撰写要求与格式规范一、毕业论文（设计）文献综述（一）毕业论文（设计）文献综述的内容要求1．封面：由学校统一设计，普通A4纸打印即可。
2.正文综述正文部分需要阐述所选课题在相应学科领域中的发展进程和研究方向，特别是近年来的发展趋势和最新成果。
通过与中外研究成果的比较和评论，说明自己的选题是符合当前的研究方向并有所进展，或采用了当前的最新技术并有所改进，目的是使读者进一步了解本课题的意义。
文中的用语、图纸、表格、插图应规范、准确，量和单位的使用必须符合国家标准规定，不得使用已废弃的单位，如：高斯（G和Gg）、亩、克、分子浓度（M）、当量能度（N）等。
量和单位用法定符号表示。
引用他人资料要有标注。
文献综述字数在3000字以上。
正文前须附300字左右中文摘要，末尾须附参考文献。
列出的参考文献限于作者直接阅读过的、最主要的且一般要求发表在正式出版物上的文献。
参考文献的著录按在文章中出现的先后顺序编号。
期刊类文献书写方法:[序号]作者（不超过3人，多者用等或etal表示）.题（篇）名[J].刊名,出版年,卷次（期次）:起止页次.图书类文献书写方法:[序号]作者.书名[M].版本.出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页次.论文集类文献书写方法:[序号]作者.篇名[C].论文集名.出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页次.学位论文类书写方法:[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地:单位名称,年份.电子文献类书写方法:[序号]主要责任者. 题名:其他题名信息[文献类型标志/文献载体标志]出版地:出版者,出版年（更新或修改日期）[引用日期].获取和访问途径.参考文献应在10篇以上。
（二）毕业论文（设计）文献综述撰写与装订的格式规范第一部分：封面1.封面：由学校统一设计。
第二部分：文献综述主题1.中文摘要与关键词摘要标题（五号，宋体，顶格，加粗）摘要内容(五号，宋体)关键词标题（五号，宋体，顶格，加粗）关健词内容（五号，宋体，词间用分号隔开）2.正文标题标题最多分四级。
英语论文文献综述报告
跨文化交际理论下的英语新闻汉译策略的论文文献综述报告摘要众所周知，词与词形成句，句与句构成篇，从而组成一则新闻。
因此句子就成了整个新闻的主要主城部分。
对新闻英语句子的翻译是始终表现出一个翻译者或一个记者的技巧。
那就是把一个扩展开的简单英语句子翻译成中文的技巧。
我们应该首先把英语句子分成几个意群,可以是一个词、一个短语,一个条款,甚至是一个组合的任何部分。
同时根据中国的时间和逻辑的序列，继而把意群转化成中文副本并同时记录下来。
如果任何一个句子的失去了它的逻辑,句子无论如何也不能成立。
因此从英文句子转化成汉语至少需要两个步骤的转化。
并以分割和转化以及重新排序为重点。
跨文化交际就是不同国家，不同文化之间的交流与沟通，以及相互理解。
它包含了人类学，文化研究，心理学，历史，艺术，宗教，地理和通讯等各个领域。
在我看来,外国人学习汉语最好就是多阅读中文报纸和杂志,多听广播和看电视。
我们也应该尽量接触接触英语报纸和电台。
一点也不夸张的说,社会的快速发展,给现代英语的领域带来了巨大的发展。
没有英语报纸和新闻媒体,我们找不到任何的方式使详细地记录了新生事物和多变的英语世界。
总之，本综述报告将着重讲如何运用跨文化交际理论去分析新闻翻译英语成中文的主要策略并进行研究。
ABSTRACTAs we all know that news was formed by sentences and sentences were formed by words. So the sentences were the main part of all the structure of news. The translation of English sentences about news was always show the skill of a translator or an journalist. To translate an expanded simple English sentence into appropriate Chinese. We should first and foremost divide the English sentence into several sense groups, which could be a word, a phrase, a clause, or even a combination of any of them. Then transform the sense groups into Chinese counterpartsand simultaneously recorder them according to Chinese norms of the sequence of time or the logic. If any of a sentence lost its logic, the sentence could not be made in any case. Consequently at least two steps can be distilled for the conversion from English to Chinese sentences. The important things include division and transformation plus reordering.Intercultural Communication seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures behave, communicate and perceive the world around them. This also includes areas such as anthropology, cultural studies, psychology, history, art, religion, geography, and communication.As I see, the foreigners studying Chinese have to read more Chinese newspapers and magazines, listening to radio and watching TV. We should try our best to get in touch with English newspaper and radio. Not at all exaggerated, the rapid development of society has brought about a great advance in the modern English field. Without English newspaper and journalistic media, we can not find any way to make a detailed record of the newly emerging things and changeable English world.Above all, this paper mainly studies how to use cross-communication theory to translate English news to Chinese.ContentIn order to accomplish my paper, I have read a large a mount of papers related to the information I need which was written by others. I simply paint a structure in my brain about how to write my paper before I began to write. In the first part, certainly I will introduce what is extensive reading and what is schema theory. And then I will give ideas about how to use schema theory to improve students' English reading ability. After reading all the papers I searched in the internet, I get a full understanding of these concepts. Now I will introduce what I have learned in sequence.Literature Review1 Expanded DefinitionIntercultural Communication seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures behave, communicate and perceive the world around them.This also includes areas such as anthropology, cultural studies, psychology, history, art, religion, geography, and communication.These theories can be applied to many fields such as business, management, marketing, advertising, education, health care and other public services.As business becomes more international, many companies need to know how best to structure their companies, manage staff and communicate with customers.Division is to reduce the English hypotactic structure into a certain number of meaningful groups. Look at the following examples.Remarks by US Presidents Bush at Qing Hua University (February22,2002, Beijing )I’m so grateful for the hospitality, and honored for the reception at one of China’s and the world’s great universities.I know how important this place to your Vice President. He not only received his degree here but more importantly, he met his gracious wife here.I want to thank the students for giving me the chance to meet with you, the chance to talk a little bit about me country and answer some of your questions.The students and reputation of this university are known around the world, and I know what an achievement it is to be here. So, congratulations. I don’t know if you know this or not, but my wife and I have daughters who are in college, just like you. One goes to the university of Texas. One goes to Yale. They are twins. And we are proud of our daughters, just like your parents are proud of you, I am sure.This paragraph can be divided into the following sense groups:Thank you for your hospitality. I’m glad to be here.The president Hu was a student in this university.I am proud of my twins daughters just like your parents because the Qinghua universityis a world famous university and is one of the best in China.If you make a division in this way, a long paragraph will be easy to understand and read. 1.1 Culture and CommunicationInitially, Hall and the other anthropologists on the FSI staff taught their trainees about the concept of culture, and about the macro-level details of specific cultures such as their kinship structure and social institutions. The diplomats and development technicians studying at FSIwere underwhelmed by this rather conventional anthropological approach. Hall (1959, p.32) noted: “There seemed to be no ‘practical’value attached to either what the anthropologist did or what he made of his discoveries.”The trainees complained to Hall that what the anthropologists told them about working with the Navajo was of little value to them because the United States did not have an embassy on the Navajo Reservation (Hall, 1959). The FSI trainees insisted that they needed to understand how to communicate effectively with individuals who had a different culture than their own. Hall (1959) concluded: “By and large, it is useless to deal with culture on the meta level.”Hall began to meet every weekday afternoon with George Trager to discuss how to reconceptualize the anthropology curriculum at FSI (Hall, 1992; Sorrells, 1998), thus bringing together linguistic and anthropological perspectives into an intellectual convergence that eventually became known as intercultural communication. Out of their joint work, Hall and Trager (1953) wrote a Foreign Service Institute training manual, The Analysis of Culture, in which they created a 10 by 10 matrix for mapping a given culture along certain dimensions (this matrix is reproduced in Hall’s [1959, pp. 190-191] The Silent Language).Hall trained 2,000 people at the FSI over a five-year period, mainly in batches of 30 to 35. The methods of training were highly participatory and experiential. Hall de-emphasized listening to lectures and reading books as a means of understanding intercultural communication. Hall gained useful classroom examples of intercultural communication from his trainees, many of whom already had extensive international experience. Further insights and teaching examples were obtained by Hall’s travels to visit his former trainees in their overseas assignments. Why did the “intellectual Camelot”for intercultural communication at FSI end in 1955? The Foreign Service Institute was embedded within the U.S. Department of State, with the purpose of training Foreign Service personnel. FSI was one part of a government bureaucracy, and the anthropologists and linguists teaching at FSI had difficulties in dealing with the rest of the U.S. State Department, which was suspicious of the enclave of academics at FSI. Hall (1992, p. 202) remembers that “My message was frequently misunderstood and actively resisted by most of the administrators as well as the members of the Foreign Service.”Eventually, the State Department decided to “clean out the anthropologists”from the Foreign Service Institute. With the departure of Hall and Trager, and others, the brief window of academic creativity that hadflourished at the FSI from 1951 to 1955 closed. The intellectual center of intercultural communication moved elsewhere, eventually (a decade or so later) to university-based departments of communication. One of the most important means of disseminating the elements of the original paradigm for intercultural communication, worked out at the Foreign Service Institute, was via Hall’s (1959) important book, The Silent Language.1.2 Transformation plus ReorderingAfter decomposing the original sentence into several meaningful groups, the transformation and reconstruction can be carried out in the meantime. Because the components of a Chinese sentence are more often interconnected through internal logical relationship instead of by marked linguistic denotations, the sequence of the components that indicates the internal Logic deserves the translator’s cautious consideration. Basing on the given purpose, supple ways and means of journalistic translation are admitted by Skopos theory at lexical levels.All in all, the Skopos theory, put forward by a German, is widely used in the process of translation and widens people’s traditional eye scope on translation method s and brings the debate on translation standards to a high level.To research on translations of news report with the skopos theory primarily aims at providing more details about the great theory in order that everybody could use the theory in their translation practice. This thesis is the very one to provide new perspective to the application of skopos theories to the translations of News report. It aims to make the best use of this theory in the common practice on the genre.2 TranslationsThen transform the sense groups into Chinese counterparts and simultaneously recorder them according to Chinese norms of the sequence of time or the logic. If any of a sentence lost its logic, the sentence could not be made in any case. Consequently at least two steps can be distilled for the conversion from English to Chinese sentences. The important things include division and transformation plus reordering.2.1 Translating English Neologism into ChineseJournalistic neologisms introduce the newly emerging things, phenomena and experience in a vivid way. And their Chinese counterparts are hoped to perform the same function effectively. So the translation of English journalistic neologies must follow the principles of faithfulness andacceptability. Basing on the two principles, there are many methods to neological translation.(1)Translation in a literal way. With the progress of the news, the elements in English and Chinese translation have much in common. When coping with these similarities between two language systems.(2)Free translation：If there is not a complete equivalent in Chinese for an English neology. The translator shoulder adheres to the sense while looking for some other suitable form. This may be referred as free translation.(3)Transliteration: This method is very powerful when there is not counterpart in Chinese for the neologism, especially for people names and terms in various fields. For example, the word ‘Chechen 车臣; koala 考拉; Clone克隆；euthanasia安乐死; cellular phone移动电话; hula hoop呼拉圈; beeper BB机”. The wo rds about news were fron their sounds. When the mere translation sounds is not sufficient for the recipients to understand, it is necessary to add a generic word to the transliterated part to make the Chinese rendition more accurate in meaning.(4)Transference: Transference is to adopt or copy something completely from the source language to the target language without alterations. In the background of the frequent exchanges between the eastern and western cultures nowadays, the English new words have influenced the Chinese lexis substantially. Chinese speakers have come to use the English new words. We can feel the methods from the examples as follows.(1) He works enthusiastically as ever even though he has retired from the leading post. (尽管已退居二线,他的工作热情却丝毫不减).(2) Journalists should firmly object to the payoffs-aimed journalism which deviates from press ethics. (新闻记者应坚决反对有偿新闻,因为它违背了新闻记者的职业道德).2.2 Purposeful Translation of Journalistic SentencesAs we all know that news was formed by sentences and sentences were formed by words. So the sentences were the main part of all the structure of news. The translation of English sentences about news was always show the skill of a translator or an journalist. To translate an expanded simple English sentence into appropriate Chinese. We should first and foremost divide the English sentence into several sense groups, which could be a word, a phrase, a clause, or even a combination of any of them. Then transform the sense groups into Chinese counterparts and simultaneously recorder them according to Chinese norms of the sequence of time or thelogic. If any of a sentence lost its logic, the sentence could not be made in any case. Consequently at least two steps can be distilled for the conversion from English to Chinese sentences. The important things include division and transformation plus reordering.3 Intercultural CommunicationsOver the past four decades the field of intercultural communication has grown mainly within university departments of communication. Dozens of textbooks on intercultural communication have appeared. Throughout the growth of intercultural communication study, Hall’s work has remained influential. Hall and his publications are still highly cited, both within the field of intercultural communication and outside of the field. Hall ranks as the second most-cited intercultural communication author and three of his books are among the most- cited books in intercultural communication, on the basis of the Social Science Citation Index from 1972 to 1998 (Hart, 1999a). Hall was considered the most influential figure in the field of intercultural communication by respondents in a survey of U.S. members of the Society for Intercultural Education, Training andResearch (SIETAR) (Harman and Briggs, 1991). Intercultural Communication in Japan American and Japanese intercultural communication scholars began studying U.S./Japanese communication behavior in the 1970s, stressing the differences in individualism/collectivism, low-context/high-context cultures, self-disclosure, and other values (Condon & Saito, 1974, 1976; Barnlund, 1975). Communication research on American/Japanese interaction, conducted by both U.S. and by Japanese intercultural communication scholars, expanded tremendously in the following decades. Today there are more studies of Japanese/American communication than of intercultural communication between any two other cultures (Ito, 1992). Why? The United States and Japan are the two largest economic powers in the world, and a high volume of trade and personnel interchange occurs between them. Further, several early and influential communication scholars, such as John C. Condon, William B. Gudykunst, and Clifford Clarke had personal life experiences involving Japanese/American communication, which influenced their research and writing about intercultural communication. Condon taught for a dozen years in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s at International Christian University, Tokyo. Gudykunst served at a U.S. Navy base in Japan, in charge of intercultural communication. Clarke, a founder of the Summer Institute in Intercultural Communication at Stanford University (now held annually nearPortland, Oregon), was raised by American missionary parents in Japan. Several important conferences and workshops on intercultural communication were held in Japan, bringing together scholars from the U.S. and Japan to focus on this new, growing field. Condon and Mitsuko Saito, his faculty colleague, organized two important conferences on intercultural communication, held at International ChristianUniversity, out of which books were edited (Condon & Saito, 1974, 1976). While courses in intercultural communication are taught throughout the world today, usually in university departments of communication, in Japan these courses are also offered in university departments of English and schools of business. One reason for the growing popularity of intercultural communication, and for the location of some courses in business schools, is that this field is perceived in Japan as a particularly useful skill for use in international business. The Influence of Hall on Intercultural Communication Edward T. Hall made three major contributions to the field of intercultural communication .Hall’s work made clear the concept of intercultural communication (he had also been one of the first scholars to use this term in the United States), stressing that interaction with non-Japanese people involved more than the mere exchange of words. Cultural systems of beliefs, values, and worldviews were also involved. Until Hall, much emphasis for so-called “internationalization”or “international communication" was placed simply on the mastery of eikaiwa (English conversation). The Japanese public prior to the mid-1960s believed that once an individual learned eikaiwa, that person would be an effective international communicator. Japanese simultaneous interpreters, who knew that much more was involved in achieving competence in dealing with English- speaking people, therefore felt the need to introduce such concepts as intercultural communication. Masao Kunihiro, who had majored in anthropology at the University of Hawaii, took notice of Hall’s work in intercultural communication in order to meet this need. As in the United States, Hall’s work helped scholars to identify the parameters of intercultural communication research and to establish this field by emphasizing the role of culture in communication with people from English-speaking countries. The introduction of Hall’s concept of intercultural communication also brought interdisciplinary perspectives to the issue of Japanese interactions with non- Japanese. The International Christian University conferences included Japanese scholars from various disciplines, including Takeo Doi and ChieNakane。
新闻英语翻译研究文献综述
新闻英语翻译研究文献综述摘要：新闻英语翻译是翻译领域中的一个重要分支之一、它要求翻译人员在忠实传达原文信息的同时，要注意适应目标文化的语言和沟通风格。
本文综述了近年来新闻英语翻译研究领域的一些重要文献，主要介绍了新闻英语翻译的难点和技巧，并提出了一些关键性的研究方向。
1.引言新闻英语翻译是一项挑战性工作，要求翻译人员在忠实传达新闻信息的同时，要有高度的语言敏感性和文化适应能力。
随着互联网和全球化时代的到来，新闻英语翻译的重要性越来越突出，因此对这一领域的研究也越来越多。
本文综述了近年来新闻英语翻译研究领域的一些重要文献，讨论了新闻英语翻译的难点和技巧，并提出了一些关键性的研究方向。
2.新闻英语翻译的难点3.新闻英语翻译的技巧新闻英语翻译的技巧包括简化与增补、逆向译法、语气与逻辑等方面。
首先，在新闻英语翻译中，简化与增补是常用的翻译技巧。
翻译人员可以根据目标读者的阅读习惯和文化背景，对原文进行必要的简化或增补，以提高译文的可读性和传达力。
其次，逆向译法是一种常用的技巧，即先翻译后文再翻译前文。
这种方法可以帮助翻译人员更好地把握文章的整体结构和内容。
此外，语气和逻辑也是重要的技巧。
翻译人员需要注意保持原文的语气，并确保译文的逻辑结构准确清晰。
4.新闻英语翻译的研究方向新闻英语翻译的研究方向主要包括新闻翻译理论、翻译策略和技术应用等方面。
首先，新闻翻译理论的研究是这一领域的基础。
研究者可以通过对新闻英语翻译历史和实践的分析，总结出一些适用于新闻翻译的理论模式和方法。
其次，翻译策略的研究可以帮助翻译人员更好地解决新闻翻译中的难题。
研究者可以根据不同的语言风格、文化差异和传播目的，提出适用于新闻翻译的实际策略。
最后，技术应用的研究可以通过计算机辅助翻译系统等工具，提高新闻英语翻译的效率和质量。
总结：新闻英语翻译是翻译领域中的一个重要分支，它要求翻译人员在忠实传达原文信息的同时，注意适应目标文化的语言和沟通风格。
译文献综述
译文献综述目前，电子科技的飞速发展使得科技翻译变得愈发重要。
翻译文献综述作为一种对相关研究的综合概述，无疑为各领域的研究者提供了极大的帮助。
本文将对翻译文献综述的定义、特点以及编写方法进行详细探讨，并对其在科学研究中的重要性进行分析。
首先，翻译文献综述是指通过对多篇相关研究文献进行解读和总结，提供对该领域研究进展的全面概述的一种文书形式。
其特点在于对研究方法、数据和结果进行综合分析和评价，从而得出结论和提出建议。
这种文献形式适用于各种学科领域的研究者，并且在学术研究发表中有着重要地位。
编写翻译文献综述的方法有许多种，但核心的思路是确定一个明确的研究主题，并根据该主题进行文献检索和筛选。
在检索文献时，可以利用学术数据库和图书馆的资源，通过关键词检索相关论文。
筛选文献时需要根据研究目标和可靠性进行判断，选择与研究主题相关且研究方法可靠的文献进行综合分析。
接下来，对选定的文献进行阅读和理解，并将其关键信息进行提炼和总结。
最后，根据综合分析的结果撰写文献综述，并注意确保逻辑流畅、清晰明了。
翻译文献综述在科学研究中具有重要的价值。
首先，它能够为后续研究提供一个背景和基础，使研究者能够了解该领域的最新进展和存在的问题。
其次，通过对多篇文献的综合分析，研究者可以从中总结出规律和趋势，为自身的研究提供有益的指导。
再次，翻译文献综述有助于发现研究中的不足和局限性，并提出未来研究的方向和改进措施。
此外，它还可以为学术界和决策者提供相关领域的科学依据，推动科技创新和进步。
然而，编写翻译文献综述也存在一些挑战。
首先，文献检索和筛选的过程需要耗费大量的时间和精力。
由于科技信息的爆炸性增长，研究者需要耐心地阅读和理解大量文献，以确保选择准确和可靠的文献。
其次，文献综述需要对不同的研究方法和结果进行比较和分析，这需要研究者具备扎实的研究背景和专业知识。
最后，撰写文献综述需要具备较强的逻辑思维和表达能力，以确保文章的结构清晰、论证有力。
研究生学术英语翻译1
Deciding on a topic决定一个主题As a college student of science and technology,you are often required to write a literature review about a certain topic,or a 1500-word term paper.In either case,the writing is a complex process which involves choosing a topic,searching for relevant materials,and compiling a reference list.Hence the first thing you need to do is to choose a research topic.作为一个研究科学技术学生，你通常需要写一个关于某一主题的文献综述，或一个1500字的论文。
不管是哪种，写作都是一个复杂的过程，涉及选题，查找资料，编写参考清单。
因此，你首先需要做的是选择一个研究课题。
A topic is what the essay or research paper is about.Choosing a topic for your literature review or research paper requires careful consideration.A topic that is too specialized or the general may bring many problems in terms of the time you can devote to the research or the sources of information available on the topic.How do you choose a topic which is possible to research?There are four principles:主题就是文章或研究论文是与什么有关的。
翻译过程理论文献综述
翻译过程理论的文献综述华北电力大学研英1222班 XXX翻译是一项历史悠久的活动，人们对翻译的思考同样也有着悠久的历史，几乎是伴随着翻译活动的产生而产生。
在很长的历史时期内，人们认为，翻译的话题一直都是翻译家的事。
而翻译家主要把精力都集中在翻译的实践上，因此在讨论翻译的时候，总是局限在操作技术层面上，纠结于是该直译还是意译。
随着人类社会的发展进步，人们对翻译的思考也逐步加深。
近几个世纪以来，人们纷纷结合自己的研究专业，从不同的角度去研究翻译活动，进而提出了不少具有深刻意义的研究理论。
笔者查询了近几个世纪以来中外极具代表性的翻译过程理论家25人，其中中国的有3人，外国的有22人。
根据专家学者较为普遍的研究分类方法，把这些翻译理论家提出的林林总总的翻译理论，进行了梳理归类。
其中包括有语文学派、语言学派、功能主义学派、认知学派、描写学派、文化学派、哲学取向派、实证研究学派、艺术学派以及释义学派。
语文学派语文学派的代表人物有三个：德莱顿、泰特勒和赛弗瑞。
德莱顿：诗歌翻译三分法约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden）（1631-1700），在英国被封为"桂冠诗人约翰·德莱顿是英国古典主义时期重要的批评家和戏剧家。
他在《翻译的三种类型》一文中提出了诗歌翻译的三个术语，分别是逐字译、释译和拟作。
泰特勒：翻译三原则泰特勒（A·F·Tytler），英国人，翻译家。
他于1790年著《论翻译的原理》一书,提出了著名的翻译三原则：第一，译文应完全复写出原作的思想。
第二，译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同。
第三，译文与原作同样流畅。
赛弗瑞：翻译要体现作品风格赛弗瑞在谈及翻译艺术时谈到:“风格是作品的基本特征，是作者个性和当时情感的产物。
文章的任何段落，无不在一定程度上显现作者的风格。
作者如此，译者亦然。
作者的风格，或自然形成，或借用模仿，决定了他的选词用字……译者只有在供选择的词语中做出取舍。
文献综述和外文翻译
二、发展趋势
近年来，政府转型和政府角色定位成为我国学术界探讨的重点，而与此同时社会问题的频发也为政府执政提出更为严峻的考验。由西方发端的公共治理理论在政府与社会关系的讨论方面为政府职能改革提供了新的参考，现在及今后一段时期内将对政府角色定位产生深刻影响。
三、存在问题
公共治理理论在我国发展时间不久，虽然很多学者对其进行了研究与论述，但是普遍的社会认知尚未达到。我国目前正处于社会转型的关键时期，贫富差距拉大趋势明显，人民内部矛盾凸显，虽然我国政府一直在寻求很好的解决这些问题，但是收效甚微。公共治理理论可以为转型期我国政府角色定位提供理论参考，但是具体结合仍是问题根结所在，本文力图找到两者的结合点并提出建议。
Another strain on the traditional conception of governing arises from changes in the relationship between government and the private sector. At the extreme it is argued that "governance without government" is becoming the dominant pattern of management for advanced industrial democracies (Rhodes 1997).Other characterizations include "hollow" states and governments(Peters 1993; Rhodes 1994) and "negotiated" states and economies (Nielsen and Pedersen 1990). In all these depictions of changing patterns of government, it is argued that societal actor have become influential over policy and administration and have done so in waysthat were unimaginable in earlier times. Government is seen as weakened and as incapable of "steering" as it had in the past. The traditional concept of government as a controlling and regulating organization for society is argued to be outmoded (Bekke, Kickert, and Kooiman 1995).
外文翻译文献综述
齿轮传动多轴头应用与设计
1.齿轮传动多轴头应用 2.齿轮传动多轴头的总体设计 齿轮传动多轴头加工机床的组成 机床的选择 联接部件和传动部件的结构 导向部件 多轴头加工的夹具
齿轮传动多轴头应用与设计
3.齿轮传动多轴头设计 齿轮传动多轴头组成 齿轮传动多轴头的设计步骤 齿轮传动多轴头的传动系统设计计算 4.机床夹具设计 机床夹具的作用 机床夹具的分类 专用夹具的组成 钻床夹具 钻床夹具的设计要点
文献综述的写作要求
文献综述的结论 文献研究的结论，概括指出自己对该课题的研 究意见，存在的不同意见和有待解决的问题等 文献综述的附录 列出参考文献，说明文献综述所依据的资料， 增加综述的可信度，便于读者进一步检索。 文献综述要文字简洁，围绕课题研究的“问 题”，尽量避免大量引用原文，要用自己的语 言把作者的观点说清楚，从原始文献中得出一 般性结论。
机械加工工艺与工装设计
1.工艺和工装设计介绍 2.生产过程与工艺过程: 3.工艺过程的组成: 4.机械加工工艺规程及其作用: 5.齿轮的材料、热处理和毛坯 6.齿轮轮齿的加工方法 7.圆柱齿轮加工工艺和常用工艺装备 8.光滑尺寸的检查及量具设计
箱体零件加工工艺
.1.结构特点及技术要求 2.毛坯和材料的选择 3.加工工艺的设计 1）.加工顺序安排 2）.定位基准的选择 3）.主要表面的加工方法 4）.孔系加工
文献综述的写作要求
文献综述的基本特征： 1. 综合性 （对某一时期同一课题的所有主要研究 成果的综合概括） 2. 描述性 （对被介绍的观点作客观性的描述） 3. 评价性 （表明自己的观点和主张。“述”与 “评’）
英语文献综述读写教程
英语文献综述读写教程一、文献综述定义文献综述是学术研究的重要组成部分，是对某一主题或领域已有的研究成果进行系统梳理、评价和整合的过程。
通过文献综述，可以了解研究领域的发展动态、研究现状和研究空白，为进一步的研究提供基础和指引。
二、文献选择与筛选在撰写文献综述时，选择和筛选合适的文献是至关重要的。
应根据研究主题和目的，确定文献的范围和类型。
常用的文献来源包括学术期刊、会议论文、书籍、学位论文等。
在筛选文献时，应注重选择具有代表性、权威性和时效性的文献，以确保综述的准确性和可靠性。
三、文献阅读与笔记阅读文献是撰写文献综述的基础。
在阅读过程中，应注重理解文献的主要观点、研究方法和结论，并做好笔记。
笔记应包括文献的基本信息、主要观点、研究方法和结论等，以便在综述中进行引用和整合。
同时，应注意总结和归纳不同文献之间的联系和区别，以便更好地进行综合和分析。
四、文献综合与分析在完成文献阅读和笔记的基础上，应对所收集的文献进行综合和分析。
综合应注重梳理不同文献之间的联系和演化，分析应注重探讨研究领域的现状、问题和未来发展方向。
在综合和分析过程中，应采用合适的分类和归纳方法，以便更好地呈现综述的结构和逻辑。
五、文献评价与引用在撰写文献综述时，应对所引用的文献进行评价和引用。
评价应基于文献的质量、创新性和实用性等方面进行，引用应遵循学术规范和引用格式的要求。
同时，应注意保护原作者的权益，合理使用引文和参考文献。
六、综述写作技巧撰写文献综述需要掌握一定的写作技巧。
首先，应明确综述的目的和结构，合理安排内容，确保条理清晰、逻辑严密。
其次，应注重语言的准确性和简洁性，避免出现语法错误和冗余表达。
此外，应适当使用标题、段落和列表等形式来呈现内容，以提高读者的阅读体验。
最后，应对综述进行反复修改和完善，确保内容的完整性和准确性。
七、学术规范与伦理撰写文献综述时应遵循学术规范与伦理。
首先，应尊重原作者的权益，合理使用引文和参考文献。
新闻词汇翻译方法研究
新闻词汇翻译方法研究【摘要】本文旨在探讨新闻词汇翻译方法的研究现状及未来展望。
在介绍了研究背景、研究目的和研究意义。
在首先介绍了语言翻译方法的概念及分类，接着分析了新闻词汇翻译方法的现状，并探讨了基于语料库、机器学习以及人工智能的新闻词汇翻译方法。
结论部分总结了新闻词汇翻译方法研究的启示，展望了未来研究方向，并对全文内容进行了总结。
本文将有助于进一步完善新闻领域的词汇翻译方法，提升跨语言交流的效率和准确性。
【关键词】新闻词汇翻译方法研究、语言翻译、语料库、机器学习、人工智能、新闻报道、研究背景、研究目的、研究意义、启示、未来研究、结论总结1. 引言1.1 研究背景在当今社会，随着全球化的发展和信息交流的增加，新闻报道在跨文化传播中扮演着重要的角色。
由于不同语言和文化之间存在着巨大差异，新闻词汇的翻译成为了一个关键问题。
准确翻译新闻词汇不仅有助于确保信息准确传达，还可以提高新闻报道的质量和可信度。
对新闻词汇翻译方法进行研究，具有重要意义。
目前，随着计算机技术的不断进步和人工智能的发展，翻译技术也在不断创新和完善。
各种翻译方法如基于语料库、机器学习和人工智能等已经被广泛应用于新闻领域。
针对新闻词汇的翻译方法仍存在一些挑战和问题，如如何解决新闻词汇的特殊性和语言的多义性等。
本研究旨在探讨不同新闻词汇翻译方法的优缺点，对比它们的适用情况，以期为新闻报道的跨文化传播提供更有效的翻译方法。
通过对新闻词汇翻译方法的研究，有助于提高新闻报道的质量和传播效果，促进不同文化之间的交流与理解。
1.2 研究目的研究目的：本文旨在探讨新闻词汇翻译方法的研究现状及发展趋势，以提高新闻翻译的准确性和效率。
具体目的包括：一是系统总结和整理现有的语言翻译方法及其在新闻领域的应用情况，为后续研究提供参考和借鉴；二是分析基于语料库、机器学习和人工智能等不同技术手段在新闻词汇翻译中的应用效果和局限性，从而探讨新的翻译策略和方法；三是探讨新闻词汇翻译方法研究对翻译理论和实践的启示，推动新闻翻译领域的发展和进步。
新闻英语中被动句的翻译【文献综述】
文献综述英语新闻英语中被动句的翻译一、前言部分（说明写作的目的，介绍有关概念，扼要说明有关主题争论焦点）英语和汉语两种语言当中都有被动句。
但两者不同的是英语中比较广泛的使用被动句，而汉语则较少使用被动句。
我们汉语中的被动句是靠被动词来实现的。
如，我的手被蚊子咬了一个包；我的书被谁拿走了等。
而英语中的被动句是靠英语动词本身的变位来实现的。
像我们刚刚接触英语当中的动词时，我们都会背英语动词的时态，如过去式，被动式等。
汉语的被式是靠意思，而英语的被动式是靠动词的形态。
那英语当中被动句的广泛应用必然有他的道理。
在不说出主动者或不想提出主动者的情况下，使用被动句让整个句子不带有感情色彩，简洁明了，把被动语态想要表达的问题放在主语的位置上，引起共鸣。
在英语新闻中一般传达的是事实，让人们能从简短的文字当中快速的了解作者的意图。
所以用被动句，把客观事实把在主语的位置上，能突出主题。
如为被动句（Passive），简单来说就是把我们的宾语放在了主语的位置上，而把主语作为动作的发出者放在了句子的后面。
而有的时候发出动作的主语并没有出现在句子当中，而是在句子表达的意思的画面之外。
那什么时候比较容易出现被动句呢？根据Biter的研究发现，英语被动句在学术文章及新闻报导和科技文章中极为常见，而在会话体小说与会话中却不多见。
那我们又如何正确理解英语新闻中被动句的翻译呢？首先，英语新闻中被动句的功能。
被动句的语用功能之一就是表达礼貌或委婉之意，特别是在言者或作者通过不想提及的人或物时，被动句的这种优势就会非常明显。
而有时为了使表达更加鲜明语义连贯，也加强了被动句的使用。
其次在是语境上，被动句的使用往往也会受上下文的影响。
有的时候为了尽量避免句子中途改变主语造成的句子不连贯，而不得不用被动句。
要某些时候文章当中没有必要多次重复时，也不得不使用被动句。
再次，就是语体的使用上。
一般来说主动句的使用频率高于被动句，但要是在不同的语体中也会出现被动句比主动句用的多的情况。
翻译过程研究文献综述
翻译过程研究文献综述
陶然
【期刊名称】《金陵科技学院学报（社会科学版）》
【年(卷),期】2012(026)004
【摘要】简要介绍了翻译过程研究的背景，指出翻译过程研究是描述性翻译研究
的最重要组成部分，它包括理论性研究和实证性研究。
基于这个简单的划分，对理论性研究中具有代表性的三个研究做了文献综述，并在此基础上对三个理论进行分析和比较。
在对实证性研究的综述中，主要概述了研究对象和研究类型。
最后指出，如果能够把翻译理论研究和近年逐渐兴起的利用有声思维法（TAPs）开展的翻译
实证研究结合起来，将是更好的研究翻译过程的途径。
【总页数】6页(P84-89)
【作者】陶然
【作者单位】金陵科技学院外国语学院,江苏南京211169
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】H315.9
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2.基于“翻译守恒定律”的翻译过程研究
3.在纽马克翻译理论指导下的翻译过程研究——以翻译《Life in a Violin Case(活在琴匣中)》为例
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新闻英语翻译研究文献综述新闻英语，即“新闻报道文章中所使用的英语,具有新闻特性、适合新闻报道要求、适应新闻信息传播需要的语言”（张建，2004），成为了对外宣传的重要工具，特别是进入新世纪以来，对新闻翻译这一领域的关注日益增强，近年来，我国学者关于这方面的研究也逐渐逐渐多元化，从现有文献来看，主要集中在新闻本身的文体特点及翻译方法、新闻翻译理论、新闻翻译原则等方面。
1 新闻文体特点及翻译方法的研究文献综述徐泉、王婷（2001）总结出新闻文体的如下特点：1.用词新颖，精巧别致；2.句式多样富于弹性；3.巧用时态，布局呼应；4.频繁使用被动语态，重点突出；5.结构合理层次分明；6.善用修辞，讲求效果。
就语法层面的翻译而言,李侠（2004）分析了英语新闻句子的四大特点：1.信息量大；2.结构简单； 3.语法手段丰富；4.名词修饰语前置。
李认为在翻译英语新闻时,必须遵循汉英两种语言的规律和使用习惯,努力增强译作的准确性和可读性,并提出了英语新闻句子汉译的3种方法: 1.化长为短； 2.调整句子中各部分的顺序与敢减敢删；3.使用四字格结构。
曾尼（2010）从新闻英语的标题、词汇和时态及语态的角度，论述了新闻英语的一些文体特征。
比如，由于报刊篇幅有限，新闻事件在语法方面的一个重要特点就是句型的高度扩展，结构严谨，句式简短精练，语言简洁是受人们称赞并为人们所追求的风格。
郑连勋、郑堃（2011）认为新闻英语的问题与其他形式的新闻问题相同，拥有许多属于自己的独特语言。
在理解其用词特点的基础上面，代词、复合词、外来词等应用方式，也是新闻英语用词方面的关键，从英语新闻报道展开分析，以借代词、引申词、复合词、外来词、小词语缩略词、临时造词等方面为例探讨了英语新闻当中的用词特点。
不少学者就这些文体特点的翻译进行了单项阐述。
王治江（2001）提出了新闻外来词语音译中应注意的原则，即人名和地名中翻译要统一，不仅要译出指称意义，还要译出联想意义，但要避免产生贬义联想。
范晓航（2003）认为在外文报刊翻译中运用短小精悍的汉语四字格可使译文笔墨经济,以少胜多,也可使译文整齐匀称、韵律感强。
肖爱萍（2004）分析了英文报刊中复合词的特点并提供了直译、意译和重组三种翻译方法。
龙江华（2005）采用随机抽样及处理得出了新闻英语文体中被动语态出现频率在各类文体中最高的结论。
认为被动语态同时具有缓和语气、强调动作承受者,使语篇话语衔接和连贯的作用。
他较系统地归纳出了依据具体语境对新闻英语中被动语态进行翻译的方法:1.译成汉语中的被字句；2.译成汉语中有标志的被动句,运用“受、挨、遭、给、由、让、加以、予以、得到、受到、是”的对等词来代替“被”字；3.译成无标志的被动句；4.译成汉语的主动句。
还有学者从新闻英语修辞手法角度进行研究。
田传茂、许明武（2001）对报刊科技英语中积极修辞(隐喻、移就、夸张、拟人)的作用和翻译方法进行了详细探讨。
胡光（2004）对英汉两种语言中比喻的喻体形象进行了比较在此基础上提出了新闻英语汉译时对喻体现象的处理方法:1.保留喻体二2.替换喻体;3.省略喻体。
此外，在新闻写作中,标点符号有其独特功能。
但在报刊新闻英语翻译中，人们往往忽略标点符号在行文表意方面的重要作用。
为此,马芜、田小勇（2003）探讨了新闻英语中出现频率较高的3种标点符号即逗号、冒号和破折号的正确理解与翻译。
在英语新闻中，标题被视作全文的缩写。
为了吸引读者，编辑往往运用各种修辞手段,力争使新闻标题更具吸引力。
这为英语新闻翻译带来挑战。
鉴于此,有关新闻标题翻译的文章占了20%的高额比例。
唐见端（2005）认为为了把原标题的意义和风格以汉语形式再现出来,在翻译过程中必须采取以下翻译方法：1.直译或基本直译新闻标题；2.翻译中添加注释性词语；3.尽量再现原文修辞特点；4.采用翻译权衡手法(增加词语使意义完整;套用中外诗词熟句)。
这篇文章较为全面地总结了新闻标题翻译的方法，但更值得关注的是它发表于《新闻记者》这一新闻类的核心期刊,体现了新闻翻译的跨学科研究性质。
2. 新闻翻译理论的研究文献综述对新闻翻译理论的研究，主要有目的论理论、功能对等理论、关联理论、文化学派翻译理论、主述位理论和互文性理论等。
（1）目的论翻译目的论(skopostheory)是由德国译论家汉斯.弗米尔发展起来的翻译理论模式。
根据目的论,所有翻译应遵循三个法则:目的性法则,连贯性法则以及忠实性法则(李文革,2004)。
目的法则是最高法则，连贯法则和忠实法则从属与目的法则。
目的论摆脱了传统的以源语为翻译出发点的方法，认为翻译策略的选择当以译文的目的为指导，充分考虑译文读者的阅读习惯，选择合适的翻译方法。
肖燕(2011) 以目的论为切入点来探讨新闻英语的翻译。
刘江伟（2009）以目的论作为理论支撑，以目的论的四个原则作为指导，分析了英语体育新闻报道的汉译。
（2）功能对等理论功能对等理论由著名翻译理论家尤金·A·奈达（Eugene Nida）提出。
所谓动态对等翻译，是指从语义到语体在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语信息。
所谓“功能对等”，本质就是找出与源语言联系最紧密、表达最自然的符合译语表达习惯,并能在译语读者身上引起与源语言读者反应基本一致的翻译，即翻译时不求文字表面的死板对应，而要在两种语言间达成功能上的对等。
王慧娟（2008）奈达的功能对等理论作为新闻英语翻译的原则，说明了新闻英语的词汇翻译、句子翻译、修辞及语篇翻译实现功能对等是切实可行的。
张艺苑（2010）从功能派翻译理论的视角出发，具体分析了新闻英语的汉译中常见的翻译策略，如增益，省略，重组，归化等，提出新闻英语的汉译中由上至下的四大步骤，即，建立明确的翻译纲要，源语文本分析，采用自上而下的翻译方法和实现功能充分性。
冯小瑞（2010）通过分析新闻英语特征，利用奈达的功能对等翻译理论来探寻网络新闻英语翻译的有效方法。
刘彬（2012）也以奈达的功能对等理论为理论依据,探讨了新闻英语翻译的有效策略。
张立峰(2011) 以奈达的功能对等理论为基础, 探讨了时事新闻英语翻译的策略及方法。
（3）关联理论Sperber和Wilson从认知科学的角度对语言交际进行了尝试性的探讨，提出了有影响的关联理论，将语用学的研究重点转移到认知理论上去，在西方又被称为“认知语用学”。
赵彦春（1999）以关联理论为工具证伪了翻译理论界的两个超级酶母：不可译性和对等原则，由此佐证了关联翻译的合理性和解释力。
龙江华(2006)把互文性理论引入新闻英语语篇风格的翻译研究,认为新闻英语译者应将原新闻英语语篇的风格、原新闻记者的风格以及同类汉语新闻的风格融合起来,力求使译文的风格做到恰如其分。
（4）主述位理论主述位理论是功能语言学的一个重要概念。
主位是各级话语单位表述的出发点,是交际中的已知信息；述位是用来说明主位的,一般是新信息,是交际中未知的内容。
新闻报道的主要社会职能是把有报道价值的事件尽快报道出来,它侧重于语言的信息和劝说功能。
新闻报道的功能就是把最新的信息传递给公众,而主述位理论则是以语言在语篇结构中的信息分布为研究对象的一种理论探讨,将主述理论运用于新闻英语的翻译中,可以最大限度地提高翻译的准确性,实现交际和信息传递的目的。
黄振宇，刘蓓（2004）通过对主述位理论及主位推进模式的阐述和对新闻英语语篇结构的分析,初步探讨了主述位理论在新闻英语翻译中的制约作用。
（5）互文性理论互文性理论是西方结构主义和后结构主义文化思潮中产生的一种文本理论，这一理论最早由法国理论家克里斯蒂娃在阐述巴赫金的复调文本思想时提出，她认为任何篇章都是对其它篇章的吸收和转化，独创的文学作品是不存在的；今天互文性理论得到了很大的发展，其不仅运用于文学作品中，在非文学作品中也得到了广泛的应用。
刘永亮（2008）从互文性的视角对新闻英语及其翻译进行分析、阐释作者对新闻英语从两个视角进行了互文性阐释。
3.新闻翻译原则的研究文献综述学者严复于一百多年前在其翻译的《天演论》卷首“译例言”中提出“信、达、雅”的标准作为“译事措模”。
新闻报道的目的性、时效性、事实性和不同语言和文化的差异性使得新闻翻译具有自身的特点。
因此,新闻翻译不可能完全遵循传统的“信、达、雅”的翻译标准。
新闻翻译应该采取哪些翻译准则、遵循哪些翻译标准，一直众说纷纭。
陈明瑶（2001）提出了新闻翻译中导语等值的翻译标准,所谓翻译等值就是保持源语与目的语的信息对等。
她认为导语等值翻译的前提是正确对导语进行分类,然后根据具体分类采取不同翻译方法。
“信”和“达”是关键，“雅”是补充。
具体而言,如果是概括性导语，从句重叠，则需要译者进行分析调整，忠实原文，简明达意。
如果是原因方式导语,则需要强调关联词、强调主从关系、强调逻辑关联。
如果是延缓性导语，可以采取适当的文学加工，以在求“信”、求“达”的前提下求“雅”。
如果是引语式导语，则要十分重视说话人的言语特点、语境、语气等。
郜书锴（2003）从新闻学角度总结出新闻标题的三大功能：1.提炼内容；2.美化版面；3.吸引读者。
他还进一步提出了英语新闻标题翻译准则：1.准确理解标题，用词力求精炼；2.把握原题含义，照顾译题特点；3.传播积极信息，维护民族感情；4.恰当运用修辞，体现标题魅力。
导语是新闻的一个重要结构,是信息集中的热点，但其形式各异。
吴自选（2004）结合自己担任天津电视台向CNN选送新闻短片英译工作的实践,以大量实例从文化差异、原稿质量和电视新闻广播的特殊要求三方面,对“信”的标准提出了质疑。
认为为了实现预期的、较为理想的对外传播效果,电视新闻译者常常不得不“背叛”原文(不仅是抛开原文的字面，而且往往要脱离原文的意义与风格)。
庄起敏（2005）用实例论证了在新闻词汇翻译中坚持功能对等原则的必要性。
新闻英语翻译不仅是翻译研究者研究的课题，也是新闻工作者关注的对象之一。