2015中南大学考博英语经典阅读：An educationin finance
(完整版)复旦大学2015年考博英语试题回忆版整理
2015年考博单选：有少部分原题（出自曾建彬《研究生英语》《研究生高级英语》）阅读理解：第一篇：Education is one of the key words of our time. A man without an education, most of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances, deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities. Convinced of the importance of education, modern states "invest" in institutions of learning to get back "interest" in the form. of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders. Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, punctuated by textbooks—that purchasable wells of wisdom—what would civilization be like without its benefits?So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and births—but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on "facts and figures" and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and the capacity of a man is to get along with his fellow-citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form. of "college" imaginable. Among tribal people all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe so thatin this respect every- body is equipped for life.It is the ideal condition of the "equal start" which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to regain. In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all. There are no "illiterates"—if the term can be applied to peoples without a script—while our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England in 1876, and is still non-existent in a number of "civilized" nations. This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the "happy few" during the past centuries.Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry, which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parents' and therefore the jungles and the savannahs know of no "juvenile delinquency". No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to "buy" an education for his child. (选自新概念)第二篇：关于在Internet site上挂条幅广告销售商品的。
2015年南京师范大学考博英语真题--翻译
汉译英原题：学问是自己的事，不能依靠别人的。
环境好，图书设备充足，有良师益友直到启发，当然有很大的帮助，但是这些条件具备，也不一定能保证一个人在学问上就有成就。
时间也有不少在学问上有成就的人，并不具备这些条件。
最重要的因素，还是个人自己的努力。
求学是一件苦难的事，许多人不能忍受那必经的艰苦，所以不能得到成功。
参考译文：Learing is one's own business, which cannot rely upon others. It will certainly be of great help, if there are good environments, sufficient books and equipment, as well as instructions and enlightments from scholarly mentors and beneficial friends. But even if you have got all these favorabl e conditions, you cannot be sure to succeed in l earning, for not a few peopl e who have been successful in l earning are not armed with all these things. The most important factor consists in one's own effort. To l earn is rather a painstaking and persevering business. Many a man is a failure because he cannot bear such indispensabl e hardships.英译汉原题：What I wish for all stud ents is some release from the grim grip of the future. I wish them a chance to enjoy each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a tiresome requirement in preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to l earn that d efeat is as educational as victory and is not the end of the world.My wish, of course, is naive. One of the few rights that America d oes not proclaim is the right to fail. Achievement is the national god, worshipped in our media —the million-d ollar athlete, the wealthy executive — and gl orified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.参考译文：我希望于所有学生的是从未来的严酷无情中得到一些解脱.我希望他们有机会把他们每一阶段的教育纯粹作为一种经历来享受,而不是作为一种为下一步作准备的令人厌倦的需要.我希望他们有权利试验、跌跤,并懂得失败如同胜利一样具有教育意义,失败并不是世界的末日.当然,我的希望是天真的.在美国人不赞扬的为数不多的权利之中,有一个便是失败的权利.成就是民族之神,它在我们的媒体中受到崇拜—身价百万的运动员,富有的主管人员—在我们对财富的赞美中得到荣耀.年轻人就是在这样一种强有力的国教熏陶下长大的.。
2015年全国医学博士入学统一考试英语真题及答案解析
2015年全国医学博士入学统一考试英语真题及答案解析Part I: Listening comprehension(略)Part II: Vocabulary(10%)Section ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four word or phrases marked A,B,C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word the word or phrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31. Despite his doctor’s note of caution, he never____from dring and smorking.A. retainedB. dissuadedC. alleviatedD. abstained32. people with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of personal stereos with headsets is likely to____their hearing.A. rehabilitateB. jeopardizeC. tranquilizeD. supplement33. impartial observers had to acknowledge that lack of formal education did not seem to____larry in any way in his success.A. refuteB. ratifyC. facilitateD. impede34. when the supporting finds were reduced, they should have revised their plan______.A. accordinglyB. alternativelyC. considerablyD. relatively35. it is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classical music can_____ future adults with appreciation of music.A. acquaintB. familiarizedC. endowD. amuse36. if the gain of profit is solely due to rising energy prices, then inflation should be subsided when energy prices_____A. level outB. stand outC. come offD. wear off37. heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate_____ from qualified medical personnel.A. prescriptionB. palpationC. interventionD. interposition38. asbestos exposure results in Mesothelioma, asbestosis and internal organ cancers, and_____ of these diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.A. offsetB. intakeC. outletD. onset39. ebola, which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine,______ and semen, can kill up to 90% of those infected.A. salineB. salivaC. scabiesD. scrabs40. the newly designed system is ____ to genetic transfections, and enables an incubation period for studying various genes.A. comparableB. transmissibleC. translatableD. amenable Section BDirections: each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it issubstituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41. every year more than 1000 patients in Britain die on transplant waiting lists, prompting scientists to consider other ways to produce organs.A. propellingB. prolongingC. puzzlingD. promising42. improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients, but there is still a serious stigma attached to AIDS.A. disgraceB. discriminationC. harassmentD. segregation43. surviviors of the shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered to zero by their physical lassitude.A. depletionB. dehydrationC. exhaustionD. handicap44. scientists have invented a 3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carved stone, a method that may apply to other areas such as medicine.A. negativeB. confusingC. eloquentD. indistinct45. top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coach to extract lessons from them, but they are never distracted from long-term goals.A. anticipateB. clarifyC. examineD. verify46. his imperative tone of voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.A. challengingB. solemnC. hostileD. demanding47. the discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the European Union may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.A. erasedB. triggeredC. shadowedD. suspended48. faster increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger, so that higher prices fuel demand rather than quench it.A. nurtureB. eliminateC. assimilateD. puncture49. some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previously inaccessible places and in unprecedented detail.A. unpredictableB. unconventionalC. unparalleledD. unexpected50. a veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating touchy situation.A. estimatingB. handlingC. rectifyingD. anticipatingPart III Cloze(10%)Direction: in this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.A mother who is suffering from cancer can pass on the disease to her unborn child in extremely rare cases 51 a new case report published in PNAS this week.According to researchers in Japan and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Sutton, UK, a Japanese mother had been diagnosed with leukemia a few weeks after giving birth 52 tumors were discovered in her daughter’s cheek and lung when she was 11 months old. Genetic analysis showed that the baby’s cancer cells had the same mutation as the cancer cellsof the mother. But the cancer cells contained no DNA whatsoever from the father 53 would be expected if she had inherited the cancer from conception. That suggests the cancer cell made it into the unborn child’s body across the placental barrier.The Guardian claimed this to be the fires 54 case of cells crossing the placental barrier. But this is not the case----microchimerism 55 cells are exchanged between a mother and her unborn child, is thought to be quite common, with some cells thought to pass from fetus to mother in about 50 to 70 percent of cases and to go the other way about half,56.As the BBC pointed out, the greater 57 in cancer transmission from mother to fetus had been how cancer cells that have slipped through the placental barrier could survive in the fetus without being killed by its immune system. The answer, in this case at least, lies in a second mutation of the cancer cells, which led to the 58 of the specific features that would have allowed the fetal immune system to detect the cells as foreign. As a result, no attack against the invaders was launched.59, according to the researchers there is little reason for concern of “cancer danger”. Only 17 probable cases have been reported worldwide and the combined 60 of cancer cells both passing the placental barrier and having the right mutation to evade the baby’s immune system is extremely low.51. A. suggests B. suggesting C. having suggested D. suggested52. A. since B. although C. whereas D. when53. A. what B. whom C. who D. as54. A. predicted B. notorious C. proven D. detailed55. A. where B. when C. if D. whatever56. A. as many B. as much C. as well D. as often57. A. threat B. puzzle C. obstacle D. dilemma58. A. detection B. deletion C. amplification D. addition59. A. therefore B. furthermore C. nevertheless D. conclusively60. A. likelihood B. function C. influence D. flexibilityPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Directions: in this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneThe American Society of Clinical Oncology wrapped its annual conference this week, going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review, including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish byhalf.First of all, it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the main cost-effective one-size-first-all approach to drug development and embracing the long cancer treatments, engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group.Pfizer announced that one such drug it’s pushing into late-stage testing is target for 4% of lung cancer patients. But more than 90% of that tiny cohort responded to the drug initial tests, and 9 out of ten is getting pretty close to the ideal ten out of ten. By gearing toward more boutique treatments rather than broad umbrella pharmaceuticals that try to fit for everyone it seems cancer researchers are making some headway. But how can we close the gap on that remaining ten percent?Ask Takeda Pharmaceutical and Celgene, two drug makers who put aside competitive interests to test a novel combination of their treatments. In a test of 66 patients with the blood disease multiple myeloma, a full 100 percent response to a cancer drug(or in this case a drug cocktail) is more or less unheard of. Moreover, this combination never would’ve been two competing companies hadn’t sat down and put their heads together.Are there more potentially effective drug combos out there separated by competitive interest and proprietary information? Who’s to say, but it seems like with the amount of money and research being pumped into cancer drug development, the outcome pretty good. And if researchers can start pushing more of their response numbers toward 100 percent, we can more easily start talking about oncology’s favorite four-letter word: cure.61. which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Competition and CooperationB.Two Competing Pharmaceutical CompaniesC. The promising Future of PharmaceuticalsD. Encouraging News: a 100% Response to a Cancer Drug62. in cancer drug development, according to the passage, the pharmaceuticals now ____A. are adopting the cost-effective one-size-fits-all approachB. are moving towards individualized and targeted treatmentsC. are investing the lion’s shares of their moneyD. care only about their profits63. from the encouraging advance by the two companies, we can infer that____A. the development can be ascribed to their joint efforts and collaborationB. it was their competition that resulted in the accomplishmentC. other pharmaceuticals will join them in the researchD. the future cancer treatment can be nothing but cocktail therapy64. from the last paragraph it can be inferred that the answer to the question___A. is nowhere to be foundB. can drive one crazyC. can be multipleD. is conditional65. the tone of the author of this passage seems to be_____A. neutralB. criticalC. negativeD. potimistPassage TwoLiver disease is the 12th leading cause of death in the US, chiefly because once it’s determined that a patient needs a new liver it’s difficult to get one. Even in case where a suitable donor match is found, there’s guarantee a transplant will be successful. But researchers Massachusetts General Hospital have taken a huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab, successfully transplanting culture-grown livers into rats.The livers aren’t grown from scratch, but rather within the infrastructure of a donor liver. The liver cells in the donor organ are washed out with a detergent that gently strips away the liver cells, leaving behind a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture that is very hard to duplicate synthetically.With all of that complicated infrastructure already in place, the researchers then seeded the scaffold(支架) with liver cells isolated from health livers, as well as some special endothelial cells to line the bold vessels. Once repopulated with healthy cells, these livers lived in culture for 10 days.The team also translated some two-day-old recellularized livers back into rats, where they continued to thrive for eight hours while connected into the rat’s vascular systems. However, the current method isn’t perfect and can not seem to repopulate the blood vessels quite densely enough and the transplanted livers can’t keep functioning for more than about 24 hours(hence the eight-hour maximum for the rat thansplant).But the initial successes are promising, and the team thinks they can overcome the blood vessel problem and get fully functioning livers into rats within two years. It still might be a decade before the tech hits the clinic, but if nothing goes horribly wrong—and especially if stem-cell research established a reliable way to create health liver cells from the every patients who need transplants-lab-generated livers that are perfect matches for their recipients could become a reality.66. it can be inferred from the passage that the animal model was mainly intended to____A. investigate the possibility of growing blood vessels in the labB. explore the unknown functions of the human liverC. reduce the incidence of liver disease in the US.D. address the source of liver transplants67. what does the author mean when he says that the livers aren’t grown from scratch?A. the making of a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architectureB. a huge step toward building functioning livers in the labC. the building of the infrastructure of a donor liverD. growing liver cells in the donor organ68. the biological scaffold was not put into the culture in the lab until____A. duplicated syntheticallyB. isolated from the healthy liverC. repopulated with the healthy cellsD. the addition of some man-made blood vessels69. what seems to be the problem in the planted liver?A. the rats as wrong recipientsB. the time point of the transplantationC. the short period of the recellularizationD. the insufficient repopulation of the blood vessels70. the research team holds high hopes of_____A. creating lab-generated livers for patients within two yearsB. the timetable for generating human livers in the labC. stem-cell research as the future of medicineD. building a fully functioning liver into ratsPassage ThreePatients whose eyes have suffered heat or chemical bums typically experience severe damage to the cornea—the thin, transparent front of the eye that refracts light and contributes most of the eye’s focusing ability. In a long-term study, Italian researchers use stem cells taken from the limbus, the border between the cornea and the white of the eye, to cultivate a graft of healthy cells in a lab to help restore vision in eyes. During the 10-years study, the researchers implanted the healthy stem cells into the damaged cornea in 113 eyes of 112 patients. The treatment was fully successful in more than 75 percent of the patients, and partially successful in 13 percent. Moreover, the restored vision remained stable over 10 years. Success was defined as an absence of all symptoms and permanent restoration of the cornea.Treatment outcome was initially assessed at one year, with up to 10 years of follow-up evaluations. The procedure was even successful on several patients whose bum injuries had occurred years earlier and who had already undergone surgery.Current treatment for burned eyes involves taking stem cells from a patient’s healthy eye, or from the eyes of another person, and transferring them to the burned eye. The new procedure, however, stimulates the limbal stem cells from the patient’s own eye to reproduce in a lab culture. Several types of treatments using stem cells have proven successful in restoring blindness, but the long-term effectiveness shown here is significant. The treatment is only for blindness caused by damage to the cornea; it is not effective for repairing damaged retinas or optic nerves.Chemical eye burns often occur in the workplace, but can also happen due to mishaps involving household cleaning products and automobile batteries.The result of the study, based at Italy’s University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, were published in the June 23 online issue of the New England Journalof Medicine.71. what is the main idea of this passage?A. stem cells can help restore vision in the eyes blinded by bums.B. the vision in the eyes blinded by bums for 10 years can be restoredC. the restored vision of the burned eyes treated with stem cells can last for10 yearsD. the burned eyes can only be treated with stem cells from other healthy persons72. the Italian technique reported in this passage_____A. can repair damaged retinasB. is able to treat damaged optic nervesC. is especially effective for burn injuries in the eyes already treated surgicallyD. shows a long-term effectiveness for blindness in vision caused by damage to cornea73. which of the following is NOT mentioned about eye bums?A. the places in which people workB. the accidents that involve using household cleaning productsC. the mishaps that involved vehicles batteriesD. the disasters caused by battery explosion at home74. what is one of the requirements for the current approach?A. the stem cells taken from a healthy eyeB. the patient physically healthyC. the damaged eye with partial visionD. the blindness due to damaged optic nerves75. which of the following words can best describe the author’s attitude towards the new method?A. sarcasticB. indifferentC. criticalD. positivePassage FourHere is a charming statistic: divide the us by race, sex and county of residence, and differences in average life expectancy across the various groups can exceed 30 years. The most disadvantaged look like denizens of a poor African country: a boy born on a Native American reservation in Jackson County, South Dakota, for example, will be lucky to reach his 60th birthday, a typical child in Senegal can expect to live longer than that.America is not alone in this respect. While the picture is extreme in other rich nations, health inequalities based on race, sex and class exist in most societies—and are only party explained by access to healthcare.But fresh insights and solutions may soon be at hand. An innovative project in Chicago to unite sociology and biology is blazing the trail(开创), after discovering that social isolation and fear of crime can help to explain the alarmingly high death rate from breast cancer among the city’s black women. Living in these conditions seems to make tumors more aggressive by changing gene activity, so that cancer cells can use nutrients more effectively.We are already familiar with the lethal effect of stress on people clinging to the bottom rungs of the societal ladder, thanks to pioneering studies of British civil servants conducted by Michael Marmot of University College London. What’s exciting about the Chicago project is that it both probes the mechanisms involved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies that it both probes the mechanisms invlilved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies. There are drugs that may stave tumors of nutrients and community coordinators could be employed to help reduce social isolation. Encouraged by the US National Institutes of Health , similar projects are springing up to study other pockets of poor health, in populations ranging from urban black men to while poor women in rural Appalachia.To realize the full potential of such projects, biologists and sociologists will have to start treating one other with a new respect and learn how to collaborate outside their comfort zones. Too many biomedical researchers still take the arrogant view that sociology is a “soft science” with little that’s serious to say about health. And too many sociologists reject any biological angle—fearing that their expertise will be swept aside and that this approach will be used to bolster discredited theories of eugenics, or crude race-based medicine.It’s time to drop these outdated attitudes and work together for the good of society’s most deprived members. More important, it’s time to use this fusion of biology and sociology to inform public policy. This endeavor has huge implications, not least in cutting the wide health gaps between blacks and whites, rich and poor.76. as shown in the 1st paragraph, the shaming statistic reflects______.A. injustice everywhereB. racial discriminationC. a growing life spanD. health inequalities77. which of the following can have a negative impact on health according to the Chicago-based project?A. where to liveB. which race to belong toC. how to adjust environmentallyD. what medical problem to suffer78. the Chicago-based project focuses its management on_____A. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment79. which of the following can most probably neglected by sociologists?A. the racial perspectiveB. the environmental aspectC. the biological dimensionD. the psychological angel80. the author is a big fan of______A. the combination of a traditional and new way of thinking in promoting healthB. the integration of biologists and sociologists to reduce health inequalitiesC. the mutual understanding and respect between racesD. public education and health promotionPassage FiveAmerican researchers are working on three antibodies that many mark a new step on the path toward an HIV vaccine, according to a report published online Thursday, July 8,2010, in the journal Science.One of the antibodies suppresses 91 percent of HIV strains, more than any AIDS antibody ever discovered, according to a report on the findings published in the Wall Street Journal. The antibodies were discovered in the cells of a 60-year-old African-American gay man whose body produced them naturally. One antibody in particular is substantially different from its precursors, the Science study says.The antibodies could be tried as a treatment for people already infected with HIV, the WSJ reports. At the very least, they might boost the efficacy of current antiretroviral drugs.It is welcome news for the 33 million people the United Nations estimated were living with AIDS at the end of 2008.The WSJ outlines the painstaking method the team used to find the antibody amid the cells of the African—American man, known as Donor 45. First they designed a probe that looks just like a spot on a particular molecule on the cells that HIV infects. They used the probe to attract only the antibodies that efficiently attack that spot. They screened 25 million of Donor 45’s cell to find just 12 cells that produced the antibodies.Scientists have already discovered plenty of antibodies that either don’t work at all or only work on a couple of HIV strains. Last year marked the first time that researchers found ”broadly neutralizing antibodies”, which knock out many HIV strains. But none of those antibodies neutralized more than about 40 percent of them, the WSJ says. The newest antibody, at 91 percent neutralization , is a marked improvement.Still, more work needs to be done to ensure the antibodies would activate the immune system to produce natural defenses against AIDS, the study authors say. They suggest there test methods that blend the three new antibodies together—in raw form to prevent transmission of the virus, such as from mother to child; in a microbicide gel that women or gay men could use before sex to prevent infection; or as a treatment for HIV/AIDS, combined with antiretroviral drug.If the scientists can find the right way to stimulate production of the antibodies, they think most people could produce then, the WSJ says.81. we can learn from the beginning of the passage that_______A. a newly discovered antibody defeats 91% of the HIV strainsB. a new antiretroviral drug has just come on the marketC. American researchers have developed a new vaccine for HIVD. the African—American gay man was cured of this HIV infection82. what is the implication of the antibodies discovered in the cells of the African—American gay man?A. they can cure the 33 million AIDS patients in the worldB. they may strengthen the effects of the existing antiretroviral drugsC. they will kill all the HIV virusesD. they will help make a quick diagnosis of an HIV infection83. the newest antibody found in Donor 45 reflects a dramatic advance in terms of_____.A. pathologyB. pharmacologyC. HIV neutralizationD. HIV epidemiology84. according to the study authors, the three test methods are intended to____.A. advance the technology in condom production to prevent HIV infectionB. facilitate the natural immune defense against AIDSC. develop more effective antiretroviral drugs85. the passage is most likely_____.A. a news reportB. a paper in ScienceC. an excerpt from an Immunology TextbookD. an episode in a science fiction novel.Passage SixWhitening the world's roofs would offset the emissions of the world's cars for 20 years, according to a new study from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.Overall, installing lighter-colored roofs and pavement can cancel the heat effect of two years of global carbon dioxide emissions, Berkeley Lab says. It's the first roof-cooling study to use a global model to examine the issue.Lightening-up roofs and pavement can offset 57 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide, about double the amount the world emitted in 2006, the study found. It was published in the journalEnvironmental Research Letters.Researchers used a conservative estimate of increased albedo, or solar reflection, suggesting that purely white roofs would be even better. They increased the albedo of all roofs by 0.25 and pavement by 0.15. That means a black roof, which has an albedo of zero, would only need to be replaced by a roof of a cooler color -- which might be more feasible to implement than a snowy white roof, Berkeley Lab says.The researchers extrapolated a roof's CO2 offset over its average lifespan. If all roofs were converted to white or cool colors, they would offset about 24 gigatons (24 billion metric tons) of CO2, but only once. But assuming roofs last about 20 years, the researchers came up with 1.2 gigatons per year. That equates to offsetting the emissions of roughly 300 million cars, all the cars in the world, for 20 years.Pavement and roofs cover 50 to 65 percent of urban areas, and cause a heat-island effect because they absorb so much heat. That's why cities aresignificantly warmer than their surrounding rural areas. This effect makes it harder -- and therefore more expensive -- to keep buildings cool in the summer. Winds also move the heat into the atmosphere, causing a regional warming effect.Energy Secretary Steven Chu, a Nobel laureate in physics (and former Berkeley Lab director), has advocated white roofs for years. He put his words into action Monday by directing all Energy Department offices to install white roofs. All newly installed roofs will be white, and black roofs might be replaced when it is cost-effective over the lifetime of the roof."Cool roofs are one of the quickest and lowest-cost ways we can reduce our global carbon emissions and begin the hard work of slowing climate change," he said in a statement.86. which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. a Decline in Car EmissionsB. white Roofs or Black PavementsC. the Effect of Linghting-up RoofsD. climate Change and Extreme Weathers87. a indicated by the passage, black roofs______A. are better than snowy white onesB. reflect not heat from the sunC. are more expensive to build in the urban areasD. are supposed to be placed by snowy white ones88. if they are converted to white or cooler colors, all roofs in the world in their lifetime_____A. can absorb 1.2 gigattons of CO2 a yearB. could serve as 300 million cars in terms of emissionC. would offset the emissions from 300 million carsD. would offset about 24 gigatons of CO2 as emitted from the cars89. according to the passage, it is hard and expensive to keep the urban buildings cool because of______A. the heat-island effectB. the lack of seasonal windsC. the local unique weatherD. the fast urban shrinkage90. energy Secretary Steven Chu implies that_____A. nothing could be more effective in cooling global warming than method he has advocatedB. the method in question still needs to be justified in the futureC. our global carbon emissions can be reduced by half if cool roofs are installedD. weather change and global warming can be addressed in no timePart V Writing(20%)Directions: in this part there is an essay in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the passage.什么是健康？人的健康包括身体健康和心理健康两个方面。
2015年武汉大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2015年武汉大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. English-Chinese Translation 3. Chinese-English Translation 4. WritingReading ComprehensionJustice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression: “ an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth. “ That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offence against society. To make up for his offence, society must get even. This can be done only by doing an equal injury to him. This conception of retributive justice is refleeted in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of modern times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who had committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal to give a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract this denial and restore the self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own will pay his debt. The demand of the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due. Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of corrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it. It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize me best that is in him. The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member of society. Before a treatment can be administered, the course of his antisocial behavior must be found. If the cause can be removed, provisions must be made to have this done. Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanently separated from the rest of the society. This does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime. It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him. If severe punishment is the only adequate means for accompanying this, it should be administered. However, the individual should be given every opportunity to assume a normal place in society. His conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.1．The best title for this passage in______.A．Fitting Punishment to the CrimeB．Approaches to Just PunishmentC．Improvement in Legal JusticeD．Attaining Justice in the Courts正确答案：B解析：本题为主旨题。
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P13—教育学
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P13—教育学Passage 13When I applied under Early Decision to the University of Pennsylvania four years ago, I was motivated by two powerful emotions: ambition and fear. The ambition was to fulfill my lifelong expectation of attending an Ivy League school; the fear was that without the advantage offered by Early Decision, I wouldn't make the cut. A Penn admissions officer told me that the previous year they had accepted 45 percent of Early Decision applicants and just 29 percent of total applicants. The implication was clear: applying under Early Decision dramatically improves your chances of acceptance. At Brown University, my other favorite, applying early did not confer any advantage. While Brown was my No. 1 choice, Penn was a close second, and I desperately wanted to make sure I got into one of the two.I applied just before the Nov. 1 deadline, and six weeks later I got my acceptance package. I was thrilled and relieved. While my friends spent winter vacation finishing as many as 18 applications each, I relaxed. On a school trip to France over spring break, I drank wine while everyone else struggled with international calling cards to phone home and find out where they'd been accepted. People cried about getting rejected, or began the difficult and agonizing process of choosing between two or more schools. Strangely, none of this made me feel better about having applied early. It made me feel worse. When a lot of people from my class got into Brown, I wondered if I, too, could have.Penn sent a discombobulating array of material to incoming freshmen over the summer. As the pile of mail mounted, so did my concerns that I had made the wrong choice. I had been to Penn only one day, in October of my senior year. I realize now I did not know nearly enough about myself or the school. Picking classes was far more arcane than I had expected (or than it would have been at a smaller school). And when I got to the campus, I found that fraternities and sororities were a more noticeable and obnoxious presence than the 30 percent student membership had suggested to me.It wasn't long before I knew Penn was not right for me and I looked into transferring. For me, it was about more than just changing schools. I wanted to have the traditional application experience I'd missed out on during my first go-round. The only school on my list that allowed transfers during the second semester of freshman year was Wesleyan, so I waited out the whole year, then applied to Yale, Brown and Wesleyan. I got into Wesleyan. The irony that I could have gotten in sooner, without getting rejected by the other schools, was not lost on me. But I know I made the right decision.To high-school seniors who want to avoid making the same mistake I did, my advice is simple: don't apply under Early Decision unless you are absolutely sure that the school is your first choice. And, just as important, don't let your parents or college-guidance counselor persuadeyou to apply under Early Decision. They may have their own agenda, or at least their own perception of who you are and what you want. As I discovered, no one can really know what you want better than yourself, and even you may need time to figure out what that is.注(1)：本文选自Newsweek, 11/18/2002, p62注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2002年Text 3.1. The main reasons for the author to apply under Early Decision are _______.[A]pride and ambition[B]dream and fear[C]easiness and effort-saving[D]trouble-saving and release2. It can be inferred from the text that the main advantage of Early Decision is that ______.[A]you can graduate from the high school earlier[B]you don’t worry about the results[C]you needn’t take the entrance examination[D]you’re more likely to be accepted3. The description of the author’s feelings in Paragraph 2 shows that _______.[A]he is satisfied with his choice[B]there are many advantages of being accepted earlier[C]less effort is needed under Early Decision[D]he is happy with and doubts about his decision4. We can draw a conclusion from the text that ________.[A]a full consideration is needed before applying[B]students should avoid the short cut[C]a quick decision will do you no good[D]the author shouldn’t apply under Early Decision5. From the text we can see that the writer seems _________.[A]regretful[B]optimistic[C]gloomy[D]sensitive答案：BDDAA篇章剖析本文是一篇记叙文，以作者的亲身经历讲述了“优先申请”政策带给自己的苦与乐。
考博后记：湘雅考博关键在英语（5篇范例）
考博后记：湘雅考博关键在英语（5篇范例）第一篇：考博后记：湘雅考博关键在英语考博后记：湘雅考博关键在英语心里很平静的经过了等成绩和出复试分数线的过程。
当输入准考证号的那一瞬间又经历了一把心跳加速，扫眼过去，发现了有80几分的，有70几分的，最后看到了60分的。
有一种莫名的失落的感觉。
英语60，免疫学74，内科学87,。
这个成绩也对得起江东父老了，每科都是100分的，而且本人决无内部资料可言，咱导师是何人，又不是不知道，还是得靠自己，在千方百计的努力下（托付同学的同学）才提前1个月买回中南大学的历年真题，也怪自己之前太轻视了，原来买个试卷也是那么麻烦的事。
当然也非常感谢帮助的同学，真的帮了很大的忙。
大学本科俺考试厉害，不是靠日积月累，而是靠会猜题，所以这次也把这一本领发挥的淋漓尽致，免疫学考的5道大题，猜中4道，还有1道出的实在是太偏了，其实免疫得74分也是不容易的了，5道大题，1道就是20分，就是说只要你有2道题没看中，上60分的机会都难。
能拿这个成绩也是很安慰了。
再说说内科学，其实今年考的不难，但却也很偏，就连淀粉样肾病都考到了，不过上80分也是有难度的，我都不敢奢望有80分，突然得了87分，一个说明我能答的都答了，一个就是改试卷不严。
最后就是这个该死的英语了，其实英语我从来都不觉得是什么难题，也不惧怕他，更有热爱之处，去年的英语线是69分，这个虽然吓人，但是题目相对容易，作文好写，阅读也比较简单。
考之前自己觉得做好了很充分的准备，但是去考了之后，才发现，准备工作还是没到位，今年的作文就出了些难题：题目是“继承与创新”，让你写250-300字来论述他们之间的关系，还要举自己的科研实验的例子。
一上来就被唬住了，脑子里好像没什么储备，要知道去年考的是大学生找工作的事，这种话题简直就是信手捏来，可没办法啊，这回只好硬着头皮上了，边打草稿边写，自己心理都发慌，不是紧张而是肚子里没墨水啊，举得例子自己都感觉太简单了，所以最后花了整整1个小时才写完，写了300个字，所以我估计最后也就是得了个居中的分数14分。
高考阅读真题
2015年高考英语阅读理解题与答案(9套)Our brains work in complex and strange ways.There are some people who can calculate the day of the week for any given date in 40,000 years, but who cannot add two plus two.Others can perform complex classical piano pieces after hearing them once, but they cannot read or write.ngdon Down first described this condition in 1887.He called these people idiot savants.An idiot savant is a person who has significant mental impairment (损伤) , such as in autism ( 孤独症，自闭症) or retardation.At the same time, the person also exhibits some extraordinary skills, which are unusual for most people.The skills of the savant may vary from being exceptionally gifted in music or in mathematics, or having a photographic memory.One of the first descriptions of a human who could calculate quickly was written in 1789 by Dr.Benjamin Rush, an American doctor.His patient, Thomas Fuller, was brought to Virginia as a slave in1724.It took Thomas only 90 seconds to work out that a man who has lived 70 years, 17 days, and 12 hours has lived 2,210,500,800 seconds.Despite this ability, he died in 1790 without ever learning to read or write.Another idiot savant slave became famous as a pianist in the 1860s.Blind Tom had a vocabulary of only 100 words, but he played 5 ,000 musical pieces beautifully.In the excellent movie Rain Man, made in 1988 and available onvideo cassette, Dustin Hoffman plays an idiot savant who amazes his brother played by Tom Cruise, with his ability to perform complex calculations very rapidly.Today we more clearly recognize that the idiot savant is special because of brain impairment.Yet not all brain impairment leads to savant skills.Some studies have shown that people who have purposeful interruption of the left side of the brain can develop idiot savant skills.However few people wish to participate in such experiments.There are many excellent reasons for not undergoing unnecessary experimentation on one's brain.The term idiot savant is outdated and inappropriate.Virtually all savants have a high degree of intelligence and are thus not idiots.72.What does the passage mainly talk aboutA.Idiot savants have areas of outstanding abilities.B.Human Beings have complicated thinking process.C.The brains of the idiot savants are partly impaired.D.The reasons why people have wonderful skills vary.73.Which of the following can be done by Rain ManA.He can play wonderful pieces of classical music.B.He can guess out exactly the length of a man's life.C.He can memorize the contents of the pictures fast.D.He can count matches dropped on the floor quickly.74.What can you infer from the passageA.Idiot savants have real talents for art and math.B.Dr.Down is the first person who found idiot savants.C.Few people wish to risk becoming savants by brain operations.D.Intentional left brain impairments will surely lead to idiot savants.75.Which of the following shows the structure of the passage答案：72—75 ADCBLaws that would have ensured pupils from five to 16 received a full financial education got lost in the ‘wash up’. An application is calling on the next government to bring it back.At school the children are taught to add up and subtract(减法) but, extraordinarily, are not routinely shown how to open a bank account — let alone how to manage their finances in an increasingly complex and demanding world.Today the parenting website Mumsnet and the consumer campaigner Martin Lewis have joined forces to launch an online application to make financial education a compulsory element of the school curriculum in England. Children from five to 16 should be taught about everything from pocket money to pensions, they say. And that was exactly the plan preserved in the Children, Schools and Families bill that was shelved by the government in the so-called “wash-up”earlier this month — the rush to legislation before parliament wasdismissed. Consumer and parent groups believe financial education has always been one of the most frustrating omissions of the curriculum.As the Personal Finance Education Group (Pfeg) points out, the good habits of young children do not last long. Over 75% of seven- to 11-year-olds are savers but by the time they get to 17, over half of them are in debt to family and friends. By this age, 26% see a credit card or overdraft(透支) as a way of extending their spending power. Pfeg predicts that these young people will “find it much harder to avoid the serious unexpected dangers that have befallen many of their parents' generation unless they receive good quality financial education while at school.”The UK has been in the worst financial recession(衰退)for generations. It does seem odd that — unless parents step in —young people are left in the dark until they are cruelly introduced to the world of debt when they turn up at university. In a recent poll of over 8,000 people, 97% supported financial education in schools, while 3% said it was a job for parents.61. The passage is mainly about _____________.A. how to manage school lessonsB. how to deal with the financial crisisC. teaching young people about moneyD. teaching students how to study effectively62. It can be inferred from the first two paragraphs that __________.A. the author complains about the school educationB. pupils should not be taught to add up and subtractC. students have been taught to manage their financesD. laws on financial education have been effectively carried out63. The website and the consumer campaigner joined to _________.A. instruct the pupils to donate their pocket moneyB. promote the connection of schools and familiesC. ask the government to dismiss the parliamentD. appeal for the curriculum of financial education64. According to Pfeg, ___________.A. it is easy to keep good habits longB. teenagers spend their money as plannedC. parents are willing to pay the debt for their kidsD. it will be in trouble if the teenagers are left alone65. A poll is mentioned to ___________.A. stress the necessity of the curriculum reformB. show the seriousness of the financial recessionC. make the readers aware of burden of the parentsD. illustrate some people are strongly against the proposal答案：61-65 CADDAuropeans should try to stay indoors if ash from Iceland's volcano starts settling, the World Health Organization warned Friday as small amounts fell in Iceland, Scotland and Norway.WHO spokesman Daniel Epstein said the microscopic(微小的) ash is potentially dangerous for people when it starts to reach the Earth because inhaled(吸入) particles can enter the lungs and cause respiratory problems. And he also said Europeans who go outside might want to consider wearing a mask.Other experts, however, weren't convinced the volcanic ash would have a major effect on peoples' health and said WHO's warnings were "hysterical." They said volcanic ash was much less dangerous than cigarette smoke or pollution. Volcanic ash is made of fine particles of fragmented volcanic rock. It is light gray to black and can be as fine as talcum powder. During a volcanic eruption, the ash can be breathed deep into the lungs and cause irritation even in healthy people. But once it falls from a greater distance — like from the cloud currently hovering above Europe — its health effects are often minimal, experts say."Not all particles are created equal," said Ken Donaldson, a professor of respiratory toxicology at the University of Edinburgh, "In the great scheme of things, volcanic ash is not all that harmful." And he said most Europeans' exposure to volcanic ash would be negligible and that only those in the near districts of theIcelandic volcano would likely be at risk.Dr. Stephen Spiro, a professor of respiratory medicine and deputy chair of the British Lung Foundation, said the further the particles travel, the less dangerous they will be. "The cloud has already passed over northern Scotland and we haven't heard of any ill effects there," he said. Spiro said to wear masks or stay indoors to avoid volcanic ash was "over the top" and "a bit hysterical."60. The text is mainly about .A. the effect of volcanic ashB. the health risk of volcanic ashC. the disadvantages of volcanic ashD. the opinions on health risk of volcanic ash61. Which one is true according to Paragraph3A. The volcanic ash’s effects on Europeans were little.B. The ash caused irritation even in healthy people.C. Other experts thought WTO’S warnings were useful.D. The volcanic ash was more dangerous than cigarette smoke or pollution.62. The underlined word “hysterical” in Paragraph4 most probably means .A. amazingB. practicalC. valuableD. overstated63. What can we learn from the passageA. The volcanic ash wouldn’t be harmful to people.B. All experts thought the volcanic ash did great harm to our health.C. People close to the volcano would likely be at risk according to some experts.D. Europeans should stay indoors because Iceland's volcano starts settling.答案：60.D. 主旨大意题。
中南大学博士研究生英语考试真题
中南大学博士研究生英语考试真题全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Mid-South University PhD English Exam InstructionsPart I: Reading ComprehensionRead the following passage and answer the questions that follow.(1) The benefits of exercise on physical health arewell-documented, but recent studies have explored the connection between physical activity and mental health. Scientists have found that regular exercise can have a positive impact on mood, reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression. One study published in the Journal of Psychiatric Research found that individuals who engaged in at least 30 minutes of physical activity three times a week were less likely to report feelings of depression.(2) The reason behind this connection lies in the release of endorphins, chemicals in the brain that act as natural painkillers and mood elevators. Exercise has been shown to increase endorphin levels, leading to feelings of happiness and well-being.Additionally, physical activity can help decrease stress hormones in the body, further contributing to improved mental health.(3) In addition to the chemical changes that occur in the brain, exercise also provides individuals with a sense of accomplishment and control. Setting and achieving fitness goals can boost self-esteem and confidence, while the routine of exercise can provide structure and stability during challenging times.Questions:1. What is the main topic of the passage?2. How does exercise benefit mental health?3. How do endorphins contribute to feelings of happiness?4. What role does setting and achieving fitness goals play in mental health?Part II: Essay WritingChoose one of the following topics and write an essay of at least 300 words.1. The importance of preserving the environment for future generations.2. The impact of technology on communication and relationships.3. The benefits of multiculturalism in society.Part III: Grammar and VocabularyComplete the following sentences with the correct verb tense or vocabulary word.1. I (to study) English for five years.2. The students (not, finish) their assignment yet.3. The new law (to take) effect next month.4. I can't find my keys. I think I (to lose) them.5. The restaurant has a great (variety/variation) of dishes on the menu.Good luck on your exam!篇2Unfortunately, I do not have access to specific exam questions such as the one you have requested. However, I can provide you with a general idea of what a typical Ph.D. English exam at Central South University might look like.The Ph.D. English exam at Central South University is designed to assess a candidate's proficiency in English and their ability to conduct academic research. The exam typically consists of several sections, including listening, reading, writing, and speaking.The listening section of the exam may involve listening to lectures or conversations and answering comprehension questions based on the material heard. This section is designed to test the candidate's ability to understand spoken English and their listening skills.The reading section of the exam often includes academic articles or passages related to the candidate's field of study. Candidates are required to read the material carefully and answer questions that test their comprehension and critical thinking skills.The writing section of the exam usually requires candidates to write an essay or a research paper on a given topic. This section assesses the candidate's ability to write clearly and coherently, as well as their ability to present and support arguments effectively.The speaking section of the exam typically involves aface-to-face interview with examiners. Candidates may be askedto discuss their research interests, present their findings, or respond to questions related to their field of study. This section tests the candidate's ability to communicate orally in English and to engage in academic discussions.Overall, the Ph.D. English exam at Central South University aims to evaluate a candidate's English language proficiency, academic writing skills, research abilities, and communication skills. Candidates who perform well on the exam demonstrate that they are capable of conducting research and communicating effectively in an academic setting.篇3The Ph.D. entrance exam for international students at Central South University (CSU) is a rigorous and comprehensive assessment of their English language proficiency, academic aptitude, and research potential. The exam is designed to evaluate the applicants' ability to understand and communicate in English, as well as their capacity to engage in advanced research and scholarly activities.The exam consists of three parts: reading comprehension, writing, and speaking. The reading comprehension section includes a series of passages on various topics, such as science,technology, social sciences, and humanities. Applicants are required to read the passages carefully and answer questions based on the content and context of the texts.In the writing section, applicants are asked to write an essay on a given topic within a specified time frame. The topics cover a wide range of disciplines and require critical thinking, analysis, and argumentation. The essays are evaluated based on the applicants' ability to develop ideas, present arguments coherently, and support their claims with evidence.The speaking section assesses the applicants' ability to communicate effectively in English. Applicants are required to participate in a conversation with the examiners, discuss a topic, and respond to questions. The examiners evaluate the applicants' fluency, pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar.Overall, the Ph.D. entrance exam at CSU is a challenging test that requires thorough preparation and a high level of proficiency in English. Applicants are advised to familiarize themselves with the exam format, practice reading, writing, and speaking in English, and seek feedback from teachers or language experts to improve their skills.In conclusion, the Ph.D. entrance exam for international students at Central South University is an important step in theadmissions process and a key determinant of the applicants' readiness for advanced study and research. Successful performance on the exam demonstrates the applicants' ability to succeed in the Ph.D. program and contribute to the academic community at CSU.。
中南大学博士研究生英语考试真题
中南大学博士研究生英语考试真题全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Southern University Doctoral English ExamSection A: Vocabulary and Structure (10 points)Choose the correct word or phrase to complete each sentence.1. The project __________ a lot of time and effort, but it was worth it in the end.A. consumedB. reservedC. preservedD. delayed2. The new manager decided to __________ the company's policy on staff training.A. modifyB. adoptC. maintainD. disregard3. The team worked __________ to meet the deadline for the research paper.A. leisurelyB. swiftlyC. indiscriminatelyD. insincerely4. He has a __________ for finding solutions to complex problems.A. talentB. weaknessC. deficiencyD. disability5. The company's reputation was __________ damaged by the scandal.A. completelyB. slightlyC. moderatelyD. immenselySection B: Reading Comprehension (30 points)Read the passage carefully and answer the questions below.The Rise of Artificial IntelligenceArtificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly changing the way we live and work. From virtual assistants like Siri and Alexa toself-driving cars and automated factories, AI is becoming increasingly integrated into our daily lives.One of the key benefits of AI is its ability to analyze vast amounts of data quickly and accurately. This has led to significant advancements in fields such as medicine, finance, and transportation. AI algorithms can detect patterns in data that humans may overlook, leading to more accurate diagnoses, better investment decisions, and safer transportation systems.However, the rise of AI also raises concerns about job displacement and privacy. As machines become more capable of performing complex tasks, some worry that human workers will be replaced by robots and AI systems. Additionally, the collection and analysis of personal data by AI systems raise questions about privacy and data security.Despite these concerns, the potential of AI to revolutionize industries and improve our quality of life is undeniable. As AI technology continues to evolve, it is crucial that we carefully consider the ethical implications and ensure that AI is used responsibly for the benefit of society.Questions:1. What is one of the key benefits of AI mentioned in the passage?2. What are some of the concerns raised by the rise of AI?3. Why is it important to consider the ethical implications of AI?Section C: Writing (60 points)Write an essay of at least 300 words on the following topic: "The Impact of Technology on Education."In your essay, you should address the following points:- How has technology changed the way students learn?- What are some of the benefits and drawbacks of using technology in the classroom?- How can educators effectively incorporate technology into their teaching practices?- What role do you think technology will play in the future of education?Remember to provide examples and evidence to support your arguments.以上是中南大学博士研究生英语考试真题的部分内容，希望对您有所帮助。
2015考博英语作文
2015考博英语作文Sure, let's work on a sample response for a 2015 doctoral entrance exam English essay prompt. Feel free to use this as a guide or template:---。
Title: The Role of Technology in Modern Education。
In the contemporary landscape of education, technology plays an indispensable role, profoundly shaping the way knowledge is disseminated and acquired. This essay delves into the multifaceted impacts of technology on modern education.Firstly, technology has revolutionized the accessibility of educational resources. With the advent of the internet, students now have a vast repository of knowledge at their fingertips. Online libraries, academic databases, and educational websites provide a wealth ofinformation that transcends geographical barriers. Consequently, learners from diverse backgrounds can access high-quality educational materials, leveling the playing field and fostering a more inclusive learning environment.Furthermore, technology has transformed the dynamics of classroom instruction. Interactive whiteboards, multimedia presentations, and educational software enhance engagement and facilitate personalized learning experiences. Students can actively participate in virtual simulations, conduct experiments in digital laboratories, and collaborate with peers in online forums. Such interactive tools not only make learning more enjoyable but also cater to diverse learning styles, accommodating the needs of visual, auditory, and kinesthetic learners alike.Moreover, technology has redefined the role of educators as facilitators of learning. Rather than being mere dispensers of information, teachers now serve as guides, mentors, and curators of digital content. They curate online resources, design interactive lessons, and facilitate meaningful discussions that encourage criticalthinking and problem-solving skills. In this way, technology empowers educators to adopt student-centered approaches, fostering autonomy and self-directed learning among their students.However, amidst the proliferation of technology in education, concerns regarding its overreliance andpotential drawbacks have emerged. Excessive screen time, digital distractions, and the erosion of traditional teaching methods are some of the challenges that educators must navigate. Moreover, the digital divide exacerbates inequalities in access to technology and digital literacy skills, widening the gap between privileged and marginalized students.In conclusion, while technology has undoubtedly revolutionized modern education, its implementation must be strategic and mindful of its potential pitfalls. By harnessing technology as a tool for innovation and inclusivity, educators can cultivate a dynamic learning environment that empowers students to thrive in the digital age.---。
中南大学2015考博英语：高分经验阶梯复习方法分享
中南大学2015考博英语：高分经验阶梯复习方法分享考博是一个系统的学习、复习提高的过程。
在这个漫长的复习过程中，你应该制定一个科学可行的复习方案，按部就班的踏实完成，才有可能将复习坚持到底，并达到卓有成效的目的。
关于考博英语的复习，一千个人就有一千个方法，只要肯做方法便无穷。
我认为英语是个积累性很强的学科，如果想要在有限的时间里提高英语成绩，前提就是要分阶段、分梯度，循序渐进的进行复习。
当然，这个过程中，也应该根据自己的复习情况，对计划有针对性的调整。
下面育明考博考博的小编就给大家分享下考博英语阶梯复习方法。
联系我们扣扣：四九三三七一六二六。
电话：四零零六六八六九七八一、第一阶段：从基础入手这个复习阶段在我的全程复习中，大约占到了3个月的时间。
主攻的方向为单词和长难句。
单词是提高英语的基础;而长难句考查的主要是语法知识，它是考博英语和其他各类英语考试最大区别。
词汇量是考博英语阅读能力和写作能力提高的根本。
词汇复习需要你制定一个详尽复习计划，忌好高骛远，要注重循序渐进的反复及“消化”过程。
对于重点词汇及同义词、反义词、派生词等区别、用法，要侧重记忆。
育明考博考博英语辅导老师根据多年的教学经验，为大家这部分的复习提出以下的建议：1)词汇复习书籍的选择。
建议你应该依据个人学习习惯和记忆模式去挑选资料。
例如，如果你习惯快速记背，遗忘规律遵循的时间较短，建议你选择全都是词汇的小册子作为第一轮单词复习的首选。
但是，无论你的记忆模式是怎样的，一定要认真的背完一遍。
2)找一本比较权威全面的语法书。
这样的资料容易帮助你重温各种语法的基本结构。
阅读和翻译中的长难句，是由各种简单结构组合而成的，所以语法复习尤为重要。
3)阅读训练要定期限时。
阅读分数在整张试卷中分值最高。
重要性我就不强调了。
既然阅读决定着英语分数的高低，自然在平时训练中也应该多多训练，而且建议大家每次阅读训练最好限定时间，这样有益于保证阅读速度的提高。
2015考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案：教育学类(15套)
2015考研英语阅读理解模拟题及答案：教育学类(15套)Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts among the doctor of philosophy candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of Ph. D. s. Some have placed the dropouts loss as high as 50 percent. The extent of the loss was，however，largely a matter of expert guessing. Last week a well-rounded study was published. It was published. It was based on 22，000 questionnaires sent to former graduate students who were enrolled in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless.The dropouts rate was found to be 31 per cent，and in most cases the dropouts，while not completing the Ph. D. requirement，went on to productive work. They are not only doing well financially，but，according to the report，are not far below the income levels of those who went on to complete their doctorates.Discussing the study last week，Dr. Tucker said the project was initiated‘bec ause of the concern frequently expressed by graduate faculties and administrators that some of the individuals who dropped out of Ph. D. programs were capable of competing the requirement for the degree. Attrition at the Ph. D. level is also thought to be a waste of precious faculty time and a drain on university resources already being used to capacity. Some people expressed the opinion that the shortage of highly trained specialists and college teachers could be reduced by persuading the dropouts to retur n to graduate schools to complete the Ph. D.’“The results of our research” Dr. Tucker concluded，“did not support these opinions.”1. Lack of motivation was the principal reason for dropping out.2. Most dropouts went as far in their doctoral program as was consistent with their levels of ability or their specialities.3. Most dropouts are now engaged in work consistent with their education and motivation.Nearly 75 per cent of the dropouts said there was no academic reason for their decision，but those who mentioned academic reason cited failure to pass the qualifying examination，uncompleted research and failure to pass language exams. Among the single most important personal reasons identified by dropouts for non-completion of their Ph. D. program，lack of finances was marked by 19 per cent.As an indication of how well the dropouts were doing，a chart showed 2% in humanities were receiving $ 20，000 and more annually while none of the Ph. D. ‘s with that background reached this figure. The Ph. D. ’s shone in the $ 7，500 to $ 15，000 bracket with 78% at that level against 50% for the dropouts. This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in the academic fields，where Ph. D. ‘s tend to rise to the highest salaries，are still lagging behind other fields.As to the possibility of getting dropouts back on campus，the outlook was glum. The main condition which would have to prevail for at least 25 % of the dropouts who might consider returning to graduate school would be to guarantee that they would retain their present level of income and in some cases their present job.1.The author states that many educators feel that[A] steps should be taken to get the dropouts back to campus.[B] the dropouts should return to a lower quality school to continue their study.[C] the Ph. D. holder is generally a better adjusted person than the dropout.[D] The high dropouts rate is largely attributable to the lack of stimulation on the part of faculty members.2.Research has shown that[A] Dropouts are substantial ly below Ph. D. ‘s in financial attainment.[B] the incentive factor is a minor one in regard to pursuing Ph. D. studies.[C] The Ph. D. candidate is likely to change his field of specialization if he drops out.[D] about one-third of those who start Ph. D. work do not complete the work to earn the degree.3.Meeting foreign language requirements for the Ph. D.[A] is the most frequent reason for dropping out.[B] is more difficult for the science candidate than for the humanities candidate.[C] is an essential part of many Ph. D. programs.[D] does not vary in difficulty among universities.4.After reading the article，one would refrain from concluding that[A] optimism reigns in regard to getting Ph. D. dropouts to return to their pursuit of the degree.[B] a Ph. D. dropout，by and large，does not have what it takes to learn the degree.[C] colleges and universities employ a substantial number of Ph. D. dropouts.[D] Ph. D. ‘s are not earning what they deserve in nonacademic positions.5.It can be inferred that the high rate of dropouts lies in[A] salary for Ph. D. too low.[B] academic requirement too high.[C] salary for dropouts too high.[D] 1000 positions.答案详解1. A. 许多教育工作者感到应采取步骤让辍学者回校学习，特别是有些学科。
2015年英语专四作文题目
2015年英语专四作文题目英文回答：In the contemporary era characterized by rapid globalization and technological advancements, the transformative power of education cannot be overstated. Asa multifaceted endeavor, education encompasses not only the acquisition of knowledge and skills but also thecultivation of critical thinking, problem-solving abilities, and adaptability. It is through education that individuals develop the capacity to navigate the complexities of a dynamic and interconnected world.Education plays a pivotal role in fostering social mobility and economic prosperity. By providing access to quality education, societies can empower their citizenswith the tools necessary to unlock their full potential. Education equips individuals with the knowledge, skills,and values that enable them to contribute meaningfully to their communities and drive economic growth. Moreover,education empowers individuals to make informed decisions, promote social justice, and foster a culture of lifelong learning.In an increasingly globalized world, education has become essential for fostering intercultural understanding and promoting global cooperation. By exposing individuals to diverse perspectives and experiences, education cultivates empathy, tolerance, and respect for cultural differences. It equips individuals with the skills necessary to communicate effectively, collaborate across borders, and contribute to the resolution of global challenges.Education also plays a crucial role in promoting sustainable development. By raising awareness of environmental issues and providing individuals with the knowledge and skills to make environmentally conscious decisions, education empowers them to become responsible stewards of the planet. It fosters a culture of sustainability that emphasizes the preservation of natural resources, the promotion of renewable energy, and thereduction of carbon emissions.Furthermore, education is indispensable for personal growth and well-being. It fosters intellectual curiosity, creativity, and a lifelong thirst for knowledge. Education provides individuals with the opportunity to explore their interests, develop their talents, and pursue fulfilling careers. It empowers them to live meaningful and engaged lives, characterized by purpose, self-reflection, and continuous learning.In conclusion, the transformative power of education is undeniable. By fostering social mobility, economic prosperity, intercultural understanding, sustainable development, and personal growth, education empowers individuals to navigate the complexities of the 21st century and contribute meaningfully to society. As we move into the future, it is essential that we continue to invest in quality education as a cornerstone for the progress and well-being of humanity.中文回答：在以全球化和技术进步为特征的当代时代，教育的变革力量不可低估。
2015中山大学考博英语真题阅读理解精练
2015中山大学考博英语真题阅读理解精练Once it was possible to define male and female roles easily by the division of labor.Men worked outside the home and earned the income to support their families，while women cooked the meals and took care of the home and the children.These roles were firmly fixed for most people，and there was not much opportunity for women to exchange their roles.But by the middle of this century，men's and women's roles were becoming less firmly fixed.examdaIn the1950s，economic and social success was the goal of the typical American.But in the1960s a new force developed called the counterculture.The people involved in this movement did not value the middle-class American goals.The counterculture presented men and women with new role choices.Taking more interest in childcare，men began to share child-raising tasks with their wives.In fact，some young men and women moved to communal homes or farms where the economic and childcare responsibilities were shared equally by both sexes.In addition，many Americans did not value the traditional male role of soldier.Some young men refused to be drafted as soldiers to fight in the war in Vietnam.In terms of numbers，the counterculture was not a very large group of people.But its influence spread to many parts of American society. Working men of all classes began to change their economic and social patterns.Industrial workers and business executives alike cut down on“overtime”work so that they could spend more leisure time withtheir families.Some doctors，lawyers，and teachers turned away from high paying situations to practice their professions in poorer neighborhoods.In the1970s，the feminist movement，or women's liberation，produced additional economic and social changes.Women of all ages and at all levels of society were entering the work force in greater numbers.Most of them still took traditional women's jobs as public school teaching，nursing，and secretarial work.But some women began to enter traditionally male occupations：police work，banking，dentistry，and construction work.Women were asking for equal work，and equal opportunities for promotion.examdaToday the experts generally agree that important changes are taking place in the roles of men and women.Naturally，there are difficulties in adjusting to these transformations.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-l iu jiu qi ba QQ:si jiu san san qi yi liu er liu）1.Which of the following best express the main idea of Paragraph1?A.Women usually worked outside the home for wages.B.Men and women's roles were easily exchanged in the past.C.Men's roles at home were more firmly fixed than women's.D.Men and women's roles were usually quite separated in the past.2.Which sentence best expresses the main idea of Paragraph2?A.The first sentence.B.The second and the third sentences.C.The fourth sentence.D.The last sentence.3.In the passage the author proposes that the counterculture___.A.destroyed the United States.B.transformed some American values.C.was not important in the United States.D.brought people more leisure time with their families.4.It could be inferred from the passage that___.A.men and women will never share the same goals.B.some men will be willing to exchange their traditional male roles.C.most men will be happy to share some of the household responsibilities with their wives.D.more American households are headed by women than ever before.5.The best title for the passage may be___.A.Results of Feminist MovementsB.New influence in American LifeC.Counterculture and Its consequenceD.Traditional Division of Male and Female Roles.答案：DCBCB本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
中南大学博士生综合英语考试试卷及答案
Examination Paper for Doctor Candidates of Non-English Majors (A)December 25, 2011Part I Listening Comprehension (15%)Section A Short dialoguesDirections:In this section, you will hear several short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center (on Answer Sheet I).1. A. He lost the calculator.B. He doesn’t know where the calculator is.C. He thinks he broke the calculator.D. He doesn’t know the ans wer to the problem.2. A. He lost it.B. He used it last night.C. He was the last to use it.D. He finally brought it back.3. A. The woman should buy some new trousers.B. The woman should buy some clothes for larger size.C. The woman should eat less.D. The woman should do exercises.4. A. At a theater.B. At a booking office.C. At a railway station.D. At a restaurant.5. A. The size of the room.B. Long working hours.C. The hot weather.D. The fan in the room.Section B PassagesDirections:In this section, you will hear several short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center (on Answer Sheet I).Passage One6. A. A dozen.B. Two dozen.C. A half dozen.D. Five dozen.7. A. They don’t stay fresh very long.B. They smell nice.C. They are too expensive.D. They aren’t very pretty.8. A. Oil and vinegar.B. Sugar and white vinegar.C. Sugar and oil.D. Aspirin.Passage Two9. A. Miller was loved by her parents.B. Miller was loved by her sisters.C. Miller was loved by her brothers.D. Miller enjoyed a happy life as a child.10. A. Maths.B. painting.C. Both A and B.D. Neither A nor B.Section C Summary writingDirections:In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read, you are required to write a summary of about 60 words on Answer Sheet II.Part II Vocabulary and Structure (10%)Directions: There are a number of incomplete sentences or sentences with underlined words or phrases in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence or replace the underlined part of the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center (on Answer Sheet I).11. There has been a decline _______ the number of people borrowing from public libraries.A. onB. inC. withD. at12. The harder a student studies, _______.A. the more his body gives off heatB. his body gives off more heatC. the more heat does his body gives offD. the more heat his body gives off13. When she heard the bad news, she _______completely.A. broke awayB. broke downC. broke outD. broke through14. The clerk muttered under his breath as he brought the _______ the tenth pair of shoes.A. clientB. attorneyC. agentD. consumer15. Association refers to _______ the material we want to remember and _______ it to something we remember accurately.A. taking … relatingB. take … relateC. taking … relateD. take … relating16. They took _______ measures to prevent poisonous gases from escaping.A. fruitfulB. beneficialC. validD. effective17. With the help of a metal detector, they discovered that wreckage lay _______ over a 2,000-square-feet area, often buried beneath sand and seaweed.A. scatteredB. separatedC. dispersedD. distributed18. It was his wife’s encouragement that had _______ his through the bad times.A. deliveredB. relievedC. sentD. brought19. The distance from the Earth to the spacecraft is often determined very accuratelyfrom the time _______ between two radio signals.A. interactionB. alternativeC. interferenceD. interval20. Finding himself trapped in the Death Valley, he had a sudden feeling of _______.A. despairB. desperateC. frightenedD. dreadful21. In a time of social reform, peop le’s state of mind tends to keep pace with the rapid changes ofsociety.A. take stepB. match upC. keep in touchD. make progress22. If decisions are delayed until the problems become worse, possibilities for effective actions will be severely reduced.A. optionsB. notionsD. occasions23. You can add the fluid to the powder, or, vice versa, the powder to the fluid.A. conventionallyB. convertiblyC. converselyD. conversationally24. She anxiously inspected the faces of the men leaving the train in the hope of find her husband.A. approachedB. searchedC. scannedD. recalled25. In Britain, and on the Continent too, the Japanese are sometimes viewed as a threat to domestic industries.A. looked likeB. varied withC. thought forD. supposed as26. With an old screwdriver he rasped the mortar away from around one of the bricks in the endwall.A. scrapedB. brushedC. pulledD. ported27. As early as 1647 Ohio made a decision that free tax-supported schools must be established inevery town having 50 household or more.A. foundedB. foundC. formulatedD. funded28. He said that he had never come across a painting which pleased him more.A. seen aboutB. viewed asC. happened toD. met with29. My book is practically finished; I have only a few changes to make in the writing.A. virtuallyB. verticallyC. violentlyD. visually30. The teacher congratulated the student who won the prize in the speech contest.A. consoledB. comfortedD. consultedPart III Cloze (10%)Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter with a single line through the center (on Answer Sheet I).Scientists searching for precious metals have turned to the ocean floor, where natural chimneys are spewing out a metal-enriched black dust containing particles of gold, silver and zinc.Scientists 31 these hot springs are recreating the process which, billions of years ago, created 32 metal deposits now found on land.The discovery is giving geologists a 33 into the earth’s early history and fuelling some new theories on origin of life.It also has huge implications for 34 companies.Geologists are just beginning to understand how these chimneys, 35 clusters of sulphur and minerals, are formed, and what makes them spew out the mineralized dust.At present it is not commercially 36 for mining companies to operate beneath the sea, a lthough some scientists believe the “black smokers”, 37 known as active mineralizing systems, will be a major—and renewable—source of metals in the next decade.38 the meantime, mining companies are using the ocean-floor research to locate similar deposits on land.“The hottest thing in the mining research game right now is the39 within the past few years of mineral deposits currently forming—in front of our eyes—on the ocean floor,” said Dr. Joseph Fox, a Montreal (加拿大蒙特利尔) geologist.Canada has mined some of the richest copper, zinc and gold 40 in the world. In the past year, mining companies have used knowledge about where mineral formations 41 on the ocean floor to find the deposits on land.Geologists are excited because, 42 metal deposits on land, which are two or three billion years old, the undersea deposits keep 43 themselves.“It’s really incredible to think that we have a renewable metal resource44 we’ve been taught to think of metal resources as non-renewable,” Fo x said.The 30-foot-high (10-metre) chimneys or vents, 45 in 1979, are found along fractures in the ocean’s crust.Scientists believe the deposits form when cold sea-water seeps into the fractures, leaving metals 46 it is drawn down.As the water t ravels in the direction of the earth’s core, it47 up. Eventually, the hot water rises, carrying with it the hot metal sulphide 48 the ocean floor.When the hot sulphide meets the cold sea water, a thick black smoke-like substance is formed, spewing out of vents in built-up deposits of 49 .The particles in the smoke eventually 50 on the ocean floor, forming vast solid sheets of metal sulphide.31. A. believe B. thought C. uncover D. found32. A. smooth B. tiny C. vast D. rust33. A. chance B. revision C. weapon D. glimpse34. A. metal B. mining C. alloy D. global35. A. made of B. consisting in C. resulted from D. dealing with36. A. periodic B. reliable C. comparative D. feasible37. A. formally B. chiefly C. economically D. occasionally38. A. At B. On C. In D. For39. A. invention B. discovery C. findings D. theory40. A. samples B. deposits C. mines D. fractions41. A. range B. suffer C. occur D. form42. A. unlike B. like C. as D. except43. A. to renew B. renewing C. having renewed D. to be renewed44. A. before B. until C. because D. when45. A. broken B. fixed C. discovered D. originated46. A. since B. as C. for D. whereas47. A. speeds B. goes C. gives D. heats48. A. from B. on C. toward D. beyond49. A. sulphide B. substance C. deposits D. element50. A. rely B. move C. turn D. settlePart IV Reading Comprehension (25%)Directions:There are five passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center (on Answer Sheet I).Passage OneQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Professor Smith recently persuaded 35 people, 23 of them women, to keep a diary of all their absent-minded actions for a fortnight. When he came to analyze their embarrassing lapses in a scientific report, he was surprised to find that nearly all of them fell into a few groupings. None did the lapses appear to be entirely random.One of the women, for instance, on leaving her house for work one morning threw her dog her earnings and tried to fix a dog biscui t on her ear. “The explanation for this is that the brain is like a computer,” explains the professor. “People programme themselves to do certain activities regularly. It was the woman’s custom every morning to throw her dog two biscuits and then put on he r earrings. But somehow the action got reversed in the programme.” About one in twenty of the incidents the volunteers reported were these “programme assembly failures.”Altogether the volunteers logged 433 unintentional actions that they found themselves doing —an average of twelve each. There appear to be peak periods in the day when we are at our zaniest. These are two hours some time between eight a.m. and noon, between four and six p.m. with a smaller peak between eight and ten p.m. “Among men the peak seems to be when a changeover in brain ‘programmes’ occurs, as for instance between going to and from work.” Women on average reported slightly more lapses—12.5 compared with 10.9 for men probably because they were more reliable reporters.A startling finding of the research is that the absent-minded activity is a hazard of doing things in which we are skilled. Normally, you would expect that skill reduces the number of errorswe make. But trying to avoid silly slips by concentrating more could make things a lot worse—even dangerous.51. In this study Professor Smith asked the subjects _______.A. to keep track of people who tend to forget thingsB. to report their embarrassing lapses at randomC. to analyze their awkward experiences scientificallyD. to keep a record of what they did unintentionally52. Professor Smith discovered that _______.A. certain patterns can be indentified in the recorded incidentsB. many people were too embarrassed to admit their absent-mindednessC. men tend to be more absent-minded than womenD. absent-mindedness is an excusable human weakness53. “Programme assembly failures (Sentence 6, Paragraph 2)” refers to the phenomenon thatpeople _______.A. often fail to programme their routines beforehandB. tend to make mistakes when they are in a hurryC. unconsciously change the sequence of doing thingsD. are likely to mess thing up if they are too tired54. We learn from the third paragraph that _______.A. absent-mindedness tends to occur during certain hours of the dayB. women are very careful to perform actions during peak periodsC. women experience more peak periods of absent-mindednessD. men’s absent-mindedness often results in funny situations55. It can be concluded from the passage that _______.A. people should avoid doing important things during peak periods of lapsesB. hazards can be avoided when people do things they are good atC. people should be careful when programming their actionsD. lapses cannot always be attributed to lack of concentrationPassage TwoQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.The two claws of the mature American lobster are decidedly different from each other. The crusher claw is short and stout; the cutter claw is long and slender. Such bilateral asymmetry, in which the right side of the body is, in all other respects, a mirror image of the left side, is not unlike handedness in humans. But where the majority of humans are right-handed, in lobsters the crusher claw appears with equal probability on either the right side or left side of the body.Bilateral asymmetry of the claws comes about gradually. In the juvenile fourth and fifth stages of development, the paired claws are symmetrical and cutter like. Asymmetry begins to appear in the juvenile sixth stage of development, and the paired claws farther diverge toward well-defined cutter and crusher claws during succeeding stages. An intriguing aspect of this development was discovered by Victor Emmer. He found that if one of the paired claws is removed during the fourth or fifth stage, the intact claw invariably becomes a crusher, while the regenerated claw becomes a stutter. Removal of a claw during a later juvenile stage or during adulthood, when asymmetry is present, does not alter the asymmetry; the intact and regenerated claws retain their original structures.。
考博英语阅读训练及全文翻译
考博英语阅读训练及全文翻译（一）Overseas students shun UK and US universitiesThe market share of international students enjoyed by British and US universities has dropped sharply as Australia，Japan and New Zealand become increasingly popular destinations，according to an international comparison of education systems published yesterday.The latest edition of Education at a Glance，an annual audit published by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development，showed that although foreign students continue to be attracted to the two countries because of the English language teaching and perceived quality of education，in relative terms their position is weakening.The Paris-based organisation reported that US market share fell 2 per cent from 2002-3，while the UK suffered the fastest decline among OECD members，falling from 16.2 per cent in 1998 to 13.5 percent in 2003.The most recent year used by the report is 2003 so the percentages did not include a 21.3 per cent fall in the number of Chinese students accepted for university courses in Britain this year. Britain is increasingly reliant on the higher fees paid by students from outside the European Union to help sustain its universities for domestic students.The overall number of students studying outside their own countries stood at 2.1m in 2003，an 8.3 percent annual average increase since 1998.According to the report the international complexion of US campuses has changed strikingly since September 11 2001. The country''s universities have seen decreases of 10-37 per cent in students from the Gulf states，northern Africa and some south-east Asian countries.The report also concluded that despite continued，if uneven，growth in the number of graduates churned out by the rich world''s universities，the monetary value of a degree showed no sign of having been tarnished.Andreas Schleicher，head of the Indicators and Analysis Division of the OECD''s Directorate of Education，said there was no evidence of inflation of the labour-market value of qualifications and that graduates could expect to continue to earn considerably more than those without a degree.Assessing the performance of the world''s schools，Mr Schleicher said Asia was soaring while Europe remained level and South America had slipped into relative decline.一、全文翻译英美大学留学生人数骤跌据昨天公布的一项国际教育体系比较研究称，英美大学的留学生市场份额急剧下降，而澳大利亚、日本和新西兰日益成为受欢迎的留学目的地。
2015考博英语翻译题押题与解析
2015考博英语翻译题押题与解析本文针对历年考博英语真题长难句部分进行详解，希望对2015年考博的同学提供一点帮助。
11.If its message were confined merely to information and thatin itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve,for evena detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtlypersuasive-advertising wound be so boring that no one wound pay anyattention.[参考译文]如果其信息只被局限于告知一一就广告而言，如果这不是完全不可能达到的，也是非常难做的，因为即便是一个诸如衬衫的颜色的选择这样的细节都会具有微妙的说服意味，那么广告就会如此地乏味以至于没有人会关注它。
12.The workers who gets a promotion,the student whose gradesimprove,the foreigner who learns a new language-all these areexamples of people who have measurable results to show for thereefforts.（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537) [参考译文]得到了升迁的工人们，成绩进步的学生，学会了一门新语言的外国人一一这些都是那些有可衡量的结果宋显示其努力的人们的例证。
13.As families move away from their stable community,theirfriends of many years,their extended family relationships,theinformal flow of information is cut off,and with it the confidencethat information will be available when needed and will be trustworthyand reliable.[参考译文]随着家庭离开他们原来稳定的社区，离开他们多年的朋友和扩展的家庭关系，非正式的信息流动被切断了，随之而去的是对在需要时能获得可靠和值得信赖的信息的信心。
2015年博士生入学考试外语真题
2015年博士生入学考试外语真题中国社会科学院研究生院2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷英语2015年3月14 日8:30 – 11:30PART I: Vocabulary and GrammarSection A (10 points)Directions: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.1. Even the president is not really the CEO. No one is. Power in a corporation is concentrated and vertically structured. Power in Washington is ______________ and horizontally spread out.a. prudentb. reversiblec. diffused. mandatory2. In describing the Indians of the various sections of the United States at different stages in their history, some of the factors which account for their similarity amid difference can be readily accounted for, others are difficult to _______________.a. refineb. discernc. embedd. cluster3. The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster, implemented by T ony Blair, wasdesigned to give the other members of the club a bigger ______________ and to counter centrifugal forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.a. sayb. transmissionc. decayd. contention4. It can hardly be denied the proliferation of so-called dirty books and films has, to date, reached almost a saturation point. People do not acknowledge the _______________ fact that children are bound to be exposed to ―dirty words‖in a myriad of ways other than through the public airwaves.a.i rrefutableb. concretec. inevitabled. haphazard5. A condition is an essential term of the contract. If a contract is not performed, it may constitute a substantial breach of contract and allow the other party to _______________ the contract, that is, treat the contract as discharged or terminated.a. repudiateb. spurnc. declined. halt6. Each of us shares with the community in which we live a store of words as well as agreed conventions ______________ these words should be arranged to convey a particular message. a. as the way by which b. by the way in whichc. as to the way in whichd. in the way of which7. Rarely ______________ a technological development _______________ an impact on many aspects of social, economic, and cultural development as greatly as the growth of electronics.a. has… hadb. had…hadc. has…hasd. have…had8. If early humans ______________ as much as they did, they probably ______________ to evolve into different species.a. did not move and intermingle…would continueb. would not move and intermingle…had continuedc. had not moved and intermingled…would have continuedd. were not to move and intermingle…could have continued9. It was ______________ the last time around the track ______________ I really kicked itin--passing the gossiping girlfriends, blocking out the whistles of boys who had already completed their run and now were hanging out on the grassy hill, I ran--pushing hard, breathing shallowly, knowing full well that I was going to have to hear about it from my disapproving friends for the next few days.a. not until…whenb. not until…thatc. until…whend. until…that10．One impediment ______________ the general use of a standard in pronunciation is the fact ______________ pronunciation is learnt naturally and unconsciously, while orthography is learnt deliberately and consciously.a. in…whichb. of …in whichc. on…thatd. to…thatSection B (5 points)Directions: Choose the word that is the closest in meaning with the underlined word.11. It is some 15 million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims swept up in a tumultuous shuffle of citizensbetween India and Pakistan after the partition of the subcontinent in 1947.a. divisionb. turmoilc. fusiond. consolidation12. Concerning speculation, philosophy looks upon things from the broadest possible perspective;for criticism, it has the twofold role of questioning and judging everything that pertains either to the foundations or to the superstructure of human thinking.a. inebriatesb. forsakesc. relatesd. emaciates13. Meeting is, in fact, a necessary though not necessarily productive psychological side show.Perhaps it is our civilized way to moderating，if not preventing, change.a. promotingb. impedingc. temperingd. arresting14. The truth about alliances and their merit probably lies somewhere between the travel utopiapresented by the players and the evil empires portrayed bytheir critics.a. collaborationb. worthc. triumphd. defect15. But Naifeh and Smith reveal a keen intellect, an avid reader and a passionate observer of otherartists’ work who progressed from labored figure studies to inspir ed outbursts of creative energy.Far from an artistic flash in the pan, he pursued his calling with dogged determination against nearly insurmountable odds.a. insuperableb. unsurpassablec. uncountabled. invaluableSection C (5 points)Directions: Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence.16.One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S. Congress is the power toinvestigate, which is usually delegated to committees—either standing committees, specialA Bcommittees set for a specific purpose, or joint committees consisting of members of bothC Dhouses.17.One of the important corollaries to the investigative power is the power to publicizeinvestigations and their results. Most committee hearings areopen to public and are reportedA Bwidely in the mass media. Congressional investigations thus represent one important toolCavailable to lawmakers to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interest in national issues.D18.It is not a voice we recognize at once, whereas our own handwriting is something which weA Balmost always know. We begin the natural learning of pronunciation long before we start Clearning to read or write, and in our early years we go on unconsciously imitating andDpracticing the pronunciation of those around us for many hours everyday.19. It had happened too often that the farmers sold their wheat soon after harvest when farm debtsAwere coming due, only to see prices rising and speculators getting rich. On various occasions,Bproducer groups, asked firmer control, but the government had no wish to become involved, atCleast not until wartime when wheat prices threatened to run wild.D20.Detailed studies of the tribe by the food scientists at the University of London showed thatAgathering is a more productive source of food than is hunting. An hour of hunting yields onB Caverage about 100 edible calories as an hour of gathering produces 240.DPART II: Reading comprehension (30 points)Directions: Choose the best answers based on the information in the passages below. Passage 1Plato’s Republic has been the source of great consternation, especially in literary circles, for itsattack on the poets. Socrates in fact asserts that they should have no place in the ideal state. Eric Havelock suggests that there are several misunderstandings in this regard, and in his Preface to Plato he identifies the issues, explains the historical context.Havelock opens his discussion by suggesting that the very title of the Republic is the source of much confusion. The book is commonly understood to be a treatise on the ideal political entity, but even a casual analysis will show that only one-third of the text is concerned with statecraft. The other two-thirds cover a variety of su bjects, but the thrust of Plato’s argument amounts to an attack on the traditional Greek approach to education.The educational methods still in use in the 4th century BC had their origins in what has been called the Greek Dark Age beginning around 1200 BC when the Mycenaean era collapsed. Very little is known about the whys and wherefores of this collapse, but it wasn’t until around 700 BC that the Phoenicianalphabet began to be adapted and used in the Greek-speaking world. During the intervening centuries, all knowledge concerning Greek history, culture, mores and laws were orally transmitted down through the generations. The most effective device in aid of memorizing vast amounts of information was rhyme. The epic form we see in Homer’s Iliad grew out of the need to preserve the Greek cultural memory. Havelock takes the reader through Book 1 of The Iliad and dissects it in detail to show how this cultural, historical and ethical heritage was conveyed. The Iliad takes on new and significant meaning to the reader of this minute examination.The Iliad and presumably other poetic vehicles were taught to children from an early age. The whole of the Greek-speaking world was immersed in the project of memorizing, and out of the masses arose those individuals with superior memories and theatrical skills who became the next generation of minstrels and teachers. Education was thus comprised of memorization and rote learning, and the people enjoyed constant reminders through public readings and festivals.Plato’s focus in the Republic and elsewhere is on Homer and Hesiod and to some extent the dramatists which at the time were the centerpieces of the educational regime. Their works presented gods and heroes as fundamentally immoral and thus bad examples for youth. The overall result is that the Greek adolescent is continually conditioned to an attitude which at bottom is cynical. It is more important to keep up appearances than to practice the reality. Decorum and decent behavior are not obviously violated, but the inner principle of morality is. Once the Republic is viewed as a critique of the educational regime, Havelock says that the logic of its total organization becomesclear.What Pl ato was railing against was an ―oral state of mind‖ which seems to have persisted even though the alphabet and written documentation had been in use for three centuries. Illiteracy was thus stil l a widespread problem in Plato’s time, and the poetic state of mind was the main obstacle to scientific rationalism and analysis. This is why Plato regarded the poetic or oral state of mind as the arch-enemy. In his teachings he did the opposite. He ask ed his students to ―think about what they were sa ying instead of just saying it.‖The epic had become, in Plato’s view, not ―an act of creation bu t an act of reminder and recall‖ and cont ributed to what Havelock terms ―the Homeric state of mind.‖It was So crates’project (and by extension Plato’s) to reform Greek education to encourage thinking and analysis. Thus all the ranting and railing about the ―poets‖ in Plato’s Republic was limited basically to Homer and Hesiod because of what he viewed as a wholly inadequate approach to education of which these particular poets were an integral part.Unfortunately, Western culture has misconstrued wh at Plato and Socrates meant by ―the poets.‖And because we view poetry as a highly creative and elevated form of expression, our critics have failed to recognize that Plato’s diatribe had a very specific and limited target which had nothing to do with high-minded creativity, of which there is plenty, by the way, in the proscribed poet s. It wasn’t really the poets who were the problem; it was the use of them that was deemed unacceptable.Post-Havelock, we can now read the Republic with the scales lifted from our eyes and see it for what it really was: an indictment of an antiquated educational regime which had no place in a democratic society.Comprehension Questions:21. The mistaken understanding of Plato's Republic consists in the widespread belief that it consistsof _______________.a.literary criticismb. a treatise on the ideal polityc. a critique of rationalismd. an indictment of an obsolete pedagogy22. According to Havelock, Plato’s anger with the poets arose from:I: Their representation of gods and heroes as fundamentally immoral and thus bad examples for youth.II: Their transmission of culture, mores and laws.a. I.b. II.c. Both I and II.d. Neither I nor II.23. Prior to the 4th century BC, recitation was considered the best educational method because______________.a.poetry was seen as a highly creative and elevated form of expressionb.rhyme was the most effective device in aid of memorizing vast amounts of informationc.there was no writing systemd.the people enjoyed constant reminders through public readings and festivals24. In Plato's diatribe the poetic or oral state of mind is the arch-enemy of _______________.a.democratic societyb. the Mycenaean Republicc .the Phoenicians d. literacy25. A common critique of the present-day Chinese educational system resembles the educationalsystem that Plato fulminated against in that it often _______________.a.asks students to think about what they were saying instead of just saying it/doc/8e18884558.htmlprises of memorization and rote learningc.has a very specific and limited targetd.encourages thinking and analysisPassage 2To govern is to choose how the revenue raised from taxes is spent. So far so good, or bad. But some people earn more money than others. Should they pay proportionately more money to the government than those who earn less? And if they do pay more money are they entitled to more services than those who pay less or those who pay nothing at all? And should those who pay nothing at all because they have nothing get anything? These matters are of irritable concern to ourrulers, and of some poignancy to the rest.Although the equality of each citizen before the law is the rock upon which the American Constitution rests, economic equality has never been an American ideal. In fact, it is the one unmentionable subject in our politics, as the senator from South Dakota recently discovered when he came up with a few quasi-egalitarian tax reforms. The furious and enduring terror of Communism in America is not entirely the work of those early cold warriors Truman and Acheson.A dislike of economic equality is something deep-grained in the American Protestant character. After all, given a rich empty continent for vigorous Europeans to exploit (the Indians were simply a disagreeable part of the emptiness, like chiggers), any man of gumption could make himself a good living. With extra hard work, any man could make himself a fortune, proving that he was a better man than the rest. Long before Darwin the American ethos was Darwinian.The vision of the rich empty continent is still a part of the American unconscious in spite of the Great Crowding and its attendant miseries; and this lingering belief in the heaven any man can make for himself through hard work and clean living is a key to the majority’s prevailing and apparently unalterable hatred of the poor, kept out of sight at home, out of mind abroad.Yet there has been, from the beginning, a significant division in our ruling class. The early Thomas Jefferson had a dream: a society of honest yeomen, engaged in agricultural pursuits, without large cities, heavy industry, banks, military pretensions. The early (and the late) Alexander Hamilton wanted industry, banks, cities, and a military force capable of making itself felt in world politics. It is a nice irony that so many of toda y’s laissez-faire conservatives think that they descend from Hamilton, the proponent of a strong federal government, and that so many liberals believe themselves to be the heirs of the early Jefferson, who wanted little more than a police force and a judiciary. Always practical, Jefferson knew that certain men would rise through their own good efforts while, sadly, others would fall. Government would do no more than observe this Darwinian spectacle benignly, and provide no succor.In 1800 the Hamiltonian view was rejected by the people andtheir new President Thomas Jefferson. Four years later, the Hamiltonian view had prevailed and was endorsed by the reelected Jefferson. Between 1800 and 1805 Jefferson had seen to it that an empire in posse had become an empire in esse. The difference between Jefferson I and Jefferson II is reflected in the two inaugural addresses.It is significant that nothing more elevated than greed changed the Dr. Jekyll of Jefferson I into the Mr. Hyde of Jefferson II. Like his less thoughtful countrymen, Jefferson could not resist a deal. Subverting the Constitution he had helped create, Jefferson bought Louisiana from Napoleon, acquiring its citizens without their consents. The author of the Declaration of Independence was quite able to forget the unalienable rights of anyone whose property he thought should be joined to our empire—a word which crops up frequently and unselfconsciously in his correspondence.In the course of land-grabbing, Jefferson II managed to get himself into hot water with France, England, and Spain simultaneously, a fairly astonishing thing to do considering the state of politics in Napoleonic Europe.Comprehension Questions:26. The author believes that Americans ________________.a. still believe America to be largely unpopulatedb. largely believe in lower taxationc. are in favor of taxation without representationd. should reconsider the Louisiana purchase27. From the passage, we may assume that the senator from South Dakota _______________.a. opposed tax reformb. was Thomas Jeffersonc. failed in his attempt to reform tax lawd. was Alexander Hamilton28. Jefferson made it possible for ________________.a. a potential empire to become a real oneb. tax laws to reflect the will of the peoplec. France, England, and Spain to simultaneously vacillate upon their mutual feelings towardsthe United States.d. Darwinian social theories to be accepted without question29. Jefferson’s early political writings espoused what would today b e called _______________.a. collectivismb. libertarianismc. socialismd. liberalism30. The author holds that Jefferson’s purchase of the Louisiana territories _______________.a. may be seen as a hypocritical actb. rigorously held with his previous views of inalienable rightsc. cannot be seen as an act of empire-expansiond. was an act meant to lower taxes and improve the wealth of the nationPassage 3If, besides the accomplishments of being witty and ill-natured, a man is vicious into the bargain, he is one of the most mischievous creatures that can enter into a civil society. His satire will then chiefly fall upon those who ought to be the most exempt from it. Virtue, merit, and everything that is praiseworthy, will be made the subject of ridicule and buffoonery. It is impossible to enumerate the evils which arise from these arrowsthat fly in the dark; and I know no other excuse that is or can be made for them, than that the wounds they give are only imaginary, and produce nothing more than a secret shame or sorrow in the mind of the suffering person. It must indeed be confessed that a lampoon or a satire do not carry in them robbery or murder; but at the same time, how many are there that would not rather lose a considerable sum of money, or even life itself, than be set up as a mark of infamy and derision? And in this case a man should consider that an injury is not to be measured by the notions of him that gives, but of him that receives it. Those who can put the best countenance upon the outrages of this nature which are offered them, are not without their secret anguish. I have often observed a passage in Socrates’ behavio r at his death in a light wherein none of the critics have considered it. That excellent man entertaining his friends a little before he drank the bowl of poison, with a discourse on the immortality of the soul, at his entering upon it says that he does not believe any the most comic genius can censure him for talking upon such a subject at such at a time. This passage, I think, evidently glances upon Aristophanes, who write a comedy on purpose to ridicule the discourses of that divine philosopher. It has been observed by many writers that Socrates was so little moved at this piece of buffoonery, that he was several times present at its being acted upon the stage, and never expressed the least resentment of it. But, with submission, I think the remark I have here made shows us that this unworthy treatment made an impression uponhis mind, though he had been too wise to discover it. When Julius Caesar was lampooned by Catullus, he invited him to a supper, and treated him with such a generous civility, that hemade the poet his friend ever after. Cardinal Mazarine gave the same kind of treatment to the learned Quillet, who had reflected upon his eminence in a famous Latin poem. The cardinal sent for him, and, after some kind expostulations upon what he had written, assured him of his esteem, and dismissed him with a promise of the next good abbey that should fall, which he accordingly conferred upon him in a few months after. This had so good an effect upon the author, that he dedicated the second edition of his book to the cardinal, after having expunged the passages which had given him offence. Though in the various examples which I have here drawn together, these several great men behaved themselves very differently towards the wits of the age who had reproached them, they all of them plainly showed that they were very sensible of their reproaches, and consequently that they received them as very great injuries. For my own part, I would never trust a man that I thought was capable of giving these secret wounds; and cannot but think that he would hurt the person, whose reputation he thus assaults, in his body or in his fortune, could he do it with the same security. There is indeed something very barbarous and inhuman in the ordinary scribblers of lampoons. I have indeed heard of heedless, inconsiderate writers that, without any malice, have sacrificed the reputation of their friends and acquaintance to a certain levity of temper, and a silly ambition of distinguishing themselves by a spirit of raillery and satire; as if it were not infinitely more honourable to be a good-natured man than a wit. Where there is this little petulant humor in an author, he is often very mischievous without designing to be so.Comprehension Questions:31. According to the author, those who want to trivializesatire tend to suggest that_______________.a. the damage is immaterialb. the effect is mere buffooneryc. wit is a streak of geniusd. the mischief must be taken in a spirit of raillery32. What would be the best strategy for the object of satire to adopt, according to the author?a. To take no heed.b. To placate the author.c. To take offence.d. To suffer the consequences.33. The main purpose of this article is ________________.a. the derision of the perpetrators of satireb. a warning against mischievous scribblersc. creating understanding of the genred. reproaching fellow satirists34. When the author speaks of ―this little petulant humor‖it is evident that he means________________.a. good-natured witb. the choleric temperc. a silly ambitiond. submission35. In view of the opinion of the author, it is unlikely that the author is a ________________.a. man of lettersb. satiristc. witd. a good-natured man Passage 4Alexander the Great’s conquests in the Eastern Mediterranean initiated a series of profound cultural transformations in the ancient centers of urban civilization of the Fertile Crescent. The final destruction of native rule and the imposition of an alien elite culture instigated a cultural discourse—Hellenism—which irrevocably marked all participants, both conquerors and conquered. This discourse was particularly characterized by a transformation of indigenous cultural traditions, necessitated by their need to negotiate their place in a new social order. As Bowerstock has argued, the process of Hellenization did not accomplish the wholesale replacement of indigenous cultural traditions with Greek civilization. Instead, it provided a new cultural vocabulary through which much pre-existing cultural tradition was often able to find new expression. This phenomenon is especially intriguing as it relates to language and literacy. The ancient civilizations of the Syro-Mesopotamian and Egyptian cultural spheres were, of course, literate, possessing indigenous literary traditions already of great antiquity at the time of the Macedonian conquests. The disenfranchisement of traditional elites by the imposition of Greek rule had the related effect of displacing many of the traditional social structures where in indigenous literacy functioned and was taught—in particular, the institutions of the palace and the temple. A new language of power, Greek, replaced the traditional language of these institutions. This had the unavoidable effect of displacing the traditional writing systems associated with these indigenous languages. Traditional literacy’s longstanding association with the centers of social and political authority began to be eroded.Naturally, the eclipse of traditional, indigenous literacy did not occur overnight. The decline of Cuneiform and Hieroglyphicliteracies was a lengthy process. Nor was the nature of their respective declines identical. Akkadian, the ancient language of Mesopotamian court and temple culture, vanished forever, along with cuneiform writing, in the first century CE. Egyptian lived on beyond the disappearance of hieroglyphic in the fourth century CE in the guise of Coptic, to succumb as a living, spoken language of daily social intercourse only after the Islamic conquest of Egypt. Even then, Coptic survives to this day as the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church. This latter point draws attention to an aspect of the decline of these indigenous literacies worthy of note: it is in the sphere of religion that these literacies are often preserved longest, after they have been superseded in palace circles—the last dated cuneiform text we have is an astrological text; the last dated hieroglyphic text a votive graffito. This should cause little surprise. The sphere of religion is generally one of the most conservative of cultural subsystems. The local need to negotiate the necessities of daily life and individual and collective identity embodied in traditional religious structures is slow to change and exists in ongoing dialogue with the more readily changeable royal and/or state ideologies that bind various locales together in an institutional framework.The process of ―Hellenization‖ of the an cient cultures of the Eastern Mediterranean provides us, then, with an opportunity to observe the on-going effect on traditional, indigenous literacy of the imposition of a new status language possessed of its own distinct writing system. The cultural politics of written and spoken language-use in such contexts has been much discussed and it is clear that the processes leading to the adoption of a new language—in written form, or spoken form, or both—in some cultural spheres and the retention of traditional languages inothers are complex. Factors including the imposition of a new language from above, adoption of a new language of social prestige from below, as well as preservation of older idioms of traditional statusin core cultural institutions, must have affected different sectors of a conquered society in different fashions and at different rates.Comprehension Questions:36. The languages that have to some extent managed to survive Hellenization did so in what area?a. In palace circles.b. In governmental institutions.c. In the religious sphere.d. In philological circles.37. Which aspect of society, according to the passage, is one of the most resistant to change?a. Monarchical institutions.b. Religious institutions.c. Linguistic norms.d. State ideologies.38. In the first paragraph, you saw the underlined word disenfranchisement. Choose, among thefollowing expressions, the closest in similar meaning.a. the removal of power, right and/or privilegeb. a strong sense of disappointmentc. the prohibition of the right to conduct businessd. the loss of social position39. Who was the leader of the Macedonian Conquest?a. King Philip of Macedon.b. Pericles of Athens.。
中南大学博士研究生英语考试真题
中南大学博士研究生英语考试真题全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1中南大学博士研究生英语考试真题Part I: Vocabulary and structure (20 points)Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the answer that best completes the sentence.1. The Earth _____ around the sun.A. revolvesB. resolvingC. resolvingD. revolves2. A water molecule is made up _____ two hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom.A. forB. ofD. by3. The data _____ China’s economic growth are impressive.A. forB. towardC. concerningD. on4. We have to know _____ always comes first.A. besidesB. thatC. itD. what5. The coffee served in that shop is far too weak _____ my taste.A. fromB. toC. for6. I really _____ remember what her address is.A. don’tB. can’tC. mustn’tD. won’t7. Would you like milk and sugar _____ your coffee?A. inB. atC. onD. of8. It is important for leaders to work _____ the development of their employees.A. onB. forC. withD. in9. Our project needs more support _____ the government.A. atB. toC. fromD. on10. _____ he is often criticized, he is actually a very talented writer.A. EvenB. SinceC. ThusD. HencePart II: Reading comprehension (30 points)Directions: In this part, there are four passages. Each passage is followed by five questions. For each question, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer.Passage 1There is a serious problem with obesity in many developed countries. This is usually caused by people eating too much andnot doing enough exercise. As a result, many people are now overweight or even obese. Obesity can lead to serious health problems such as heart disease and diabetes.11. What is the main cause of obesity?A. Lack of sleepB. Too much exerciseC. Eating too muchD. Eating too little12. What is the consequence of obesity?A. Heart diseaseB. Healthy bodyC. Strong musclesD. No exercise13. Which disease can obesity lead to?A. DiabetesB. FluC. ColdsD. Allergies14. What do many people in developed countries have due to obesity?A. Strong musclesB. High blood pressureC. Low body weightD. Overweight15. How can obesity be prevented?A. By eating more unhealthy foodB. By not doing any exerciseC. By eating less and exercising moreD. By sleeping all dayPassage 2There is a growing concern about the environment and the impact that human activity is having on it. As the population grows and people use more energy, pollution levels are increasing. This is leading to global warming and climate change.16. What is the growing concern about?A. Language skillsB. The economyC. The environmentD. Shopping habits17. What is causing pollution levels to increase?A. TreesB. Human activityC. CloudsD. Cities18. What is global warming leading to?A. Increased pollutionB. Climate changeC. Decreased pollutionD. Cleaner air19. How is the population affecting the environment?A. By using less energyB. By not using energy at allC. By using more energyD. By sleeping all day20. What is a consequence of climate change?A. Cleaner airB. Natural disastersC. Healthy environmentD. Decreased food productionPart III: Fill in the blanks (20 points)Directions: Complete the following sentences with the appropriate words.21. The _____ of the project cost over $1 million.22. She is tired of _____ the same routine every day.23. He knocked on the door but there was no _____ .24. The teacher _____ her students to work hard.25. We need to find a _____ to this problem soon.Part IV: Translation (30 points)Directions: Translate the following passage from Chinese to English.拥有绿色的科学技术和环境经营理念将越来越成为未来企业的重要标志。
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2015中南大学考博英语经典阅读：An educationin finance 国庆长假，育明考博考博小编为同学们收集整理了经典阅读资料并附有例句解析，希望育明考博考博伴随同学们共度国庆，复习的更加顺利!联系我们扣扣：四九三三七一六二六。
电话：四零零六六八六九七八
An educationin finance
Less well known is the increasing willingness of colleges to borrowin the markets,too.On May15th,for example,Cornell University sold$250m-worth of bonds.In recent weeks both Harvard and the University of Texashave also raised hundreds of millions of dollars in this way.
Such debt-raising is becoming more common.There are abundantreasons to believe that the market will grow much bigger yet.
Largely this is because colleges are only belatedly becoming awareof how useful the financial markets can be.No doubt some of their hesitationhas been cultural:academics may have been reluctant to look at theiruniversities as businesses;or they may have misunderstood what was needed tohelp those businesses grow.
If they did look at their institutions in economic terms,people ineducation tended not to think that universities lacked capital.Rather,theythought that they had a structural inability to use capital and labour moreefficiently.Unlike the car industry,many schools felt that they mustmaintain,or even increase,the ratio of employees(teachers)to customers(students).Small class sizes are taken as a signal of high quality,soinvesting money to save on teachers’salaries is not anattractive strategy.
Schools had other reservations as well.Poor schools were worriedabout being unable to service debt.Rich schools with huge endowments may haveseen no need.
So much for an academic perspective.A growing number of investorssaw
things differently.Those lovely buildings on rolling campuses,the betteruniversities’reputations,taxpayers’backing of state-owned institutions:all this looked to them like adeep pool of assets against which lots of money could be borrowed.The moneyraised could be used to attract more customers,who are choosy about theproduct and whose demand varies little with the price(loudly though they maycomplain).
Some of the richest universities may be using another tactic too,although they would be loth to admit it.To understand this,it helps to knowthat America has three types of university-public ones;private,not-for-profitinstitutions;and private schools run for profit.Both public andnot-for-profit universities often issue tax-exempt debt.This tends to becheap.They can then invest the money they raise in the higheryielding taxablemarket but,because of their non-profit status,avoid taxes.
This is not quite a licence to print money,but it is not far off.Under a1986 law,money has to be raised for a purpose,such as abuilding.However,this is a matter of substance rather than form.Money is fungible.As long as the tax authorities are happy that the promised sum is being spenton the stated projects,a university can borrow cheaply and,in effect,earn aspread.Reflecting just how complex this market has become,most universitiesborrow at variable rates and then hedge their interest-rate risk throughswaps.It is all pretty clever.
Outside America,schools have been hesitant to take this approachlargely because their operations and spending are more closely tied to thestate,but they too are changing,if slowly.
考博词汇：
willingness[ˈwiliŋnis]
n.自愿，乐意
abundant[əˈbʌndənt]
a.丰富的,充裕的,丰富,盛产,富于
financial[fəˈnænʃəl]
a.财政的;金融的
hesitation[ˌheziˈteiʃən]
n.犹豫,踌躇
institution[ˌinstiˈtju:ʃən]
n.公共机构,协会,制度
perspective[pəˈspektiv]
n.①视角;②透视法;③(in~)正确地
[真题例句](63)The emphasis on data gatheredfirst hand,combined with a cross cultural perspective(①)brought to theanalysis of cultures past and present,makes this study a unique and distinctlyimportant social science.[2003年翻译]
[例句精译](63)强调收集第一手资料，加上在分析过去和现在文化形态时采用跨文化视角，使得这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。
[真题例句]Not everyone sees that process in(28：perspective)(③).It is important to doso.[2002年完形]
[例句精译]并不是所有人都能正确看待这一进程，虽然了解这一点非常重要。
背景常识介绍：
在美国，1995年发行债券的高等院校已经达到160所，债券总额达26.7亿美元。
1996年，发行债券的学校又增加到189所，债券总额达到41.4亿美元。
债券的形式有两种，一种是普通债券，一种是免税债券。
债券偿还期分中长期和长期两种。
中长期债券的还贷期在25—30年间，利息在5—6%之间。
而长期债券的还贷期要长得多，利率也要稍高一些。
发行债券的用途
有哪些?概括地说：(1)为了周转资金;(2)为了偿还当前的其他债务;(3)为了用于学校大型项目的建设。
本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。