外研英语选修M课文翻译
新外研版新教材高中英语选择性必修一全册课文及翻译(中英Word精编)
新外研版新教材高中英语选择性必修一全册课文及翻译（中英Word精编）Unit 1 Laugh out loud!Understanding ideasThe Best Medicine最佳妙药1 As I approach the hospital wearing my white coat, I look just like any other doctor. That is until I put on my curly rainbow wig, big red nose, and add my name badge “Doctor Larry Laugh-Out-Loud”. I walk through the doors into the waiting area, where there’s a familiar atmosphere of boredom and tension. People sit uncomfortably on plastic chairs, looking through old magazines, all of which have been read hundreds of times previously. Anxious parents do what they can to comfort nervous and crying children.当我穿着白大褂走进医院时，我看起来和其他医生没什么两样——直到我戴上卷曲的彩虹色假发和大红鼻子，别上我的名牌“拉里，笑哈哈医生”。
我穿过一道道门进入候诊区，这里充斥着常见的厌烦和紧张情绪。
人们别扭地坐在塑料椅上，翻阅着那些已经被读过数百遍的旧杂志。
焦虑的父母们正尽其所能安抚紧张哭闹的孩子。
2 In the middle of this particular scene I spot a small girl whose ankle is twice its normal size. I speak with the on-duty nurse, who tells me that Lara’s parents rushed her to the hospital after she fell off her bicycle. Since getting here, Lara has spent her time crying in pain. Although it’s the doctors and nurses who will treat her injury, it’s my job to make her feel better.在这个特别的场景里，我注意到一个小女孩，她的脚踝肿成了原来的两倍。
外研选修8 M5 课文 英汉对译校对版
READING AND VOCABULARY（1）Space：the final FrontierPart 11Ever since Neil Armstrong first set foot on the Moon back on 21st July, 1969, people have become accustomed to the idea of space travel. 2Millions of people watched that first moon landing on television , their hearts in their mouths, aware of how difficult and dangerous an adventure it was, and what risks had to be taken. With Armstrong's now famous words : " That's one small step for man , one giant leap for mankind" , a dream was achieved. All three astronauts made it safely back to Earth, using a spaceship computer that was much less powerful than the ones used by the average school students today.There were several more journeys into space over the next few years but the single spaceships were very expensive as they could not take off more than once. People were no longer so enthusiastic about a space travel programme that was costing the United States $10 million a day. That was until the arrival of the space shuttle -a spacecraft that could be used for several journeys. The first shuttle flight into space was the Columbia-launched from the Kennedy Space Centre on 12th April,1981. 3The aim of this flight was to test the new shuttle system,to go safely up into orbit and to return to the Earth for a safe landing. It was a success and a little more than a decade after Apollo’s historic voyage, the Colu mbia made a safe, controlled, aeroplane-style landing in California. This was the start of a new age of space travel.By the time the Challenger took off in 1986, the world seemed to have lost its fear and wonder at the amazing achievement of people going up into space. But this was going to be a special flight and so millions of people tuned in to witness the take-off on TV. An ordinary teacher, Christa McAuliffe, 37 , who was married with two children, was to be the first civilian in space. She was going to give two fifteen-minute lessons from space. The first was to show the controls of the spacecraft and explain how gravity worked. The second was to describe the aims of the Challenger space programme. Christa hoped to communicate a sense of excitement and create new interest in the space programme.Sadly, she never came back to her classroom again, as the shuttle exploded just over a minute after taking off in Florida and all seven astronauts were killed.The world was in shock-maybe they assumed this space flight would be no more dangerous thangetting on an aeroplane. But how wrong they were-in one moment excitement and success tumed into fear and disaster. It was the worst space accident ever. As one Russian said at the time , "When something like this happens we are neither Russians nor Americans. We are just human beings who have the same feelings.Part 2I can remember that day so clearly, watching the take-off on TV at school. There was an ordinary teacher on the Challenger, and we were all very excited. 5We didn't have much patience waiting for the launch. We had seen the smiling faces of the astronauts waving to the world as they stepped into the shuttle. Then, little more than a minute after take-off, we saw a strange red and orange light in the sky, followed by a cloud of white smoke. The Challenger had exploded in midair and we all started screaming.It happened so quickly and everyone was in a state of shock. Like every schoolboy I had thought that going into space as an astronaut must be the best job in the world. When I heard,a few weeks later,that the bodies of the astronauts and even the teacher's lesson plans had been found at the bottom of the ocean,I was not so sure it was worth it at all. 6In spite of all our advanced technology, the world is still only at the very beginning of its voyage into space.太空——最后的（未开发）领域第一部分自从尼尔•阿姆斯特朗在1969年7月21日首次踏上月球以来，人们对太空旅行这一概念已经非常熟悉。
外研版六上m8课文中文
Amy: There’s a picture book in this photo. I loved picture books. 埃米：这张照片里有一本图画书。我喜欢图画书。 Lingling: Do you like reading books now?玲玲：你现在喜欢读书 吗？ Amy: Yes, of course. I often read stories.埃米：是的，当然。我经 常读故事。 Lingling: I like this photo. You’re cleaning your room. Do you often
1. I’m making a list of things I like doing. 我正在列一张我喜欢做的事情的清单。 Laughing and playing and running and swimming. 大笑、玩耍、跑步和游泳。 Flying a kite and singing and clapping. 放风筝、唱歌和拍手。 Having a picnic and climbing a tree. 去野餐和爬树。 Reading a good book and watching TV. 读一本好书和看电视。
Module 8 Unit 1 Do you often play with dolls？ 1.Amy: Look at this photo. It’s interesting. Who took it? 埃米：看这张照片，它很有趣。谁拍的？ Lingling: My grandpa took it long ago. 玲玲：我外祖父很久以前拍的。
八年级下册英语外研版m5课文翻译
八年级下册英语外研版m5课文翻译Maybe you should learn to relax. Nowadays, Chinese children are sometimes busier on weekends than on weekdays because they have to take so many extracurricular tutoring classes. Many of them are taking exam skills so that they can enter a good high school and then attend a good university. Others are training sports so that they can compete and win. However, this is not just happening in China.The family are a typical American family. For Cathy Taylor's three children, life is very busy."After school on most days," Cathy said. " I sent one of my two boys out to basketball practice and my daughter out for football training. Then I have to send my other son to piano lessons. Maybe I can abandon (abandon) several of their activities, but I believe they are important for my children's future. I really want them to be successful."Then, the weary children did not get home until 7 p. m. They hurried through their meal, and then it was time to do their homework.Linda Miller, the mother of three, knows all such stress."In some families, competition begins when a child is young and continuesuntil they grow up," she said."Mothers send their children to all kinds of classes. And they always compare them with other children. This is irrational. I think that is unfair. Why do they not let their children become children? People shouldn't push the kids so tight.”Doctors say that too much stress is bad for a child's development. Dr. Alice Green said all these activities put a lot of stress on children."Children should also have time to relax and think for themselves. Although it is normal to want children to be successful, having happy children is even more important.”或许你应该学会放松。
上外研版新版教材m2课文加翻译
Module 2 Unit 1 Great BooksMr Jackson: Hello, Betty. What's up? What are you doing in the library?Betty: I was looking for some old copies of the school magazine. If I've got it right, it was called New Standard.As far as I remember, it was started by Becky Wang. We don't have a school magazine any more. It's a pity.Betty: Well, I'm thinking about starting it again.Mr Jackson: Sounds like a good idea! Go on.Betty: I was also looking for something by Confucius and by Shakespeare.Mr Jackson: Really? That's a bit difficult for the school magazine.Betty: Well, I'd like a monthly article called "Great Books"—you know, someone reads a favourite work of literature and writes an article about it.Mr Jackson: I see. Confucius' works are still read by many people today, and we're still influenced by his thoughts. And Shakespeare's plays are seen by millions of people every year.But how about an American writer, Mark Twain, for example?Betty: I don't know. Mark Twain was an important writer, but he isn't known as a great thinker like Confucius.Mr Jackson: No, but his books are still popular. In fact, he wrote my favourite book The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Perhaps that's what makes "Great Books"—they're still read today. Betty: So why don't you write the first article on "Great Books"?Answer the questions.1. Who do you think Mr. Jackson is?2. What was Betty looking for in the library? Why?3. What does Betty think of Mark Twain’s books?4. What is Mr. Jackson’s opinion of what a great book is?Unit1 Confucius’ works are read by many peo ple.杰克逊先生：你好，贝蒂，什么事？你在图书馆里做什么？贝蒂：我在找一些学校杂志的旧册子。
外研社高中英语课文 选修
选修7Module 1 BasketballMichael Jordan - Head and Shoulders Above the Rest!During the 1990s, Michael Jordan was probably the best-known athlete in the world. He was the top scorer in the NBA, and played for the Chicago Bulls from 1984 to 1993. He was named their most valued player five times. Wearing his famous number 23 shirt, Michael Jordan became the most successful basketball player in the history of the game.Jordan was born in New York and grew up in North Carolina. He attended the University of North Carolina for a year before leaving to join the Chicago Bulls. He finished his first season (1984-1985) as one of the top scorers in the league, with an average of 28.2 points per game.In 1987, Jordan became only the second player to score more than3,000 points in a season. He was the top scorer in the NBA for seven consecutive seasons (1987-1993). During this time, the average number of points he scored was more than 30 points per game. With him, the Bulls won their first NBA championship in1991. During this successful period they won the title again in 1992 and 1993. Jordan was also in the United States Olympic Basketball Team, known as "the Dream Team", which won the gold medal at the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona, Spain.Jordan surprised everyone when he retired before the 1993-1994 season, but he rejoined the Chicago Bulls and won three more championships with them from 1996 to 1998. he played again for the Washington Wizards before finally retiring from sport in 2003 at the age of 40. Millions of fans admire his athletic ability, motivation and confidence. They have fantastic stories to tell about Michael Jordan, such as the time when he rescued the Bulls from ending a game on a tie. He stepped to the line and made two free throws. Each time he threw the ball straight through the basket - and each time he had his eyes closed.Off the basketball court, Michael Jordan opened his own steak restaurant because he loves steak so much. He also found success as an actor in the film Space Jam alongside the famous cartoon character Bugs Bunny!There is only one word to describe the best player in the world - awesome!Wilt the Stilt - the Tower of Power!Michael Jordan was the second player to score more than 3,000 points in a season - but the first was Wilt Chamberlain. Chamberlain was born in Philadelphia on 21st August 1936. He was one of the 11 children, the only one who was very tall. His father William worked in a shipyard and his mother Olivia was a cleaner. As a child, Chamberlain had various health problems. He had pneumonia and almost died when he was ten.Chamberlain is the only NBA player who averaged over 50 points per game for an entire season. At one point, Chamberlain was so much better than all the other players that they changed the rules of the game totry to stop him!The giant player joined the NBA's Philadelphia Warriors in the 1959-1960 season and was an immediate success. During 14 seasons with four different teams, Chamberlain was named the most valued player in the league four times. On 2nd March 1962, he scored 100 points in a single game - no one has ever done that since! The final score was Warriors 169 New York Knicks 147!He ended his career after five amazing seasons with the Los Angeles Lakers. By the time he retired, Wilt held many NBA records: he scored 50 or more points 118 times and 60 or more points 32 times.Was Wilt Chamberlain better than Michael Jordan? Who knows? But there is no doubt that he deserves the title "outstanding player of his generation".Is Yao Ming Too Nice to Be a Star?Jeff Van Gundy, the head coach of the Houston Rockets, has a dream. He wants Yao Ming to be like other players. Star players, says Gundy, are "selfish" and want the ball all the time. "Let's put it this way," he said. "When they ask for the ball, they don't say 'please'!"Yao, however, is a selfless and kind person. He has been brought up and trained in this way. It is not in his nature to be "selfish" and "rude".When he first arrived in the US, Yao was an instant hit among basketball fans nationwide. They all loved this kind, gentle but powerful giant. Van Gundy wanted to build his team around the talented Chinese player. To do this, he told Yao to be more aggressive and, if necessary, to be rude to his teammates."He's a wonderful guy, he has every physical basketball skill and he puts the team first," Van Gundy said. "But I want him to be a star, not just a great team player. He's got to think that he's the best player out there. That way, he can dominate the game.""At first, I didn't really understand what the coach wanted," Yao said. "But now I do. In China, everyone gave me the ball, I didn't have to ask! Here, I have to be a little 'impolite'! I'm not quite used to it yet. If you give me a little time, I can get more used to it. I have to learn to be l little more 'selfish'."Dizzy Heights of School BasketballBasketball is one of the safest sports. Unlike wrestling or boxing, it's not usually dangerous. One reason for this is that the players' energy is partly directed upwards, at a 90-degree angle to the ground, and over the heads of the others. So there's less risk of a collision between two players.In other sports, such as baseball and American football, theplayer' energy moves parallel to the ground and towards their opponents, so they wear helmets which give adequate protection to their heads.But although basketball players wear socks and sneakers which are specially designed to absorb energy when they bound into the air, they war no other protection, just a vest and shorts. If there is an abrupt change of direction in their energy, from vertical to horizontal, such as when they accelerate across the court, bouncing the ball, there is a real danger of personal injury.For example, in the Kent State High School Basketball tournament, Chandler High was playing St Mary Central and at the interval the score was 50-52. but St Mary had appointed a captain who was not a typical basketball player. Whereas everyone else was tall and slim with short haircuts, Joe Johannsen was short and stout, with long hair and a large belly. But he was really fast, and when he obtained control of the ball, he could make a circuit of the court and reach the opposing team's boundary within seconds.Anyhow, twelve minutes into the second half, Frank Sackler, the Chandler star player, made a controversial pass over Joe's head. Joe stepped aside and dipped his head down. Sackler bounced off him and committed a foul. The referee interrupted the match ,and there was a suspension of play. But Joe was unhurt, short the penalty, and the score was 88-90. there were three minutes to go.Joe immediately took possession of the ball and ran, ... and suddenly 80 kilos hit the Chandler star, who howled loudly in pain and fell, with his nose bleeding and a cut on his left cheek. For a moment, he lay very still ,and the referee even checked his pulse, but soon confirmed he was OK. But when Sackler stood up he was dizzy, so they put a bandage round his head, a blanket round his shoulders, and called anambulance to take him to the hospital. Joe was a considerate guy, and apologized as Sackler left, sniffing and weeping, either in pain or in frustration.Chandler scored with the penalty, and their teamwork had won the match. But Frank Sackler still has the scar on his face as a souvenir of the tournament.How Did They Start?How did American football start?Football - or soccer - started in England 800 years ago. The game was played with a round ball that players kicked but could not carry. There were two teams, but there were often a hundred players on each team!However, in 1823, William Webb Ellis, a pupil at Rugby School in England, picked up the ball during a soccer game and ran with it. Teachers at the school were shocked and angry but Webb Ellis's schoolmates enjoyed this new game, which they named after the school. Eventually, rugby was played with an oval ball that could be bothcarried and thrown.Rugby was exported to the United States, changed a lot and became the sport that Americans now call football. During a game of American football, the ball can be kicked, thrown or carried.How did basketball start?Basketball was invented in 1891 in a gymnasium in Springfield, Massachusetts by Dr James Naismith, a physical education teacher. Naismith wanted to create a game that would provide exercise for a noisy class through the clod winter months. Naismith attached two baskets to two tall poles at each end of the gymnasium and gave the players a soccer ball and told them to try to throw the ball into the baskets. Naismith later wrote 13 rules which are the basis of modern basketball rules.How did baseball start?The exact origin of baseball is unknown, but it is probably based on an old English game called rounders. In the USA, a version of the game became popular in the early 19th century and eventually, a man called Alexander Cartwright wrote the rules or baseball in 1845. Cartwright I called "the father of baseball" because the modern rules of the game are very similar to his original rules.Module 2 Highlights of My Senior YearHighlights of My Senior YearI can hardly believe it, but my school life is almost over. Prom night has come and gone, and I've received my high school diploma at last.It's a good thing that the exams are finished. I feel too excited tothink clearly. It seems strange to think that in a few days' time I'llbe walking out of the school gates forever. The first thing I'm going to do is to take a long vacation!Meanwhile, I find myself looking back at my senior year, andthinking about all the wonderful things that have happened. I've decided to write them down so that one day, years from now, when I rereadthem ,the memories will come back.There's so much to remember. One of the best things about this year has been working as an arts editor for this newspaper. I've so enjoyedit I love writing, and working on this paper is my first step towards becoming a journalist, so this has been a real success for me.Something else I've greatly enjoyed is working as a peer mediator, someone who helps students to settle problems that they have with other students. At the start of the school year, we were given training in how to do this, and it's clear that this kind of work can really help people.I think I'll continue to work as a mediator when I go to college.During the Easter vacation, I went on a short school skiing trip to the Rocky Mountains. I've been skiing quite a few times, but never with the school, and since two good friends came on the trip, we had greatfun racing each other down the ski slopes. It's well-known that Americans are competitive, and I did enjoy it whenever I won our races! Other things I'm pleased about - getting good grades on my final exams, and receiving the senior prize for English Literature. I wasgiven a car by my parents so I've been able to drive to school, which is brilliant. And of course, I'll never forget being elected to the student council. I really enjoyed meeting the teachers and telling them how we, the students, feel about thing, and what we think should happen in the school!All these things have been wonderful. But I have to say, the highlight of the year was the senior prom. For an American girl, it's so important that you have a good time at the prom. Well, I did Daniel, a boy in my English class, asked me to go to the prom with him, and I was so pleased - I'd been hoping he would ask me. I found a dress thatsuited me perfectly, and had my hair specially done on the day of the prom. It took two hours but it was worth it, as everyone told me Ilooked very elegant! A group of us rented a nice car to take us to the prom. The food was delicious and I ate so much that I had to stopdancing for a while! We shared a table with some good friends, andlaughed and told jokes all evening. It's a great pity that it's probably the last time this will happen.Daniel and I danced most of the dances together. But the big surprise of the evening was when I was elected prom queen! This was so unexpected, and I can't tell you how good this made me feel! After the prom, a group of us drove down to the coast, and sat on the beach in our long dresses and dinner jackets. I shall never forget watching the sunrise over the sea - it was unforgettable! Afterwards, we went and had an enormous breakfast in a nearby hotel - it was a perfect ending to a perfect school year.After-school ActivitiesIn America, the development of social skills is considered as important as the development of intellectual skills. To help students developthese social skills, schools offers a large number of after-school activities, in other words, activities that take place outside classroom lessons. When deciding which students to accept, employers and colleges look for students who have skills in several areas. Exam grades are very important, but so are the after-school activities. By taking part in these activities, students show their special talents, their ability to lead, and their ability to get on with others.Competitive sports, for example, baseball, are probably the most popular of all the after-school activities. This is because, for many American parents, it is important that their children, particularly boys, learn how to compete successfully. Young people are encouraged to take part in team sports such as football and basketball, since these games teach to have the "winning spirit". For some students and their parents, high school sport is considered more important than academic achievements.During the long summer holidays, it is a custom for Americanchildren to spend several weeks at summer camps. There are thousands of camps, and they can be found all over the country. What these campsoffer is an opportunity to take part in many different kinds of outdoor activities, for example, horse riding and water skiing. Older teenagers are more likely to get summer jobs or go camping with a group of friends. Many go backpacking in the mountains of the west.My SchooldaysThey say that schooldays are the happiest days of your life, but not for me! My father worked abroad, so I was sent to a boarding school when I was seven. Like most schoolchildren, I had already been to nurseryschool. I could recite the alphabet, and read some simple books, butthis was my first experience of the institution my parents called "big school'. In fact, the only preparation I had for this adventure was watching as my mother sewed my name tag into my shirts, trousers and woolen sweaters.I arrived with one suitcase, my only luggage for a term. I was shown to the dormitory where I would sleep with five other innocent boys. The bedding was a pillow, a sheet and a thin quilt. There were two worn armchairs, a few shabby cushions, an electric kettle to heat water for tea, some posters for decoration but no curtains. The washroom had a basin and a bathtub, but no heating. I'm ashamed to admit that I sobbed as I fell asleep that night.I remember that my first lesson was arithmetic. My first task wasto multiply seven by three. No one explained why. It took me years to understand the greater mystery of algebra, geometry, and concepts suchas cubic metres, acres and grams.We had a dynamic English teacher, a bachelor who had plenty of time for us boys and inspired my life-long love of literature. There was also a teacher of botanical science, who introduced me to my passion for flowers and plants. We spent hours studying the structure of leavesunder the microscope.School regulations were strict. Being punctual for classes was essential, no one was allowed to be late. Sport was compulsory, andevery week we had to go for a five-kilometre run, wearing just a T-shirt and a pair of shorts even on freezing cold November days. We all had to attend morning assembly, every weekday, except for boys of other faiths, who were allowed to stay in their classrooms. I wanted to become a Catholic simply so I could stay with my books!But there were also so many silly rules to follow, which irritated or even upset me. For example, everyone had to polish their shoes every day, and no one was allowed trousers with zippers, only buttons! On Sundays, it was compulsory to write home. Every day I would check my mailbox, looking forward to my mummy's airmail letter. But my parents lived in Asia and to my great disappointment, I only got a reply once a fortnight.I left eleven years later, with my school leaving certificate, anda scholarship to study at Oxford University. Many people talk abouttheir happiness at school, but for me, at eighteen, all I felt was a sense of liberation.The American Art of CheerleadingWhat is a cheerleader?A cheerleader is a member of a team that dances and does gymnastics before and during competitive games such as baseball. They do this in order to encourage crowds to cheer their sports teams. The team iscalled cheerleading squad. Cheerleading only exists in America, andtoday it is mostly girl that do it.What is the history of cheerleading?Cheerleading began in all men colleges in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. As time passed, more and more colleges started cheerleading, and more women started doing it than men. It was not until the 1920s that pompoms began to play an important part in cheerleading. At about the same time, cheerleaders began to include gymnastics intheir routines. By the 1950s, most American high schools hadcheerleading squads. In 1978, the National Cheerleading Championships were shown on television, and universities began offering courses in cheerleading. Today, cheerleading competitions are an important part of school and college life and for many squads, cheerleading is a very serious activity. Cheerleading squads, can be fund at most athletic events.How do Americans feel about cheerleading?For cheerleaders, their sport is just as serious as baseball or football. However, many Americans are amused by cheerleading and see it as rather a stupid activity. Cheerleaders reply that a lot of training is neededto do the dance and gym routines. Many girls try to become cheerleaders but very few are accepted. To be a cheerleader is to play a very important part in your school. In fact, cheerleading is considered so important in American that several movies have been made about it!Module 3 LiteratureOliver Asks for MoreThe room in which the boys were fed was a large stone hall, with a large pot at one end. The warden, helped by two women, served the soup fromthis pot at meal times. Each boy was allowed one bowl of soup and no more, except on special holidays when he was given another 60 grams of bread. The bowls never needed washing, as the boys cleaned them withtheir spoons, trying to eat every bit of soup. This never took very long, as the spoons were almost as large as the bowls. When they had cleaned their bowls in this way, they would sit staring at the pot with eager eyes, as if they wanted to eat it. Boys usually have excellent appetites.Oliver Twist and his companions slowly starved for three months until finally, they became quite wild with hunger.There was one boy who was tall for his age, and was not used to being hungry all the time, as his father had kept a small cook shop. This boy told his friends that he had to have another bowl of soup each day. If he did not, he was afraid that one night he might eat the small young boy who slept next to him. The tall boy had a wild, hungry look in his eye and everyone believed him. The boys had a meeting. They decided that one of them should walk up to the warden after supper that evening and ask for more food. They wrote their names on pieces of paper and picked one out. It was Oliver Twist who was chosen.The evening arrived and the boys went to their places. The warden stood by the pot with his assistants in a line behind him. The soup was served and disappeared down the boy's throats. The boys whispered to each other, and those next to Oliver nudged him. Oliver, who was desperate with hunger and misery, rose from the table and walked toward the master with his bowl and spoon in his hand. Frightened by his own courage, he said, "please sir, i want some more."The warden was a fat, healthy man, but his face became very pale. He stared in complete astonishment at the child and held on to the pot for support. Not until at least thirty seconds had passed, was the man able to speak. "What?" he said finally, in a weak voice."Please, sir," replied Oliver, "i want some more." no sooner had the boy spoken these words than the warden hit him on the head with the soup spoon. Then he seized Oliver arms and held him, while he shoutedfor Mr. Bumble.The managers of the workhouse were having a meeting when Mr Bumble rushed into the room in great excitement. Speaking to the leader of the meeting, he said, "Mr. Limbkins, i am sorry, sir! Oliver Twist has asked for more!"The faces of everyone in the room showed complete astonishment. "For more!" said Mr Limbkins. "Think carefully, Mr Bumble, and answer me clearly. Do I understand that he asked for more, after he had eaten his bowl of soup?""He did, sir," replied Bumble."Never have I heard anything like it!" said Mr Limbkins."They will hang that boy," said a gentleman in a white jacket. "i know that they will hang him."Nobody disagreed with the gentleman's opinion. A lively discussion took place. Oliver was immediately locked in a room. The next morning anotice was put up on the door of the workhouse, offering a reward to anybody who would employ Oliver Twist."I never was more sure of anything in my life," said the gentleman in the white jacket, as he knocked at the door and read the notice the next morning. "I never was more sure of anything in my life -- that boy will be hanged."Great ExpectationsPhilip Pirrip, known as Pip, is an orphan who lives with his sister and her husband. The family is poor and Pip's sister does not treat him very well. One day the boy helps a starving convict called Abel Magwitch. Magwitch has escaped from prison but is soon caught again and sent to Australia in a prison ship.Some months later, Pip is invited to visit a lonely but wealthy old lady called Miss Havisham. At her house, Pip meets and becomes very fond of a beautiful girl called Estella, who live there. However,Estella is cold and cruel to him, always telling him that she is "better" than him. She is encouraged in this by Miss Havisham, whose fiancé left her on her wedding day, and who, as a result, hates all men. Some years later, Pip learns that an unknown person intends to give him money every month. Pip believes that it is Miss Havisham who has done this for him. With this money, he goes to London, becomes educated and is able to live very comfortably.Magwitch returns to England illegally, having made a lot of moneyin Australia. He finds Pip and tells him that it is he, Magwitch, who has been giving Pip the money. He has been doing this in order to repay the boy's kindness. Sadly, Magwitch is caught by the police and dies. We learn that Estella is in fact Magwitch's daughter. She marries Bentley Drummle, a wealthy man who treats her very badly, but dies when he is quite young.Meanwhile, Pip leaves England and has a successful career. He returns and meets Estella, who has at last learnt the meaning of love. The two marry.Dickens' LondonDickens' cast of characters lived in London, the largest and richestcity in the world. But its wealth was distributed unfairly among the population. Every chapter of his novels describes the sights, sounds, and smells of the city, and provides a social commentary of London life. In the middle of the 19th century, London was a filthy city forrich and poor people alike. Although on clear days, the air was filledwith sparrows and seagulls flying high above, more often the smoking chimney pipes created smog which was so strong that it choked the inhabitants. The River Thames was polluted, causing disease and death everywhere, and if you fell in, it was dangerous to swallow the water. The East End was London's poorest district, where children wore rags for clothes and the women searched in dustbins for food. Few people could ever hope to attain an acceptable standard of living. Many people suffered from the effects of poor nutrition and even starvation because of a lack of food, yet their welfare was of no concern to the taxpayers of London. Ships from all points of the compass would drop anchor here at the main port of London. South of the river lies Southwark, another poor district. The George Inn was a busy coaching stop with food and accommodation for travelers leaving London, and for carriers taking goods into the city.But some Londoners had accumulated enormous wealth through trade. In the old City of London are housed the many banks and corporations which Dickens mentions. Further west and opposite Southwark stands Somerset House, where Dickens' father worked for the navy. Close by are the law courts, where lawyers and their clerks, carrying piles of paperwork, would hurry to the trials. There were many squares and gardens with water pumps and fountains, as well as smart restaurants and pubs.Servants would buy fruit and vegetables at Covent Garden market for their rich families, and maids would buy bunches of flowers to decorate their mistresses' rooms.The West End is the theatre district where Dickens felt at home because, surprisingly ,he thought he would accomplish more with his drama than with his novels. It is also the London of government, where politicians, ministers, ambassadors as well as more humble pedestrians walked home at night through streets lit with gas lanterns.London is very different today, and few people mourn the passing of the old city. But you can still see many of the sights which Dickens saw and wrote about in his novels.Charles DickensCharles Dickens (1812-1870) was born in London. His father was put in prison because he could not pay his bills, and two days after his 13th birthday, Dickens started work in a factory, experiencing real poverty. He was very unhappy, but later in life, he was able to write very well about poverty because he had actually experienced it himself.Dickens always had a huge amount of energy. As a young man, he worked for newspapers; and as a political journalist, he met all kindsof people. He used all these experiences in his writing. Dickens started writing novels in his early thirties and became successful almost immediately. Oliver Twist, his second novel, was published in 1838 and was hugely successful. It told the story of a young orphan alone in the dangerous streets of London. The story ends happily - the young boy discovers who his real parents are and finds a loving home. However, it brought child poverty to the attention of the public, and for thisreason alone it is a very important novel.Over the next 25 years, Dickens wrote a large number of popular novels that are still read today. Among the most famous are David Copperfield(1849-1850), A Tale of Two Cities (1859) and Great Expectations (1860-1861). Dickens often wrote about the problems of poor people, and as a result of his work, the lives of the poor were improved. Dickens' books were popular in both American and England, and the novelist traveled round both countries, reading from his novels. Heoften became very excited during these readings. Some people believethat he had a heart attack as a result of his excitement during the reading of the final part of Oliver Twist.Module 4 Music Born in AmericaAll You Need to Know About Hip HOPPART1What is hip hop and how did it start?Hip hop is an American cultural movement which started in the 1970s and block parties in New York, especially in a district called the Bronx. There are four main aspects of hip hop: breakdance and graffiti art plus two types of hip hop music - DJ-ing and rapping. Rapping is also knownas MC- ing (coming from the term master of ceremonies). The DJs at block parties in the 1970s played a lot of soul music and they noticed that people preferred the percussion breaks in the songs because they werethe best parts to dance to. So they started repeating the percussion breaks. This is a technique used by DJs in Jamaica. There were a lot of Jamaicans in New York who brought the idea with them. At first, they played a lot of reggae.PART2What was the big breakthrough?DJ Herc, one of the most popular Jamaican DJs at the time, noticed that New York audiences didn't really like reggae music, so he started。
外研高中英语选修7M4课文翻译(可编辑修改word版)
M4 reading and vocabulary:你应该了解的有关嬉蹦乐的知识Part 1 什么是嬉蹦乐？它是怎样开始的？①嬉蹦乐是一场美国文化运动，始于20 世纪70 年代纽约的街道舞会,特别是布朗克斯区.嬉蹦乐包含四个主要元素:霹雳舞、涂鸦和另外两种嬉蹦乐音乐说唱乐. 说唱也称为节目主持人(源于master of ceremonies 这个词的缩略形式).②20 世纪70 年代街区舞会上音乐主持人(DJ)播放很多灵乐,他们注意到大家更喜欢乐曲中的打击乐,因为打击乐非常适合跳舞。
②that 引导宾从;because 原因状从;to dance to 不定式做后置定语修饰parts于是，他们开始重复播放这些打击乐。
这是牙买加音乐主持人使用的一种技艺。
带去了有关音乐的理念。
起初，音乐主持人播放许多雷盖音乐。
Part 2 嬉蹦乐有何重大突破？para.1 埃尔克，当时最受欢迎的牙买真正喜欢雷盖音乐，于是他就开始播放其他种类的音乐，其中包括摇滚乐和迪斯科。
④这些打击乐通常很短，但埃尔克和其他音乐主持人利用摆放在一起的两个唱盘将两盘录音反复播放，使打击乐播放时间更长。
有些声喊叫的音乐主持人就被称之为节目主持人。
这样，称之为“说唱乐”.④make them longer “make+宾语+宾补”;By doing …通过做…,为方式状语para.2--3起初，这些节目主持人常常表演数小时，重复同样的单词和短语，然后即兴表演。
⑤后来，他们尝试用不同的发声和奏乐方法，使用的押韵词汇经常是来自非籍美洲人的文化。
与此同时，人们开始在街区舞会上跳街舞。
⑥节目主持人达克•斯达回忆他第一次听到说唱歌手时的情景。
⑦ “我一听，”他说，“就知道这是一种全新的音乐。
”⑤using…伴随状语;often words…同位语⑥ the first time 做宾语,后跟定语从句⑦ the moment/mintue/second “一…就…”名词词组做连词引导时间状从Part 3 嬉蹦乐为什么会如此成功？主要有两个原因。
2020外研版九年级英语上全册课文原文及翻译
外研版九年级英语上全册课文翻译Module1 Wonders of the worldUnit 1 It’s more than 2,000 years old.Tony: Let's call Wonders of the World and join in the discussion. I think natural wonders are more interesting than man-made ones. And I think the Giant's Causeway is the most fantastic naturalwonder.Lingling: Hm, I’ve never seen it, so I'm not sur e I agree with you. Why do you like it, Tony?Tony: Well, I visited the Giant's Causeway two years ago. It's huge. There're about 40,000 rocks, most of them with six sides. It goes for several hundred metres on the eastern coast of NorthernIrelandLingling: That sounds great, though I think Victoria Falls in Africa are even more fantastic. They're about l,700 metres wide and 100 metres high. You can hear the loud noise a few kilometres away. Betty: Wow, that's huge! But in my opinion, man-made wonders are more exciting than natural ones.Look at the Terracotta Army. It's more than 2.000 years old.Daming: I agree with you, Betty. And I think the Three Gorges Dam is fantastic too. It's about 2,300 metres long, 185 metres high and 15 metres wide at the top. It produces electricity for millionsof people in China.Betty: Now, who'd like to call first?Module 1 Wonders of the worldUnit 1: It’s more than 2000 yea rs old.托尼:我们给《世界奇观》节目打电话，加入讨论吧。
外研社高中选修6M1英语课文翻译
(Module 1 Book 6How Good Are Your Social Skills你的社交技能有多高你是否看见认识的人以后，故意过马路以避免与其说话你愿意参加聚会并自信的和每位来宾交谈吗你想结交更多的朋友，但是又缺乏与陌生人交谈的信心吗你是否一想到要在别的国家参加社交活动就觉得忐忑不安别担心——我们能帮助你！如果你具备了良好的社交技能，你就不用担心这样的情景。
而这些技能是很容易学习的。
具有良好社交技能的人能很好的和别人交流并且知道该怎么样说话。
要是预先做点准备，将会对你有所帮助。
下面为你出些主意。
Learn how to small talk学会怎样聊天$聊天时很重要的，并能帮助你为一些更严肃的谈话做准备。
准备好！准备一些不太会出错的开场白。
例如：·想出一个最近的新闻故事——不要太严肃，譬如，一个有关于电影明星或体育明星的故事·想出一些有关于你的学习的事情告诉人们·想出一些“不会出错”的事情询问别人的意见——音乐，体育，电影等·想出一些和陌生人谈话时要回避的话题——并且要避免谈论这些话题！那样，你的信心就不会被伤害了！Develop you listening skills提高倾听的技能倾听是大多数人所缺乏的技巧，而交流时双向的过程——它涉及说和听两个方面。
永远记住——话太多并不会给人留下怎样的印象。
下面是一些使你成为更好的倾听者的建议：）Do…做下面的事情……·用一些鼓励的声音或姿势表示你正在倾听——微笑，点头，说一些“嗯”或“对啊”之类的话等等·保持得体的目光接触·使用积极肯定的肢体语言·询问更多的信息表示你的兴趣Don’t…不要做下面的事情……—·看自己的手表·打哈欠·叹气·把目光从正跟你说话的人身上移开·改变话题·替别人把话说完要牢记19世纪英国首相本杰明·迪斯累里的话：“和一个人谈论他自己，他会和你说上几个小时！”Learn the rules—学习规则如果你在另一个国家去参加一个社交场合，要记住会有不同的社交规则。
外研版九下英语m5u1课文翻译
外研版九下英语m5u1课文翻译Betty：I'm tired，Mr Jackson．贝蒂：我累了，杰克逊先生。
Mr Jackson：Let's wait for the others．They’ll catch up in a few minutes．杰克逊先生：让我们等一下其他人。
他们一会儿就会赶上。
Betty：Who's missing?贝蒂：谁掉队了？Mr Jackson：Tony and Daming．They're always at the back of the group．I thought we had an agreernent to stay together．杰克逊先生：托尼和大明。
他们总是在队伍的后面。
我认为我们已经约好要待在一起。
Betty：They were walking more slowly than us.贝蒂：他们走得比我们慢。
Mr Jackson：I think it's going to rain. Go back and look for them.杰克逊先生：我认为要下雨了。
我要回去找找他们。
Tony： (Moving closer) Help! It’s Daming.He's had an accident．He fell over when he was running down the steps． He's hit his head and his leg hurts．I think he’s broken his leg.托尼：（走得更近一些）救命！是大明。
他出意外了。
当他正跑着下台阶时摔倒了。
他碰伤了他的头，并且他的腿疼。
我想他摔断腿了。
Mr Jackson：When did he fall?杰克逊先生：他什么时候摔倒的？Tony：About ten minutes ago．托尼：大约10分钟以前。
外研社选修module课文
外研社选修m o d u l e课文Just be happy, remember on the morning of June 18, 2022The Story of J.K. Rowling and Harry PotterThe elder stateswoman of British fantasy literature is J.K. Rowling; the gifted creator of Harry Potter. Joanne Rowling’s roots are in the southwest of England; where she grew up. But the idea for Harry Potter came to her while she was on a delayed train between Manchester and London. She wrote down her ideas on the back of an envelope. She then went to teach English in Portugal; where she continued to add flesh to the bones of the first Harry Potter story. But her name is forever associated with Edinburgh in Scotland; where she lived and developed the format for the whole series of seven books.There are many anecdotes about how; in 1990; J.K. Rowling began the first draft of Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone. She had the extra burden of looking after her baby daughter while she worked; and because she was too poor to own a typewriter; she wrote by hand. She spent many hours over a single cup of coffee in a warm cafeteria in Edinburgh because she had no money to pay for the heating at home.Success was not swift and Rowling might have given up. But she was stubborn and overcame all the difficulties. It was only in 1997 that she completed the first Harry Potter story; which; because the publishers in the USA requested an adjustment tothe title; was also known as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone.Rowling always intended that her output would be a book every year until she had finished the series. In fact; it took her about ten years to complete. But after the first book; the success of each of the following titles was automatic. Thefifth book; The Order of the Phoenix sold about seven million copies the day it was published.Rowling’s style has been a target for some criticism; but what makes the books so important is that; because they appeal to readers of all ages; they create a special literary bond between parents and children. In an age of computer games and television programmes ; it is also claimed they are responsible for a renewed interest in reading. Harry Potter has even become part of the school curriculum; much to the pleasure of the schoolchildren.And the Harry Potter effect is not just restricted to the English-speaking world. Rowling’s books have been translated into more than 55 languages; and it has been estimated that more than 250 million copies have been distributed around the world. In 2005 it was estimated that Rowling had accumulated more than one billion dollars on deposit in her bank. She hasthus attained the status of being the first writer to become a billionaire.。
外研高中英语选修7M4课文翻译
M4 reading and vocabulary:你应该了解的有关嬉蹦乐的知识Part 1什么是嬉蹦乐？它是怎样开始的？①嬉蹦乐是一场美国文化运动，始于20世纪70年代纽约的街道舞会,特别是布朗克斯区.嬉蹦乐包含四个主要元素:霹雳舞、涂鸦和另外两种嬉蹦乐音乐——流行音乐和说唱乐. 说唱也称为节目主持人(源于master of ceremonies这个词的缩略形式).②20世纪70年代街区舞会上音乐主持人(DJ)播放很多灵乐,他们注意到大家更喜欢乐曲中的打击乐,因为打击乐非常适合跳舞。
②that引导宾从;because原因状从;to dance to 不定式做后置定语修饰parts于是，他们开始重复播放这些打击乐。
这是牙买加音乐主持人使用的一种技艺。
纽约有许多牙买加人，他们从自己的国家带去了有关音乐的理念。
起初，音乐主持人播放许多雷盖音乐。
Part 2嬉蹦乐有何重大突破？para.1 埃尔克，当时最受欢迎的牙买加音乐主持人之一，注意到纽约观众并不真正喜欢雷盖音乐，于是他就开始播放其他种类的音乐，其中包括摇滚乐和迪斯科。
④这些打击乐通常很短，但埃尔克和其他音乐主持人利用摆放在一起的两个唱盘将两盘录音反复播放，使打击乐播放时间更长。
有些音乐主持人开始边放音乐边说话、叫喊。
大声喊叫的音乐主持人就被称之为节目主持人。
这样，称之为“说唱乐”的音乐风格就诞生了.④make them longer “make+宾语+宾补”; By doing …通过做…,为方式状语para.2--3起初，这些节目主持人常常表演数小时，重复同样的单词和短语，然后即兴表演。
⑤后来，他们尝试用不同的发声和奏乐方法，使用的押韵词汇经常是来自非籍美洲人的文化。
与此同时，人们开始在街区舞会上跳街舞。
⑥节目主持人达克•斯达回忆他第一次听到说唱歌手时的情景。
⑦“我一听，”他说，“就知道这是一种全新的音乐。
”⑤using…伴随状语;often words…同位语⑥the first time做宾语,后跟定语从句⑦the moment/mintue/second “一…就…”名词词组做连词引导时间状从Part 3嬉蹦乐为什么会如此成功？主要有两个原因。
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.M2主课文Para.1对于很多人来说,文艺复兴指的是14-16 世纪时期的意大利,及其当时在艺术,建筑、音乐以及文学领域方面的发展。
/但有一件作品可能比其他任何作品都更能表达文艺复兴的精神:《蒙娜丽莎》./①它被认为是新的形象逼真型绘画风格的最好代表,这种风格一经使用就使人们惊叹不已./《蒙娜丽莎》由莱奥纳多·达芬奇1503-1506年绘制而成,是一件神秘的杰作。
/人们想知道蒙娜丽莎是谁,她为什么在笑./即使是对文艺复兴了解不多的人,他们也都听说过这幅作品。
Para.2当然文艺复兴不仅仅只是《蒙娜丽莎》./ 文艺复兴是一个法语单词，意为“再生”，于19世纪首次出现在英语中./②这个单词被用来描绘随着首批欧洲人抵达美洲而开始的那段欧洲历史，这是一段探险的时代，也是现代世界史的开端。
/③经历了中世纪长时间的沉眠之后，欧洲似乎要苏醒过来了。
/从意大利开始，文艺复兴的精神很快向北传遍了法国、德国、英国以及欧洲其他各国。
Para.3④与世界其他地方的贸易也意味着欧洲在变得更加富裕。
/也就是说人们有钱花费在艺术上；对于艺术家来说要找到能买得起他们的作品或者雇佣他们的人也更容易。
/莱奥纳多为一些重要的人工作过，比如米兰公爵，在晚年他也曾为法国国王工作过。
/④trade n.贸易[U];行业,职业[C] trade with/in ; by trade; trade…for.. trade on/uponPara.4文艺复兴时期的艺术家从古希腊和古罗马文献中为他们的作品寻找新思想。
/⑤但他们也通过开辟新的艺术领域来展望未来。
/画家们发现怎样利用透视以及光的效果；作曲家们将不同的声音合到了一起创造了复调音乐；与中世纪哥特式大教堂的沉重相比,建筑师们则更喜欢设计更加光亮的建筑。
/Para.5⑥这种激发艺术家的探索意识与一种新的哲学携手并进。
/几个世纪以来,哲学家们都持有中世纪的世界观，认为与上帝的伟大相比人的生命很渺小，现在他们开始提出诸如“人为何物？”以及“我为何存在？”这样的问题。
/有史以来第一次，他们将人而不是宗教放在了整个宇宙的中心。
/ be considered of little value = valueless;In which引导定语从句=in the view; Compared with过去分词做状语Para.6文艺复兴也是一个科学发明的时代.作为举世公认的最伟大的画家之一,莱奥纳多同时也是一个出色的发明家. /⑦不管走到哪里,他都随身携带着一个笔记本,以便随时记下自己的想法。
/这些想法包括细致的人体素描,供工程师建造运河以及桥梁的设计以及一些令人震惊的机器制图,这些直到几百年后才被制造出来,例如飞机、降落伞、潜水艇以及坦克。
/在晚年,他受法国国王委托去做科学研究,很少有时间从事绘画创作。
/Para.7简言之，莱奥纳多是一个非凡的天才，一个被描绘成“文艺复兴人物”的典范：一个对凡事皆有兴趣并有诸多才能的人./ ⑧但即使他对历史的贡献仅仅是一幅《蒙娜丽莎》这也已经是恒久的天才作品。
/⑧even if 后接的从句以及主句均用了虚拟语气，均表示对过去的虚拟。
回顾：过去虚拟的语气？现在if从句(were/did),虚拟: 主句(would/could+v.)将来: 从句(were to/should +v.)虚拟：主句(would/could+v.) Summary :1.在那时2.被认为是…/人们认为…3.即使… 4.听说 5.随着…的到来 6.似乎7.苏醒8.传播到9.与…的交易10.负担得起… 11.通过开辟新的艺术领域12.将…合在一起13.更喜欢做… 14.与…相比15.与…携手并进16.被认为毫无价值.17.第一次18.一个科学发明的时代19.随身携带20.详细的人体素描21.做科学研究22.简言之23.一个有诸多才华的人24.一直Reading and writing (2)(Books, P22)Thursday我们乘坐通宵渡船来到荷兰角，然后坐火车去阿姆斯特丹中心车站。
/这只是一个短途旅行。
/在城镇里找到路并不是太容易。
/许多条路沿着运河，这些运河并不直，而是呈马蹄铁形状。
/①那么你有可能沿街走了半个小时左右，结果离你出发的地点仅有五分钟的路程。
/然而，大多数人并不走路-城镇里有三百万两自行车和一个良好的公共汽车和电车系统。
/而且还有船。
/大约有一半是为游客准备的，其他的是游艇，人们住在上面。
/我们花了一整天的时间走路。
/明天我们打算租自行车。
Friday我们今天去看房屋。
建筑风格很令人惊奇，大大不同于我们去过的其他欧洲国家。
房子又高又窄，有许多拥有文艺复兴时期奇异华丽的装饰风貌。
在中世纪，房子用木头建造。
后来15世纪末的一场大火毁掉了城镇的将近3/4. 从那之后,房子用砖创造。
②与欧洲其他地方不同，房屋主人要根据窗户的尺寸纳税，而这里的税金是根据房屋的宽度而定—因此他们就把房屋盖得很窄但却很高。
Saturday我们参观了凡·高博物馆，而不是更有名的国立博物馆。
它使人吃惊。
以前我从来没有真正的看过凡·高的作品。
他好像彻底改造了艺术。
③不管他是在创造肖像还是山水画都无关紧要—他是一位天才。
在他自杀前生命的最后70天里，他创造了70幅作品，我认为它们几乎都是杰作。
但是凡·高一生中只卖过一幅画！我们在那个博物馆里一定足足呆了三个小时。
我们出来后我告诉克莱尔我认为凡·高是历史上最伟大的画家。
④他提醒我明天我们要离开去巴黎，在那里我们将会看到世界上最著名的绘画作品…Summary :1.短途旅行2.呈…形状3.以…结束4.按照窗户面积缴税5.取决于6.是否…没有关系7.在历史上8.提醒某人…9.出发去…Every day English(P20):1.即将成为人母2.相当多的3.毫无意义4.认真的思考某事5.他有很多事情Printing印刷术(P27, books)Para.1--2印刷使用可移动的文字或者字母把单一文本制作成许多副本的过程。
/在中国，印刷早在7世纪唐朝时就为人所知,在欧洲，它是文艺复兴的重要部分。
/①印刷满足了人们渴望知识的愿望。
在印刷被发明之前，手稿的副本还得手工抄写，通常抄在动物的皮上。
/ ②这是一项需要花费许多年的困难的任务,并让书变得非常昂贵。
/③印刷使这一点成了可能：在数周之内印刷出来的书比一个人一辈子手工抄写的书还要多。
③ma ke it possible to do… 不定式做宾语could have done “本来可能…”表示对过去的虚拟;written by hand 后置定语Para.3据说德国人约翰·古登堡在欧洲制造了第一台印刷机。
/④他用以前农民用来从橄榄中榨油的机器改装的。
/它使用比动物的皮更适合印刷(更便宜)的纸张来印刷。
/ 纸张像印刷一样在中国发明得比较早,经由东南亚再到印度,然后传到了欧洲。
/到公元10世纪,纸张在巴格达被制造。
/欧洲的第一个纸张制造厂建于12世纪末。
Para.4古登堡印刷的第一本书是《圣经》./⑤但随着文艺复兴观念的发展，人们对希腊和拉丁经典作品的需求也增加了,而这些经典大部分已经被忽视达2000年了。
/人们同样需要用他们自己的语言编写的书。
/ 印刷的发明意味着这种需求能被满足。
⑤So +助动词/情态v./系v.+主语。
“…也是如此。
”Para.5.不久印刷机遍布整个北欧。
/1476年,威廉·卡克斯顿在伦敦建立了自己的印刷机，英国成了印刷业最重要的中心之一./ ⑥印刷书籍的传播,重新唤起人们对艺术表达的激情。
/⑦假如没有印刷机的发展,也许根本不会出现文艺复兴。
/假如没有低廉的印刷技术使得广大社会阶层有书可读,16世纪中期英格兰乡村的政府官员—约翰·莎士比亚的儿子也许根本不可能受到鼓舞而将写作作为职业。
/ ⑧西方文明从古登堡的贡献中所获得的是无法计算的。
/⑦without/ but for… 要不是/如果没有…此处代替if虚拟从句表虚拟条件, 此处句中跟may have done 表示对过去的虚拟Summary：1.制作副本2.满足需求/愿望3.对…渴望4.用手工5.使…成为可能6.在几周内7.印刷机/业8.从…改编9.从…挤出10.建立11.重新唤起人们对艺术表达的激情12.从事写作作为职业13.从…获得Grammar :Without +短语代替if 从句表虚拟条件，句中用虚拟语气。
Reading practice(books, P25)--《蒙娜丽莎》之谜Para.1--2《蒙娜丽莎》是许多故事的主题，但是有一件轶事仍然是个谜。
在卢浮宫里德画是莱奥纳多·达芬奇的真正作品……还是仅仅是个仿制品？故事开始于1911年的一天有人发现《蒙娜丽莎》丢失了。
一位发言人说，“窃贼把古董架和玻璃留下了。
①他一定是穿越地下室到了主院。
②一位过路人看见一个有胡子的男人腋下夹着一个包裹，冲过街道交叉口，来到十字路口。
然后他从旁路逃跑了。
③我们正呼吁着任何看到嫌疑犯的人联系我们。
”Para.3--4谁偷走了《蒙娜丽莎》？为什么要偷？④关于《蒙娜丽莎》丢失的新闻在法国各大报纸传播，也在全国各地展开了对窃贼的大范围搜索。
警察说，“我们认为窃贼不是单独行动。
我们在搜索一帮罪犯。
”两年后，一个有胡子的男人找到意大利佛罗伦萨的译为艺术品经销商，试探性的想卖掉《蒙娜丽莎》。
这位艺术品经销商鉴定了它，认定它是真品…然后报了警。
Para.5为什么窃贼文森佐·佩鲁贾等了这么长时间？/佩鲁贾是代表这次犯罪的主谋—爱德华多·德瓦尔菲勒偷了《蒙娜丽莎》./但是佩鲁贾犯了一个根本性的错误./他相信了德瓦尔菲勒会因他偷这幅画付给他钱。
/佩鲁贾的不利因素是德瓦尔菲勒实际上并不需要这幅画,他要的只是偷窃的新闻./德瓦尔菲勒仿造了6个极好的仿制品,然后卖掉它们,并声称每一个都是被偷的真品./ 当然6个都是代替品的事实非常机密./6个买主不知道其他几幅画./而且德瓦尔菲勒不需要向佩鲁贾还人情债./Para.6—7两年后,佩鲁贾厌烦了等着德瓦尔菲勒给他钱，想卖掉这幅画。
当真正的《蒙娜丽莎》在佛罗伦萨出现时，德瓦尔菲勒只是告诉他的买主那不过是个仿制品。
③故事的结局是佩鲁贾为这起犯罪承担了责任并进了监狱。
④德瓦尔菲勒仍然自由的度过余生.Para.8但是仍有一个谜。
《蒙娜丽莎》精确的仿制品有很多，他们由莱奥纳多·达芬奇的有才华的学生所画。
这幅画的部分吸引力是卢浮宫的那幅不是真品…甚至在它被偷之前。
如果佩鲁贾偷了一个仿制品…谁拥有真正的《蒙娜丽莎》？。