第三军医大学微生物学2017年考博真题考博试卷

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解放军医学院(301医院)病理学2013年考博真题试卷

甲状腺髓样癌
乳腺癌发病率最高的组织学类型
二、名词解释（4分*5题）
1.化生
2.DIC
3.非典型性增生
4.原位癌
5.Krukenberg瘤
三、问答题（15分*4题）
1.炎症渗出的过程和各过程的特点
2.鉴别癌和肉瘤
3.进展期胃癌Borrmann分型和组织学类型
4.大肠癌的大体分型和TNM临床分期方法
301医院
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
解放军医学院（301医院）
2013年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理学
注意：所有答案一Байду номын сангаас写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、选择（2分*10题）
坏死、血栓形成的结局
羊水栓塞
炎症反应的特征性变化
癌前病变
良性肿瘤和恶性肿瘤

2017年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题

2017年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题2017年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题Part I Listening Comprehension(30%)略Part II Vocabulary(10%)Section ADirections:In this section,all the sentences are incomplete.Four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D are given beneath each of them.You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence,then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have____effects on bones.A.adverseB.prevalentC.instantD.purposeful32.Drinking more water is good for the rest of your body,helping to lubricate joints and___toxinsand impurities.A.screen outB.knock outC.flush outD.rule out33.Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medical helpto____the problem.A.affiliateB.alleviateC.aggravateD.accelerate34.Generally,vaccine makers_____the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a process that can takefour to six months.A.penetrateB.designateC.generateD.exaggerate35.Danish research shows that the increase in obese people in Denmark is roughly____to theincrease of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.A.equivalentB.temporaryC.permanentD.relevant36.Ted was felled by a massive stroke that affected his balance and left him barely able tospeak____.A.bluntlyB.intelligiblyC.reluctantlyD.ironically37.In a technology-intensive enterprise,computers____all processes of the production andmanagement.A.dominateB.overwhelmC.substituteD.imitate38.Although most dreams apparently happen____,dream activity may be provoked by externalinfluences.A.homogeneouslyB.instantaneouslyC.spontaneouslyD.simultaneously39.We are much quicker to respond,and we respond far too quickly by giving____to our anger.A.ventB.impulseC.temperD.offence40.By maintaining a strong family_____,they are also maintaining the infrastructure of society.A.biasB.honorC.estateD.bondSection BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence.Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.rm the manager if you are on medication that makes you drowsy.A.uneasyB.sleepyC.guiltyD.fiery42.Diabetes is one of the most prevalent and potentially dangerous diseases in the world.A.crucialB.virulentC.colossalD.widespread43.Likewise,soot and smoke from fire contain a multitude of carcinogens.A.a matter ofB.a body ofC.plenty ofD.sort of44.Many questions about estrogen’s effects remain to be elucidated,and investigations areseeking answers through ongoing laboratory and clinical studies.A.implicatedB.impliedC.illuminatedD.initiated45.A network chatting is a limp substitute for meeting friends over coffee.A.accomplishmentB.refreshmentplementD.replacement46.When patients spend extended periods in hospital,they tend to become overly dependent andlose interest in taking care of themselves.A.extremelyB.exclusivelyC.exactlyD.explicitly47.Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problem of trafficcongestion.A.AmelioratedB.aggregatedC.deterioratedD.duplicated48.It was reported that bacteria contaminated up to80%of domestic retail raw chicken in theUnited States.A.inflamedB.inflictedC.infectedD.infiltrated49.Researchers recently ran the numbers on gun violence in the United States and reported thatright-to-carry-gun laws do not inhibit violent crime.A.curbB.induceC.lessenD.impel50.Regardless of our uneasiness about stereotypes,numerous studies have shown clear differencebetween Chinese and western parenting.A.specificationsB.sensationsC.conventionsD.conservations PartⅢCloze(10%)Directions:In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For each blank,there are four choices marked A,B,C and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.It was the kind of research that gave insight into how flu strains could mutate so quickly.The same branch of research concluded in2005that the1918flu started in birds before passing to humans.Parsing this animal-human51could provide clues to52the next potential super flu,whichalready has a name:H5N1,also known as avian flu or bird flu.This potential killer also has a number:59%.According to the WHO,nearly three-fifths of the people who53H5NI since2003died from the virus,which was first reported54humans in Hong Kong in1997before a more serious55occurred in Southeast Asia between2003and2004.(It has since spread to Africa and Europe.)Some researchers argue that those mortality numbers are exaggerated because WHO only56cases in which victims are sick enough to go to the hospitals for treatment.57,compare that to the worldwide mortality rate of the1918pandemic;it may have killed roughly50million people,but that was only10%of the number of people infected,according to a2006estimate.H5NI’s saving grace—and the only reason we’re not running around masked up in public right now—is that the strain doesn’t jump from birds to humans,or from humans to humans,easily. There have been just over600cases(and359deaths)since2003.But58its lethality,and the chance it could turn into something far more transmissible,one might expect H5NI research to be exploding,with labs59the virus’s molecular components to understand how it spreads between animals and60to humans,and hoping to discover a vaccine that could head off a pandemic.51.A.rejection B.interface plement D.contamination52.A.be stopped B.stopping C.being stopped D.having stopped53.A.mutated B.effected C.infected D.contracted54.A.in B.on C.with D.from55.A.trigger unch C.outbreak D.outcome56.A.counts B.amounts to C.accounts for D.accumulates57.A.Thereafter B.Thereby C.Furthermore D.Still58.A.given B.regarding C.in spite of D.speaking of59.A.parses B.parsed C.parsing D.to parse60.A.potently B.absolutely C.potentially D.importantlyPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Directions:In this part,there are six passages,each of which is followed by five questions.For each question,there are four possible answers marked A,B,C,and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneIf you are reading this article,antibiotics have probably saved your life—and not once but several times.A rotten tooth,a knee operation,a brush with pneumonia;any number of minor infections that never turned nasty.You may not remember taking the pills,so unremarkable have these one-time wonder drugs become.Modern medicine relies on antibiotics—not just to cure diseases,but to augment the success of surgery,childbirth and cancer treatments.Yet now health authorities are warning,in uncharacteristically apocalyptic terms,that the era of antibiotics is about to end.In some ways,bacteria are continually evolving to resist the drugs.But in the past we’ve always developed new ones that killed them again.Not this time.Infections that once succumbed to everyday antibiotics now require last-resort drugs with unpleasant side effects.Others have become so difficult to treat that they kill some 25,000Europeans yearly.And some bacteria now resist every known antibiotic.Regular readers will know why:New Scientist has reported warnings about this for years.We have misused antibiotics appallingly,handing them out to humans like medicinal candy and feeding them to livestock by the tonne,mostly not for health reasons but to make meat cheaper.Now antibiotic-resistant bacteria can be found all over the world—not just in medical facilities,but everywhere from muddy puddles in India to the snows of Antarctica（南极洲）.How did we reach this point without viable successors to today’s increasingly ineffectual drugs? The answer lies not in evolution but economics.Over the past20years,nearly every major pharmaceutical company has abandoned panies must make money,and there isn’t much in short-term drugs that should be used sparingly.So researchers have discovered promising candidates,but can’t reach into the deep pockets needed to develop them.This can be fixed.As we report this week,regulatory agencies,worried medical bodies and Big Pharma are finally hatching ways to remedy this market failure.Delinking profits from the volume of drug sold(by adjusting patent rights,say,or offering prizes for innovation)has worked for other drugs,and should work for antibiotics—although there may be a worryingly long wait before they reach the market.One day,though,these will all to resistance too.Ultimately,we need,evolution-proof cures for bacterial infection:treatments that stop bacteria from causing disease,but don’t otherwise inconvenience the little blighters.When resisting drugs confers no selective advantage,drugs will stop breeding resistance.Researchers have a couple of candidates for such treatment.But they fear regulators will drag their feet over such radical approaches.That,too,can be fixed.We must not neglect development of the sustainable medicine we need,the way we have neglected simple antibiotic R&D.If we do,one day another top doctor will be telling us that the drugs no longer work—and there really will be no help on the way.61.In the first paragraph,the author is tying to_____.A.warn us against the rampant abuse of antibiotics everywhereB.suggest a course of action to reduce antibiotic resistanceC.tell us a time race between humans and bacteriaD.remind us of the universal benefit of antibiotics62.The warning from health authorities implies that_____.A.the pre-antibiotic era will returnB.the antibiotic crisis is about to repeatC.the wonder drugs are a double-edged swordD.the development of new antibiotics is too slow63.The appalling misuse of antibiotics,according to the passage,_____.A.has developed resistant bacteria worldwideB.has been mainly practiced for health reasonsC.has been seldom reported as a warning in the worldD.has been particularly worsened in the developing countries64.The market failure refers to____.A.the inability to develop more powerful antibioticsB.the existing increasingly ineffectual drugs in the marketC.the poor management of the major pharmaceutical companiesD.the deprived investment in developing new classes of antibiotics65.During the presentation of the two solutions,the author carries a tone of_____.A.doubtB.urgencyC.indifferenceD.helplessness Passage TwoThis issue of Science contains announcements for more than100different Gorgon Research Conferences，on topics that range from atomic physics to developmental biology.The brainchild（某人的主意）of Neil Gordon of Johns Hopkins University,these week-long meetings are designed to promote intimate,informal discussions of frontier science.Often confined to fewer than125 attendees,they have traditionally been held in remote places with minimal distractions.Beginning in the early1960s,I attended the summer Nucleic Acids Gordon Conference in rural New Hampshire，sharing austere（简朴的）dorm facilities in a private boy’s school with randomly assigned roommates.As a beginning scientist,I found the question period after each talk especially fascinating,providing valuable insights into the personalities and ways of thinking of many senior scientists whom I had not encountered previously.Back then,there were no cellphones and no internet,and all of the speakers seemed to stay for the entire week.During the long,session-free afternoons,graduate students mingled freely with professors.Many lifelong friendships were begun, and—as Gordon intended—new scientific collaborations began.Leap forward to today,and every scientist can gain immediate access to a vast store of scientific thought and to millions of other scientists via the Internet.Why,nevertheless,do in-person scientific meetings remain so valuable for a life in science?Part of the answer is that science works best when there is a deep mutual trust and understanding between the collaborators,which is hard to develop from a distance.But most important is the critical role that face-to-face scientific meetings play in stimulating a random collision of ideas and approaches.The best science occurs when someone combines the knowledge gained by other scientists in non-obvious ways to create a new understanding of how the world works.A successful scientist needs to deeply believe,whatever the problem being tackled,that there is always a better way to approach that problem than the path currently being taken.The scientist is then constantly on the alert for new paths to take in his or her work,which is essential for makingbreakthroughs.Thus,as much as possible,scientific meetings should be designed to expose the attendees to ways of thinking and techniques that are different from the ones that they already know.66.Assembled at Gordon Research Conference are those who____.A.are physicists and biologistsB.just start doing their sciencesC.stay in the forefront of scienceD.are accomplished senior scientists67.Speaking of the summer Nucleic Acids Gordon Conference,the author thinks highly of____.A.the personalities of senior scientistsB.the question period after each talkC.the austere facilities aroundD.the week-long duration68.It can be inferred from the author that the value of the in-person scientific conference_____.A.does not change with timesB.can be explored online exclusivelyC.lies in exchanging the advances in lie scienceD.is questioned in establishing a vast store of ideas69.The author believes that the face-to-face scientific conferences can help the attendeesbetter_____.A.understand what making a breakthrough means to themB.expose themselves to novel ideas and new approachesC.foster the passion for doing scienceD.tackle the same problem in science70.What would the author most probably talk about in the following paragraphs?A.How to explore scientific collaborations.B.How to make scientific breakthroughs.C.How to design scientific meetings.D.How to think like a genius.Passage ThreeBack in1896,the Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius realized that by burning coal we were adding carbon dioxide to the air,and that this would warm the Earth.But he mentioned the issue only in passing（顺便地），for his calculations suggested it would not become a problem for thousands of years.Others thought that the oceans would soak up any extra CO2,so there was nothing much to worry about.That this latter argument has persisted to this day in some quarters highlights our species’propensity（倾向）to underestimate the scale of our impact on the planet.Even the Earth’s vast oceans cannot suck up CO2as quickly as we can produce it,and we now know the stored CO2is acidifying the oceans,a problem in itself.Now a handful of researchers are warning that energy sources we normally think of as innocuous could affect the planet’s climate too.If we start to extract immense amounts of power from the wind,for instance,it will have an impact on how warmth and water move around the planet,and thus on temperatures and rainfall.Just to be clear,no one is suggesting we should stop building wind farms on the basis of this risk.Aside from the huge uncertainties about the climatic effects of extracting power from the wind,our present and near-term usage is far too tiny to make any difference.For the moment,any negative consequences on the climate are massively outweighed by the effects of pumping out even more CO2.That poses by far the greater environmental threat;weaning ourselves off fossil fuels should remain the priority.Even so,now it is the time to start thinking about the long-term effects of the alternative energy sources we are turning to.Those who have already started to look at these issues report weary, indifferent or even hostile reactions to their work.That’s understandable,but disappointing.These effects may be inconsequential,in which case all that will have been wasted is some research time that may well yield interesting insights anyway. Or they may turn out to be sharply negative,in which case the more notice we have,the better.It would be unfortunate to put it mildly,to spend countless trillions replacing fossil-fuel energy infrastructure（基础建设）only to discover that its successor（替代物）is also more damaging than it need be.These climatic effects may even be beneficial.The first,tentative models suggest that extracting large amounts of energy from high-altitude jet streams would cool the planet, counteracting the effects of rising greenhouse gases.It might even be possible to build an energy infrastructure that gives us a degree of control over the weather:turning off wind turbines here, capturing more of the sun’s energy there.We may also need to rethink our long-term research priorities.The sun is ultimately the only source of energy that doesn’t end up altering the planet’s energy balance.So the best bet might be invest heavily in improving solar technology and energy storage—rather than in efforts to harness, say,nuclear fusion.For the moment,all of this remains supposition（推测）.But our species has a tendency to myopia.We have nothing to lose,and everything to gain by taking the long view for a change.71.In the first two paragraphs,the author is trying to draw our attention to____.A.the escalating scale of the global warmingB.the division of scientists over the issue of global warmingC.reasons for us to worry about extra CO2for the oceansD.the human tendency to underestimate the harmful effects on the planet72.The author’s illustration of wind-power extraction reflects____.A.the priority of protecting the environmentB.the same human propensity as mentioned previouslyC.the best strategy of reducing the environmental threatD.the definite huge uncertainties about the climatic effects73.The author argues that it would be unfortunate to replace fossil fuels only to find out that____.A.the successors are also damagingB.the countless trillions spent are wastedC.the alternative energy sources don’t workD.the research invites indifferent or even hostile reactions74.According to the author,the best strategy is____.A.to counteract the effects of rising greenhouse gasesB.to develop a degree of control over the weatherC.to extract large amounts of energy from windD.to explore solar energy and its storage75.It can be concluded from the passage that we need to take the long view on____.A.human existence on the planetB.humanity’s energy suppliesC.our environmental threatsD.our tendency to myopiaPassage FourOptical illusions are like magic,thrilling us because of their capacity to reveal the fallibility of our senses But there’s more to them than that,according to Dr.Beau Lotto,who is wowing the scientific world with work that crosses the boundaries of art,neurology,natural history and philosophy.What they reveal,he says,is that the whole world is the creation of our brain.What we see, what we hear,feel and what we think we know is not a photographic reflection of the word,but an instantaneous unthinking calculation as to what is the most useful way of seeing the world.It’s a best guess based on the past experience of the individual,a long evolutionary past that has shaped the structure of our brains.The world is literally shaped by our pasts.Dr.Lotto,40,an American who is a reader in neuroscience at University College London,has set out to prove it in stunning visual illusions,sculptures and installations,which have been included in art-science exhibitions.He explains his complex ideas from the starting point of visual illusions,which far from revealing how fragile our senses are show how remarkably robust they are at providing a picture of the world that serves a purpose to us.For centuries,artists and scientists have noted that a grey dot looks lighter against a dark background than being against a light background.The conventional belief was that it was because of some way the brain and eye is intrinsically wired.But Dr.Lotto believes it’s a learnt response;in other words,we see the world not as it is but as it is useful to us.“Context is everything,because our brains have evolved to constantly re-define normality,”says Dr.Lotto.“What we see is defined by our own experiences of the past,but also by what the human race has experienced through its history.”This is illustrated by the fact that different cultures and communities have different viewpoints of the world,conditioned over generations.For example,Japanese people have a famous inability to distinguish between the“R”and the“L”sound.This arises because in Japanese the sounds are totally interchangeable.“Differentiating between them has never been useful,so the brain has never learnt to do it.It’s not just that Japanese people find it hard to tell the difference.They literally cannot hear the difference.”Dr.Lotto’s experiments are grounding more and more hypotheses in hard science.“Yes,mywork is idea-driven,”he says.“But lots of research,such as MRI brain scanning,is technique-driven.I don’t believe you can understand the brain by taking it out of its natural environment and looking at it in a laboratory.You have to look at what it evolved to do,and look at it in relationship to its ecology.”76.What does the word“them”in the first paragraph refer to?A.Human senses.B.The fallibility of senses.C.Revealing capacity.D.Optical illusions.77.According to the passage,what is known about Dr.Beau Lotto?A.Though he is a neuroscientist,he has shocked the scientific world with his extensiveresearch in art,neurology,natural history and philosophy.B.Dr.Lotto is a professor at University College Landon who is specialized in a number ofdisciplines such as art,neurology,natural history and philosophy.C.Dr.Lotto has been attempting to exhibit his creative productions in art-science exhibitionsin the hope of proving his idea on optical illusions.D.Dr.Lotto has set out to create visual illusions,sculptures and installations which wellcombined the knowledge of art,neurology,natural history and philosophy.78.Which of the following statements can be inferred from Dr.Lotto’s study?A.People should believe their brains rather than their eyes as the world,to a great measure,iscreated and shaped by human brain.B.People should never believe their senses for what they see,hear,feel,and the truth may becontrary to the photographic image of the world.C.People should never believe their eyes for what they see are only accidental and temporaryforms of the world,which varies in accordance with contexts.D.People should be aware that their eyes can play tricks on them as what they see is actuallycreated by their brains which are shaped by their past experiences.79.According to Dr.Lotto,what is the reason for the fact that a grey dot looks lighter against adark background than being against a light background?A.It is a fact that the dot emerged to be lighter against a dark background than being against alight one.B.Human senses are remarkably robust at providing a picture of the world that serves apurpose to us through what they have learnt from past experiences.C.It is because of some way the brain and eye is intrinsically wired.D.Because the context in which the little dot placed has changed to be lighter.80.Which of the following statements is true about the research in neuroscience?A.Investigation on the brain involves scrutinizing a network in which both environment andthe brain itself function together.B.Both idea-driven and technique-driven are popular research methods in research study inneuroscience.C.People cannot carry out research study on brain in laboratory where it is isolated fromhuman body.D.Brain can be investigated in isolation with other faculties and organs as long as the researchis carried out in proper natural context.Passage FiveThe biggest thing in operating rooms these days is a million-dollar,multi-armed robot named da Vinci,used in nearly400,000surgeries nationwide last year—triple the number just four years earlier.But now the high-tech helper is under scrutiny over reports of problems,including several deaths that may be linked with it and the high cost of using the robotic system.There also have been a few disturbing,freak incidents:a robotic hand that wouldn’t let go of tissue grasped during surgery and a robotic arm hit-ting a patient in the face as she lay on the operating table.Is it time to curb the robot enthusiasm?Some doctors say yes,concerned that the“wow”factor and heavy marketing have boosted use. They argue that there is not enough robust research showing that robotic surgery is at least as good or better than conventional surgeries.Many U.S.hospitals promote robotic surgery in patient brochures,online and even on highway billboards.Their aim is partly to attract business that helps pay for the costly robot.The da Vinci is used for operations that include removing prostates,gallbladders and wombs, repairing heart valves,shrinking stomachs and transplanting organs.Its use has increased worldwide, but the system is most popular in the United States.For surgeons,who control the robot while sitting at a computer screen rather than standing over the patient,these operations can be less tiring.Plus robot hands don’t shake.Advocates say patients sometimes have less bleeding and often are sent home sooner than with conventional laparoscopic surgeries and operations involving large incisions.But the Food and Drug Administration is looking into a spike in reported problems during robotic surgeries.Earlier this year,the FDA began a survey of surgeons using the robotic system. The agency conducts such surveys of devices routinely,but FDA spokeswoman Synim Rivers said the reason for it now“is the increase in number of reports received”about da Vinci.Reports filed since early last year include at least five deaths.Whether there truly are more problems recently is uncertain.Rivers said she couldn’t quantify the increase and that it may simply reflect more awareness among doctors and hospitals about the need to report problems.Doctors aren’t required to report such things;device makers and hospitals are.Company spokesman Geoff Curtis said Intuitive Surgical has physician-educators and other trainers who teach surgeons how to use the robot.But they don’t train them how to do specific procedures robotically,he said,and that it’s up to hospitals and surgeons to decide“if and when a surgeon is ready to perform robotic cases.”A2010New England Journal of Medicine essay by a doctor and a health policy analyst said surgeons must do at least150procedures to become adept at using the robotic system.But there is no expert consensus on how much training is needed.New Jersey banker Alexis Grattan did a lot of online research before her gallbladder was removed last month at Hackensack University Medical Center.She said the surgeon’s many years of experience with robotic operations was an important factor.She also had heard that the surgeon was among the first to do the robotic operation with just one small incision in the belly button,instead of four cuts in conventional keyhole surgery.81.Why did FDA begin to scrutinize da Vinci?A.The number used in operation has been tripled.B.It is too expensive.C.It is reported to have frequent mechanical breakdown.wsuits increase with death case reports.82.According to some doctors,which of the following is NOT the reason to curb the enthusiasmfor da Vinci?A.The high cost causes unreasonable marketing.B.It is not as good as traditional surgeries.C.It needs more statistics to prove its value.D.It is necessary for doctors to consider some problems.83.What does FDA spokeswoman Synim Rivers mean?A.Doctors and hospitals should be responsible for those problems.B.It is doctors that think da Vinci robots are problematic.C.There are so many problems reports that FDA has to do an enquiry.D.FDA hasn’t finished the previous enquiry about the surgeons who used robots.84.What is correct about training according to the Geoff Curtis?A.A lack of sufficient training on the part of surgeons.B.A lack of sufficient training an the part of company.C.Doctors and hospitals are not sufficiently trained on specific procedures.D.Doctors and hospitals are not sufficiently trained on how to use robots.85.What is the best title for this passage?A.Four Hands Better than Two?B.Too Good to Be TrueC.Smart RobotsD.Who Is the Killer?Passage SixIn a poor,inland,gang-infested part of Los Angeles,there is a clinic for people with type1 diabetes.As part of the country health care system,it serves persons who have fallen through all other safety-net options,the poorest of the poor.Although type2diabetes is rampant in this part of。

解放军医学院(301医院)病理学2017年考博真题试卷

301医院
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
解放军医学院（301医院）
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、单选题（10个）
1.肝细胞癌最常见的转移部位。A肝，B肺，C骨，D肝门淋巴结。
2.早期胃癌。
6.Barrett食管
7.肝豆状核变性
8.GIST
9.Crohn病
10.Budd-Chiria综合征
三、简答题（6个）
1.慢性胃炎病因。
2.消化性溃疡并发症。
3.溃疡性结肠炎并发症。
4.病毒性肝炎肝细胞坏死的基本病理类型。
5.急性出血性坏死性肠炎（AHE）。
6.肝硬化病因。
四、论述题（2*15分）
1.慢性萎缩性胃炎病因，镜下病理表现。
2.门脉高压形成机制及主要临床表现。
3.早期大肠癌。
4.恶性溃疡。
5.与结肠癌不密切的疾病。
6.与肝细胞癌无关的是，A AFP，B碱性磷酸酶，C CEA，D谷丙转氨酶。
7.与恶性贫血有关的胃炎。
8.我国肝硬化主要病因。（好像是肝硬化）
9.
10.
二、名词解释（10个）
1.胃粘膜肠上皮化生
2.早期胃癌。
3.急性出血

(完整版)植物病理专业博士生资格考试复习题目

植物病理专业博士生资格考试题目1.你知道爱尔兰大饥馑吗？分析其发生的原因？对我们今天植物病害的控制有哪些启示？其对人类历史的进程产生了哪些影响？2.简述利用生物技术防治植物病害的方法、途径、存在的主要问题及解决思路3.植物病害生物防治常用的微生物有哪些？生物防治的机制是什么？4.我国水稻上有哪些重要病害，目前江苏水稻最重要的病害有几种，其关键的防治技术是什么？5.植物病害诊断的原则是什么？大豆田里出现了成片的叶片黄化，如何确定原因与对策？6.简述近20年来关于基因对基因学说研究的重大进展，指出目前的重大课题与今后5年可能取得突破的领域；举例阐述你熟知的互作体系，针对某个问题，论述你的研究思路。

7.简述你所在实验室（需指出实验室真实名称）近五年的主要科研内容、主要发现及其意义，在哪那些方面需要调整或重点投入研究？8.设想今后20年植物病理学将在哪些方面取得重要进展。

9.植物与病原菌之间也进行着“军备竞赛”，谈谈你对植物与病原生物在协同进化的过程中军备竞赛的认识？10.已测序的植物病原物基因组有哪些？选择你熟悉的植物病原物基因组，简要说明其特征？病原生物基因组学的进展对你的研究有哪些帮助？11.以一个植物病原细菌的无毒基因AvrPto为例，谈谈其编码蛋白在植物和病原菌互作中的作用？12.谈谈基因沉默的原理及在植物保护上的可能应用？13.谈谈植物病毒病害传播与流行的方式？控制的一般原则？14.土传病害与气传病害的控制重点有什么差别？15.谈谈你对植物抗病反应的信号途径的了解？16.举出对我国农作物生产危害最大的五种病害？并详述其我国对其研究的成就？控制的特点等？17.谈谈你对我国植保的科研、管理、推广体系的了解？有哪些问题？改进的意见？18.对一种新的病害，如果希望通过抗病品种来进行控制，有哪些工作需要做？19.克隆植物病原物致病相关基因的分子生物学方法有哪些？选择一种说明原理。

20.病害发生流行的因素有哪些？举例说明？21.目前种植面积最大的转基因植物有哪几种？所转基因有哪些，其功能是什么？22.NPR1是一种锚蛋白，调控植物系统性获得抗病性。

山东大学临床生化2017年考博真题考博试卷

攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷源自医学考博真题试卷第1页共1页
山东大学
2017 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：临床生物化学注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。一、名词解释（每题 3 分，共 30 分） 1.renal osteodystrophy 2.GMD(遗传代谢病) 3.LncRNA 4.Precision Medicine 5.变性 LDL 6.Tumor marker 7.M 蛋白 8.胱抑素 C 9.触珠蛋白 10.心肌肌钙蛋白二、简答题（每题 9 分，共 54 分） 1.理想肿瘤标记物条件 2.骨碱性磷酸酶的来源及临床意义 3.C 肽对于诊断糖尿病意义 4.心肌肌钙蛋白诊断心肌病特征 5.肾脏疾病的临床实验室的检查项目有哪些 6.免疫固定电泳的临床应用三、问答题（16 分） 1. 高通量测序及其临床意义
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博士考试生物化学的一些各校真题

2023 年中国科学院生物化学考博真题一、名词解释1 染色体重塑2 同源蛋白3 亲和层析4 酶的竞争性抑制5 逆转座子6 糖异生二、举5 例真核生物体内非编码RNA 以及其功能〔往年试题〕三、举5 离GFP 在生物化学中的应用〔2023 年试题〕四、真核生物转录起始水平到翻译后水平上的基因表达调控〔往年试题〕五、蛋白质免疫共沉淀(CoIp〕与ChIP 的原理以及应用2023 年北京医科大学博士入学考试试题－－生物化学1.结合实例说明“生物信息大分子”的概念。

都包括哪些类物质分子。

简要说明其执行“信息功能”的要素。

2.何谓“根本转录因子”，写出 6 个以上的名称。

依据你的理解，推断“类固醇激素受体属于根本转录因子”是否正确，为什么？请简要说明类固醇激素受体调整基因表达的机制。

3.解释“同工酶”概念，简要说明严格区分同工酶策略。

写出设计酶活性测定体系的留意事项。

4.解释“维生素”概念，丙酮酸脱氢酶系中包括那些维生素？各以何种形式参与酶系组成。

写出维生素D 在体内主要代谢过程。

5.写出胆固醇合成的原料，限速酶，在血液内主要运输形式，以及 6 中以上在体内重要转化物的名称。

6.以填空形式考苯丙氨酸和落氨酸的分解代谢过程。

7.端粒，端粒酶的概念，其特别的生物学功能。

8.肝脏生物转化的概念，特点，反响类型。

胆红素在肝内转化后的产物，以何种形式排出体外。

9.血浆蛋白质主要成分及生理功能。

2023 年北京医科大学博士入学考试试题－－生物化学1.人类基因组的概念，内容和意义。

2.t ransgene 的概念，如何重组，定位，筛选，检测？3.图示PKA.PKC.TPK 在信号传导中的作用。

4.蛋白质变性与DNA 变性的区分与应用。

5.肝脏在生物代谢中的作用，假设肝脏发生严峻损伤，可能会发生什么转变？6.比较酶的别构调整与化学修饰调整的异同，及各拘束代谢中的作用。

7.具 5 例辅酶，他们的构造，组成及催化的反响式。

8.有一种α-酮酸参与了糖，尿素，氨基酸，核苷酸代谢，是哪一种。

北京301医院病理学考博试题2014-2020

考试科目：病理学科目代码：2003考试时间：月日（注：特别提醒所有答案一律写在答题纸上，直接写在试题或草稿纸上的无效！）———————————————————————————————
考试科目：病理学科目代码：2003考试时间：月日（注：特别提醒所有答案一律写在答题纸上，直接写在试题或草稿纸上的无效！）———————————————————————————————
考试科目：病理学科目代码：2003考试时间：月日（注：特别提醒所有答案一律写在答题纸上，直接写在试题或草稿纸上的无效！）———————————————————————————————
考试科目：病理学科目代码：2003考试时间：月日（注：特别提醒所有答案一律写在答题纸上，直接写在试题或草稿纸上的无效！）———————————————————————————————
北京301医院2020年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：病理学科目代码：2003考试时间：月日（注：特别提醒所有答案一律写在答题纸上，直接写在试题或草稿纸上的无效！）———————————————————————————————
北京301医院2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：病理学科目代码：2003考试时间：月日（注：特别提醒所有答案一律写在答题纸上，直接写在试题或草稿纸上的无效！）———————————————————————————————
北京301医院2014年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：病理学科目代码：2003考试时间：月日（注：特别提醒所有答案一律写在答题纸上，直接写在试题或草稿纸上的无效！）———————————————————————————————。

第三军医大历年考博病理题

2003一 1 precancerous lesion 2 hydropic degeneration 3 dystrophic calcification 4 intestinal metaplasia 5 cachexia 6 pneumoconiosis 7 阿尔茨海默病8副肿瘤综合征9腺肌病10急性应激性溃疡二1 脂肪变性最为常见的器官是：――，其发生原因为―――的合成障碍，―――合成过多，―――氧化障碍2透明血栓的主要成分是―――，见于―――3化脓是指炎症病灶内坏死组织被―――释放的―――溶解液化的过程。

4肿瘤的实质是―――，决定着肿瘤的―――三1 两端开放的通道样坏死性缺损称瘘管2皮肤伤口愈合时最早的变化是肉芽组织形成3炎症局部血液动力学改变主要受神经支配4急性病毒性肝炎是一种急性渗出性炎症5支气管肺炎主要发生于小儿和年老体弱者6引起贫血性梗死的原因是动静脉同时受阻7肿瘤的异型性愈大，其分化程度愈高，生长速度愈快8心肌梗死6小时以后，梗死灶呈苍白色9轻微病变型肾小球肾炎与免疫复合物无关10绒毛膜细胞癌以形成绒毛结构为特点四1下列哪一种不是致癌因子：硒紫外线亚硝胺黄曲酶毒素3，4苯并蓖2肉芽肿性炎增生的细胞是：巨噬细胞淋巴细胞浆细胞中性粒细胞嗜酸性细胞3 下述器官哪个容易发生出血性梗死：心肾肺脑脾4下列那种癌最容易发生血道转移：肾癌子宫绒毛膜上皮癌子宫颈癌鼻咽癌肠癌5 肾母细胞瘤又称：Wilms瘤ewing瘤krukenberg瘤grawitz瘤以上都不是五1简述食管癌，胃癌，大肠癌的共同点2试列举三种能引起肠道溃疡的传染病并分别简述其溃疡的形态特点3请比较肾小球肾炎与肾盂肾炎的不同点（从病变性质，病因，发病机制，病变特点，临床表现和结局等方面进行比较）4简述并分析细胞外基质（胶原蛋白，蛋白多糖和粘连糖蛋白）在细胞再生过程中的作用三医大2002病理一tigroid keloid white thrombus chemotaxis oncogene rheumatism silicosis pseuolobule histiocytosis myxoedema二1坏死形成的涤在性盲管称瘘2汗腺安全破坏后也能再生3混合血栓又称层状血栓4引发炎症局部疼痛得炎症介质主要是氧自由基和缓激肽5结核瘤是由结核病变恶性转化而成的肿瘤6室壁瘤常发生在心肌梗死的急性期7小叶性肺炎主要发生于小儿和年老体弱者8约90％的食管癌为食管鳞状细胞癌9类白血病反应时，常伴有贫血和血小板减少10轻微病变型肾小球肾炎与免疫复合物无关三1 含铁血黄素是如何形成的？有何形态学特点？有何临床意义？2 试比较脓肿和蜂窝组织炎的异同？3简述异型性，分化程度与肿瘤良，恶性的关系4 简述原发性高血压晚期心，脑，肾的病变特点。

2017年秋博士生期末考试A卷题

I.Error correction (10X1=10)Directive: Underline the error(s) in the following sentences and write your correction(s) right below.1.Male students had a higher rate of smoking exposurecomparing to female students. (ONE error)2.No significantly differences found between two groups interms of their satisfaction with or attitudes to the medicalads. (TWO errors)3.There were over one-third of the participants thought thatthe canteen food was not delicious and one-third of themwere tired of waiting in line. (ONE error)4.Acute pain is considered as a protective and adaptivesense, which keep us away from the noxious stimulation.(TWO errors)5.Similarly to lack of sleep, the poor quality of sleep wasassociated with mental symptoms such as inattention.(ONE error)6.The supporters thought that food for delivery was moreconvenience, richer in variety and more delicious than the food in the school canteen. (ONE error)7.Generally, the procedures were well tolerated by majorityof patients. (ONE error)8.No comparative study on this issue can be found inmedical literatures. (ONE error)9. A total of 4,164 Chinese individuals who had strokeinvolved in this multicenter study. (ONE error)10.I nternet also played an important role in spread sex-related knowledge to young people. (ONE error)II.Revision (5X2=10)Directive: Revise the following sentences to make themacademically appropriate.1.In our study, it revealed no significant difference betweendifferent gender in choosing a hospital.2.Methods included descriptive analysis mainly.3.About two groups on whether to use the equipmentprotection in the process of movement, there was nodifference between these two groups.4.In this study, we reported for the first time applyingtargeted therapy for HCSs.5.All respondents were MD candidates in the medicalschool of Fudan University. Among these students, 48 respondents (57.83%) were in an emergency department,17 respondents (20.48%) in an internal medicinedepartment, and 18 respondents (21.69%) in a surgery department.III.Translation (5X2=10)Directive: Translate the following into English.1.在筛查前获得书面知情同意书。

微生物博士面试题目(3篇)

第1篇1. 请简要介绍一下您的研究方向及其背景。

2. 您在博士期间，参与过哪些科研项目？请具体说明您的角色和贡献。

3. 请谈谈您在微生物领域有哪些研究兴趣，为什么选择这个领域？4. 您在研究过程中，遇到过哪些困难？如何克服这些困难？5. 请结合实际案例，谈谈微生物在生物技术、医药、环保等领域中的应用。

6. 您如何看待微生物学在当前社会发展中的地位和作用？7. 请简要介绍您在微生物遗传学、分子生物学、微生物生态学等方面的研究方法。

8. 您认为微生物学与其他学科（如化学、物理、计算机科学等）之间的交叉点有哪些？9. 请谈谈您对微生物基因组学、微生物组学等新兴领域的看法。

10. 您在研究过程中，如何保持与同行的交流与合作？11. 请谈谈您在微生物领域的研究成果，包括论文发表、专利申请等。

12. 您认为微生物学在未来的发展趋势是什么？13. 请谈谈您在微生物学领域的研究目标。

14. 您如何平衡科研与生活？15. 您在科研过程中，如何保持创新思维？16. 请谈谈您在微生物学领域的未来职业规划。

17. 您如何看待科研诚信问题？18. 请谈谈您在微生物学领域的职业道德。

19. 您在研究过程中，如何处理与导师、同事之间的关系？20. 请谈谈您在微生物学领域的团队合作经验。

21. 您如何看待微生物学领域的竞争与合作？22. 请谈谈您在微生物学领域的风险管理意识。

23. 您在研究过程中，如何保持对科研的热情和动力？24. 请谈谈您在微生物学领域的国际合作与交流经验。

25. 您认为微生物学在国内外研究水平上存在哪些差距？26. 请谈谈您在微生物学领域的创新点。

27. 您在研究过程中，如何提高实验效率？28. 请谈谈您在微生物学领域的跨学科研究能力。

29. 您认为微生物学在解决全球性问题（如食品安全、环境治理等）中扮演什么角色？30. 请谈谈您在微生物学领域的可持续发展理念。

二、面试注意事项1. 面试过程中，请保持自信、谦虚的态度。

军科院考博真题

军事医学科学院博士入学考试分子生物学试题1995请任选以下5题进行讨论（每题20分）1 Apoptosis的生物学意义及其调控基因。

2 基因转移的概念及基因转移载体应具备的条件。

3 原癌基因的功能及其转化为癌基因的机理。

4 人主要组织相容性抗原在细胞识别中的作用及原理。

5 染色体重排对生物体的影响及其主要类型。

6 噬菌体显示技术原理及其在生物学研究中的意义。

19961 什么是原癌基因？（4）它们怎样被反转录病毒激活？（16分）2 什么是tumor supperssor gene？（4分）举例说明它的调控功能。

（16分）3 细胞染色体的异常如何导致癌基因的激活？（20分）4 解释以下名词：(1) gene knock-out (5分)(2) molecular hybridization (5分)(3) restriction fragment length polymorphism (5分)(4) human genome project (5分)5 G蛋白的结构特点信其功能（20分）6 apoptosis的特征与其生理及病理意义（10分）已知它的调控基因有哪些？（10分）以上6题任选5题回答。

20071、简述基因表达的多级调控。

（20分）2、简述原癌基因结构的改变与其表达激活的关系。

（20分）3、真核生物的基因发生突变可能产生哪些效应？（20分）4、简述顺式作用元件与反式作用因子对基因表达调控的影响。

（20分）5、简述真核细胞与原核细胞在DNA空间结构、基因转录及翻译方面存在的差异。

（20分）6、什么是基因的表型克隆策略？代表性的技术有哪些（请列出至少2种）？该策略有哪些优缺点？（20分）7、简述RNA干涉。

（20分）（以上试题选答五题）20081. 简述DNA损伤的原因以及生物学后果，几种修复途径。

2. 举几个例子说明原癌基因和抑癌基因在细胞增殖和凋亡中的作用。

3.基因定点诱变的概念，方法，意义和运用。

军事医学科学院博士入学考试试题汇总

5 试以大肠杆菌的乳糖操纵子为例，说明基因活性在转录水平的调控。
2003年
名词解释：
超二级结构变构调节与变构酶真核生物DNA组装泛素与蛋白酶体
电子传递链与酶复合体端粒与端粒酶带正电的R基氨基酸 SAM
问答题
1 稳定蛋白质结构的作用力有那些？球状蛋白质三维结构的特点。
2 TPK的两种类型，其信号转导途径有何不同？
4 以核苷酸序列推测蛋白质氨基酸序列的步骤，并提出一种可以弥补该方法不足的方法。
5 指出SOD与谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的类型及催化功能。.
2001年
1．超二级结构:
2．蛋白质组：
3．真核细胞蛋白降解途径：
4． Zinfinger：
5．酶活性中心与不可逆抑制剂：
6．氧化磷酸化与解偶联：
7． Coding strand与Antisense strand：
3． DNA复制主要方式及所需的酶？
4．转录生成mRNA主要过程,涉及的调控序列及因子?
5．基因的分子生物学定义?
6．转座及其机理,作用(或后果)?
7．原癌基因是如何被激活的?
8．真核基因在原核表达有那些困难?外源基因在宿主表达需要哪些元件?
9．多顺反子比例的基本机理?
10．转录的基本特征?
3、分泌性蛋白在粗面内质网合成时，都涉及那些结构和因子，这些结构和因子是如何协调蛋白质多肽合成的。
4、溶酶体的概念，基本类型，标志酶，主要的生物学功能及其相关疾病。
5、什麽是细胞凋亡，细胞凋亡的生物学意义。Bcl-2蛋白家族在细胞凋亡中的作用。
6、RNA干涉的基本概念，作用机质，应用范围。
7、简述真核细胞蛋白激酶的分类和特性。
军事医学科学院分子生物学博士入学考试试题

《微生物生物学》试题博士

2002年10月1.土壤微生物在自然界物质循环中的作用。

2.简述构建微生物基因工程菌的科学思路与实践路线。

3.简述土壤微生物与植物之间的关系类型及特点。

4.以E. coli为例简述细菌基因重组的方式、类型及特点。

5.以λ噬菌体为例，简述其溶源、溶菌作用的机理及过程。

6.简述从土壤中分离微生物获得纯培养的方法。

7.简述诱变法筛选抗生素产生菌的思路、方法。

8.简述微生物之间的相互关系（举例）9.极端环境微生物的特点。

10.古细菌的特点。

11.芽孢杆菌的应用。

12.微生物基因测序的研究进展。

（年年必考）2003年试题：2002年的3、4、5、7、8、10、12及1、Southern blot、Northern blot、Western blot原理及应用。

2、简述微生物生长速率关系（N、G、t关系）。

2004年上半年博士生《微生物学》考试1．古细菌、真细菌、真核生物的主要区别2．真菌有性无性繁殖类型及特点3．M吸收营养物质类型及特点4．微生物测序及其意义5．已知某微生物产生某酶，需要得到大量该酶，如何操作，谈谈技术路线6．发酵工业危害噬菌体，如何检验、预防、治理7．溶源、溶菌机理与过程8．细菌基因重组的类型及特点9．土壤M与植物之间的关系10．代时计算（注：延滞期时间不需要计入）2006年博士生资格考试1、噬菌体表面展示原理及应用?2、酵母双杂交的原理及应用?3、微生物一个新基因的功能，如何仔细深入研究该蛋白功能？4、噬菌体溶原裂解机制？5、呼吸类型6、耐苯酚或重金属Cd微生物的筛选策略？7、工业发酵中，噬菌体污染原因、检测及防治？8、土壤微生物与植物关系？9、酶在大肠杆菌中高效表达？10、DNA损伤修复机制以及与突变的关系？11、体液免疫和细胞免疫的不同应答机制？述农业微生物在农业可持续发展中的作用：从以下几方面来答：（1）生物固氮：根瘤菌、弗兰克氏放线菌、蓝细菌（2）微生物农药：一、病毒杀虫剂自1993年12月15日第一个病毒杀虫剂产品10亿/克棉铃虫核型多角体病毒可湿性粉剂登记以来(登记证号LS93619)，已先后有10多种病毒杀虫剂登记入市，其中核型多角体病毒8种，质核型多角体病毒1种，颗粒体病毒2种。