Rhetoric_and_Stylistics_(5)解读

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Rhetorical-devices-and-translation解读

The best work is done the way ants do things—by tiny, tireless and regular additions.
最好的作品是像蚂蚁干活那样完成的—通过点滴、不懈、常常不断的增补而成。
( 3 ) 动词seem，resemble (名词resemblance)，treat／honour ／regard／consider／respect as，compare to，liken to， pass(赛过)，remind of，be similar to，等。
Truth and oil are ever above. 真理跟油一样，总要升到上面来。〔犹如石油总是浮在水面，真理
〔真相〕总会大白于天下。〕
A woman’s mind and a glass are ever in danger. 女人易毁’，玻璃易碎。
I should smell it the way a cat smells a mouse. 我可以像猫嗅老鼠那样闻出它的气味来。
Her face bore the resemblance of a moon. 她的脸长得像一轮银月。
He treats his child as the apple in the eye. 他把他的孩子当成掌上明珠。
Samuel Johnson regarded a dictionary as a watch. 塞缪尔·约翰逊把词典看成钟表。
有时候他似乎脾气不好，但他的心眼可好了。
( 2 ) 连词as (犹如)，what (犹如)，as if, as though, than, and, the way 等。
His heart shivered as a ship shivers at the mountainous crash of the waters.

前景化语言及《许三观卖血记》翻译

前景化语言及《许三观卖血记》翻译前景化是文体学中的重要概念,它源自于绘画艺术,指突出于背景之上的事物。

前景化可以看作是连接语言学分析和文学欣赏的桥梁。

利奇(Leech)(1969,p60)指出,在处理文学性语言时,语言学分析和文学批评是相互补充,而不是相互排斥的,而二者的交集就是前景化分析方法。

因为前景化不仅强调形式,同时也注重语言形式的效果。

把前景化这一概念引入翻译研究,通过分析原文和翻译的语言形式和文学效果,有利于更好的评价文学效果在翻译中的保存或流失。

本论文运用前景化理论,对《许三观卖血记》及其翻译进行分析,旨在探讨如何把前景化这一概念更好的运用到小说翻译研究之中。

为了检验把前景化概念引入翻译实践和翻译批评中的做法在多大程度上是可行的,笔者将以余华的小说《许三观卖血记》为例,进行个案研究。

《许三观卖血记》作为余华在20世纪90年代的作品,一方面沿袭了余华80年代先锋派小说注重语言形式的特点;另一方面其向传统小说回归的特点,和之前的先锋小说相比,与一般的小说有了更多的共性,把它作为案例进行分析,保证了本文中研究方法的适用性。

1前景化的定义前景化指的是对于规范(norm)的违背,它是一种偏离(deviation)。

正是因为有了偏离现象,文学作品才得以和其他语言形式区分开来(Leech,1966,p140),因此,想要研究文学作品,就必须关注偏离现象,或者说,作品中的前景化语言。

在这种意义上说,前景话语言就成了风格的指标,而研究前景化语言就成了研究作品风格的一种实用的方法。

“前景化”的概念最初由穆卡拉夫斯基(Mukarovsky,1964)率先提出。

他指出,前景化是指对系统的违背,同时提到了前景化的两个特点:连续性和系统性。

随后,利奇在前人研究的基础上,提出了一个相对完整的前景化理论。

他(Leech,1966,p145～146)把前景化分为两类:组合前景化(syntagmatic foregrounding)和聚合前景化(paradigmatic foregrounding)。

神来呼唤，孤寂而去--《百年孤独》拉巴萨英译本首尾句语音修辞的妙用

神来呼唤，孤寂而去--《百年孤独》拉巴萨英译本首尾句语音修辞的妙用欧燕【摘要】《百年孤独》是一部绝世经典之作，其首尾句的拉巴萨英译本妙笔生花，精致唯美，蕴含着独特乐感和情感，颇令人称道，极具文学价值。

运用文体学理论，聚焦这一英译本首尾句音韵妙用和由其衍生的情意展现，分析其绝妙的语音修辞感染力。

%"One Hundred Years of Solitude"is a classic masterpiece written by the most famous Latin A-merican novelist Garcia Marquez , which recently drastically catch people ’ s eyes shortly after the writer ’ s death.The first and the final sentences of this novel in the Rabassa ’ s English Version are very delicate and elegant with its apt and smart writing skills and unique in both pronunciation and emotion , which receives wide popularity and its literary value deserves researches .Based on the theory of stylistics , this paper focuses on the phonetic rhetoric of the two sentences to analyze how the phonological features and emotions derived from the features rise up the splendid expressiveness .【期刊名称】《海南广播电视大学学报》【年(卷),期】2016(017)001【总页数】5页(P1-5)【关键词】《百年孤独》拉巴萨英译本;首尾句;语音修辞【作者】欧燕【作者单位】海口经济学院外国语学院，海南海口571127【正文语种】中文【中图分类】I106.4;H315.9《百年孤独》是一部举世闻名的魔幻现实主义小说，是1982年诺贝尔文学奖获得者马尔克斯的名著。

rhetoric解读

Figures of Speech
Review: 4 types of figures of sppech
• • • • 1.simile 2.metaphor 3. metonymy 4.personification
simile

like, as, as...as, as if(though)
14. In lines 80-82 ("Scrupulous...love"), Miss Keeldar deflects the warning from Mr. Sympson by (A) deliberately misunderstanding his meaning (B) scornfully turning the blame back on him (C) childishly mocking the tone of his comment (D) lamenting his failure to sympathize with her (E) justifying her previously sensible behavior
9. Lines 3-9 of Passage 1 ("For millennia ... development") draw a parallel between (A) traditional practices and contemporary critiques (B) basic human needs and intellectual endeavors (C) widespread beliefs and scientific findings (D) parental anxieties and developmental advances (E) experimental hypotheses and proven theories

《英语修辞与文体》课程教学大纲

英语修辞与文体课程教学大纲English Rhetoric and Stylistics学时数：32学分数：2适用专业：英语本科专业一、课程性质、目的与任务本课程是为英语专业高年级学生开设的一门专业限选课。

通过学习，旨在使学生较系统地了解和掌握英语文体学和修辞学的基本理论和方法，增强对英语文体和修辞的敏感性，提高英语作品的鉴赏能力和英语写作能力以及整体文化素养。

二、课程教学的基本要求本课程采用课堂讲授与讨论相结合、理论探讨与练习相结合的方法实施教学，使学生做到：（一）熟练掌握英语文体学和修辞学的基本理论；（二）较系统地了解英语文体的主要特征和英语修辞的主要方法；（三）能够运用英语文体学和英语修辞学的基本理论和方法分析鉴赏英语作品、指导和改进英语写作。

三、课程教学内容、重点和难点第一章绪论（一）英语文体学和英语修辞学的发展历史和现状（二）英语文体学和英语修辞学的研究范畴（三）学习英语文体学和英语修辞学的目的和意义（四）本课程的基本要求第二章英语文体学第一讲语言要素的文体作用（一）语音（二）词汇（三）句法（四）篇章结构第二讲语体（一）口语体与书面语体（二）正式语体与非正式语体第三讲几种常见的实用英语文体（一）新闻文体（二）公文文体（三）论述和叙述文体（四）科技文体第四讲英语文学文体（一）诗歌（二）小说（三）散文第三章英语修辞学第一讲句法手段（一）长句与短句（二）简单句、并列句与复合句（三）平行与对照（四）层进与突降第二讲词汇手段（一）遣词第三讲语音手段（一）语音手段综述第四讲修辞格（一）明喻、暗喻和类比（二）拟人与拟物（三）借代、提喻与换称（四）夸张、委婉和潜说法（五）隽语与矛盾修饰法（六）反语与讽刺（七）双关与移就四、课程各教学环节要求（一）基本理论和基本概念介绍（二）实例分析（三）课堂讨论（四）练习和复习（五）测试五、学时分配六、课程与其它课程的联系本课程以英语文体学和英语修辞学的基本理论和基本方法为主要教学内容。

风格标记理论视阈下人物传记翻译中原文风格的现现——-以sunyatsenand..

ＳｔｙｌｅＲｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｉｎＢｉｏｇｒａｐｈｙＴｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎｆｉ＇ｏｍｔｈｅＰｅｒｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｏｆＳｔｙｌｉｓｔｉｃＭａｒｋｅｒＴｈｅｏｒｙ—ＡＣａｓｅＳｔｕｄｙｏｆＳｕｎＹａｔＳｕｎａｎｄＣｈｉｎａＲｅｐｕｂＢｃ３３ｉｇｎｏｒａｎｃｅｏｆＴａｏｉｓｍ．Ｔｏｈｉｍａｓａｂｏｙｔｈｅｗｏｒｓｈｉｐ和道教都没有什么特别深入的认识，但是ｉｎｔｈｅｎａｔｉｖｅｖｉｌｌａｇｅｔｅｍｐｌｅｓｅｅｍｅｄｔｏｂｅａ他隐隐约约觉得村里人信仰的是这两者ｄｅｂａｓｅｄｍｉｘｔｕｒｅｏｆｔｈｅｌａｓｔｔｗｏｃｕｌｔｓ，ｏｆｎｅｉｔｈｅｒｏｆ合流的变体，不伦不类，村里人只是狂热ｗｈｉｃｈｈａｄｈｅａｎｙｓｐｅｃｉａｌｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ，ｓｉｎｃｅｔｏｔｈｅ地将祠堂里供奉的神像视为“无所不能的ｔｏｗｎｉｔｗａｓｍｅｒｅｌｙｔｈｅ“ｇｏｏｄｊＯＳＳ”．Ｔｈｅｐａｉｎｔｅｄ神”。

村子祠堂里的那些神像自他出生时ｇｏｄｓｉｎｔｈｉｓｖｉｌｌａｇｅｔｅｍｐｌｅｔｈａｔｈｅｈａｄｋｎｏｗｎｆｒｏｍ便早己存在，但是那里并没有专门的人员ｈｉｓｂａｂｙｈｏｏｄｈａｄｎｏｐｒｉｅｓｔｓｔｏａｔｔｅｎｄｔｈｅｍｏｒｔｏ接待香客，给香客讲解神像的含义。

孙ｅｘｐｌａｉｎｔｈｅｉｒｍｅａｎｉｎｇ．Ｗｈｅｎａｖｉｌｌａｇｅｒｗａｓｉｎ文知道，村里有谁时运不济时，这倒霉的ｈａｒｄｌｕｃｋ，Ｗｅｎｋｎｅｗｔｈａｔｔｈｅｕｎｌｕｃｋｙｏｎｅｗｅｎｔｔｏ人都会到村子祠堂里“跪跪神像”。

在他ｔｈｅｖｉｌｌａｇｅｔｅｍｐｌｅｔｏ“ｃｈｉｎ—ｃｈｉｎｔｈｅｊＯＳＳ”．Ｂｅｙｏｎｄ模糊的记忆里，除了村里破旧的祠堂就是ｔｈｉｓｖａｇｕｅｒｅｆｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｔｈｅｔｅｍｐｌｅｏｆｈｉｓｖｉｌｌａｇｅｗａｓ那三尊愚民的神像了，某些重要的场合ａｍｅｒｅｒｕｂｂｉｓｈ—ｒｅｃｅｐｔａｃｌｅｆｏｒｔｈｅｔｈｒｅｅｐａｉｎｔｅｄ下，村民还会抬着这三尊神像在村里游ｇｏｄｓｔｈａｔｗｅｒｅｏｎｃｅｒｔａｉｎｒａｒｅｏｃｃａｓｉｏｎｐａｒａｄｅｄ行。

rhetorics修辞英语常用修辞格比较及其解析

you are "painting a picture" with words. Narration: A narration essay is a writing that tells a story. Exposition: definition essay, cause/effect essay, comparison/contrast essay Argumentation: In persuasive essays, you are writing to convinces others by presenting solid, supporte onomatopoeia是模仿事物发出的声响的修辞手法，与汉语的拟声辞格完全相同使语言更加生动有趣。如： She brought me into touch with everything that could be reached or felt—— sunlight, the rustling of silk, the noises of insects, the creaking of a door, the voice of a loved one. 她使我接触到所有够得着的或者感觉得到的东西，如阳光呀，丝绸摆动时的沙沙声呀，昆虫的叫声呀，开门的吱嗄声呀，亲人的说话声呀。
A Contrastive study of English and Chinese Rhetorical Devices 英汉常用修辞格比较及其翻译
1. Definition
2. Broad Stylistic Context
3. Narrow Stylistic Context
(Figures of speech ) 4. Ways of Translation

Rhetoric_and_Stylistics_(5)

Lecture 3 Figures of Speech (II) Sound-related figures
Section 1
???
1. Alliteration: 头韵 The repetition of the initial consonant cluster in stressed syllables. Two points need to be explained. (1) The initial consonant cluster is formed by 0, 1, 2, or 3 consonants. The longest initial consonant cluster is found in strong.
--End Rhyme: occurring at the end of verse lines.

--Internal rhyme: occurring within a verse line. e.g., Far from city’s strident jangle as I angle, smoke and dream.
(Emily Dickinson, Hope Is the Thing with Feathers)
--Pararhyme:旁韵;排韵(首尾辅音分别对照重复) Repeating the initial consonant cluster as well as the final consonant cluster. e.g. And by his smile, I knew that sullen hall.
(Byron, She Walks in Beauty)
--Take her up tenderly, Lift her with care, Fashion’d so slenderly, Young, and so fair!

英语修辞Rhetoric Study

Rhetoric Study语体文体修辞学：（Stylistics）语体部分研究语言在不同的交际领域中所形成的功能分化，如科技语体、公文语体、新闻语体、法律语体、口语语体等；文体部分则研究文学语言与风格，包括个人风格与时代、流派风格。

人文修辞学：（Rhetoric）重点研究控制读者或听者反应的技巧，具体包括：语言符号在各种交际活动中的影响力，深化认识和影响感情的手段，劝说的各种论辩技巧，表达内容与表达方式之间的关系等。

交际修辞（Communicative Rhetoric）在内容表达上偏重炼字煅句、明确流畅，在形式的结构上偏重于平均慎密、严谨妥帖，总体上讲究逻辑思维，叙述准确，鞭辟入里，以有效地发挥语言的交际功能。

•美学修辞（Aesthetic Rhetoric）运用逻辑思维的同时，偏重随情应景，运用想象和联想，通过辞格（figures ofspeech）唤起生动的意象，使语言文字新鲜活泼，意韵优美，发挥更大的感染力和说服力，取得艺术性的表达效果。

1.Metaphor : One object is likened to another by speaking of it as if it were that other.The world is a stage.“These magical beasts”, as they have been called, are assisting hassled, often incompetent teachers.2.Metonymy: The name of one thing is applied to another thing with which it is closely associated.Are you reading much Shakespear?The English simply worship the crown.He is too fond of the bottle.3.Synecdoche: commmonly, the naming of a part to mean the whole, as in “hands” for “men who do manual labor” ,“a fleet of 50 sails” for “ a fleet of 50 shi ps”. But various other such substitutions are also included in the term. Have you any coppers?He is the Newton of this century.4.Allusion引喻: it is a casual mention or an indirect reference to some person, fact, idea, event, either historical orfictional. The purpose is to make or arouse association and vivid imagination.Those same kids on line are just a few key strokes击键away from Pandora’s hard drive.5.Onomatopoeia拟声: The use of words that, when pronounced, suggest their meaning, such as “hiss” or “buzz”. Inpoetry it involves suiting sound to sense and thereby creating verses that carry their meaning in their sound.And murmuring of innumerable bees…The ice was all around; It cracked and growled, and roared and howled.6.Euphemism the s ubstitution of an inoffensive expression for one that may be disagreeable, as in the use of “passaway or pass on” for “die”, “misinform” for “lie” in “the gentleman is misinformed”, “remain” for a “corpse”, “visiting the necessary” for “going to the toilet”, etc.7.Hyperbole a conscious exaggeration for the sake of emphasis, not intended to be understood literally.The wave ran mountain high.8.Paradox (雋语) a statement that appears to be logically contradictory and yet may be true, the purpose of which isto provoke fresh thought.雋语辞格指似是而非的俏皮话。

修辞手法rhetorics

修辞手法rhetorics第一篇：修辞手法rhetorics隐喻在英语中（汉语见“暗喻”），隐喻(Metaphor)是和明喻不同，不用like或as表示出来，而是进行隐藏的比较的这样一种修辞手段。

隐喻又称暗喻。

表达方法：A是B隐喻是一种比喻，用一种事物暗喻另一种事物。

隐喻是在彼类事物的暗示之下感知、体验、想象、理解、谈论此类事物的心理行为、语言行为和文化行为。

诗歌特别是现代以来的诗歌，在词句搭配方面有重要特点，喜欢突破词句之间的习惯联系，把一些似乎毫无关联的事物联系到一起。

把相互之间似乎缺乏联系的词句结合在一起，新批评家一般称其为隐喻。

例如：1.He is a pig.他简直是头猪。

（比喻：他是一个像猪一般的人，指肮脏，贪吃的人。

）2.She is a woman with a stony heart.她是一个铁石心肠的女人。

（比喻：这个女人冷酷无情。

）3.Mark Twain is a mirror of America.马克•吐温是美国的一面镜子。

（用镜子比喻美国的现实，很贴切。

）例如：All the world's a stage.(Shakespeare)仿拟（Parody）是英语语言学分支修辞学的重要修辞手法。

这是一种巧妙、机智、而有趣的修辞格。

它有意仿照人们熟知的现成的语言材料，根据表达的需要临时创造出新的语、句、篇来，以使语言生动活泼，或讽刺嘲弄，或幽默诙谐，妙趣盎然。

在运用时所仿拟的一般是人们所熟知的语言材料，如成语、谚语、名言、警句。

仿拟(parody)仿拟是为了表示新的内容所进行的修辞性改造.它可用在许多地方,但广告无疑是一块可以大事发挥仿拟的肥沃土地.广告为了争夺潜在顾客,常常借助仿拟修辞格.在广告中,仿拟可以分为“仿词”,“仿语”和“仿句”.《大学英语》中就有许多仿拟辞格(Parody),如:Lady Hermits---Down But Not Out.(潦而不倒的女隐士们)它仿拟的是习语down and out(贫困潦倒);T o Lie or Not T o Lie,that is a question 它仿拟的是莎士比亚名著哈姆雷特的名句：To be or not to be,that is a question。

2.Rhetorics & Stylistics 发展史

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Literary Stylistics: In Literary Stylistics, we read the text closely and with attention to the features, under the headings of lexis, grammar, phonology or sound patterns. When we have obtained a detailed account of all these features, we correlate them or bring them together in an interpretation of the text.
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Ancient Roman 古罗马时期
西塞罗(Cicero, 106-43 B.C.) 五艺说（Five Canons): Invention, Disposition or arrangement, Elocution or Style, Memory, Delivery 昆提良（Quintilian, 35-100 A.D.） Quintilian identified three levels of style, each suited to one of the three primary functions of rhetoric: the plain style for instructing an audience, the middle style for moving an audience, and the high style for pleasing an audience. Criticism of style over substance – Emphasis on ethical application in training of rhetoric (or style)

英语修辞学(Rhetoric)

▪ To appreciate the beauty, explicit or not, of the language.
▪ To learn how to achieve an effective communication.
Division of Rhetoric
▪ Communicative Rhetoric 交际修辞
▪ 管理体制需要改革，这已越来越清楚了。
▪ No year passes now without evidence of the truth of the statement that the work of government is becoming increasingly difficult.
▪ Its function is to give deeper insight into
persons or things.
Compare the following sentences: ▪ Jim looks like his brother Billy. ▪ My car runs as fast as the train. ▪ A real friend is like a mirror that can help
▪ 观众从他身边挤过去争相与达罗握手时，我很同情这位久经沙场的老将。 ▪ Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh. ▪ 这位曾使全世界的人发出笑声的人自己却饱受辛酸。 ▪ The sight of his native place called back his childhood. ▪ 见到自己的故乡，他想起了童年的情景。 ▪ The old man’s death was calm and peaceful. ▪ （那位）老人死得很安详。

The relationship of Stylistics and Rhetoric

The relationship of Stylistics and RhetoricFirst of all, Stylistics is a scientific study of style.It is a discipline that studies the ways in which language is used.It is a discipline that studies the styles of language in use. The word style used in the definition refers to a distinctive or characteristic manner of expression in language.However,Rhetoric is the scientific study of how language could be employed expressively and effectively in Modern times.Secondly, Stylistics study the languages to suit for different situations, which broke through the mechanical rhetoric.Rhetoric makes the language clear ，fluent and refined, but in some situations it is not appropriate.Thirdly,stylistics is the continuation and development on rhetoric. However,discarding the traditional practices of rhetoric to establish norms for people to model on,stylistics turns to the presentation of the functional features of language,it is descriptive, not prescriptive.It does not aim at a so-called refined style of writing,but at a manner appropriate to the situation.If you want me to express it in a vivid way,I think Stylistics is like a person’s characteristics, while Rhetoric is the clothes that make one attractive.。

词汇学007-stylistic分析

2. After casting a stone at the police, they absconded with the money. 他们以石头掷警察之后，就带着钱潜逃了。
cast: lit, old abscond: fml （为逃避罪责）潜逃，逃匿police / money: neutral
fame
disaster
level
renown cataclysm demolish
meet
job / task thought
encounter assignment prospect
sight / scene pain
unaware
spectacle agony
oblivious
colloquialism slang vulgarism jargon argot *meaning and examples
3. The subject matter: serious political issues / films linguistics / NBA 4. The mode of discourse: Spoken / written
Martin Joos: five degrees of formality (speech styles) 1. Oratorical or frozen 2. Formal or deliberate 3. Consultative 4. Casual 5. Intimate
Which style is the best?
Styles 1 and 2 generally occur in written report or in dignified public speech.

法国五月风暴运动海报的视觉修辞研究

摘要论文综合利用文本分析法、符号学等方法，对法国1968年五月风暴运动中的海报进行了研究。

首先对五月风暴海报中的视觉文本进行分析，主要通过文本分析探讨海报的视觉构成元素，结合其他理论框架揭示图像表征背后的意识形态与抗争主旨。

其次基于媒介的物质性这一理论背景，对海报的形式，海报生产的风格、观看的语境进行分析，探究当时特定语境下海报所使用的版画技术对其传播的影响，海报的集体主义实践风格，以及海报在“墙”这一空间下所产生的意义。

进而通过对修辞手段的探讨，来分析海报中的隐喻和转喻机制，并运用德波提出的“异轨”手段，来探索图像中符号的凝缩机制，为在当下看待五月风暴海报提供一种视角。

接着通过前面的种种分析，提出“以忆抗争”的修辞框架。

最后借鉴Seliger提出的视觉修辞分类法，对抗议海报的视觉修辞策略进行了分类和完善的分析，以便发现海报是如何通过视觉修辞来达到说服的目的。

关键词：五月风暴；视觉修辞；海报；集体记忆AbstractThe paper uses text analysis,semiotics and other methods to study the posters in the French May1968storm movement.Firstly,this paper analyzes the visual text in the may68poster.The visual elements of the poster are discussed through text analysis,and the ideology behind the image representation and the protest theme are revealed by combining other theoretical frameworks.Secondly,based on the media materiality,analyzes the poster form,production style and viewing context,,and finds out the influence of printmaking technology on the dissemination of posters in the specific context at that time,as well as the collectivism practice style of posters and the significance of posters in the space of"wall".And through the discussion of rhetoric structure,this paper analyzes the metaphor and metonymy mechanism in the poster,and explores the condensing mechanism of the symbol in the image by means of the"detournement"method proposed by Debord.Provides a perspective on the may storm poster in the present.Then,through the previous analysis,the author puts forward the rhetoric framework of"protest by memory".Finally,By referring to the classification of visual rhetoric proposed by Seliger,this paper classifies and analyzes the visual rhetoric strategies of protest posters,so as to find out how the posters achieve the purpose of persuasion through visual rhetoric.Keyword：May'68Paris Uprising;Visual rhetoric;Poster;Collective memory目录摘要 (I)Abstract (II)目录 (III)1.绪论 (1)1.1研究背景与意义 (1)1.2研究综述 (3)1.3研究方法 (11)1.4研究内容及创新点 (16)2.海报的视觉文本 (19)2.1海报的文本分析 (19)2.2海报的性别表征 (22)2.3海报的颜色集合 (24)2.4海报的人物形象 (26)2.5海报的议题呈现 (31)2.6海报的语图关系 (33)3.海报的意义生产 (37)3.1视觉形式—版画作为斗争的武器 (37)3.2主导风格—集体主义实践风格的抗争 (39)3.3观看语境—“墙”承载的空间意义 (41)4.海报的修辞手段 (44)4.1隐喻——解构与颠覆 (44)4.2转喻——视觉隐转喻 (46)4.3凝缩——图像的“异轨” (48)5.海报的修辞框架 (51)5.1集体记忆之维度 (51)5.2法国革命的历史脉络 (52)5.3“以忆抗争”的修辞框架 (53)5.4“以忆抗争”的修辞策略 (56)6.海报的修辞功能 (58)6.1海报的视觉修辞分类 (59)6.2个性化修辞—工人群体的呼吁 (62)6.3品牌修辞—权力主体的刻画 (63)6.4诗性修辞—文化背景的叙事 (64)6.5抗议海报的视觉修辞主导功能 (66)7.结语：海报作为对话的一部分 (66)注释 (70)参考文献 (78)附录 (82)在学期间发表论文清单 (139)致谢 (140)1.绪论1.1研究背景与意义1.1.1研究背景2018年正值60年代西方学生运动五十周年之际，全世界都掀起了对半个世纪以前青年运动的纪念活动。

2015年韩素音翻译比赛英译汉难句译析

2015年韩素音翻译比赛英译汉难句译析译其心译其意2015年06月06日2015年韩素音翻译比赛英译汉难句译析【英语原文】(2)Lit Theory is supposed to be the class where you sit at the back of the room with every other jaded sophomore wearing skinny jeans, thick-framed glasses, an ironic tee-shirt and over-sized retro headphones, just waiting for lecture to be over so you can light upa Turkish Gold and walk to lunch while listening to Wilco.(3)That’s pretty much the way I spent the cour se, too: through structuralism, formalism, gender theory, and post-colonialism, I was far too busy shuffling through my Ipod to see what the patriarchal world order of capitalist oppression had to do with Ethan Frome. (4)But when we began to study postmodernism, something struck a chord with me and made me sit up and look anew at thesee mingly blasé college-aged literati of which I was so self-consciously one.【原文解读】(2) is supposed to…具有肯定性判断语气，“where…toWilco”为定于从句，起描写作用补充说明theclass的具体情况。

stylistics文体学英文定义

stylistics文体学英文定义Stylistics is a branch of linguistics that focuses on the study of style in language. It is concerned with the analysis and interpretation of the linguistic features that contribute to the distinctive character of a text or a speaker's language use. Stylistics examines how language is used in different contexts and for different purposes, and how these choices can convey meaning and create particular effects.The study of stylistics involves the examination of various linguistic elements, such as vocabulary, grammar, syntax, and rhetoric, and how they are used to create a particular style or tone. Stylistics also considers the role of context, including the social, cultural, and historical factors that influence language use.One of the key aspects of stylistics is the concept of foregrounding, which refers to the use of linguistic features that draw attention to themselves and create a sense of prominence or emphasis. This can be achieved through the use of unusual or unexpected language, such as metaphors, alliteration, or unusual sentence structures.Stylistics also considers the relationship between form and content, and how the way language is used can shape the meaning andimpact of a text. For example, the use of formal or informal language, the choice of vocabulary, and the structure of sentences can all contribute to the overall tone and effect of a piece of writing.Another important aspect of stylistics is the analysis of literary texts, where the focus is on the distinctive linguistic features that contribute to the style and meaning of a work of literature. This can include the examination of narrative techniques, such as point of view and characterization, as well as the use of figurative language, symbolism, and other literary devices.Stylistics can also be applied to other forms of communication, such as speech, advertising, and political discourse. In these contexts, the analysis of style can reveal insights into the speaker's or writer's intentions, the target audience, and the broader cultural and social context in which the language is being used.One of the key challenges in the study of stylistics is the need to balance the objective analysis of linguistic features with the subjective interpretation of their meaning and effect. Stylistic analysis often requires a deep understanding of language, as well as a keen eye for detail and a willingness to engage with the nuances and complexities of language use.Despite these challenges, the study of stylistics remains an importantand influential field within linguistics. By examining the ways in which language is used to create meaning and effect, stylistics can provide valuable insights into the nature of language and communication, and can contribute to a deeper understanding of the human experience.。

吉迪恩·图里和他的翻译理论

吉迪恩·图里和他的翻译理论摘要：吉迪恩·图里是低地国家翻译理论界代表性的人物，他在对希伯莱英语翻译文学进行大量描述性研究的基础上，发展了埃文·佐哈尔（Itamar Even-Zohar）的多元系统理论和霍姆斯（James Holmes）的描述翻译理论，形成了一套完整的描述翻译学理论和方法，在翻译界产生了重大影响。

本文意在对图里本人及其翻译理论作比较全面的介绍。

关键词：描述翻译学研究低地国家多元系统20世纪70年代西方译学研究的重点主要还是文本的实证研究、翻译过程的描写，以及文学翻译本身，以此为基础的跨学科整合及文化转向产生于80年代。

以色列学者吉迪恩·图里在这个领域所做出的独特贡献成为其重要的理论渊源。

同时，图里也为现当代译学研究做出了历史性的贡献，因此值得我们在此进行深入的讨论。

本文旨在对图里其人及其主要理论贡献作比较全面的介绍。

1.吉迪恩·图里其人图里出生在以色列的一个港口城市——海法市。

从儿童时期就开始翻译短篇故事等各种文章，其后，做过儿童周刊助理编辑。

由于受意识形态的影响，他的父母不让他使用德语，所以他的翻译大都是英语。

图里的翻译生涯是从文学开始的，做一些把英语译成希伯莱语和把阿拉伯语译成希伯莱语的工作。

最初，图里并没把翻译看成是一种职业，从事翻译只是为了生活。

1966年，他大学志愿填报的是新闻专业，在经过一段学习之后，他感觉新闻不是他所期望的，便离开了。

第二学年结束时，学校新创建了文学研究专业，当时的创办人正物色能够胜任助教的学生，图里就报名参加并成为该专业的奠基人之一。

就这样他一步一步深入地了解，从而最终走上了翻译研究的道路。

在图里走向翻译家的道路上，尤金奈达是第一个对他产生深远影响的人。

奈达的《翻译的科学》是图里读过的第一部有关翻译的读物。

卡特福德的著作也对他影响很深，当然，佐哈尔对他的影响也极大，佐哈尔既是他的同事又是他的导师，佐哈尔的多元系统理论是图里理论研究的出发点。

01-Rhetorical Patterns 5-Definition and Classifica

C o l l e g e E n g l i s h f o r A c a d e m i c R e a d i n gRhetorical Patterns:Definition and Classification1Definition andExtended DefinitionCONTENTS Classification23Practice in readingDefinition•“What is it?”•Fix the meaning of a subject–Make it “definite”•Meaning of a specific word, term, or conceptDefinition•Various occasions of definitions–Unfamiliar words, abstractions, discipline-specific vocabulary essential to the main idea–Words and terms redefined–Distinguishing connotation from denotation•Formula of a gooddefinitionDefinitionDefinition•The government encouraged supermarkets and manufacturers not to use non-biodegradable materials –those that do not perish or melt for a period of time.Definition•Authors use this pattern when the readers’ understanding of the meaning of a particular word, term, phrase, or expression is crucial to the purpose, the main point or thesis of the text.•An extended definition–defines a subject in a more extended, and more thorough way than does a dictionary,–Extended Definitionexplains the word's etymology or historical roots,–describes sensory characteristics of something,–identifies its parts, –indicates how something is used, –explains what it is not, –provide an example of it, –or note similarities or differences between this term and other words.Extended Definition •StressExtended Definition•a short definition of one or two sentences –non-biodegradable•a definition of one or two paragraphs –stress•definition essay–a whole essay to define a subjectClassification•Classification–a subject identified and broken into classes orgroups with shared characteristics–a pattern of thinking, speaking, and writing.ClassificationClassification •Classification is often used together with definition.Classification•Geographic Information System (GIS)–Definition?–Classification?ClassificationClassification•Definition &Extended Definition •Classification+Summary•Definition ClassificationTHANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!。