跨文化人力资源期末复习资料
最新跨文化交际-期末复习资料-重点笔记
Culture: Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.Objective Culture: history, religion, literature, language, food, etiquette, law, and customs.Subjective Culture: feelings and attitudes about how things are and how they should be –the concept of time, spaces, friendship, love, family, communication pattern, etc.Characteristics：Learned, transmitted from generation to generation, based on symbols, dynamic, ethnocentric.Doing Culture: It is meant to be a contrast to learning “about” culture underscores the idea that communicating across cultures is a process of making meaning, of people understanding one another so they can get to know one another, build relationships, and solve problems together. It should not be words on paper, but ideas in practice.Communication: Human communication is the process through which individuals –in relationships, groups, organizations and societies –respond to and create messages to adapt to the environment and one another.Characteristics: Dynamic and interactiveIntercultural Communication: Generally speaking, it refers to interaction between people from different cultural backgrounds, such as interactions between people from America and China, between whites and African Americans, between Hispanic and Japanese AmericansThe form of Intercultural Communicationa. Interracial communication –people from different racesb. Interethnic communications –the parties are of the same race but of different ethnic origins.c. Intercultural communication –communication between members of the sameculture, in which one or both of the participants hold dual or multiple memberships.（gay, disabled, Mexican American, African American, or female）Communication Competence (ICC competence)The cognitive component –how much one know about communication.The affective component –one’s motivation to approach or avoid communication The behavior component –the skills one has to interact competently. Perception: Perception is a cognitive process in which we attach meaning to objects, symbols, people and behavior in order to make sense of them.Pattern of Thought: The way people in a culture think influences the way they interpret strangers’ messages.World views: The grid (decentralized. This pattern does not have a fixed center) The radiating star (highly centralized. In this pattern important things are at the center and everything else radiates out from the center)The inside/ outside pattern (圈子)female maleprivate publichome market, mosque, coffee housethe outside is plain, not welcoming, even forbidding. The walls are thick to protect what is inside.highly centralized pattern: important people sit in the front middle;decentralized pattern: people sit equally.Stereotyping: People generalize to make sense of his experience. The result of the process of over generalizing based on limited or inaccurate information.The classification of stereotypes1. Negative stereotype of other cultures: Prejudice (severe prejudice)2. Positive stereotype of one’s own culture: Cultural superiority Characteristics: universal, unavoidable, stable, variable, ethnocentrismHigh context communication & Low context communicationHC culture (察言观色): Relies mainly on the physical context or the relationship for information, with little explicitly encoded.LC culture: provide most of the information in the explicit code itself.Perception: Perception is a cognitive process in which we attach meaning to objects, symbols, people and behavior in order to make sense of them.High contact and low contact culture:In high contact cultures people want to get close enough to one another and to objects to sense them in these ways.People in these countries stand closer, touch more, engage in more eye contact and speak more loudly than people do in lower-contact cultures.In a low contact cultures, people rely more on sight, and especially sight at a far distance. People are most likely to stand a certain distance away to get the whole picture, without actually feeling or sensing the other person’s body heat or subtle smell. So in low contact culture as America, one is taught not to breathe on people.However, this visual space seems unfriendly and indifferent to those from high contact cultures, which favor tactile space.When a person from a high contact culture goes to a low contact culture, he or she is likely to feel that people are cold, lack human warmth, and are indifferent and pay no attention to them.low-contact: Asia ; moderate-contact: Australia, Northern Europe, United States high-contact: South America, Mediterranean, the Arab worldLarge and smell Power Distancespower distance is an attempt to measure cultural attitudes about inequality insocial relationships.In high power distance cultures, position in a hierarchy is considered to benatural and important. People are expected to show only positive emotions toothers with high status and to display negative emotions to those with low status;tend to decrease gaze in the presence of powerful people.Low Power Distance Culture: Minimize and eliminate the differences in power and status; more emotional display, increase the amount of gaze. People believe that the differences in power between boss and workers should be reduced and not mphasized.Individualism VS CollectivismThe individualism index measures the extent to which the interests of the individual are considered to be more important than the interests of the group. People from individualist cultures are more likely to act on principles that apply to everyone, principles that are universal and apply to associates and strangers alike. Collectivists are not unprincipled, but when making decisions they tend to give a higher priority to relationships than individualists do. They expect people who are involved in a group relationship to have duties and obligations to one another. Masculinity (Toughness) VS Femininity (Tenderness)Masculinity means everyone in society embraces values that have traditionally been associated with men, that is assertiveness, competitiveness and toughness. On the feminine side of the scale we find societies in which people generally embrace values that have traditionally been labeled as feminine, that is modesty, cooperation and tenderness.Strong and weak Uncertainty AvoidanceThe Uncertainty Avoidance Index seeks to measure the extent to which people in a particular society are able to tolerate the unknowns of life. In high uncertainty avoidance countries people experience more stress and a sense of urgency as they go through their daily routines. Relationships are guided by strict rules. People from low uncertainly avoidance countries do not have a strong need to control things, people, and events by clearly defining and categorizing them. Relationships are guided by strict rules.Intercultural CommunicationIntercultural CommunicationGenerally speaking, it refers to interaction between people from different cultural backgrounds, such as interactions between people from America and China, between whites and African Americans, between Hispanic and Japanese Americans The form of Intercultural Communicationa. Interracial communication –people from different racesb. Interethnic communications –the parties are of the same race but of different ethnic origins.c. Intracultural communication –communication between members of the sameculture, in which one or both of the participants hold dual or multiple memberships.（gay, disabled, Mexican American, African American, or female）Language&CulturePeople pay attention to basic language in cross-culture communication because of the essential role these codes play in communication and they are part of object culture. The same word may stir up different associations in people under different cultural background, e.g. the word “dog”. In eastern culture, dogs are dirty, brutal and stupid. But in western culture, dogs are lovely, loyal and obedient. They are faithful friends and compassionate animals.Language reflects culture. Language expresses cultural reality, reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, world outlooks, etc. For example, American businessmen often encode their meanings in metaphors and images from these sports.Chinese traditional sport culture emphasizes the harmony between human beings and oneness between man and nature. It is morality, benevolence, entertainment and longevity. But western sports culture is competition and sportsmanship.Culture shock: Troublesome feelings such as depression, loneliness, confusion, inadequacy, hostility, frustration, and tension, caused by the loss of familiar cues from the home culture.U-Curuemodel:Excitement→Confusion→Frustration→Effectiveness→Appreciation。
跨文化交际课程期末考试资料
跨文化交际课程期末考试资料1. privacyprivacy: It could be understood as the right of an individual to self-determination as to the degree to which the individual is willing to share with others information about himself that may be compromised by unauthorized exchange of such information among other individuals or organizations.2.collectivist cultureCollectivist cultures place little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. They have been labeled as “we” cultures because basic unit is thein-group or collective.3. culture shockculture shock：It is a psychological phenomenon that is experienced most often by those who, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, in the process of adjusting themselves to a new culture. Culture shock refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture4.Non-verbal communicationIt refers to communication through a whole variety of different types of signal come into play, including the way we more, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, to the extent to which we touch and the distance we stand from each other.5. IndividualismIndividualism refers to the doctrine that the interests of the individual are or ought to be paramount, and that all values, right, and duties originate in individuals. It emphasizes individual initiative, independence，individual expression, and even privacy.6.Assimilation is the degree to which an individual relinquishes an original culture for another .when individuals are assimilated into a mainstream culture,they lose their previous culture.7. NormsNorms are culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty.8身势语行为Kinesics：is the term used for communicating through various types of body movements including facial expressions,gestures,posture and stance ,and other mannerisms that may accompany or replace oral messages.9.Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture.10. ParalanguageParalanguage refers to the rate ,pitch and volume qualities of the voice,which interrupt or temporarily take the place of speech and affect the meaning of a message11.proxemics refers to the perception and use of space including territoriality and personal space.12.跨文化能力intercultural competence:refers to the ability to understand and adapt to the target culture;in another word,it refers to the sensitivity to cultural diversity,i.e,the ablity to behavein an appropriate way and to regulate one’s communication and interaction according to the context13.uncertainty avoidance deals with a society’s tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity ;it ultimately refers to man’s search for truth.是关于一个社会对不确定性和模棱两可的容忍程度。
跨文化人力资源期末复习资料
一．填空题1 所谓地跨文化人力资源是<多元文化背景下）地人力资源管理.2 企业国外直接投资地组织载体是<跨国公司）3 跨文化公司地人员来源,母国,第三国,<东道国）4外派人员地酬薪由基本工资和奖金<津贴和福利）5 <人力资源本地化）是本地化经营地成分6 <文化差异）是跨文化冲突地基础.7 跨国公司设立<研发机构）是最成熟地8 培训是跨文化人力资源地重要<基础）9 跨文化培训正是提高人力资源地<产出效益）地重要手段10 跨文化培训是跨文化管理地<核心功能）二．简答题1人力资源管理外包：人力资源外包地本质是将企业人力资源进行虚拟管理类,和其他外包一样,有利于企业把精力集中于自己地主管业务和核心竞争力.2 员工安置管理：企业并购后,企业利用中介机构为跨国公司提供各种优质地服务,成立小组,还有通过岗位地调整从而合理安排人员.3 护照：是外派人员重要地身份证,具有重要地法律意义,派到境外企业地人员具有因公普通护照和因私护照4 跨文化认知障碍：跨文化认知障碍是指对不同文化认知地偏差.包括不当解释,不当归类,还有不当模式.5.跨文化人力资源：指企业在国际化经营中对来自不同文化背景,具有文化差异地人力资源进行获取,融合,保持,培训,开发和调整等一系列地管理活动和管理过程.6.人力资源本地化：①指跨国公司地外派人员获得东道国本地国籍或长期居留许可证,逐渐成为本地人,并以本地人地身份被海外公司雇用地本地化过程②跨国公司大量启用东道国本地人员,并逐渐由优秀地本地人员取代外派人员来经营管理海外公司地本地化7 跨文化认知：是个体对其他文化信息地收集整合,评价和接收地过程8.反向文化震颤：外派人员归国后,面对公司日常地工作环境与家庭,朋友,和社区地生活环境,理想与现实地冲突.9跨文化培训：指为实现跨国公司战略目标,提高国际外派人员和东道国人员素质,运用系统培训途径,通过制定培训计划,实施培训,评估培训效果所进行地人力资源全球开发地过程.10短期外派：指海外公司工作一年以内时间地外派11学习管理：是对多国研发人员学习动机和学习行为、学习评价系统地管理. 三．简答题1.跨文化冲突地形式：P156<1）企业文化冲突.企业并购前后地企业文化各不相同,各方都希望本民族、本企业文化能成为新企业文化,从而形成企业文化冲突.<2）决策模式冲突.企业双方领导者因个性、意识、专业知识、工作经验等地不同做出不同地决策,造成决策模式地冲突.<3）经营理念冲突.跨国并购企业中,双方股东经营者地经营理念不同,会产生冲突,若他们认为并购于己不利,冲突更是明显.<4）组织结构冲突.跨国并购使公司组织结构变得复杂,增加了沟通地难度,如不能有效沟通,便会出现组织结构冲突,引发矛盾.<5）管理模式冲突.跨国公司因员工民族文化、教育背景、价值观体系地不同,所设立适应他们地管理模式也不同,这就形成了管理模式地冲突.<6）生产流程地冲突.企业双方管理者对各种质量认证活动观点不一致导致生产流程地冲突.<7）领导风格冲突.企业内不同国家、不同风格地领导之间也会产生冲突.<8）价值观冲突<9）人事管理冲突2.跨文化虚拟企业人员地特点 P272①超国界性.虚拟企业人员超越国家、地确地限制,是无国界员工.②时间动态性.虚拟企业人员可以随时因生产订单地获得而迅速集结,当订单任务完成后又可迅速解散.③多元化.跨国跨边界地虚拟企业成员来自不同地文化背景,具有不同地行为方式,具有多元文化特征.④项目忠诚度.虚拟企业地员工具有隶属于多个组织结构地特点,忠实于每一个项目协议,而不是长期雇用地企业.⑤独立自主性.虚拟企业人员应具有独立完成工作、独立决策地能力,企业要求员工能够自觉围绕工作任务及目标主动进行工作,具有协作性.3.跨文化研发人员管理地意义 P246①增强跨国公司竞争优势.跨国公司通过对各国科技人员地跨文化管理,促进全球研发地顺利进行,从而满足全球客户需求,增强企业核心竞争力.②提高东道国人才素质.东道国在跨国公司跨文化研发人员管理过程中获得国外投资研究开发活动中地知识资本,通过东道国利用和发展先进科学技术,改善本国产品服务,还通过参加跨国公司地市场化培训提高市场化素质,最终本国地人才素质.4.简述经济全球化对发达国家劳动力市场地影响<1）发达国家跨国公司直接投资主要在制造业,属于劳动密集型企业,其早期动机是寻找更加廉价地劳动力；<2）通过跨国公司资本和技术地注入,带动了发展中国家地生产工艺、生产流程和管理水平地提高,促进了当地员工劳动生产率地提高；<3）因为具有新技术和新地管理制度,跨国公司必须培训当地雇员,从而促进职业培训和管理人才培养,有利于发展中国家人力资源地开发.5 简述国家零和主义地内含国家零和理论认为,世界是一个封闭地系统,财富、资源、机遇都是有限地,个别人、个别地区和个别国家财富地增加必然意味着对其他人、其他地区和国家地掠夺,这是一个邪恶进化论式地弱肉强食地世界.6 简述影响外派人员绩效地因素：上级地支持、东道国地环境、文化适应、组织结构、家庭支持四．问答题1.简述人力资源本地化战略地动因？<1）企业经营本地化战略地基础<2）改善和东道国地关系<3）降低管理成本<4）利用本地员工地地域优势<5）避免恶性冲突2. 什么是跨文化冲突,其主要特征有哪些?<1）跨文化冲突地定义：企业组织中人与人之间基于文化和利益产生地关系是产生冲突地基础,在跨国公司内部因为各种因素导致地冲突属于跨文化冲突.因此,跨文化冲突是指不同形态地文化或者文化要素之间相互对立、相互排斥地过程,它既指跨国企业在他国经营时间与东道国文化观念不同而产生地冲突,又包含了在一个企业内部因为管理层之间、员工之间地价值观和行为方式地巨大差异引起地冲突,跨文化冲突地深层次原因实际上是利益格局地冲突.<2）跨文化冲突地主要特征：A、复杂性特征：因为跨国企业文化地内涵是异常丰富地,语言、教育、宗教、社会组织、价值观念、审美标准等多方面综合体现,又包括经济利益冲突,因而具有复杂性地特征.B、隐蔽性特征：文化是以思想观念为核心地,因此文化冲突往往表现在思想观念上地冲突,个体心理、情感、思想、观念等地外在反映,需要较长时间地积累才表现出来,因此具有隐蔽性特征.C、双向性或者交融性特征：文化冲突在企业管理中也是一把双刃剑,它一方面地作用后果可以导致企业经营目标受阻,另一方面它也是一种积极地诱发优势,可以激发跨国企业地发展活力,激励跨国企业地创新思维,这是单纯地国内企业经营无法比拟地跨文化优势.3. 跨国并购地冲突有哪些形式,如何影响企业地人员管理<1）跨国并购地冲突形式：企业形象冲突、决策模式冲突、经营理念冲突、组织结构冲突、管理模式冲突、生产流程冲突、领导风格冲突、价值观冲突、人事管理冲突<2）这些主要冲突深深地影响着企业地人员管理：因为,跨国并购中,利益相关人地权益均会受到影响,而人地本性总是欢迎对自己有利地行为,而本能地排斥对自己不利地行为,进而引发阻碍、阻止地行为,从而影响并购企业目标地实现.第一,企业形象方面,因为并购前各企业均有自己地品牌形象,并已经为消费者所熟知,并购后,原企业地人员都有保持原状地地本能性,而排斥改变或者革新,这就使企业形象整合带来一定地难度.这时企业需要不断地灌输企业地整体思维,逐渐使员工都接受并热爱企业地“新形象”.第二,决策模式方面,如果双方企业都有自己地强势管理模式,并且差异大,那么并购后整合起来就需要整套地、系统地、决策模式来支持企业作出科学地决策.其中以中国与美国企业为例,中国文化中主张集体决策集体负责,集体主义强势,这有一个好处,可以避免领导者个人地主观判断错误,但其致命弱点也是决策效率低下,出现问题时,每个人都推卸责任,尤其在当今“以快取胜”地全球化经济中,失去了抢先把握市场机会地契机；而美国企业浓厚地个人主义文化,可以最大限度地激发个人地创造性,决策效率高,能够把握住快节奏地市场动向,但其也有弱点,决策风险较大.而这种差异会导致企业并购后出现“决策冲突”,最终体现为人员管理地冲突.第三,企业经营理念上,这种影响尤其表现在恶意并购上,然后导致企业并购后地敌对、怀恨等不理性地反应.企业管理者都有“党同伐异”地倾向,对不认同或者反对企业经营理念地人员会赶出企业,这样会在员工群体中造成恐惧而失去人心,造成企业人力资源地损失.第四,组织结构方面,并购后一个“新企业”诞生了,这首先体现在企业组织结构上,老板换了,上司换了,并且跨国并购地组织结构尤其复杂,而且涉及高管人员地外派等,员工管理难度就变得更加大了.最后,还有领导风格方面,影响也是非常大地.当今资本全球化地经济,通常一个企业体现地是资本控股方地意志,而这意志又通过企业领导地来执行,所以领导地个人风格对企业、对员工地影响是非常大地.比如东方文化注重等级制度,而西方文化则重视个人,当两种文化相遇在一起会引起相当大地矛盾冲突,双方都会觉得对方“不可理喻”从而为人员管理带来相当大地困难.五．小论文1.论虚拟企业地学习虚拟企业作为企业动态联盟,将分散在全球地不同地域地企业和个人地知识纳入生产服务过程中,在保持分散知识地优越性前提下,将知识集成跨越了时间和空间地限制.基于虚拟企业知识地特殊性和虚拟性企业发展地需求性,员工和企业都需要进行自我学习.虚拟企业学习是干中学习,利用各种先进地技术手段,在工作中国学习实践,其目地是加强矿物泥沟通没提高虚拟企业各种效益与效率.虚拟企业地学习手段跨文化虚拟企业学习主要是通过远程教育和网络平台实施.学习手段最要包括网络通讯平台和各种电子沟通技术,以及产学研结合方式.利用网络技术平台开展知识库建设,员工可以获取新知识,新信息,提高员工理论文化素质,同时还可以了解市场行情,开发适合市场地新产品,提高员工信息化素质.电子沟通技术包括电子邮件,语音邮件,传真等,通过各电子通信技术,员工一获取各种知识.跨文化沟通学习沟通对于虚拟合作关系是非常重要地,良好沟通能够加强合作地稳定性,提高对伙伴行为地宽容程度,提高伙伴之间地互动水平,时虚拟企业员工协调合作地作用指标,反应企业员工为实现沟通目标而相互合作地意愿.跨文化沟通地作用途径之一是召开虚拟会议.完美地虚拟企业会议要素最要有以下几个方面：1.虚拟会议通知2.跨国碰头会3.跨文化电子邮件会议4.虚拟沟通地表现路径5.电子会议地安全性学习联盟所谓学习联盟是指虚拟企业利用网络通讯技术,将各个企业,包括核心企业和节点企业地核心技术知识有机集成,与合作伙伴共同创造新知识地动态联盟.学习联盟地主要特点之一是学习联盟是学习联盟地知识性共享.二是联盟地创造性.三是学习联盟地紧密性.四是联盟地超时空性.虚拟企业学习地一般过程模式主要由四个步骤构成：一是形成基知识点,二是在其基础上,不断积累,三是形成相关地生产服务能力,最终建立创新能力.学习联盟过程中,要通过多次循环往复.将知识有机集成为基本知识点,在此基础上不断学习,并将所要研发地产品概念具体化.2. 论跨文化人力资源管理地意义(1>.提高企业国际竞争力企业地国际化竞争本质上也是人力资源地国际竞争,在跨文化地环境中开展人力资源地管理是提高企业国际竞争力地作用基础.首先,跨文化人力资源管理有助于企业树立跨国意识,掌握跨文化管理技能.其次,通过跨文化人力资源管理,跨国公司可以建立具有“合金”特设地企业,既提高管理者和员工对文化地鉴别能力和适应能力,在文化共性认识地基础上,根据环境要求和公司战略地要求,建立公司地共同经营观和强有力地公司文化.再次,人力资源管理作为企业管理地重要组成部分,也是企业战略地重要支柱.最后,客户人力资源管理有助于企业形成自身地管理优势.(2>.满足利益群体地需求跨文化人力资源管理作为跨国管理地作用组成部分,是以满足企业员工,包括总部外派人员和国外子公司东道国员工这一利益相关团体地需求来为企业国际化战略服务地.跨文化人力资源管理就是同过满足来自不同文化背景地员工地需求,满足股东对国际企业价值增长地需求和客户对国际企业高质量产品和服务地需求.(3>.减少冲突,加强合作在跨国管理中来自不同文化背景地员工因为文化差异以及其他原因,容易发生冲突,从而对跨国公司地管理和发展产生不理影响.跨文化人力资源管理地任务就是识别文化差异,发展文化认同,培养员工跨文化沟通理解地技能与技巧,从而减少冲突,加强组织地合力.3. 论跨文化培训开发地动因<1）为组织战略和发展服务人力资源已经成为跨国公司竞争地核心,跨文化培训正是提高人力资源产出效益地重要手段.跨文化培训可以提高企业地跨文化管理水平,减少员工可能遇到地文化震颤,加深不同国籍货文化背景地员工对企业经营管理概念地理解,实现组织地质量,并保持全球市场竞争力.随着对跨文化培训重要性认识地深入,跨国公司纷纷建立自己地大学和学校,这一件件成为跨国公司加强企业建设与发展地重要手段.<2）减少管理理念和管理方法地冲突人力资源使不同文化背景,价值观,需要地人们成为同事.跨国公司想要进行成功地跨文化管理,就必须进行跨文化培训,培训管理者对不同文化环境地反应能力和适应能力,加强沟通和理解,形成企业强大地文化感召力和文化凝聚力. <3）提高绩效,促进职业生涯发展跨文化可以大大降低外派地失败.跨文化培训可以有效地促进员工学习和职业生涯地发展.培训可以帮助外派人员了解东道国文化,做好未来工作地准备.提高本地员工地技术业务能力,了解母公司战略和文化理念,了解企业文化价值观,从而有效地找准自身地位置,发展地方向,促进职业生涯发展.<4）跨文化培训开发计划为了搞好外派人员和东道国人员地培训和开发,需要规划跨文化培训管理地范围,制定跨文化培训开发计划.一是要进行组织诊断,二是进行岗位分析,三是对员工资格竞争分析四是制定培训开发计划.4.论中国跨国公司地发展趋势作为发展中国家,中国企业地跨国经营发展是迅速地,其规模特点是从无到有,从小到大,其质量特征是从一般性中小企业到大型企业,从名不经传地企业到成为世界知名企业.虽然我国企业在跨国经营中取得了一定成绩,但是无论是数量还是质量上与西方大跨国公司相比,都存在着很大地差距.到20世纪末,我国地海外企业中盈利地仅占55%,其中多为非生产性企业；收支平衡地占28%；亏损企业占17%,以生产性企业居多.从投资规模看,中国为120万美元/家；发展中国家平均为260万美元/家；发达国家为600万美元/家.这种状况表明我国跨国经营地企业不但和发达国家地跨国公司比较有较大地差距,而且和许多发展中国家地跨国公司相比也有很打地差距.因此,中国企业应该在认真学习,借鉴其他国家大跨国公司成功经验地同时,避免它们地缺点和错误,在平等互利地基础上发展同外国企业和客户地关系,实现双赢.5.论本地人员招聘地意义本地人员招聘是人力资源本地化管理地重要组成部分.加强本地人员招聘工作是为了应对东道国劳动力市场对本地人才地激烈争夺,通过加大对本地人才地投入,吸引优秀人才进入海外公司.本地人员地招聘选拔对于跨国公司来说是一把双刃剑,既有有利地一面,也对母公司带来了一些隐患.招聘本地人员地积极一面是,可以消除外派人员在语言和其他文化方面地障碍,更好地沟通,有利于东道国产品服务市场地开发和巩固.如果东道国员工地劳动报酬普遍低于母公司外派人员,公司通过招聘本地人员可以降低劳动力成本.本地化战略将使更多地本地人员走向关键岗位,由此改善本地人员自身地管理技能,提高素质；本地人员因职务晋升而士气高昂,从而提高了对企业地忠心和凝聚力；同时本地化还能够促进就业,符合本地政府扩大就业地雇佣政策,从而改善和增进同本地政府地友好关系.人员本地化对跨国公司来说也有消极影响.首先本地化可能导致海外公司忽视总公司全球利益,使母公司总部地控制和合作可能受到阻碍.同时,较多地雇佣本地人员,也限制了母公司人员外派机会,不利于海外工作经验地获得和积累.因为东道国政治经济和法律制度地差异,可能会带来较多地劳动关系纠纷；此外通过本地化举措,越来越多地东道国人员可以接触公司地技术核心,这些人员一旦跳槽流失,将使公司地核心竞争力收到重创.正式基于本地化地局限性,许多跨国公司在快速实施本地化战略以后,都会有一个调整阶段,以保证跨国公司总体利益得到保证和公司总体战略地全面实施.。
跨文化交际课程期末考试资料
跨文化交际课程期末考试资料1. privacyprivacy：It could be understood as the right of an individual to self-determination as to the degree to which the individual is willing to share with others information about himself that may be compromised by unauthorized exchange of such information among other individuals or organizations.2.collectivist cultureCollectivist cultures place little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. They have been labeled as “we” cultures because basic unit is thein-group or collective.3. culture shockculture shock：It is a psychological phenomenon that is experienced most often by those who, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, in the process of adjusting themselves to a new culture. Culture shock refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture4.Non-verbal communicationIt refers to communication through a whole variety of different types of signal come into play, including the way we more, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, to the extent to which we touch and the distance we stand from each other.5. IndividualismIndividualism refers to the doctrine that the interests of the individual are or ought to be paramount, and that all values, right, and duties originate in individuals. It emphasizes individual initiative, independence，individual expression, and even privacy.6.Assimilation is the degree to which an individual relinquishes an original culture for another .when individuals are assimilated into a mainstream culture,they lose their previous culture.7. NormsNorms are culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty.8身势语行为Kinesics：is the term used for communicating through various types of body movements including facial expressions,gestures,posture and stance ,and other mannerisms that may accompany or replace oral messages.9.Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture.10. ParalanguageParalanguage refers to the rate ,pitch and volume qualities of the voice,which interrupt or temporarily take the place of speech and affect the meaning of a message11.proxemics refers to the perception and use of space including territoriality and personal space.12.跨文化水平intercultural competence：refers to the ability to understand and adapt to the target culture;in another word,it refers to the sensitivity to cultural diversity,i.e,the ablity to behavein an appropriate way and to regulate one’s communication and interaction according to the context13.uncertainty avoidance deals with a society’s tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity ;it ultimately refers to man’s search for truth.是关于一个社会对不确定性和模棱两可的容忍水准。
12-13-02跨文化沟通期末考试复习范围
一．选择题1. When you talk with your friends about Picasso, Beethoven, you are talking about culture from ______ perspective.A. anthropologicB. intellectualC. socialD. psychological2. _____ is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.A. DecodingB. ChannelC. EncodingD. Source3. _____ refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.A. NoiseB. MessageC. SourceD. Context4. _____ refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source hasknowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.A. ReceiverB. DecodingC. EncodingD. Feedback5. Definitions of communication from many Asian countries stress ________,which is most notable in cultures with a Confucian tradition.A. exchanging informationB. harmonyC. respectD. instrumental function6. Communication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum, but rather it takes placein a physical and a social context; both establish the rules that govern the interaction. Which characteristic of communication does this statement reflect _____?A. SymbolicB. SystematicC. IrreversibleD. Transactional7. The _____ is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.A. messageB. sourceC. contextD. feedback8. An American company that operates in Japan almost caused a disaster in theUnited States—Japanese relations by addressing 500 red Christmas cars to its Japanese joint-venture partner, since funeral notices are red in Japan. This case has reflected that each country has its art for _____.A. tippingB. greetingC. card exchangeD. giving gift9. _____ is the environment in which the communication takes place and whichhelps define the communication.A. ContextB. SourceC. Receiver responseD. Feedback10. _____ refers to some words or actions that are avoided by a particular group ofpeople, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.A. EuphemismB. TabooC. ArgotD. Dialect11. It is quite common in many English speaking countries for ____________.A. students to ignore their professors.B. students to address their professors by the title “Mr”.C. students to ignore any form of address for their professors.D. students to address their professors by their first name.12. Normally, when hearing compliments, a typical Chinese reaction is to show________.A. disagreement and angerB. modesty and humilityC. enjoyment and prideD. pride and gratitude13. In the West, it is regarded polite to open gifts as soon as they are given to express_________.A. greedinessB. understandingC. gratitudeD. Appreciation14. According to intercultural communication theories, collectivism and _________are basic clusters of values and assumptions.A. independenceB. IndividualismC. imbalanceD. communication15. _______ is behaviors such as gestures, body movements, facial expressions, and eye contact.A. ChromaticsB. OlfacticsC. HapticsD. Kinesics16. ________ is the study of how people perceive and use time.A. ProxemicsB. ChronemicsC. KinesicsD. Oculesics17. Communication improvement between cultures requires an ability to ___ .A. speak some of the language and master some non-verbal behaviorB. speak some of the language and master all non-verbal behaviorC. speak the language and master all non-verbal behaviorD. speak the language and master some non-verbal behavior18. It is all right to ask someone what their job or position is, but it’s not polite to askthem their salary. This is considered a ______ matter in English speaking countries.A. humbleB. secretC. privateD. taboo19. Hofstede’s ________ index indicates how much a society feels threatened by ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them by providing rules, believing in absolutetruths, and refusing to tolerate deviance.A. value orientationB. cultural dimensionsC. uncertainty avoidanceD. power distance20. Hofstede’s _____ index measures the extent to which the less powerful membersof organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally.A. value orientationB. cultural dimensionsC. cultural valuesD. power distance21. Today, in England, people usually call each other by their first names inA. formal situations outside workB. formal meetings at workC. informal situations outside workD. informal meetings with bosses22. ________ style focuses on the speaker and personal relationships. Such style canbe found in individualistic and low-context culture.A. ContextualB. PersonalC. SuccinctD. Elaborate23. Li Ming, a Chinese student, had lived several years in the United States. A monthago, he came back to China and found everything was unfamiliar and weird.Liming is in_____ stage of intercultural adaptation.A. honeymoon phaseB. adjustment periodC. reentry shockD. crisis period24. Mr. Wang, a Chinese immigrant in U.S, has adapted himself so well to Americanculture that he gradually lost his Chinese cultural identity. This process is called ___________.A. separation and segregationB. integrationC. assimilationD. marginalization25. _______ takes place when individuals become an integral part of the new culturewhile maintaining their cultural integrity.A. Culture shockB. AcculturationC. Cultural identityD. Integration26. The dialogues at the United Nations, for example, would be termed _________.A.interracial communicationB. interethnic communicationC.international communicationD. interpersonal communication27. In China, if a Tibetan communicates with a Han, it is _____.A. interracial communicationB. interethnic communicationC.internationalcommunicationD. interpersonal communication28. _____ refers to the exchange of messages between members of the dominantculture within a country.A. Interethnic CommunicationB. Intercultural CommunicationC. international CommunicationD. Interregional Communication29._____ occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are fromdifferent races with different physical characteristics.A. Interethnic CommunicationB. Interracial CommunicationC. Intracultural communicationD. Intercultural communication30. _____ refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.A. Cultural identityB. Cultural valueC. Cultural normD. Subculture31. Mr. Wang, a Chinese immigrant in U.S, has adapted himself so well to Americanculture that he gradually lost his Chinese cultural identity. This process is called_____.A. separation and segregationB. integrationC. assimilationD. marginalization32. Liming, a Chinese student, just began his study in a university in the United States.In his first week in U.S, he thought everything was new and exciting, and he enjoyed himself a lot. Liming is in_____ stage of culture shock.A. honeymoonB. crisisC. reintegrationD. gradual adjustment33. _____ refers to maintaining one’s original culture a nd not participating in thenew culture.A. Separation and segregationB. AssimilationC. MarginalizationD. Integration34. _____ refers to an individual’s learning and adopting the norms and values ofthe new host culture.A. AcculturationB. DeculturationC. MarginalizationD. Assimilation35. _____ takes place when individuals become an integral part of the new culturewhile maintaining their cultural integrity.A. Culture shockB. IntegrationC. Cultural identityD. Acculturation36. In______, the handshake is accompanied with a light kiss; even males kiss bothcheeks after a handshake.A. the United StatesB. Saudi ArabiaC. RussiaD. France37. _____ style focuses on the speaker and role relationships. People with suchcommunication style stress high power distance. This style is popular in collectivist and high-context culture.A. ContextualB. PersonalC. SuccinctD. Elaborate38. _____ refers to some words or actions that are avoided by a particular group ofpeople, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.A. EuphemismB. TabooC. ArgotD. Dialect39. The _________ refers to the ability to understand and adapt to the target culture;in another word, it refers to the sensitivity to cultural diversity, i.e., the ability to behave in an appropriate way and to regulate one’s comm unication and interaction according to the context.A. intercultural competenceB. social competenceC. communication competenceD. cultural competence40. _________ refers to losing one’s cultural ide ntity and not having anypsychological contact with the larger society.A. MarginalizationB. AcculturationC. Culture shockD. Separation and segregation41. _________ refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounterwhen entering a different society.A. DissimilationB. AssimilationC. IntegrationD. Culture shock42. _____ is behaviors such as gestures, body movements, facial expressions, and eyecontact.A.ChromaticsB.OlfacticsC. HapticsD. Kinesics43. While writing business messages, ______is usually the first step.A. predictionB. selectionC. analysisD. planning44. While the highest goal of communication in the Eastern Culture is to achieve ___,the highest goal of communication in the West is to achieve the practical cooperation from others.A. proprietyB. further relationshipC. practical purposeD. definite result45. _____ is the study of communications sent by the eyes.A. OculesicsB. HapticsC. KinesicsD. Chromatics46. Which of the following statements about intercultural communication is not true?A. It is communication between people of different cultures.B. We need understanding and acceptance in intercultural communication.C. During the process of intercultural communication, one should turn one’s backon one’s own culture.D. We should develop tolerance and acceptance in intercultural communication.47. _____ is the study of how people perceive and use time.A. ChronemicsB. ProxemicsC. KinesicsD. Oculesics48. _____is the traditional way of greeting in Northeast Asian countries like Koreaand Japan.A. BowingB. Firm handshakeC. EmbracingD. Handshake49. _____ means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for oneconsidered harsh, blunt, or offensive.A. EuphemismB. TabooC. ArgotD. Dialect50. _____ style focuses on the speaker and personal relationships. Such style can befound in individualistic and low-context culture.A. ContextualB. PersonalC. SuccinctD. Elaborate51. ______ refer to rules for appropriate behavior, which provide the expectationspeople have of one another and of others.A. BeliefsB. ValuesC. RolesD. Norms52. _____ refers to intentional use of nonspoken symbol to communicate a specificmessage.A. ProxemicsB. ChronemicsC. Nonverbal communicationD. Olfactics53. _____is considered inappropriate as a form of greeting in the United States andmodern China.A. EtiquetteB. BowingC. EmbracingD. Handshake54. In the _____ culture, the interest of the individual prevails over the interests of thegroup.A. masculinityB. femininityC. individualistD. collectivism55. ______ is assuming that a person has certain qualities (good or bad) just becausethe person is a member of a specific group.A. RacismB. PrejudiceC. SexismD. Stereotyping56. In the United States, the main meal is ______.A. in the morningB. at noonC. in the eveningD. B or C57. _______ refers to attaching meaning to sense data and is synonymous withdecoding.A. PerceptionB. InterpretationC. SensationD. Selection二．判断题的范围：1-7单元课后的判断题三．简答题1. What are the characteristics of culture?2. What is the nature of culture?3. What are the characteristics of communication?4. What are the components of communication?5. What are the barriers to effective intercultural communication?6. What are the categories of nonverbal communication?7. What are the four modes of acculturation?8. What are the four stages of the U-curve pattern intercultural adaptation?9. How is sex different from gender?10. How to distinguish high context culture from low context culture?11. What are the forms of culture shock?12. What are the components of cultural patterns?13. What are the differences between Chinese and English compliments?14. What are the differences between direct and indirect verbal communication styles?15. What does the power distance measure according to Hofstede?四．案例分析重点考察内容：verbal communication; nonverbal communication; communication styles。
(精选)跨文化交际期末考试复习题
跨文化交际期末考试复习题Define the following items:1.Culture：On the surface: customs and behaviorMore deeply: what the behavior and customs mean to the people who are following themIn a word: Culture is all about meaningsHall: Culture is everything and everywheremunication：Communication is our ability to share our ideas and feelings.(the basis of all human contact)3.intercultural communication：Intercultural communication is communicationbetween people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.intercultural communication refers to any communication between two members of any cultural communities.4.high-context culture：In high-context messages, meaning is not necessarilycontained in words. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence. Meaning is also conveyed through status (age, sex, education, family background, title, and affiliation).5.low-context culture：In low-context messages, the majority of the informationis vested in the explicit code.6.relationship between culture and language：7.verbal communication8.analytical thinking patterns (inductive)9.synthetic thinking patterns (deductive)10.nonverbal communication：Nonverbal communication involves allnonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that is generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that has potential message value for the source or receiver11.body language：Body language refers to all nonverbal codes which are associatedwith body movements.Body language includes gestures, head movements, facial expressions, eye behaviors, postures and other displays that can be used to communicate.12.monochronic time (M Time) ：It schedules one event at a time. In thesecultures time is perceived as a linear structure just like a ribbon stretching from the past into the future.13.polychronic time (P Time)：P-time schedules several activities at the sametime. It is more flexible and more humanistic.People from P-time system emphasize the involvement of people more than schedules. They do not see appointments as ironclad commitments and often break them.14.ethnocentrism：the view of things in which one’s own group is the center ofeverything, and al l others are scaled and rated with reference to it” (WilliamG. Sumner)15.stereotypes：Stereotypes are a form of generalization about some groupof people, or a means of organizing images into fixed and simple categories that are used to stand for the entire collection of people 16.prejudice： It refers to negative attitudes towards other people that arebased on faulty and inflexible stereotypes.It is an unfair, biased, or intolerant attitude towards another group of people. ( Lusting & Koester)17.discrimination：It refers to the behavioral manifestations of theprejudice, it can be thought of as prejudice “in action”. ( Lusting & Koester)18.racism：19.culture shock：Troublesome feelings such as depression, loneliness,confusion, inadequacy, hostility, frustration, and tension, caused by the loss of familiar cues from the home culture. (Linell Davis)20.acculturation：It is culture change that results from continuous firsthandcontact between two distinct cultural groups.It is through acculturation that personal transformation from cultural contact takes place.Acculturation includes psychological, physiological and social changes.Essay Writing1.Describe your personal intercultural experiences in about 300-500words.2.From the perspective of intercultural communication, analyze thefollowing movies.(1)Joy Luck Club(2)Guasha(3)Crash（注：专业文档是经验性极强的领域，无法思考和涵盖全面，素材和资料部分来自网络，供参考。
跨文化交际期末复习资料
Final examPart 1 prehensive Check （15*2）每课的练习APart 2 Multiple Choice （25*1）每课的练习E复习题的变体；另外请中看第五章Part 3 E-C Translation（10*1）每课的练习CPart 4 Term-matching（10*1）Part 5 Multiple function（5*5）其中三道是简答题，两道是案例分析。
Terms/questions:1. Economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.2. Barber system–Farming munities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money.–Human society has always traded goods across great distances.3. Global village：real time events 、the time and space pression–All the different parts of the world form one munity linked together by electronic munications, especially the Internet.4. Melting-pot大熔炉: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities.5. Diversity: refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong.6. Intercultural munication: refer to munication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their munication event. Perception7. Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture.Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people8. Enculturation(文化习得): all the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation9. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.10. Ethnocentric(文化中心主义):the belief that your own cultural background is superior.11. munication: mean to share with or to make mon, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.12. ponents of munication：Source交际邀请The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to municate.Encoding编码Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your munication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to municate. Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol. Message编码信息The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object.Channel交际渠道The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face munication.Noise干扰The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.Receiver交际接受The receiver is the person who attends to the message.Decoding解码Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process. The receiver is actively involved in the munication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.Receiver response接受反应The receiver is the person who attends to the message. Receiver response refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message. Feedback反馈Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.Context场景The final ponent of munication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the munication takes place and which helps define the munication.13. Pragmatics语用学:the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior.14. Semantics语义学：a system that associates words to meaning. It is the study of the meaning of words.15. Denotation：the literal meaning or definition of a word --- the explicit, particular, defined meaning.16. Connotation：the suggestive meaning of a word --- all the values, judgment, and beliefs implied by a word the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.17. Taboo禁忌语：refers to some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.18. Euphemism委婉语：means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.19. Chronemics（时间学）：The study of how people perceive and use time.20. Proxemics（空间学）：refers to the perception and use of space.21. kinesics（肢体语言）：The study of body language .22. Paralanguage(副语言)：Involving sounds but not word and lying between verbal and nonverbal munication .23. Monochronic time一元时间观念: means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.24. Polychronic time多元时间观念: means being involved with many things at once25. Planetary culture行星文化: is explored, which integrates Eastern mysticism with Western science and rationalism.26.Intercultural personhood(跨文化人格)：Represents someone whose cognitive, affective, and behavioral characteristics are not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological parameters of his or her own culture.1. What are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village？P8~9Four trends that lead to the development of the global village: Convenient transportation systems/ Innovative munication systems/ Economic globalization/Widespread migrations2. What are the three aspects where cultural differences exist?Verbal difference: language, thought patterns…Non-verbal munication: body-language, time concept, spacious language, paralanguage, environment…Perception: values, worldviews, beliefs, attitudes3. What are three ingredients of culture? 文化的三个成分（three Ingredients）P5~6 An shared artifact（the material and spiritual products people produce）shared Behavior（what they do）shared Concepts（beliefs, values, world views……what they think）4. How to understand cultural Iceberg?P6~7Like an iceberg what we can see about culture is just the tip of the iceberg; the majority of it is intangible, beyond sight. and the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger whole. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface.(Just as an iceberg which has a visible section above the waterline and a larger invisible section below the waterline, culture has some aspects that are observable and others that can only be suspected and imagined. Also like an iceberg, the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger whole. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface. (P7))5. What are the tour characteristics of culture? Dynamic/ shared/ learned/ ethnocentricCulture is shared. All munications take place by means of symbols.Culture is learned. Culture is learned, not inherited. It derives from one’s social environment, not from one’s genes. Enculturation(文化习得): All the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation .Culture is dynamic. (P6)Culture is subject to change. It’s dynamic rather than static, constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact with other cultures. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.Culture is ethnographic(文化中心主义). Ethnographic is the belief that your own cultural background is superior. Ethnocentrism: the belief that your own culture background is superior.6. What are the six characteristics of munication?Dynamic/ irreversible/ symbolic/ systematic/ transactional/ contextual munication is dynamic.munication is ongoing, ever-changing activity. A word or action does not stay frozen when you municate; it is immediately replaced with yet another word or action. munication is irreversible.Once we have said something and someone else has received and decoded the message, the original sender cannot take it back.munication is symbolic.Symbols are central to the munication process because they represent the shared meanings that are municated. Symbols are vehicle by which the thoughts and ideas of one person can be municated to another person.munication is systematicmunication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum, but rather is part of a large system. It takes place in a physical and a social context; both establish the rules that govern the interaction.munication is transactional. (P8)A transactional view holds that municators are simultaneously sending and receiving messages at every instant that they are involved in conversation. munication is contextual. (P8)All munication takes place within a setting or situation called a context. By context, we mean the place where people meet, the social purpose for being together, and the nature of the relationship. Thus the context includes the physical, social, and interpersonal settings.7. How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?(三方面)P22~24 In Chinese the surname es first and is followed by the given name/ but in English this order is reversed.Addressing by names: In China seniority is paid respect to. Juniors are supposed to address seniors in a proper way. The use of given names is limited to husband and wife, very close friends, juniors by elders or superiors/ Nowadays, more and more English-speaking people address others by using the first name, even when people meet for the first time. (intimacy and equality)Addressing by relationship: Chinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage. These terms are used after the surname to show politeness and respect/ The English equivalents of the above kinship terms are not so used. Even with relatives, Americans tend to use just the first name and leave out the term of relationship.Addressing by title, office, profession: A nother mon Chinese form of address is the use of a person’s title, office, profession to indicate the person’s influential status. In English, only a few occupations or titles could be used. (P24) Americans tend to regard titles as trivial unless they have a clear idea of what kind of work a person does and what his responsibilities are.8. How is the Chinese writing style different the American writing style?The Chinese employ a circular approach in writing. In this kind of indirect writing, the development of the paragraph may be said to be ‘turning and turning in a widening gyre’. The circles or gyres turn around the subject and show it from a variety of tangential views, but the subject is never looked at directly. A paragraph is set off by an indentation of its first sentences or by some other conventional devise, such as extra space between paragraphs.In contrast, the Americans are direct and linear in writing. An English expository paragraph usually begins with a topic statement, and then, by a series ofsubdivisions of that topic statement, each supported by example and illustrations, proceeds, to develop that central idea and relate that idea to all other ideas in the whole essay, and to employ that idea in proper relationship with the other ideas, to prove something, or perhaps to argue something.9. What are the different feature of m-time and p-time? P97M: Do one thing at a timeTake time mitments seriouslyAre mitted to the jobAdhere religiously to plans Emphasize promptnessAre accustomed to short-term relationships P: Do many things at onceConsider time mitments an objective to be achieved, if possibleAre mitted to people and human relationshipsChange plans often and easilyBase promptness on the relationship Have strong tendency to build lifetime relationshipsM-time is noted for its emphasis on schedules, segmentation, punctuality and promptness. It features one event at a time and time is perceived as a linear structure.P-time is less rigid and clock-bound. It features several activities at the same time and time is perceived as more flexible and more human-centered.10. What different worldview can be drive from Buddhism and Christianity? Buddhists do not believe in a god or gods who created the world. However, they do believe that there is a supreme and wonderful truth that words cannot teach, and ritual cannot attain.Buddhists are not favorably disposed to the notion of free enterprise and the pursuit of material well-being. Seen from a western worldview, having no desires adversely affects motives for personal enrichment and growth generally. Thus, little support is accorded to free enterprise.Christianity recognizes the importance of work and free ownership of property. Protestant, in particular, sees the salvation of the individual through hard work and piety.11. What is the American cultural value like in terms of value orientation?As far as the human nature is concerned, the American culture holds that it is evil but perfectible through hard work.As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can conquer the nature. They also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented. They focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the problem.They are quite individualistic and therefore they focus less on the benefits of the group.12. What is the Chinese cultural value like in terms of value orientation?P What is the character of innate human nature?What is the relation of man to nature?What is the temporal focus of human life?What is the mode of human activity?What is the mode of human relationships?11. It is evil but perfectible/ Man can conquer the nature / present / being-orienteda non-developmental model of society/ petitive12. Good but corruptible/ harmony with nature / Past/ being-and-being is a kind of spiritual good of inner harmony and peace/ cooperation13. How is gender different from sex? P119~120Sex: biological, permanent, with a individual propertyGender: socially constructed, varied over time and across cultures, with a social and relational quality14. What are the two primary influences processes of Gender Socialization? P121 Family municationRecreational interaction15. Identify the features of each of four Hofsted’s cultural dimensions and the contrast between high-context and low-context culture.（语境案例分析）P192~193 Individualism VS collectivism /Masculinity VS femininity /Power distance/Uncertainty avoidanceHigh-context VS. low-contextHigh-context cultures assign meaning to many of the stimuli surrounding an explicit message. In high-context cultures, verbal messages have little meaning without the surrounding context, which includes the overall relationship between all the people engaged in munication.Low-context cultures exclude many of those stimuli and focus more intensely on the objective munication event, whether it be a word, a sentence, or a physical gesture. In low-context cultures, the message itself means everything.谚语：Strike while the iron is hot 趁热打铁More haste, less speed. 欲速不达To pass fish eyes for pearls 鱼目混珠as stubborn as a mule 犟得像头牛dumb bell 笨蛋to fish in the air 水底捞月to drink like a fish 牛饮as dry as sawdust 味同嚼蜡to be at the end of one’s rope 山穷水尽landscape engineer 园林工人tonsorial artist 理发师sanitation engineer 清洁工shoe rebuilder 补鞋匠soft in the head 发疯的reckless disregard for truth 撒谎to take things without permission 偷窃industrial climate 劳资关系紧张justice has long arms 天网恢恢，疏而不漏diamond cut diamond 棋逢对手golden saying 金玉良言fat office 肥缺You will cross the bridge when you get to it船到桥头自然直better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion 宁为鸡头，勿为牛后tread upon eggs 如履薄冰。
跨文化交际期末考试复习题
跨文化交际期末考试复习题跨文化交际期末考试复习题Define the following items:1.intercultural communication: is simply defined as interpersonal communication between people from different cultural background.2.interethnic communication: refers to communication between people of the same race but different ethnic backgrounds.3.verbal communication：communication done both orally and in written language.4.nonverbal communication: involves all nonverbal stimuli i n a communication setting that is generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that has potential message value for the source or receiver.4. Monochronic time一元时间观念: means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.5. Polychronic time多元时间观念: means being involved with many things at once.6. ethnocentrism ：the view of things in which one’s own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it.7. stereotypes：refers to negative or positive judgment made about individuals based on any observable or believed groupmembership.针对目标群体成员所特有的正面或方面的判断。
跨文化交际期末试题及答案
跨文化交际期末试题及答案试题一：1. 跨文化交际的概念是什么？2. 跨文化交际中可能遇到的困难有哪些？如何应对？3. 请列举两个不同文化背景下的沟通误解，并说明产生误解的原因。
4. 如何加强跨文化交际的能力？5. 请描述一次成功的跨文化交际经历，并谈谈你从中学到了什么。
答案如下：1. 跨文化交际是指不同文化背景的个体之间进行信息传递和相互理解的过程。
它涉及到语言、行为、价值观等方面的差异，需要在尊重和理解对方文化的基础上进行有效交流。
2. 在跨文化交际中，可能遇到语言障碍、文化差异导致的误解、价值观冲突等困难。
要应对这些困难，首先需要学习对方的语言，尽量减少语言障碍。
其次，要了解对方文化的特点，避免由于文化差异而引起的误解。
最后，要保持开放心态，尊重不同的价值观，通过倾听和理解来解决潜在的冲突。
3. （1）例子一：在西方国家，直接表达意见被视为开放和直率的表现，但在东方文化中，过于直接的表达会被视为冒犯和不尊重他人。
这种差异可能导致沟通中的误解和冲突。
原因：西方文化注重个人主义和直接表达，而东方文化注重集体主义和含蓄表达。
双方的价值观和文化习惯差异导致了沟通误解。
（2）例子二：在某些非洲国家，左手被视为不洁之手，不可用于触摸或传递物品；而在西方国家，左手并没有特殊的意义。
如果一个西方人无意中用左手递给非洲人物品，可能会被视为不尊重对方的文化。
原因：非洲文化中，左手被认为是不洁的，使用左手被视为不尊重和不礼貌的行为。
而在西方文化中，没有类似的禁忌。
4. 加强跨文化交际的能力需要多方面的努力。
首先，要增加对不同文化背景的了解，包括语言、历史、价值观等方面。
其次，要培养跨文化沟通的敏感性和意识，学会观察和尊重不同文化之间的差异。
此外，多与来自不同文化的人交流，积累经验和技巧，不断提升自己的跨文化交际水平。
5. 描述一次成功的跨文化交际经历，得以学习到很多。
我在一次国际研讨会上结识了一位来自日本的研究者。
跨文化沟通期末考试题及答案
跨文化沟通期末考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 跨文化沟通中，以下哪项不是文化差异的表现？A. 语言差异B. 饮食习惯C. 宗教信仰D. 个人兴趣答案：D2. 在跨文化沟通中，以下哪个行为可能被视为不礼貌？A. 握手B. 鞠躬C. 直视对方D. 赠送礼物答案：C3. 跨文化沟通中，以下哪个概念强调了文化对个体行为的影响？A. 个人主义B. 集体主义C. 权力距离D. 所有以上选项答案：D4. 根据霍夫斯泰德的文化维度理论，以下哪个维度不是其分类之一？A. 个人主义与集体主义B. 男性化与女性化C. 长幼有序D. 权力距离答案：C5. 在跨文化沟通中，以下哪个策略不是有效的沟通策略？A. 保持开放心态B. 避免使用肢体语言C. 尊重文化差异D. 积极倾听答案：B二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）6. 在跨文化沟通中，_________是指在不同文化背景下，人们对于同一事件或行为的不同理解和解释。
答案：文化相对主义7. 跨文化沟通的障碍之一是_________，即对其他文化持有偏见或刻板印象。
答案：文化偏见8. 跨文化沟通中，_________是指在不同文化间进行有效交流的能力。
答案：跨文化能力9. 跨文化沟通中，_________是指在不同文化背景下，人们对于时间的理解和使用方式。
答案：时间观念10. 跨文化沟通中，_________是指在不同文化背景下，人们对于空间的理解和使用方式。
答案：空间观念三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）11. 简述跨文化沟通中的语言障碍及其克服方法。
答案：语言障碍包括语言差异、非言语沟通差异等。
克服方法包括学习对方的语言、使用简单明了的表达、利用肢体语言辅助沟通、寻求翻译帮助等。
12. 描述跨文化沟通中的文化适应过程。
答案：文化适应过程通常包括四个阶段：蜜月期、文化休克期、调整期和融入期。
在蜜月期，人们对于新文化充满好奇和兴奋；文化休克期则可能感到困惑和挫败；调整期是逐渐适应新文化的过程；最后，在融入期，人们能够自如地在新文化中生活和工作。
跨文化交际期末考试题及答案
跨文化交际期末考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 跨文化交际中，以下哪项不是有效的沟通技巧？A. 保持开放态度B. 避免使用肢体语言C. 尊重文化差异D. 积极倾听答案：B2. 在不同文化背景下，以下哪种行为可能被误解？A. 直视对方眼睛B. 点头表示同意C. 用食指指人D. 握手答案：C3. 在跨文化交流中，以下哪种方式可以增进相互理解？A. 坚持自己的文化观点B. 避免讨论敏感话题C. 主动分享自己的文化背景D. 只关注自己的文化答案：C4. 以下哪个概念与跨文化交际密切相关？A. 文化适应B. 个人主义C. 集体主义D. 所有选项答案：D5. 在跨文化沟通中，以下哪个因素可能导致误解？A. 语言障碍B. 非语言信号C. 文化价值观差异D. 所有选项答案：D...二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 简述跨文化交际中“文化休克”的现象及其应对策略。
答案：文化休克是指个体在进入一个与自己文化背景不同的新环境时，由于文化差异而产生的困惑、焦虑和不适应感。
应对策略包括：提前了解目标文化，保持开放和灵活的心态，寻找支持系统，以及采取积极的适应措施。
2. 描述跨文化交际中的“高语境文化”与“低语境文化”的特点。
答案：高语境文化（High-context culture）指的是在交流中，信息的传递依赖于非语言因素，如肢体语言、面部表情和情境背景。
低语境文化（Low-context culture）则强调语言的直接性和明确性，信息主要通过语言来传递。
三、案例分析题（每题25分，共50分）1. 假设你是一名国际商务谈判代表，你被派往一个与你文化背景截然不同的国家进行商务谈判。
请描述你将如何准备这次谈判，并在谈判中如何运用跨文化交际技巧。
答案：在准备谈判时，我会首先研究目标国家的文化、商业习惯和谈判风格。
我会学习基本的语言词汇，了解当地的礼仪和非语言交流习惯。
在谈判中，我会保持尊重和耐心，避免使用可能引起误解的肢体语言，积极倾听对方的观点，并在适当的时候表达自己的立场。
跨文化交际 期末复习资料 重点笔记
跨文化交际期末复习资料重点笔记XXX beliefs。
customs。
values。
rs。
ns。
XXX shared。
learned。
XXX a specific group of people。
This includes both objective culture。
such as history。
n。
literature。
language。
food。
etiquette。
law。
and customs。
as well as subjective culture。
XXX are and how they should be。
This includes concepts such as time。
space。
friendship。
love。
family。
and XXX.One of the key characteristics of culture is that it is XXX from n to n。
often through XXX is also dynamic and constantly evolving。
XXX and the world around us。
However。
it can alsobe ethnocentric。
meaning that it may be biased towards the beliefs and values of a particular group.When it comes to communicating across cultures。
it is XXXis not just something to be XXX。
but something that must be XXX。
XXX。
XXX and values。
In other words。
it is not XXX figures - XXX with it in order to truly XXX.XXX to and create messages to adapt to their XXX and each other。
跨文化交际期末复习资料
Components of large C Culture :Social institutions and organizations.Language and other communication systems.Customs, habits and behavioral patterns.Value systems, world views, national traits, aesthetic standards, thinking patterns.Knowledge about nature and man himself and artistic development.Culture OnionDutch scholar Fons Trompenaars (1998) describes culture in three layers:a) The outer layer: the explicit culture products, which refer to the observable things like language, food, buildings, house, monuments, agriculture, markets, fashion and art, which are the symbols ofa deeper level of culture.b) The middle layer: norms and values, reflected by the explicit factorsc) The core: assumptions about culture. From the fundamental relationship with the nature, mankind likes the core: meaning of life. Thus, in this sense "culture is anything but nature ." Characteristics of Culture1. Culture is transmissible2. Culture is shared. Members of a culture share a set of ideas, values, and standards of behaviors, and this set is what gives meaning to their lives, and what bonds them together as a culture.3. Culture is mostly learned unconsciously /acquired.Culture is learned, not inherited（遗传的）. It derives from one’s social environment, not from one’s genes.4.Culture is symbolic.5. Culture is integrated. To keep the culture functioning, all aspects of the culture must be integrated.6. Culture is dynamic. Culture is subject to change. It’s dynamic rather than static（静态的）, constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact with other cultures. It changes through three most common mechanisms: innovation（创新）, diffusion（传播）and acculturation（文化适应）.7. Culture is ethnocentric（民族中心主义的）.8.Culture is the guiding principles for actions.Key termsEnculturation（社会文化适应）：Enculturation is the socialization process you go through to adapt to your society. （社会文化适应指人们学习适应自己所在社会的文化的社会化过程）。
跨文化交际期末复习资料知识点总结详细
Intercultural communication in English1. Globalization (what & why)1)Dictionary: to organize or establish worldwide2)Wiki: Globalization refers to the increasingly global relationships of culture, people andeconomic activity.3)Globalization refers to the establishment of a world economy, in which national borders arebecoming less and less important as transnational corporations, existing everywhere and nowhere, do business in a global market.4)Globalization refers to “time-spaces compression”. That is, the way in which the worldappears to be getting smaller. (Reasons: the increasing global mobility of people; the impact of new electronic media on human communications)5)At the same time, people all over the world are faced with the same environmental issuesthat affect all cultures.6)Global instability stems from clashes between cultures as humankind createscatastrophes(灾难) that are far worse than natural disasters.7)Culture interdependence: people from different cultures attempt to get along with eachother and try to decrease conflicts.Driving force: technology, particularly telecommunications, computers2. Culture1)People who are raised or live in a particular place probably speak the same language, holdmany of the same values, and communicate in similar ways.2)the group of people who share the same ancestry3)commodities or products that are internationally exported and imported4) a particular way to satisfy our human needs. Maslow: physiological, safety, belongingness,esteem, self-actualization5)The coherent learned, shared view of a group of people about life’s concerns that rankswhat is important, furnishes attitudes about what things are appropriate and dictates behavior.6)Culture is coherent, learned, the view of a group of people, ranks what is important,furnishes attitudes2.1 elements of communication1)Context: the interrelated conditions of communication(aspects: physical settings, historical,psychological, culture)2)Participants: the participants in communication play the roles of sender and receiver,sometimes of the messages simultaneously.3)Messages: elements: meanings, symbols, encoding and decoding.4)Channels: a channel is both the route traveled by the message and the means oftransportation.5)Noise: noise is any stimulus, external or internal to the participants, that interferes with thesharing of meaning. They include: external noise, internal noise, semantic noise6)Feedback: some kind of verbal or nonverbal response3. Different lands, different friendships1)European: friendship is quite sharply distinguished from other, more casual relations, and isdifferently related to family life.2)American: a friendship may be superficial, casual, situational or deep and enduring.3)French: F is one to one relationship that demands a keen awareness of the other person’sintellect, temperament and particular interests; friends generally are of the same sex;disagreement and argument are the breath of live; compartmentalized (a man play chess with a friend for years without knowing his political opinion)4)Germany: F is much more articulately a matter of feeling; friends are brought to the family;disagreement on any subject that matters to both is a tragedy.5)English: F is based on shared activity, and are formed outside the family circle.4. Comparing and contrasting culturesFrederick:Human nature orientation; man-nature orientation; time orientation; activity orientation; social orientationKluckhohns and Strodtbeck:Human nature; relationship of man to nature; sense of time; activity; social relationships4.1Cultural dimensions (Geert Hofstede)Individualism versus collectivismUncertainty avoidancePower distanceMasculinity versus femininityLong-term versus short-term orientation5. High & low context culturesAdding: from wikipediaLow context culture and the contrasting "high context culture" are terms presented by the anthropologist Edward T. Hall in his book Beyond Culture. Low context culture refers to a culture’s tendency not to cater towards in-groups. An "in-group" is defined by the authors as being a discrete group having similar experiences and expectations, from which, in turn, inferences are drawn. Low context cultures, such as Germany or the United States make much less extensive use of such similar experiences and expectations to communicate. Much more is explained through words or verbalization, instead of the context.High context culture and the contrasting "low context culture" are terms presented by the anthropologist Edward T. Hall in his 1976 book Beyond Culture. It refers to a culture's tendency to use high context messages over low context messages in routine communication. This choice of communication styles translates into a culture that will cater to in-groups, an in-group being a group that has similar experiences and expectations, from which inferences are drawn. In a high context culture, many things are left unsaid, letting the culture explain. Words and word choice become very important in higher context communication, since a few words can communicate a complex message very effectively to an in-group (but less effectively outside that group), while in a lower context culture, the communicator needs to be much more explicit and the value of a single word is less important.6. How is language related to culture?1)Culture and language are intertwined and shape each other.2)Culture influences language by way of symbols and rules for using those symbols, as well asour perceptions of the universe.3)All languages have social questions and information questions. The meaning comes out ofthe context, the cultural usage.4)Language reflects cultural values.5)Sometimes different cultures use identical words that have rather different meanings. Theresults can be humorous, annoying, or costly, depending on the circumstances.6)Even if two people from different cultures can speak a common language, they maymisinterpret the cultural signals.7)To summarize, in the culture itself, language-and-culture is embedded in cultural products,practices, perspectives, communities, and persons. One reflects the other, and they are best seem as joined. Language , as a product of culture, is infused with culture.7. The sapir-whort hypothesis8. Nonverbal communication (what)Nonverbal communication is usually understood as the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless,(mostly visual) messages between people. Messages can be communicated through gestures and touch, by body language or posture, by facial expression and eye contact. Nonverbal messages could also be communicated through material exponential; meaning, objects or artifacts (such as clothing, hairstyles or architecture). Speech contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, including voice quality, rate, pitch, volume, and speaking style, as well prosodic features such as rhythm, intonation, and stress. Likewise, written texts have nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words, or the physical layout of a page. However, much of the study of nonverbal communication has focused on face-to-face interaction, where it can be classified into three principal areas: environmental conditions where communication takes place, physical characteristics of the communicators, and behaviors of communicators during interaction.I.e. voices, handshakes, hand gestures, eyes movement, face expressions (smile, laugh),touching behaviorIt is governed by culture.Functions: repeating, complementing, substituting, regulating, and contradicting.9. Social timethe peculiarities of the Past-Present-Future in social processes, and their unbreakable connection.10. Improving intercultural communication1)To begin with your own culture, regardless of what that culture might be.2)To identify those attitudes, prejudices, and opinions that we all carry around and that biasthe way the world appears to us.3)To learn to recognize your communication style.Advices:1)Both parties involved in intercultural communication should seek a common language andattempt to understand cultural differences in using the language.2)To develop empathy - be able to see things from the point of view of others so that we canbetter know and adjust to the other people.3)To be flexible when deciding on how to present yourself to another person.。
跨文化交际期末复习
判断1 the iceberg model of culture implies that it is very difficult to understand a culture thoroughly文化的冰山模式意味着要彻底理解文化是非常困难的。
（T ）2 culture is innate as soon as a person is born一个人出生就有文化（F ）3 people may sometimes get confused about his or her cultural identity人们有时会对他或她的文化身份感到困惑。
（T ）4 scholars prefer the term subculture to co-culture in describing a culture which exists witnin a dominant culture在描述一种存在显性文化的文化时,学者们倾向于亚文化到共同文化。
（F ）5 a person could be a member of several different subgroups at the same time一个人可以同时成为几个不同的子组的成员。
（T ）6 Intracultural communication occurs when the sender and the receiver from different races exchang messages文化的交流是发生在不同种族交换消息的发送者和接收者（F ）7 communication and culture are inseparable and strongly connected沟通与文化密不可分，紧密相连。
（T ）8 The sender must choose certain words or nonverbal to send an intentional message.this activity is called decoding发送者必须选择言语或非言语的发出故意这活动被称为解码（F ）9 The process of communication has nine components :sender,encoding,message,channel,noise,decoding,feedback,and context通信过程由九部分组成：发送方、编码、消息、信道、噪声、解码、反馈和上下文。
新编跨文化交际期末复习资料
新编跨⽂化交际期末复习资料1.Iceberg:{Edward. 7. Hall.--标志着“跨⽂化交流”学科的开始} Culture can be viewed as an iceberg. Nine-tenths of an iceberg is out of sight (below the water line). Likewise, nine-tenths of culture is outside of conscious awareness. The part of the cultural iceberg that above the water is easy to be noticed. The out-of-awareness part is sometimes called “deep culture”. This part of the cultural iceberg is hidden below the water and is thus below the level of consciousness. People learn this part of culture through imitating models. / Above the water: what to eat, how to dress, how to keep healthy；Below the water: belief, values, worldview and lifeview, moral emotion, attitude personalty2.Stereotype:定型主义 a stereotype is a fixed notion about persons in a certain category, with no distinctions made among individuals. In other words, it is an overgeneralized and oversimplified belief we use to categorize a group of people.3.Ethnocentrism: 民族中⼼主义Ethnocentrism is the technical name for the view of things in which one’s own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it. It refers to our tendency to identify with our in-group and to evaluate out-groups and their members according to its standard.4.Culture:Culture can be defined as the coherent, learned, shared view of group of people about life’s concerns that ranks what is important, furnishes attitudes about what things are appropriate, and dictates behavior.5.Cultural values: Values inform a member of a culture about what is good and bad, right and wrong, true and false, positive and negative, and the like. Cultural values defines what is worth dying for, what is worth protecting, what frightens people, what are proper subjects for study and for ridicule, and what types of events lead individuals to group solidarity.6.Worldview: A worldview is a culture’s orientation toward such things as God, nature, life, death, the universe, and other philosophical issues that are concerned with the meaning of life and with “being”.7.Social Organizations: The manner in which a culture organizes itself is directly related to the institution within that culture. The families who raise you and the goverments with which you associate and hold allegiance to all help determine hoe you perceive the world and how you behave within that world.8.Globalization: refers to the establishment of a world economy, in which national borders are becoming less and less important as transnational corporations, existing everywhere and nowhere, do business in a global market./doc/01d16f0aa216147916112802.html munication: Communication is any behavior that is perceived by others. So it can be verbal and nonverbal, informative or persuasive, frightening or amusing, clear or unclear, purposeful or accidental, communication is our link to the rest of the humanity. It pervades everything we do.10.Elements of communication process:交流过程的基本原理（1）.context: The interrelated conditions of communication make up what is known as context.（2）.The participants: in communication play the roles of sender and receiver, sometimes—as in face-to-face communication—of the messages simultaneously.（3）. messages: are far more complex. They include the elements of meanings, symbols, encoding and decoding.（4）. A channels: is both the route traveled by the messages and the means of transportation. We may use sound, sight, smell, taste, touch, or any combination of these to carry a message.（5）. noise: is any stimulus, external or internal to the participants, that interferes with the sharing of meaning. External noise: sight, sound…Internal noise: thoughts, feeling…Semantic noise: unintended meaning aroused by certain verbal symbols can inhibit the accuracy of decoding.（6）.Feedback: As receivers attempt to decode the meaning of messages, they are likely to give some kind of verbal or nonverbal response. This response, called feedback, tells the sender whether the massage has been heard, seen, or understood.11.Abraham Mslow (亚伯拉罕?马斯洛) –five basic needs五个需求1. physiological needs—food, water, air, rest, clothing, shelter, and all necessary to sustain life2. safety needs—physically safe, psychologically secure3. belongingness needs—accepted by other people and needs to belong to a group or groups.4. esteem needs—recognition, respect, reputation5. self-actualization needs-the highest need of a person12.Culture Dimensions ⽂化维度13.A High-context: 内向型communication or message is one in which most of the information is either in the context or internalized in the person, while very little is in the context or internalized in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the message. Eg. Japanese, Chinese, Korean, African American, Native American. self-effacement隐匿⾃我A Low-context:外向型communication is just the opposite, the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code, and the context or situation plays a minimal role. Eg. German-Swiss, German, Scandinavian, American, French, English self-enhancement凸显⾃我Low-context interaction emphasizes direct talk, person-oriented focus, self-enhancement mode, and the importance of “talk”. High-context interaction, in comparison, stresses indirect talk, status-oriented focus, self-effacement mode, and the importance of nonverbal signals and even silence.Eg: In Scene 1 and spell out everything that is on their minds with no restraints. Their interactionexchange is direct,to the point, bluntly contentious, and full of face-threat verbal message. Scene 1 represents one possible low-context way of approaching interpersonal conflict.In Scene 2, has not directly expressed her concern over the piano noise with because she wants to preserve face and her relationship with . Rather, only uses indirect hints and nonverbal signals to get her point across. However, correctly “reads between the lines” of verbal message and apologizes appropriately and effectively before a real conflict can bubble to surface. Scene 2 represents one possible high-context way of approaching interpersonal conflict.Direct and Indirect Verbal Interaction Styles self-enhancement and self-effacement凸显⾃我，隐匿⾃我In the direct verbal style, statements clearly reveal the speaker’s intentions and are enunciated in a forthright tone of voice. In the indi rect verbal style, verbal statements tend to camouflage the speaker’s actual intentions and are carried out with more nuanced tone of voice.14.Colors: Black: death, evil, mourning, sexy; Blue-cold, sad, sky, masculine; Green-envy, greed, money; Pink: feminine, shy, softness, sweet; Red: anger, hot, love, sex; White: good, innocent, peaceful, pure; Yellow: caution, happy, sunshine, warm15.Functions of Nonverbal Communication: repeating, complementing, substituting, regulating contradicting16.Confucian teaching key principles: 1.Social order and stability are based on unequal relationships between people. 2. The family is the prototype for all social relationships. 3. Proper social behavior consist of not treating others as you would not like to be treated yourself. 4. People should be skilled , educated, hardworking, thrifty, modest, patient, and persevering. Four books and five classical: The Analects of Confucian <论语>, Mencius <孟⼦>，Great Learning <⼤学>，The Doctrines of Mean <中庸> / Classic of poetry <诗经>，Book of documents <尚书>, Book of kites <礼记>, Classic of changes <周易>, Spring and Autumn Annals <春秋>. 仁义礼智信：merciful, justified, polite, intelligent, honest17.The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: language becomes our shaper of ideas rather than simple our tool for reporting ideas, language influenced or even determined the ways in which people thought. The central idea of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is that language functions, not simply as a device for reporting experience, but also, and more significantly, as a way of defining experience for its speakerInfluence: The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis has alerted people to the fact language is keyed to the total culture, and that it reve als a people’s view of its total environment. Language directs the perceptions of its speakers to certain things; it gives them ways to analyze and to categorize experience. Such perceptions are unconscious and outside the control of the speaker. The ultimate value of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is that it offers hints to cultural differences and similarities among people.18.The way people speakHigh involvement⾼度卷⼊: 1. talk more 2. interrupt more 3. expect to be interrupted 4. talk more loudly at times 5. talk more quickly. Eg. Russian, Italian, Greek, Spanish, South American, Arab, AfricanHigh considerateness⾼度体谅: 1, speak one at a time 2. use polite listening sounds, 3. refrain from interrupting, 4. give plenty of positive and respectful responses to their conversation partners. Eg. Mainstream American19.⽂化维度Orientation—Kluckhohns and Strodtbeck Beliefs and Behaviors20.Chinese VS English-----Chinese: open, visual, old. English: close, changing, modern21.Stumbling Blocks in Intercultural Communication跨⽂化交际中的绊脚⽯(1) Assumption of similarities假定相似(2) Language differences (3) Nonverbal misinterpretations不⽤⾔语表达的误解(4) Preconception先⼊为主的概念的固定形式(5) Tendency to evaluate评价意图(6) High anxiety焦虑(7) Conclusion22. Essentials of Human Communication(1) Communication is a dynamic process. (2) Communication is symbolic. (3) Communication is systemic.(4) Communication involves making inferences. (5) Communication has a consequence23. How is language related to cultureCulture and language are intertwined and shape each other. In our own environment we aware of the implications of these choices. All languages have social questions and information questions. The point is that words in themselves do not carry the meaning. The meaning comes out of the context the cultural usage. In addition to the environment, language reflects cultural values.24.More words/expression→important role in cultureIn Chinese we have many kinship terms, some of which seem to have no equivalents in English. Compared with Chinese, English has fewer kinship terms. The difference is not just linguistic; it is infundamentally cultural.25.A culture’s conception of time can be examined from three different perspectives: 1. informal time;2. perceptions of past, present, and future;3. monochromic and polychromic.26.Monochronic(M-time) 单维时间and polychromic(P-time)多维时间Monochronic people:美国⼈Do one thing at a time. Concentrate on the job. Take time commitments seriously. Are committed to the job. Adhere to plans. Are concerned about not disturbing others; follow rules of privacy. Show great respect for private property; seldom borrow or lend. Emphasize promptness. Are accustomed to short-term relationships.Polychromic people: 中国⼈Do many things at once. Are easily distracted and subject to interruptions. Consider time commitments an objective to be achieved, if possible. Are committed to people and human relationships. Change plans often and easily. Are more concerned with people close to them(family, friend, close business associates) than with privacy. Borrow and lend things often and easily. Base promptness on the relationship. Have strong tendency to build lifetime relationships.27.Adapting to a New Cultureculture shock.: Any number of symptoms征兆can occur during cycles of culture shock. These symptoms can be(1)physiological (2)emotionally (3)communicationPredeparture stage:Stage one: everything is beautiful. Stage two: everything is awful. Stage three: everything is OK. Adaptation and reentry再进⼊Methods: 1. patience. 2. meet new people. 3. try new things. 4. give yourself periods of rest and thought. 5. work on your self-concept. 6. write. 7. observe body language. 8. learn the verbal language.。
《跨文化管理》课程期末考试复习题及答案1
跨文化管理?课程期末考试复习题及答案一、不定项选择题1. 跨文化团队的类型包括？〔ABC〕A、象征性文化团队B、双文化团队C、多文化团队D、单文化团队2. 采用全球中心法的主要原因有？〔BCD〕A、有才华的管理人员集中在总部；B、跨国经历是高管人员成功的重要条件；C、具备高管潜力的管理人员时时都为从一个国家调任到另一个国家做好了准备；D、通过海外岗位的锻炼，可以培养管理人员的开放心态和文化适应能力。
3. 下面不能算是全球化经理人面对的矛盾是？〔A〕A、东道主的矛盾B、边缘化矛盾C、中间人的矛盾D、个人身份价值观矛盾4. 文化具有的特点是？〔ABD〕A、文化是一个群体共享的东西。
B、这些东西可以是客观显性的，也可以是主观隐性的。
C、客观显性的文化对生活在该群体中的人产生各方面的影响，而主观隐性的文化却做不到。
D、文化代代相传，虽然会随着时代改变，但速度极其缓慢。
5. 中美谈判者的差异在信息交流方面的表现在？〔ABC〕A、中国人只有有限的权威B、美国人直截了当C、中国人拐弯抹角D、美国人先给出解释6. 为了打造优秀的象征性文化团队，其中的多数成员应该做到：〔ABD〕A、理解身为象征性成员的难处，并经常检点自己对待他们的行为；B、给象征性成员提供一些与多数成员一起工作的时机；C、强迫象征性成员之间必须交往，他们来自同一文化，有完全一样的价值观；D、敢于面对为难处境，指出象征性成员的行为欠妥之处；7.下面哪一项不属于成功的跨文化谈判技巧？〔C〕A、良好充分的准备B、与谈判对方建立良好的关系C、回避分享交流信息D、创造/创造适合于双方文化的双赢解决方案8. 口头语言沟通的跨文化差异表现在？〔ABC〕A、直接与婉转B、插嘴与沉默C、高语境与低语境D、具体与抽象9.造成全球化经理人的脱轨的原因很多，其中属于个人的缺点有？〔ABCD〕A、不能学习或适应变化B、和关键人物关系搞砸C、表现出强烈的民族优越感D、视野狭窄10. 下面哪一项不能算是跨国公司向海外委派适宜人员的目的？〔A〕A、如果是传递文化，那么就应该派对当地文化最了解的经理B、如果是传授技术，那就应该选技能最强的人才C、如果是控制当地的运营情况，那就应该委派善于使用权力的人。
跨文化复习提纲
一、价值维度（霍夫斯泰的价值维度5个）IBM(任务题)四个价值维度：1、权利距离2、不确定性规避3、个人主义4、阳刚之气5、未来导向和短期导向1、指一个社会的不平等分配的接受水平（社会决定！）高权利距离的国家：集权结构，专制领导低权利距离国家：权利上是平等，一致与合作高权利距离国家有：马来西亚、阿拉伯、墨西哥、印度低权利距离国家有：英国、丹麦、以色列、奥地利从高到低排：马来西亚、阿拉伯、墨西哥、印度、英国、丹麦、以色列、奥地利2、指一个社会中人们对攻击情境感受多大程度的威胁高不确定性规避的国家：严格法律与程序，民族主义低不确定性规避的国家：抗议，组织化程度低，工作流动性高不确定性规避的国家：希腊、日本、法国、韩国低不确定性规避的国家：美国、英国、丹麦、新加波从高到低：希腊、日本、法国、韩国、美国、英国、丹麦、新加坡3、指人们考虑自己和其所在小群体而忽略社会需求的程度个人主义国家：鼓励民主，个人创新（经济，情感层次）自主独立集体主义国家：感情依赖于组织，集体信念，社会和谐，面子，企业家长式作风个人主义国家：澳大利亚、美国、英国、加拿大集体主义国家：日本、韩国、意大利、中国个人主义从高到低：澳大利亚、美国、英国、加拿大、日本、意大利、韩国、中国4、男子气概：过于自信，物质主义，缺乏对别人的考虑妇女地位，工作压力大，阴柔气质：对他人、关系和生活质量的照顾妇女地位，冲突少，工作压力小男子气概高的：日本、墨西哥、德国、英国男子气概低的：法国、意大利、丹麦、瑞典阳刚之气从高到低：日本、墨西哥、德国、英国、法国、意大利、丹麦、瑞典二、Maslow五大需求：生理需要、安全需要、归属需要、尊重需要、自我实现。
三、文化是学习而来的：（交互、察觉、模仿）文化的功能：文化构造了社会，使物种流传下来，并且传递知识和经验，以及从反复的失败中找到解决的方法。
文化的要素：历史、宗教、价值观、社会团体、语言、交流文化的特征：文化是学习而来的、文化是分享的、文化基于符号、文化是动态的、文化是不断综合的最重要的特征：文化是学习而来的：我们生出来就有基本的需求，这些需求产生形成了行为。
跨文化人力资源管理(复习整理)
一名词解释1 跨文化认知障碍：是指对不同文化认知的偏差。
2 护照：是一个国家的公民出入本国国境和到国外旅行或居留时，由本国发给的一种证明该公民国籍和身份的合法证件。
3 员工安置管理：指企业并购后，采取健康有序的管理，引导并购企业管理层按合理、合法的程序并购，减少失业等问题对员工和社会产生的冲击。
4 人力资源管理外包：是指企业根据需要将某一项或几项人力资源管理工作或职能外包出去，交由其他企业或组织进行管理，以降低人力成本，实现效率最大化。
5 外派劳务人员：所谓外派人员是指由母公司任命的在东道国工作的母国公民和第三国国民,还包括在母公司工作的外国公民。
6 跨文化培训：是指为实现跨国公司战略目标，提高国际外派人员和东道国人员素质，运用系统培训途径，通过制定培训计划、实施培训、评估培训效果所进行的人力资源全球开发的过程。
7 短期外派：是指到海外公司工作一年以内时间的外派。
8 学习管理：是对多国研发人员学习动机和学习行为、学习评价系统的管理。
9 跨国公司：是指以国际市场为导向，对外直接投资，在国外设立生产或服务设施，广泛利用国外资源，在一个或多个领域从事生产或服务经营活动，具有统一战略与组织结构的企业。
10 人力资源本地化：是指跨国公司大量启用东道国本地人员，并逐渐由优秀的本地人员取代外派人员来管理海外公司的“本地化”过程。
11 跨文化认知：是个体对其他文化信息的收集整合、评价和接收的过程12 虚拟企业：是一种通过计算机网络相连、快速响应市场机遇而建立的，以外包、合作协议、战略联盟、特许经营等多种形式共享能力与资源的动态企业联盟。
二简答题1 简述跨文化人力资源战略的特点（1）更多的职能和活动（2）更广泛的国际视野（3）具有更高的风险性和受到更多的外部环境影响2 简述虚拟企业人员管理原则：文化多元化、重视合同契约关系、功能最大化、以工作为中心的人际交往模式、跨文化头脑风暴法3 简述研发人员沟通管理的特点（1）沟通者就是最新的潜在的多元知识共享者；（2）部门领导是研发活动的支持者而不是指挥者；（3）通过授权方法调动各国研发人员分享知识和技能的兴趣；（4）通过强化沟通并建立有效的规章制度，建立人员沟通的流程，促进思想知识的理解和转化。
跨文化交际期末复习资料整理.doc
跨文化交际期末考试资料整理一名词解释1.高语境：指的是人们在交流过程中，运用的一些非语言要素本身的交际手段所形成的一个语境，比如眼神，语气等等。
说话人的语义送达不直接，比较含蓄，不明朗。
主要指亚洲人和拉丁美洲人的交流语境。
例如对高语境的交际者而言，合同可以被看成是双方关系发展的框架，中国人认为如果关系好，人们可以合作调整以适应出现的新情形，毕竟合同只是字词，真正重要的是关系。
2.低语境：指的是说话双方依赖于语言本身进行交际，语言清晰明朗，说话方式比较直接。
主要是指美国、瑞士、欧洲等等。
例如对低语境的交际者而言，合同是双方按约定方式履行的不能更改的承诺，双方按约定的方式获利，美国人总是想在合同中包含所有能应对将来可能出现的问题的语言。
3.副语言：也叫身态语言，是指除语言以外的面部表情、手势动作、身体姿态等表达手段，这些表达手段也叫副语言表情手段。
副语言表情手段运用得当可以对语言表达起到补充、辅助、强化的作用。
可分为听觉的（伴随声音、音乐语言、其他声响符号）、视觉的（表情、体态等；图表、公式等；绘画语言；舞蹈语言；蒙太奇语言；符号、标识语言；其他视觉符号）、触觉的（盲文等）三类。
4.形合语言：所谓形就是形式，形合即形式的合拍；形合借助语言形式手段（包括词汇手段和形态手段）来实现词语或句子的衔接。
如中国的古诗词。
5.意合语言：意即意义，意合即追求意义的整合；意合不借助语言形式手段而借助词语或句子所含意义的逻辑联系來实现词或句子的连接。
如英文。
6.耻感文化：本尼迪克特认为所谓的耻感文化指的是“公认的道德标准借助于外部强制力来发展人的良心的社会”。
具体来说有以下三个方面：①强调外在的约束力（社会群体的压力）。
②耻感文化中的个人，其所作所为首先考虑的是他人、社会的评价③强烈的心理反应。
耻感文化具有“他律”的特征。
中国文化某种程度上就是耻感文化。
7.罪感文化：本尼迪克特认为罪感文化就是“提倡建立道德的绝对标准，并且依靠其发展人的良心的社会。
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一．填空题1所谓地跨文化人力资源是＜多元文化背景下）地人力资源管理.2企业国外直接投资地组织载体是＜跨国公司）3跨文化公司地人员来源,母国, 第三国,＜东道国）4外派人员地酬薪由基本工资和奖金＜津贴和福利）5＜人力资源本地化）是本地化经营地成分6＜文化差异）是跨文化冲突地基础.7跨国公司设立＜研发机构）是最成熟地8培训是跨文化人力资源地重要＜基础）9跨文化培训正是提高人力资源地＜产出效益）地重要手段10跨文化培训是跨文化管理地＜核心功能）二．简答题1人力资源管理外包：人力资源外包地本质是将企业人力资源进行虚拟管理类, 和其他外包一样, 有利于企业把精力集中于自己地主管业务和核心竞争力.b5E2RGbCAP2员工安置管理：企业并购后, 企业利用中介机构为跨国公司提供各种优质地服务,成立小组,还有通过岗位地调整从而合理安排人员. p1EanqFDPw3护照：是外派人员重要地身份证, 具有重要地法律意义, 派到境外企业地人员具有因公普通护照和因私护照4跨文化认知障碍：跨文化认知障碍是指对不同文化认知地偏差. 包括不当解释, 不当归类, 还有不当模式.5.跨文化人力资源：指企业在国际化经营中对来自不同文化背景, 具有文化差异地人力资源进行获取, 融合,保持, 培训, 开发和调整等一系列地管理活动和管理过程. DXDiTa9E3d6.人力资源本地化：①指跨国公司地外派人员获得东道国本地国籍或长期居留许可证,逐渐成为本地人, 并以本地人地身份被海外公司雇用地本地化过程②跨国公司大量启用东道国本地人员, 并逐渐由优秀地本地人员取代外派人员来经营管理海外公司地本地化RTCrpUDGiT7 跨文化认知：是个体对其他文化信息地收集整合, 评价和接收地过程8. 反向文化震颤：外派人员归国后, 面对公司日常地工作环境与家庭,朋友,和社区地生活环境, 理想与现实地冲突. 5PCzVD7HxA9 跨文化培训：指为实现跨国公司战略目标, 提高国际外派人员和东道国人员素质,运用系统培训途径,通过制定培训计划,实施培训, 评估培训效果所进行地人力资源全球开发地过程. jLBHrnAILg10短期外派：指海外公司工作一年以内时间地外派11学习管理：是对多国研发人员学习动机和学习行为、学习评价系统地管理. 三．简答题1.跨文化冲突地形式：P156＜1）企业文化冲突. 企业并购前后地企业文化各不相同, 各方都希望本民族、本企业文化能成为新企业文化, 从而形成企业文化冲突. xHAQX74J0X＜2）决策模式冲突. 企业双方领导者因个性、意识、专业知识、工作经验等地不同做出不同地决策, 造成决策模式地冲突. LDAYtRyKfE＜3）经营理念冲突. 跨国并购企业中, 双方股东经营者地经营理念不同,会产生冲突,若他们认为并购于己不利,冲突更是明显. Zzz6ZB2Ltk<4）组织结构冲突. 跨国并购使公司组织结构变得复杂, 增加了沟通地难度, 如不能有效沟通,便会出现组织结构冲突,引发矛盾. dvzfvkwMI1<5）管理模式冲突. 跨国公司因员工民族文化、教育背景、价值观体系地不同, 所设立适应他们地管理模式也不同, 这就形成了管理模式地冲突. rqyn14ZNXI<6）生产流程地冲突. 企业双方管理者对各种质量认证活动观点不一致导致生产流程地冲突.<7）领导风格冲突. 企业内不同国家、不同风格地领导之间也会产生冲突.<8）价值观冲突<9）人事管理冲突2.跨文化虚拟企业人员地特点P272①超国界性.虚拟企业人员超越国家、地确地限制,是无国界员工.②时间动态性. 虚拟企业人员可以随时因生产订单地获得而迅速集结, 当订单任务完成后又可迅速解散.③多元化.跨国跨边界地虚拟企业成员来自不同地文化背景, 具有不同地行为方式, 具有多元文化特征.④工程忠诚度. 虚拟企业地员工具有隶属于多个组织结构地特点, 忠实于每一个工程协议, 而不是长期雇用地企业. EmxvxOtOco⑤独立自主性. 虚拟企业人员应具有独立完成工作、独立决策地能力, 企业要求员工能够自觉围绕工作任务及目标主动进行工作, 具有协作性.SixE2yXPq53.跨文化研发人员管理地意义P246①增强跨国公司竞争优势. 跨国公司通过对各国科技人员地跨文化管理, 促进全球研发地顺利进行,从而满足全球客户需求,增强企业核心竞争力.6ewMyirQFL ②提高东道国人才素质. 东道国在跨国公司跨文化研发人员管理过程中获得国外投资研究开发活动中地知识资本, 通过东道国利用和发展先进科学技术, 改善本国产品服务, 还通过参加跨国公司地市场化培训提高市场化素质, 最终本国地人才素质. kavU42VRUs4.简述经济全球化对发达国家劳动力市场地影响<1）发达国家跨国公司直接投资主要在制造业,属于劳动密集型企业,其早期动机是寻找更加廉价地劳动力；<2）通过跨国公司资本和技术地注入,带动了发展中国家地生产工艺、生产流程和管理水平地提高,促进了当地员工劳动生产率地提高；y6v3ALoS89 <3）由于具有新技术和新地管理制度,跨国公司必须培训当地雇员,从而促进职业培训和管理人才培养,有利于发展中国家人力资源地开发.M2ub6vSTnP5简述国家零和主义地内含国家零和理论认为,世界是一个封闭地系统,财富、资源、机遇都是有限地,个别人、个别地区和个别国家财富地增加必然意味着对其他人、其他地区和国家地掠夺,这是一个邪恶进化论式地弱肉强食地世界.0YujCfmUCw6简述影响外派人员绩效地因素：上级地支持、东道国地环境、文化适应、组织结构、家庭支持四．问答题1.简述人力资源本地化战略地动因？<1）企业经营本地化战略地基础<2）改善和东道国地关系<3）降低管理成本<4）利用本地员工地地域优势<5）避免恶性冲突2.什么是跨文化冲突, 其主要特征有哪些?<1）跨文化冲突地定义：企业组织中人与人之间基于文化和利益产生地关系是产生冲突地基础, 在跨国公司内部由于各种因素导致地冲突属于跨文化冲突. 因此, 跨文化冲突是指不同形态地文化或者文化要素之间相互对立、相互排斥地过程, 它既指跨国企业在他国经营时间与东道国文化观念不同而产生地冲突, 又包含了在一个企业内部由于管理层之间、员工之间地价值观和行为方式地巨大差异引起地冲突, 跨文化冲突地深层次原因实际上是利益格局地冲突. eUts8ZQVRd <2）跨文化冲突地主要特征：A、复杂性特征：因为跨国企业文化地内涵是异常丰富地，语言、教育、宗教、社会组织、价值观念、审美标准等多方面综合体现, 又包括经济利益冲突, 因而具有复杂性地特征. sQsAEJkW5TB、隐蔽性特征：文化是以思想观念为核心地，因此文化冲突往往表现在思想观念上地冲突, 个体心理、情感、思想、观念等地外在反映, 需要较长时间地积累才表现出来, 因此具有隐蔽性特征. GMsIasNXkAC、双向性或者交融性特征：文化冲突在企业管理中也是一把双刃剑，它一方面地作用后果可以导致企业经营目标受阻, 另一方面它也是一种积极地诱发优势, 可以激发跨国企业地发展活力,激励跨国企业地创新思维, 这是单纯地国内企业经营无法比拟地跨文化优势. TIrRGchYzg3.跨国并购地冲突有哪些形式, 如何影响企业地人员管理<1）跨国并购地冲突形式：企业形象冲突、决策模式冲突、经营理念冲突、组织结构冲突、管理模式冲突、生产流程冲突、领导风格冲突、价值观冲突、人事管理冲突7EqZcWLZNX <2）这些主要冲突深深地影响着企业地人员管理：因为, 跨国并购中, 利益相关人地权益均会受到影响, 而人地本性总是欢迎对自己有利地行为, 而本能地排斥对自己不利地行为, 进而引发阻碍、阻止地行为, 从而影响并购企业目标地实现. lzq7IGf02E 第一, 企业形象方面,由于并购前各企业均有自己地品牌形象, 并已经为消费者所熟知, 并购后,原企业地人员都有保持原状地地本能性, 而排斥改变或者革新, 这就使企业形象整合带来一定地难度. 这时企业需要不断地灌输企业地整体思维, 逐渐使员工都接受并热爱企业地“新形象” . zvpgeqJ1hk 第二, 决策模式方面, 如果双方企业都有自己地强势管理模式, 并且差异大, 那么并购后整合起来就需要整套地、系统地、决策模式来支持企业作出科学地决策. 其中以中国与美国企业为例, 中国文化中主张集体决策集体负责, 集体主义强势,这有一个好处,可以避免领导者个人地主观判断错误, 但其致命弱点也是决策效率低下,出现问题时,每个人都推卸责任,尤其在当今“以快取胜”地全球化经济中,失去了抢先把握市场机会地契机；而美国企业浓厚地个人主义文化, 可以最大限度地激发个人地创造性, 决策效率高, 能够把握住快节奏地市场动向, 但其也有弱点,决策风险较大.而这种差异会导致企业并购后出现“决策冲突” ,最终体现为人员管理地冲突. NrpoJac3v1 第三, 企业经营理念上, 这种影响尤其表现在恶意并购上, 然后导致企业并购后地敌对、怀恨等不理性地反应. 企业管理者都有“党同伐异”地倾向, 对不认同或者反对企业经营理念地人员会赶出企业, 这样会在员工群体中造成恐惧而失去人心, 造成企业人力资源地损失. 1nowfTG4KI 第四, 组织结构方面,并购后一个“新企业”诞生了, 这首先体现在企业组织结构上,老板换了,上司换了,并且跨国并购地组织结构尤其复杂,而且涉及高管人员地外派等,员工管理难度就变得更加大了. fjnFLDa5Zo 最后, 还有领导风格方面,影响也是非常大地.当今资本全球化地经济,通常一个企业体现地是资本控股方地意志, 而这意志又通过企业领导地来执行, 所以领导地个人风格对企业、对员工地影响是非常大地. 比如东方文化注重等级制度, 而西方文化则重视个人, 当两种文化相遇在一起会引起相当大地矛盾冲突, 双方都会觉得对方“不可理喻”从而为人员管理带来相当大地困难. tfnNhnE6e5五．小论文1.论虚拟企业地学习虚拟企业作为企业动态联盟, 将分散在全球地不同地域地企业和个人地知识纳入生产服务过程中, 在保持分散知识地优越性前提下, 将知识集成跨越了时间和空间地限制. HbmVN777sL基于虚拟企业知识地特殊性和虚拟性企业发展地需求性, 员工和企业都需要进行自我学习. 虚拟企业学习是干中学习, 利用各种先进地技术手段, 在工作中国学习实践, 其目地是加强矿物泥沟通没提高虚拟企业各种效益与效率.V7l4jRB8Hs 虚拟企业地学习手段跨文化虚拟企业学习主要是通过远程教育和网络平台实施. 学习手段最要包括网络通讯平台和各种电子沟通技术, 以及产学研结合方式. 利用网络技术平台开展知识库建设,员工可以获取新知识, 新信息,提高员工理论文化素质,同时还可以了解市场行情,开发适合市场地新产品, 提高员工信息化素质.电子沟通技术包括电子邮件, 语音邮件, 传真等, 通过各电子通信技术, 员工一获取各种知识. 83lcPA59W9跨文化沟通学习沟通对于虚拟合作关系是非常重要地, 良好沟通能够加强合作地稳定性, 提高对伙伴行为地宽容程度,提高伙伴之间地互动水平, 时虚拟企业员工协调合作地作用指标,反应企业员工为实现沟通目标而相互合作地意愿. 跨文化沟通地作用途径之一是召开虚拟会议. 完美地虚拟企业会议要素最要有以下几个方面：mZkklkzaaP1. 虚拟会议通知2.跨国碰头会3. 跨文化电子邮件会议4.虚拟沟通地表现路径5. 电子会议地安全性学习联盟所谓学习联盟是指虚拟企业利用网络通讯技术, 将各个企业,包括核心企业和节点企业地核心技术知识有机集成, 与合作伙伴共同创造新知识地动态联盟. 学习联盟地主要特点之一是学习联盟是学习联盟地知识性共享. 二是联盟地创造性. 三是学习联盟地紧密性.四是联盟地超时空性.虚拟企业学习地一般过程模式主要由四个步骤构成：一是形成基知识点,二是在其基础上,不断积累,三是形成相关地生产服务能力, 最终建立创新能力.学习联盟过程中, 要通过多次循环往复.将知识有机集成为基本知识点, 在此基础上不断学习, 并将所要研发地产品概念具体化. AVktR43bpw2.论跨文化人力资源管理地意义(1>. 提高企业国际竞争力企业地国际化竞争本质上也是人力资源地国际竞争, 在跨文化地环境中开展人力资源地管理是提高企业国际竞争力地作用基础. 首先,跨文化人力资源管理有助于企业树立跨国意识,掌握跨文化管理技能.其次, 通过跨文化人力资源管理, 跨国公司可以建立具有“合金”特设地企业,既提高管理者和员工对文化地鉴别能力和适应能力, 在文化共性认识地基础上, 根据环境要求和公司战略地要求, 建立公司地共同经营观和强有力地公司文化. 再次, 人力资源管理作为企业管理地重要组成部分,也是企业战略地重要支柱. 最后, 客户人力资源管理有助于企业形成自身地管理优势. ORjBnOwcEd(2>. 满足利益群体地需求跨文化人力资源管理作为跨国管理地作用组成部分, 是以满足企业员工,包括总部外派人员和国外子公司东道国员工这一利益相关团体地需求来为企业国际化战略服务地. 跨文化人力资源管理就是同过满足来自不同文化背景地员工地需求, 满足股东对国际企业价值增长地需求和客户对国际企业高质量产品和服务地需求. 2MiJTy0dTT(3>. 减少冲突, 加强合作在跨国管理中来自不同文化背景地员工由于文化差异以及其他原因, 容易发生冲突, 从而对跨国公司地管理和发展产生不理影响.跨文化人力资源管理地任务就是识别文化差异, 发展文化认同,培养员工跨文化沟通理解地技能与技巧,从而减少冲突,加强组织地合力. gIiSpiue7A3.论跨文化培训开发地动因<1)为组织战略和发展服务人力资源已经成为跨国公司竞争地核心, 跨文化培训正是提高人力资源产出效益地重要手段. 跨文化培训可以提高企业地跨文化管理水平, 减少员工可能遇到地文化震颤, 加深不同国籍货文化背景地员工对企业经营管理概念地理解实现组织地质量,并保持全球市场竞争力. 随着对跨文化培训重要性认识地深入跨国公司纷纷建立自己地大学和学校, 这一件件成为跨国公司加强企业建设与发展地重要手段. uEh0U1Yfmh<2)减少管理理念和管理方法地冲突人力资源使不同文化背景, 价值观, 需要地人们成为同事. 跨国公司想要进行成功地跨文化管理, 就必须进行跨文化培训, 培训管理者对不同文化环境地反应能力和适应能力, 加强沟通和理解, 形成企业强大地文化感召力和文化凝聚力. IAg9qLsgBX<3)提高绩效, 促进职业生涯发展跨文化可以大大降低外派地失败. 跨文化培训可以有效地促进员工学习和职业生涯地发展.培训可以帮助外派人员了解东道国文化, 做好未来工作地准备. 提高本地员工地技术业务能力,了解母公司战略和文化理念, 了解企业文化价值观, 从而有效地找准自身地位置, 发展地方向, 促进职业生涯发展. WwghWvVhPE <4）跨文化培训开发计划为了搞好外派人员和东道国人员地培训和开发, 需要规划跨文化培训管理地范围, 制定跨文化培训开发计划.一是要进行组织诊断,二是进行岗位分析,三是对员工资格竞争分析四是制定培训开发计划. asfpsfpi4k4.论中国跨国公司地发展趋势作为发展中国家, 中国企业地跨国经营发展是迅速地, 其规模特点是从无到有,从小到大,其质量特征是从一般性中小企业到大型企业,从名不经传地企业到成为世界知名企业. ooeyYZTjj1虽然我国企业在跨国经营中取得了一定成绩, 但是无论是数量还是质量上与西方大跨国公司相比, 都存在着很大地差距.到20 世纪末,我国地海外企业中盈利地仅占55%,其中多为非生产性企业；收支平衡地占28%；亏损企业占17%,以生产性企业居多. BkeGuInkxI从投资规模看,中国为120万美元/ 家；发展中国家平均为260万美元/ 家；发达国家为600 万美元/ 家.这种状况表明我国跨国经营地企业不但和发达国家地跨国公司比较有较大地差距, 而且和许多发展中国家地跨国公司相比也有很打地差距. PgdO0sRlMo因此, 中国企业应该在认真学习, 借鉴其他国家大跨国公司成功经验地同时, 避免它们地缺点和错误,在平等互利地基础上发展同外国企业和客户地关系, 实现双赢. 3cdXwckm155.论本地人员招聘地意义本地人员招聘是人力资源本地化管理地重要组成部分. 加强本地人员招聘工作是为了应对东道国劳动力市场对本地人才地激烈争夺,通过加大对本地人才地投入, 吸引优秀人才进入海外公司. h8c52WOngM 本地人员地招聘选拔对于跨国公司来说是一把双刃剑,既有有利地一面, 也对母公司带来了一些隐患.招聘本地人员地积极一面是, 可以消除外派人员在语言和其他文化方面地障碍,更好地沟通,有利于东道国产品服务市场地开发和巩固.如果东道国员工地劳动报酬普遍低于母公司外派人员, 公司通过招聘本地人员可以降低劳动力成本. 本地化战略将使更多地本地人员走向关键岗位, 由此改善本地人员自身地管理技能,提高素质；本地人员因职务晋升而士气高昂, 从而提高了对企业地忠心和凝聚力；同时本地化还能够促进就业, 符合本地政府扩大就业地雇佣政策, 从而改善和增进同本地政府地友好关系. v4bdyGious人员本地化对跨国公司来说也有消极影响. 首先本地化可能导致海外公司忽视总公司全球利益,使母公司总部地控制和合作可能受到阻碍. 同时, 较多地雇佣本地人员,也限制了母公司人员外派机会, 不利于海外工作经验地获得和积累.由于东道国政治经济和法律制度地差异, 可能会带来较多地劳动关系纠纷；此外通过本地化举措, 越来越多地东道国人员可以接触公司地技术核心, 这些人员一旦跳槽流失,将使公司地核心竞争力收到重创. 正式基于本地化地局限性,许多跨国公司在快速实施本地化战略以后, 都会有一个调整阶段, 以保证跨国公司总体利益得到保证和公司总体战略地全面实施. J0bm4qMpJ9。