美国医学会论文撰写指导手册AMAManualofStyle
APA_style
Use:
the third person point of view rather than using the first person point of view or the passive voice The study showed that…, NOT I found out that….
References Page
Center the title– References-- at the top of the page Double-space reference entries
Do NOT include “Running head:” in the header after the title page!
General Format (cont’d)
Your essay should include four major sections:
References Main Body Abstract Title page
Title Page
Page header:
(use Insert Page Header)
References: Basics (cont’d)
Capitalize all major words in journal titles. Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals. Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles or essays in edited collections.
APA (7th edition) Referencing Style说明书
APA (7th edition) Referencing StyleThis referencing style sheet is to be used in conjunction with the Library’s general Guide to Citing & Referencing. The information is based on the following publications from the American Psychological Association (APA):American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). American Psychological Association. (2020). Concise guide to APA style: The official APA style guide for students (7th ed.).For help with referencing items not covered in this guide:You should refer to either the Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.) or the more compact version, Concise guide to APA style: The official APA style guide for students (7th ed.). The Library has copies of both books which (when they are not on loan) can be found on Level 3, at shelf mark 808.06615 AME.Currently, the Library is also providing access to the e-version of each book, on the BibliU platform:/login?url=https:///users/saml/samlBath.BibliU provides a video playlist on YouTube that offers an overview of all the key aspects of using a BibliU e-book, including accessibility features, annotation options, and downloading the BiblIU app for offline reading of e-books:https:///watch?v=xdurhZuogXU&list=PLXTIiw7kQ0518yrXGOWUxMEz9jKXpUdUI. CitationThe APA uses an author-date style of referencing with details entered in round brackets, for example:The traditional approach to human cognition is over-simplified in assuming that processing is typically serial (Eysenck & Keane, 2010).If a publication date is not provided, insert n.d. in round brackets to signify ‘no date’, thus: (n.d.).Treatment of multiple authors: When a work has two authors, cite both authors’ surnames every time.When a work has three or more authors, cite the surname of the first author only, followed by et al., in every citation, including the first:Kisangua et al. (2007) found that … [first and subsequent citations]Reference listThe reference list must have the title word References, which should capitalised, in bold and centred. The reference list should contain full details of all the sources mentioned in your text, arranged alphabetically by surname of first author. List entries should be double-spaced (both within and between entries), and the first line of each reference is flush left with subsequent lines indented 0.5 inches (1.27 centimetres) from the left margin.Reference examplesBelow are some examples of the more common types of document you might want to reference. Each gives the APA 7th ed. format for the reference, followed by an example. Treatment of multiple authors within a reference list: when authors number twenty-one or more, include the first nineteen authors’ names then insert an ellipsis (…) and add the last author’s name. For example:Author, A. A., Author B. B., Author, C. C., Author, D. D., Author, E. E., Author, F. F., Author, G. G., Author, H. H., Author, I.I., Author, J. J., Author, K. K., Author, L. L., Author, M. M., Author, N. N., Author, O. O., Author, P. P., Author, Q.Q., Author, R. R., Author, S. S., . . . Author, W. W.Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetmaa,A., ... Joseph, D. (1999). The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bulletin of the American MeteorologicalSociety,77(3), 437–471. https:///fg6rf9Khan, A., Huynh, T. M. T., Vandeplas, G., Joish, V. N., Mannent, L. P., Tomassen P., van Zele, T., Cardell, L.O., Arebro, J., Olze, H., Forster-Ruhrmann, U., Kowalski, M. L., Olszewska-Ziaber, A., Fokkens, W., van Drunen, C., Mullol, J., Alobid, I., Hellings, P.W., Hox, V., …Bachert, C. (2019). The GALEN rhinosinusitis cohort: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps affects health-related quality of life. Rhinology, 57(5), 343-351.https:///10.4193/Rhin19.1581. Print version of a journal articleAuthor surname, Initials. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of journal, Volume number(issue number), pages xx -xx.Nevin, A. (1990). The changing of teacher education special education. Teacher education and special education:The journal of the Teacher Education Division of the Council for Exceptional Children, 13(4), 147-148.In-text citationParenthetical:(Nevin, 1990)NarrativeNevin (1990) outlined...2. Electronic version of a journal article without a Digital Object Identifier (DOI)Author surname, Initials. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of journal, Volume number(issue number), page numbers xx-xx. URLMarion, T., Reese, V., & Wagner, R. F. (2018). Dermatologic features in good film characters who turn evil: The transformation. Dermatology Online Journal, 24(9), Article 4. https:///uc/item/1666h4z5In-text citationParenthetical(Marion et al., 2018)NarrativeIn research by Marion et al. (2018)...3. Electronic version of a journal article with a DOIAuthor’s surname, Initials. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of journal, Volume number(issue number), page numbers xx-xx. http///xxxxOncul, O. (2016). Crime and Delinquency. International Journal of Psychology, 51(S1), 295-303.https:///10.1002/ijop.123054. Print version of a bookAuthor’s surname, initials. (Year of publication). Title (xx ed. if not the first). Publisher.Tseris, E. (2019). Trauma, women's mental health, and social justice: Pitfalls and possibilities. Routledge.In-text citationIt is not required to provide a page or paragraph number in the citation for a paraphrase, but you may include one if it would help your reader to locate the relevant passage in a lengthy work, such as a book.Parenthetical(Tseris, 2018, p. 12)NarrativeAccording to Tseris (2018)…(p. 12).5. Electronic version of a print bookIdentifying the format, platform, or device (e.g., eBook, Kindle book, etc.) of an authored eBook is no longer needed. An authored eBook from an academic collection should be treated as an authored print book with the reference ending with the publisher.If you wish to quote or paraphrase from an e-book that has no page numbers, you must devise an alternative means of identifying the relevant passage. In the case of a Kindle book that has no page numbers, do not provide the location number. The recommended alternative is to include the heading or section name, the paragraph number (count the paragraphs yourself, if they are not already numbered), or a combination of the heading or section name and the paragraph number.Author surname, Initials. (Year of publication). Title. Publisher. URL [if available].Moore, A. (2012). Teaching and learning: Pedagogy, curriculum and culture (2nd ed.). Routledge. https:///permalink/f/1fg2g9q/44BAT_ALMA_DS5145800530002761In-text citationParenthetical(Moore, 2012)NarrativeMoore (2012) presented…6. Republished electronic version of a bookAuthor surname, Initials. (Year of release in electronic format). Title. Publisher. URL (Original year work published xxxx).Hooke, R. (2005). Micrographia: Or some physiological descriptions of minute bodies made by magnifying glasses with observations and inquiries thereupon. Project Gutenberg. /files/15491/15491-h/15491-h.htm (Original work published 1664).In-text citationParenthetical(Hooke, 1664/2005)NarrativeHooke (1664/2005) addressed…7. Book with two authors/editorsAuthors’ surnames, initials. (Year of publication). Title (xx ed. if not the first). Publisher.Rutter, L., & Brown, K. (2020). Critical thinking and professional judgement for social work (5th ed.). Learning Matters.In-text citationParenthetical(Rutter & Brown, 2020)NarrativeRutter and Brown (2020) posited…8. Book with three or more authors up to and including 20 authorsAuthors’ surnames, initials. (Year of publication). Title (xx ed. if not the first). Publisher.Haugtvedt, C., Herr, P., & Kardes, F. (2008). Handbook of consumer psychology. Psychology Press.Provide surnames and initials for up to and including 20 authors. The last author’s surname should be preceded by an ampersand (&).In-text citationParenthetical(Haugtvedt et al., 2008)NarrativeHaugtvedt et al. (2008) stated…According to the 7th edition, up to 20 authors should now be included in a reference list entry.For sources with 21 or more authors, include the first 19 authors’ names, insert an ellipsis (…) and then add the final author’s name. Do not place an ampersand (&) before the final author's name.9. Book with editor(s) instead of author(s)Editor’s surnames, initials. (Year of publication). Title (xx ed. if not the first). Publisher.Palmer, S. (Ed.). (2011). Social work in mental health and substance abuse. CRC Press.In-text citationParenthetical(Palmer, 2011)NarrativePalmer (2011) believed that…10. Book with group authorGroup author. (Year of publication). Title (xx ed. if not the first). Publisher [If different from the group author].British Broadcasting Corporation. (2005). Review of the BBC's royal charter: BBC response to a strong BBC, independent of government.In-text citationParenthetical(British Broadcasting Corporation, 2005)NarrativeIn its review, the British Broadcasting Corporation (2015) noted…You need not abbreviate the name of a group author in a citation, but you can if the abbreviation is well-known or if you will cite the group author at least three times. You must provide the full name of the group author in the first mention, with the abbreviation.11. One chapter / paper from a collection in a bookAuthor of chapter’s surname, Initials. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In: Initials of first editor, Surname of first editor & Initials of second editor, Surname of second editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xx-xx). Publisher.Martin, A. (2006). Literacies for the digital age. In A. Martin & D. Madigan (Eds.), Digital literacies for learning (pp. 3-25).Facet.In-text citationParenthetical(Martin, 2006).NarrativeMartin (2006) challenged…12. Newspaper articleAuthor’s surname, Initials. (Year of publication, Month of publication, Day of publication). Title of article. Title/Name of newspaper, pp. xx-xx.Bowcott, O. (2020, September 24). Investigation launched after black barrister is mistaken for the defendant three times in a day. The Guardian, pp. 20-21.In-text citationParenthetical(Bowcott, 2020)NarrativeBowcott (2020) said…13. Thesis/dissertationThe APA makes a distinction between theses/dissertations available in print form only (‘unpublished’) and those available online (‘published’), and it makes further distinctions according to the type of online publisher. The APA also uses American terminology to describe a thesis/dissertation: ‘doctoral dissertation’ and ‘master’s thesis’. Please refer to the Publication Manual for detailed guidance.Doctoral dissertation published online, but not in a databaseAuthor surname, Initials. (Year of award). Title of dissertation (Level of award, Awarding institution). Archive name. URLConfait, M. F. (2018). Maximising the contributions of PHD graduates to national development: The case of the Seychelles [Doctoral dissertation, Edith Cowan University]. Edith Cowan Online Repository.https://.au/theses/206014. Government publicationName of government department. (Date of publication). Title of report. Publisher [If different from the group author].Public Health England. (2020) Stay at home: Guidance for households with possible or confirmed coronavirus (COVID-19) infection.In-text citationParenthetical(Public Health England, 2020)NarrativePublic Health England (2020) outlined...15. Television broadcastWriter’s surname, Initials. (Writer), & Director’s surname, Initials. (Director). (Year, Month Day). Title of episode (Season x, Episode y) [TV series episode]. In Executive Producer’s Initial. Executive Producer’s surname (ExecutiveProducer), Title of TV series. Broadcasting company.Kripke, E. (Writer), & Trachtenberg, D. (Director). (2020, July 26). The Name of the Game (Season 1, Episode 1) [TV series episode]. In H. Gorenstein (Executive Producer), The Boys. Sony Pictures Television; Kripke Enterprises;Point Grey Pictures; Original Film; Kickstart Entertainment; Kickstart Entertainment; Amazon Studios.In-text citationParenthetical(Kripke & Trachtenberg, 2020)NarrativeKripke and Trachtenberg (2020) averred...16. Web pagesSome online sources are designed to change over time and will not have an archive of earlier versions, e.g. Google Maps, a web page, or a dictionary entry. If an online source includes a date when it was last updated, provide a retrieval date in the reference, as well as the date of update as the date of publication. In this way, you are informing your reader that they may retrieve a newer version of the source. The retrieval date should be inserted before the URL in the reference.If you wish to quote or paraphrase from a web page that has no page numbers, you must devise an alternative means of identifying the relevant passage. The recommended alternative is to include the heading or section name, the paragraph number (count the paragraphs yourself, if they are not already numbered), or a combination of the heading or section name and the paragraph number.Author's surname, Initials. (Year, Month Day site/document was published online: be as specific as is possible). Title.Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL.Note: if there is no individual author, use the group author (organisation), e.g. British Broadcasting Corporation. If neither is available, move the title to the author position, before a full stop and the date of publication.National Health Service. (2020, November 25). Check if you or your child has coronavirus symptoms. Retrieved November 26, 2020, from https:///conditions/coronavirus-covid-19/symptoms/In-text citationParenthetical(National Health Service, 2020, Babies and children section, para. 3)NarrativeThe National Health Service (2020) advise d…(Babies and children section, para. 3).This guide offers a basic template for APA referencing. For help with referencing sources that are not included in this guide, please refer to the APA publications that we recommend on page 1.MH/JH November 2020; JH August 2021。
AJMFQB practice 1~5
Copyright © 2010 A&J Study Manual. 1st Edition|
2
Table of Contents
SOA Exam MFE/ CAS Exam 3F
Table of Contents NhomakorabeaPart 1. Put-Call Parity and Other Option Relationships ............................................................... 4 Solutions ....................................................................................................................................... 24 Part 2. Binomial Option Pricing ................................................................................................... 38 Solutions ....................................................................................................................................... 52 Part 3. Black-Scholes Formula and Option Greeks.................................................................... 71 Solutions ....................................................................................................................................... 85 Part 4. Market-Making and Delta-Hedging ................................................................................ 103 Solutions ..................................................................................................................................... 114 Part 5. Exotic Options ................................................................................................................ 126 Solutions ..................................................................................................................................... 145 Part 6. The Lognormal Distribution ........................................................................................... 165 Solutions ..................................................................................................................................... 170 Part 7. Monte Carlo Valuation .................................................................................................... 175 Solutions ..................................................................................................................................... 183 Part 8. Brownian Motion and Itō’s lemma ................................................................................. 193 Solutions ..................................................................................................................................... 209 Part 9. Interest Rate Models....................................................................................................... 225 Solutions ..................................................................................................................................... 237 Author’s Biography .................................................................................................................... 254
芝加哥论文格式
name of the periodical
volume and number of the issue date page number (s)
complete name of the author (if provided) title of the article
C. E. Nwezeh, “The Comparative Approach to Modern African Literature,” Yearbook of General and Comparative Literature, no.28 (1979): 22.
man.1’”
×
Robert Heilbroner explains that “the profit
motive as we know it is only as old as ‘modern
man.’”1
√
Robert Heilbroner1 explains that “the profit
√
“ The profit motive as we know it is only as old as ‘modern man’”:1 ancient civilizations would have found this principle alien.
√
Both footnotes and endnotes are usually numbered consecutively within a chapter, starting with number one in each new chapter. Some institutions, however, recommend numbering notes throughout the entire thesis.
APA STYLE GUIDE 6th Edition
Reference Citations in TextReferences∙Print Sources (paper) Articles, books, reports, governmentdocuments, corporate author, etc.∙Electronic Sources (online/web) articles, ebooks, reports,broadcast, data, blogs, wiki, podcasts, etc.,More Help with APA APA Web Sites and TutorialsPDF version (5th Edition) Return to Library Home PageAmerican Psychological Association or APA style is widely accepted in the Social Sciences. For more information consult the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association located on 2 North Reference and in Dictionary Stands on all floors: BF 76.7 P83 2010. Publication Manual sections are noted in square brackets [ ]. CITING REFERENCES IN TEXT [6.11-6.22]Throughout the body of your paper, briefly note the author and date of research that you mention. Enough information is needed to identify the correct source in the References list at the end of your paper. For more information and examples, see Table 6.1 in the 6th ed. Publication Manual.∙Author and Date Cited in Text (no parenthetical citation necessary)In a 1989 article, Gould explores some of Darwin's most effective metaphors.∙Author Not Cited in TextAs metaphors for the workings of nature, Darwin used the tangled bank, the tree oflife, and the face of nature (Gould, 1989).∙Author Cited in TextGould (1989) attributes Darwin's success to his gift for making the appropriatemetaphor.∙Direct Quotation with Name of AuthorGould (1989) explains that Darwin used the metaphor of the tree of life "to express the other form of interconnectedness–genealogical rather than ecological–and to illustrate both success and failure in the history of life" (p. 14).∙Direct Quotation without Name of AuthorDarwin used the metaphor of the tree of life "to express the other form ofinterconnectedness–genealogical rather than ecological" (Gould, 1989, p. 14).For each of the samples above the correct "References" APA style formatwould be:∙Quoting references that cite other works [6.17]To cite secondary sources, refer to both sources in the text, but include in theReferences list only the source that you actually used. For instance, suppose you read Feist (1998) and would like to paraphrase the following sentence within that book:Bandura (1989) defined self-efficacy as "people's beliefs about their capabilitiesto exercise control over events that affect their lives" (p. 1175).In this case, your in-text citation would be: (Bandura, 1989, as cited in Feist,1998).Feist (1998) would be fully referenced within the list of References. Bandura (1989)would not be listed. Remember to use the examples in this handout to cite andreference your quote correctly.Return to top of the page REFERENCESFor more information and examples, see sections 6.22-6.32 in the 6th ed. Publication Manual:∙Begin your list of references on a new page, headed with the word “References”centered at the top.∙Use “Reference” if there is only one.∙Alphabetize the list by author's last name. If there is no author given, start with the first significant word in the title.∙For article titles, capitalize only the first word of the title and subtitle, and proper names.∙Periodical titles should be written in full with both capital and lower case letters.∙References are to be in a hanging indent format, meaning that the first line of each reference is set flush left and subsequent lines are indented.∙Double space the entire document.Example:Return to top of the page PRINT SOURCES: JOURNAL ARTICLES(periodical articles published in journals, magazines, newspapers, etc.)Format: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume (issue), pages.∙One Author [6.27]Mellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences.PsychologicalBulletin, 126, 910-924.Note: Include issue number if the journal is paginated separately by issue. [6.30] ∙Two to Seven Authors [6.27]Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations.Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research,45(2), 10-36.∙Eight or More Authors [7.01.2]Note: Include all authors up to and including seven. For eight or more, include the first six, then an ellipsis, followed by the last author's name. [6.27]Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua,L., ...Griffin. W. A. (2000).An experimental evaluation of theory-based mother and mother-child programs forchildren of divorce. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 843-856.∙Magazine Article [7.01.7]Rodgers, J. (2006, July). Extreme psychology. Psychology Today, 39(4), 86-93.∙Review of a Book [7.06.45]Schatz, B. R. (2000, November 17). Learning by text or context? [Review of the bookThesocial life of information by J.S. Brown & P. Duguid]. Science, 290, 1304.∙Daily Newspaper Article, No Author [7.01.10]∙New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (2001, August 3).The Washington Post, p. A12.∙Letter to the Editor, Newspaper Article[7.01.15]Berkowitz, A.D. (2000, November 24). How to tackle the problem of student drinking[Letterto the editor]. The Chronicle of Higher Education, p B20.∙Entire Issue of a Journal[7.01.12]Barlow, D.H. (Ed.). (1991) Diagnoses, dimensions, and DSM-IV: The science ofclassification[Special issue]. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(3).Return to top of the page PRINT SOURCES: BOOKS AND REPORTSFormat: Author, A. A. (year). Title of work. Location: Publisher.∙Book [7.02.18]Mitchell, T. R., & Larson, J. R., Jr. (1987). People in organizations: An introduction toorganizational behavior (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.∙ A Book by More than One Author [7.02.24]Levison, M., Ward, R. G., & Webb, J. W. (1973). The settlement of Polynesia: Acomputer simulation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.∙Edited Book [7.02.22-24]Ruiz, V. L., & Sánchez Korrol, V. (Eds.). (2006). Latinas in the United States: Ahistoricalencyclopedia. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.∙Corporate Author as Publisher [7.02]American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mentaldisorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.∙Anonymous Author [6.27]Guidelines and application form for directors, 1990 summer seminar for schoolteachers.(1988). Washington, DC: National Endowment for the Humanities.∙Chapter in a Book [7.02.25]Massaro, D. (1992). Broadening the domain of the fuzzy logical model of perception. InH. L.Pick Jr., P. van den Broek, & D.C. Knill (Eds.), Cognition: Conceptual andmethodological issues (pp. 51-84). Washington, DC: American PsychologicalAssociation.∙ERIC Document [7.09.62]Mead, J. V. (1992). Looking at old photographs: Investigating the teacher tales thatnovice teachers bring with them (Report No. NCRTL-RR-92-4). East Lansing,MI: National Center for Research on Teaching Learning. (ED346082) ∙Government Report [7.03.31]National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness(DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: GovernmentPrinting Office.Return to top of the page ELECTRONIC (BROADCAST, ONLINE and WEB SITES)Citing electronic sources is similar to citing print sources; citations direct readers to the source or as close as possible.Where do I find a DOI?∙It may be part of the citation or abstract of a record.∙It may be found on the first page of an article, especially in pdf format.∙Use DOI Lookup (/guestquery/).∙Cut and paste a citation into CrossRef Simple Text Query(/SimpleTextQuery/)∙Verify a known DOI by using CrossRef DOIResolver (/05researchers/58doi_resolver.html)Format: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume(issue), pages. doi: unique identifier∙Full-Text Article with DOI assignedJacobson, J. W., Mulick, J. A., & Schwartz, A. A. (1995). A history of facilitatedcommunication: Science, pseudoscience, and antiscience. AmericanPsychologist,50, 750-765. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.50.9.750Stevenson, W., Maton, K. I., & Teti, D. M. (1999). Social support, relationship quality,and well-being among pregnant adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 22, 109-121.doi: 10.1006/jado.1998.0204∙Full-Text Articles without a DOI [6.32]If no DOI has been assigned, provide the home page URL of the journal, book orreport publisher. If you are accessing through a database, you may need to do a web search to locate the URL. It is not necessary to include the name of the database.There is no period at the end of a reference citation ending with a URL.Francis-Smythe, J., & Robertson, I. (1999). Time-related individual differences.Time & Society, 8, 273-292. Retrieved from Senior, B. (1997). Team roles and team performance: Is there really a link? Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70, 241-258. Retrieved from/journals/joop∙Online Newspaper Article [7.01.11]McHugh, P. (2005, March 17). Feeling down? It might help if you just take it outside.San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved from ∙Research or Technical Report from a Web Site [7.03]NAACP. (n.d.). Juvenile justice fact sheet. Retrieved December 11, 2007, from/advocacy/research/facts/Juvenile%20Justice.pdfACLU. (2007, November 29). FBI Improperly Using Patriot Act SurveillancePowers, ACLU Charges. Retrieved from/safefree/nationalsecurityletters/32904prs20071129.html∙Article from Web Site or E-journal [7.01.3]Takase, A. (2007). Japanese high school students' motivation for extensive L2reading.Reading in a Foreign Language, 19(1), 1-18. RetrievedSeptember 24, 2007, from /rfl/April2007/takase/takase.pdf ∙Television Broadcast [7.07.51]Crystal, L. (Executive Producer). (1993, October 11). The MacNeil/Lehrer news hour.[Television broadcast]. New York and Washington, DC: Public Broadcasting Service.∙Electronic Book from Web Site [7.02.19]O'Keefe, E. (n.d). Egoism & the crisis in Western values. Retrieved from/showitem.asp?itemID=135∙Electronic Book from Database [7.02.19]Gates, J.M. (1999). Consider the Earth: Environmental activities for grades 4-8.Retrieved from ∙Wiki [7.11]Psychometric assessment. (n.d.). Retrieved January 28, 2007, from The PsychologyWiki: /wiki/Psychometirc_assessment ∙Data set [7.08.54]Pew Hispanic Center. (2004). Changing channels and criss-crosing cultures: A survey ofLatinos on the news media [Data file and code book]. Retrieved from/datasets/∙Blog post [7.11.76]bfy. (2007, January 22). Re: The unfortunate prerequisites and consequences ofpartitioning yourmind [Web log message]. Retrieved from/pharyngula/2007/the_unfortunate_prerequisites.php ∙Audio podcast [7.07.50]Van Nuys, D. (Producer). (2006, October 13). Understanding autism.Shrink Rap Radio [Audio Podcast]. Retreived from/Return to top of the page MORE HELP WITH APACan't find the right rule? If you do not find a rule in this guide to fit the specific citation situation you are working on, you need to consult the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. Copies are available at all dictionary stands on all four floors in the Library, in Reference (BF 76.7 P83 2009), and in the Reserve Book Room for a 2 hour check out period. Reference examples are in Chapter Seven.It is impossible to have an example for every type of source available. If you are unable to find the perfect example, remember, that the purpose of listing references is to allow readers to retrieve and use your sources. Find the closest example; and put as much infomation as you think necessary in your citiation to ensure that the source can be retrieved in the future.Students may also seek assistance with papers for any class in any department, or for preparation for writing exams at the CSUS Writing Center. The Writing Center is located in Room 128 of Calaveras Hall.Also consider taking one of the drop in classes in the Library. Classes are held throughout theyear. Check at the Reference Desk (2North) for a schedule of workshops or on the Library Instruction web pageExamples are also available from the web sites listed below.Return to top of the page APA WEB SITES and Tutorials∙Basics of APA Style Tutorial∙Quick Guide to APA Format (6th edition)This is a short video by Deborah Metzger, CSU Sacramento Science Librarian ∙APA Style for Electronic Sources/Trinity University∙OWL at Purdue/APA Format∙Frequently Asked Questions about APA StyleReturn to top of the page PDF VERSION OF APA STYLE GUIDE∙PDF Version of the APA Style Guide ( 5th Edition)∙APA (6th Edition) / Alvin Sherman Library, Research and Information Technology Center, Nova Southeastern UniversityReturn to top of the page。
Springer Author Academy 施普林格作者学院
Springer Author Academy施普林格作者学院欢迎来到施普林格作者学院！本学院是施普林格（Springer）和理文编辑（Edanz）为提高作者撰写和发表科研论文的能力而专门设计的一个指南性网站。
你可以点击右侧或下侧的链接，针对自己感兴趣的主题获取相应的建议。
在此之前，有必要先探讨一下发表论文为什么对你很重要。
通常发表论文是为了能够顺利毕业、求职或晋升。
然而，我们不妨先思考一下：一名真正的科学家，应该完成两项重要使命：•为人类知识库添砖加瓦•让自己和他人认识宇宙的本质如果你不发表文章，这一切就无从谈起。
何况，他人对你的认知主要是基于你发表的文献。
如果你不发表文章，其他研究人员就不能从你的工作中获得启迪；这样一来，你的研究流于无形。
换言之，你的研究工作，如果最终未能发表，它就是不完整的。
OVERVIEW概述•为什么要发表英文文献？•为什么要掌握良好的写作技能？•期刊编辑最想要什么？•期刊论文的类型* Why publish in English?为什么要发表英文文献？英文是不同国家的科学家们彼此交流时所使用的语言。
用英文发表能覆盖最广泛受众。
由此，你可以通过发表论文来实现最初的目标，即通过让其他科研人员知晓你所从事的研究，来促进我们对世界的认知。
当然，如果英语并非你的母语，写作和发表英文论文自然会面临较大挑战。
•为什么要掌握良好的写作技能？•简明的写作风格•比较•正确使用名词•冠词•“respectively”的使用•数字和计量单位•拼写•标点符号* Why is good writing important?为什么要掌握良好的写作技能？所谓良好的写作技能，是指你能清晰地传播你的研究成果。
科学家们都是大忙人，所以如果你的文章写得云里雾里、晦涩难懂，他们是不会费心思去读懂（或引用）的。
良好的写作不仅能让别人了解你所开展的工作，也能帮助你自己更好地理解自己的工作。
科学是复杂的，但通过写作，我们能理清它的头绪。
MLA科研论文写作规范
Rubric ofthe Course Paper for “American Literature”关于“美国文学”课程论文MLA格式的细则The thesis is written in English, including the citation.(全文用英文书写,包括引用文献。
)What are some essential standard of a MLA paper? (MLA论文基本要求)Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard, white 8.5 x 11-inch paper. Set the margins of your thesis to one-inch（2.54 centimeters）on all sides. The paper should be double-space typed. There is one space between every English words. There is no space between the words and punctuations. (用12号新罗马字体排版，双倍行距。
页边距为2.54厘米，16开A4白色纸打印，英文单词之间相距一个空格。
单词和标点符号之间没有空格。
)How to Create a Header?如何编辑页眉？Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your family name, followed by a space with the page number; number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4) and flush withthe right margin. Omit the page number on Page One.(编辑页眉，将你的姓和页码标注在右上角，姓和页码之间有一个空格，不用标点符号；上面边距是1.27厘米，右边与正文部分对齐。
芝加哥论文格式,第15版
Chicago Manual of Style 15th Edition《芝加哥格式手册》（The Chicago Manual of Style，CMS）是一个适用于美国英语的格式指南。
该手册受到高度重视，主要用于解决格式、原稿预备，以及少数惯用法的问题（注意：在出版界的术语中，格式是指标点符号、斜体、粗体、大写、表格等等，而不是指如散文、抒情文的格式）。
出版商和编辑在遇到文本所表述的问题时，通常会将该手册列为最终的标准。
该手册由芝加哥大学出版社（University of Chicago Press）发行。
第一版的名称是《格式手册》（A Manual of Style），1906年由芝加哥大学出版社发行；至2005年为止共编辑了十五版。
Please note that these resources follow the 15th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style. The 16th edition of the manual was issued in September 2010, and we are working on updating our resources to reflect the changes. Thank you in advance for your patience.IntroductionThe Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) covers a variety of topics from manuscript preparation and publication to grammar, usage, and documentation. The material in this resource focuses primarily on the two CMS documentation styles: the Notes-Bibliography System (NB), which is used by those in literature, history, and the arts, and the Author-Date System, which is preferred in the sciences.In addition to consulting the The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, for more information, students may also find it useful to consult Kate L. Turabian's Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 7th edition,. This manual, which presents what is commonly known as the "Turabian" citation style, follows the two CMS patterns of documentation but offers slight modifications suited to student texts.Notes and Bibliography in Chicago StyleThe Chicago NB system is often used in the humanities and provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through footnote or endnote citation in their writing and through bibliography pages. NB system is most commonly used in the discipline of History.The proper use of the NB system can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the intentional or accidental un-credited use of source material created by others. Most importantly, properly using the NB system builds credibility by demonstrating accountability to source material.If you are asked to use Chicago NB format, be sure to consult The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, and/or A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 7th edition. Both are available in most writing centers and reference libraries and widely availablein bookstores. See the Additional Resources section for a list of helpful books and sites about using Chicago Style.Introduction to NotesIn the Chicago Notes-Bibliography (NB) system, you should include a note (endnote or footnote) each time you use a source, whether through a direct quote or through a paraphrase. Footnotes will be added at the end of the page on which the source is referenced, and endnotes will be compiled at the end of each chapter or at the end of the entire document.In either case, a superscript number corresponding to a note with the bibliographic information for that source should be placed in the text, following the end of the sentence in which the source is referenced.The first note for each source should include all relevant information about the source. If you cite the same source again, the note need only include the surname of the author, the title (or a shortened form of the title) and page number(s) cited.If you cite the same source and page number(s) from a single source two or more times consecutively, the corresponding note should use the word ‘Ibid.,’ an abbreviated form of the Latin ‘ibidem,’ which means ‘in the same place.’ If you use the same source but a different page number, the corresponding note should use ‘Ibid.’ foll owed by a comma and the new page number(s).In the Chicago NB system, the footnote or endnote begins with the appropriate number followed by a period and then a space. In Turabian style, the footnote or endnote begins with a superscript number.Introduction to BibliographiesIn the Notes-Bibliography System, the bibliography provides an alphabetical list of all sources used in a given work. This page, most often titled Bibliography, is usually placed at the end of the work, preceding the index. It should include all sources cited within the work and may sometimes include other relevant sources that were not cited but provide further reading.Although bibliographic entries for various sources may be formatted differently, all included sources (books, articles, websites, etc.) are arranged alphabetically by author’s last name. If no author or editor is listed, the title or keyword may be used instead.Common Elements:All entries in the bibliography will include the author (or editor, compiler, translator), title, and date of publication.Author’s Names:The author’s name is inverted in the bibliography, placing the last name first and separating the last name and first name with a comma, for example, John Smith becomes Smith, John. (If an author is not listed first, this applies to compilers, translators, etc.)Titles:Titles of books and journals are italicized. Titles of articles, chapters, poems, etc. are placed in quotation marks.Publication Information:The year of publication is listed after the publisher or journal name.Punctuation:In a bibliography, all major elements are separated by periods.For more information and specific examples see the sections on Books and Periodicals.Please note that this OWL resource provides information regarding the formatting of entries used in the bibliography. For more information about Selected Bibliographies, Annotated Bibliographies, and Bibliographic Essays, please consult Chapter 16 of The Chicago Manual of Style.。
The Chicago Manual of Style 3.53-3.59翻译
3.53 表格标题的附加信息重要的解释或统计信息往往包含在标题的括号里。
即使主标题是标题格式，此类材料也应设置成句子格式。
更多信息请至表格（见3.76, 3.77）注释详寻。
美国进步时代的联邦雇员（总数加选定机构）变化的L长度的扫描统计SL同胞配对数据(广义诊断)商业交易成功中的性别因素（N=4,400）欲知统计表中用到的N的意义，见3.83。
3.54 列标题列标题寸土寸金，所以应当尽量简洁且最好是大写的句子格式（如本章中的所有举例）。
只要辞至达意，缩写便可以按需要使用。
第一列（存根）并不总是必须要使用标题（见3.57）。
在一篇有大量表格的文章中，列标题要保持一致。
正如表格标题，列标题可能需要标示出栏目中的测量单位或者一些其他的数据说明。
此类资料一般由符号或缩写组成，应当跟在列标题后的括号内。
见图表3.12。
括号还可以在一些数据单元标在括号内时用于列标题中。
例如，一个名为“取得积极成果的儿童，%（取得积极成果的数量/测试总数量）”的列标题，这个标题里就可以包含“27.3（6/22）”这样的单元。
若某列必须为了文本参考编号，则括号内应使用阿拉伯数字，并将之居中在列标题正下方，将标题与该列分隔开（又见3.84）。
3.55 跨标题当一个表格需要两层或更多的列标题时，即当相关列既需要一个共有标题又需要各自标题时，跨标题（有时也称为多层标题）就需要被使用了。
水平法则，又称跨标题法则（或跨越法则），在跨标题和列标题之间来标示跨标题适用于哪一列（见图表3.13）。
为了方便阅读起见，跨标题应当尽量避免超过两层。
3.56 插入标题插入标题囊括除了第一列之外的所有列项，在表格中被当做小标题使用。
尽管每个标题上的另外的垂直空当会代替使用，它们通常应用于水平法则（见图表3.14）。
一个特别长的有一个及以上插入标题的表格，可以被划分成两个或多个表格。
3.57存根条目表格的左边列被称作存根，通常是关于所列信息类别的纵向目录。
J.Pharm.Biomed.Anal.投稿指南
A Sponsored Journal of the American Association of PharmaceuticalScientistsGuide for AuthorsContributions which fulfil the Aims and Scope of the journal will be welcomed from anywhere in the world. The language of the journal is English. All manuscripts should be written in the past tense and impersonal style.Submission of an article implies that the work described has not been published previously (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture or academic thesis), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that itspublication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out, and that, if accepted, it will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or in any other language, without the written consent of the Publisher.Upon acceptance of an article, Authors will be asked to transfer copyright. For more information on copyright see . This transfer will ensure the widest possible dissemination of information. A letter will be sent to the corresponding Author confirming receipt of the manuscript. A form facilitating transfer of copyright will be provided.If excerpts from other copyrighted works are included, theAuthor(s) must obtain written permission from the copyright owners and credit the source(s) in the article. Elsevier has preprinted forms for use by Authors in these cases: contact Elsevier's Rights Department, Oxford, UK: phone (+44) 1865 843830, fax (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail permissions@ . Requests may also be completed online via the Elsevier homepage, /locate/permissions . This journal is an international medium for the publication of original research reports and authoritative reviews on pharmaceutical and biomedicalanalysis. It covers the interdisciplinary aspects of analysis in the pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences, including relevant developments in analytical methodology, instrumentation, computation and interpretation. Submissions on novel applications focussing on drug purity and stability studies, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic monitoring, metabolic profiling; drug-related aspects of analytical biochemistry and forensic toxicology; quality assurance in the pharmaceutical industry are welcome.Since classical UV-VIS methods (including derivative spectrophotometric and multi-wavelength measurements), solvent extraction, basic electroanalytical methods, titrimetry, etc. are well established, studies in such areas are accepted for publication in exceptional cases only, if a unique and substantial advantage over presently known systems is demonstrated. Studies reported should be supported by a demonstration of the application of the method to real samples. No papers dealing with the determination of drugs in biological samples based merely on spiked samples are acceptable. In determining the suitability of submitted articles for publication, particular scrutiny will be placed on the degree of novelty and significance of the research and the extent to which it adds to existing knowledge in pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. In all submissions to the journal, authors must address the question of how their proposed methodology compares with previously reported methods. A substantial body of work cannot be fractionated into different shorter papers.The journal is directed towards the needs of academic, clinical, government and industrial analysis and presents a unique forum for the discussion of current developments at the interface between pharmaceutical, biochemical and clinical analysis.Submission: Authors should submit their manuscript online to one of the journal editors by using the Online Submission tool for the Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. To submit online authors should upload their article as a LaTeX, Microsoft® (MS) Word®, WordPerfect®, or PostScript via the journal's Author Gateway homepage at /jpba. The system generates an Adobe Acrobat PDF version of the article which is used for the reviewing process. Authors, Reviewers and Editors send and receive all correspondence by e-mail and no paper correspondence is necessary.Manuscripts must be double-spaced on one side only, with at least 2.5 cm (1 inch) margins all round. All pages should be numbered and the first page must contain the following: title; names of all authors with their addresses in full. Full instructions how to use the online submission tool are available at the online submission website of the journal /jpba.Peer Review: All manuscripts will be assessed by two independent Reviewers. Reviews will be assessed by one independent Reviewer. Authors will be informed of the Reviewers' comments and, where permission is given, of their identities.Proofs: Proofs must be returned to the Publisher within the time period specified, after which the Editors reserve the right to make any necessary corrections to a paper prior to publication. Only necessary amendments will be accepted at this stage and any changes not of a typographical nature may be charged to the Author.Reprints: Twenty-five reprints of each paper will be sent to the corresponding author free of charge. Additional copies may be ordered on the form accompanying the proofs.General Considerations:Please write your text in good english (American or British usage is accepted, but not a mixture of these).Language Polishing:Upon request, Elsevier will direct authors to an agent who can check and improve the English of their paper (before submission). Please contact authorsupport@for further information.A number of the commonly accepted abbreviations that may be used without further definition are described in the journal's list of abbreviations. Any other terms to be abbreviated should first be defined and then followed immediately by the abbreviation in parentheses. Articles should be written in the past tense and in the impersonal style(I, we, me, us, etc. are to be avoided, except in the Acknowledgements section).The following types of papers will be considered for publication:Reviews: Authors wishing to submit a review should send a short synopsis to one of the editors before starting detailed work on a manuscript. The structure and presentation of a review articlewill normally be at the author's discretion. Reviews may be relatively short, i.e. dealing with a limited subject, or longer and more general in nature.Full Length Research Papers:These papers should describe in detail original and important pieces of work in the fields covered by the Journal. Each paper should be set out as follows:Title:This should be as brief as possible consistent with clarity. Authors' names should be given with full addresses. The name of the corresponding author, to whom reprints will be addressed, should be marked with an asterisk and the corresponding author's telephone number; fax number and email address should be indicated.Keywords: The detailed subject index of the journal is compiled annually with the aid of keywords furnished by authors. These keywords (or key phrases) must be carefully selected to reflect the scope of the paper. General words (e.g. immunoassay, chromatography) should be avoided in favour of more specific terms (e.g. enzyme immunoassay, reversed-phase chromatography). Normally six keywords or key phrases will be sufficient.Abstract: This should be a concise self-contained summary of the principal results of the work described, together with any essential experimental details.Introduction:This should be a concise statement of the background to the work presented, including relevant earlier work, suitably referenced. The importance of the subject and reasons for the readers' presumed interest should be indicated.Experimental (or Materials and Methods): This section should contain reasonably detailed accounts of materials and experimental procedures, and/or references to previously published methods used. Sufficient information should be provided to permit repetition of the work by other workers. When describing mixed solvents for chromatography, extraction or other purposes, the following convention must be adopted: solvent A–solventB–solvent C (a:b:c, v/v/v) or (a:b:c, w/w/w) where a:b:c are the proportions (by volume or weight as appropriate) of the components A, B and C, respectively.The method of preparation of buffers should be clearly expressed, with the pH value and molarity stated in parentheses, e.g. sodiumacetate (pH 4.7; 0.1 M). For mixed solvent systems, it should be clearly stated whether the pH value quoted is the pH of the original aqueous component or the apparent pH (i.e. pH*) of the mixed solvent system. Typical examples of mobile phases employed in liquid chromatography might be:acetonitrile–sodium octylsulphate (10 mM)–sodium acetate (pH 4.7;0.1 M) (25:25:50, v/v/v), and acetonitrile–sodium octylsulphate (10 mM)–sodium acetate (0.1 M)(25:25:50, v/v/v )(pH* 4.7). Discussion of the optimisation procedure for the proposed method / assay should be given in detail.Results:The important results of the work should be clearly stated and illustrated where necessary by tables and figures. The latter should be kept to the minimum consistent with clarity. In particular figures showing linear analytical response curves are generally unnecessary, and will be deleted. The details of slope, intercept, standard error of slope, standard error of intercept, concentration range and number of standards are essential and they should be given in the text or tabulated. This section may also contain experimental detail such as that obtained when describing the development of new analytical procedures. It should include all relevant validation data, e.g. Specificity (Selectivity), Precision (repeatability, intermediate precision, reproducibility), Accuracy, Linearity, Range, Limit of detection, Limit of quantitation, Robustness, Ruggedness.Discussion: The results, and their wider implications, should be fully discussed. In some cases, this section may conveniently be combined with the Results section.Conclusions: Where appropriate, a section may be included, which concisely summarizes the principal conclusions of the work and highlights the wider implications. This section should not merely duplicate the abstract.Acknowledgments:Where necessary, these should be given at the end of the paper.References: Responsibility for the accuracy of bibliographic citations lies entirely with the authors.Citations in the text: Please ensure that every reference cited in the text is also present in the reference list (and vice versa). Any references cited in the abstract must be given in full. Unpublished results and personal communications should not be in the reference list, but may be mentioned in the text. The Author(s) should make clear that there is new valuable information in the submitted manuscript . Citation of a reference as 'in press' implies that the item has been accepted for publication.Citing and listing of web references. As a minimum, the full URL should be given. Any further information, if known (author names, dates, reference to a source publication, etc.), should also be given. Web references can be listed separately (e.g., after the reference list) under a different heading if desired, or can be included in the reference list.Text: Indicate references by number(s) in square brackets in line with the text. The actual authors can be referred to, but the reference number(s) must always be given.Example: "..... as demonstrated [3,6]. Barnaby and Jones [8] obtained a different result ...."List: Number the references (numbers in square brackets) in the list in the order in which they appear in the text.Examples:Reference to a journal publication:[1] J. van der Geer, J.A.J. Hanraads, R.A. Lupton, J. Sci. Commun. 163 (2000) 51-59.Reference to a book:[2] W. Strunk Jr., E.B. White, The Elements of Style, third ed., Macmillan, New York, 1979.Reference to a chapter in an edited book:[3] G.R. Mettam, L.B. Adams, in: B.S. Jones, R.Z. Smith (Eds.), Introduction to the Electronic Age, E-Publishing, Inc. New York, 1994, pp. 281-304.Journal names should be abbreviated according to CAS (Chemical Abstracts Service).Use of the Digital Object Identifier (DOI)The digital object identifier (DOI) may be used to cite and link to electronic documents. The DOI consists of a unique alpha-numeric character string which is assigned to a document by the publisher upon the initial electronic publication. The assigned DOI never changes. Therefore, it is an ideal medium for citing a document,particularly 'Articles in press' because they have not yet received their full bibliographic information. The correct format for citing a DOI is shown as follows (example taken from a document in the journal Physics Letters B):doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2003.10.071When you use the DOI to create URL hyperlinks to documents on the web, they are guaranteed never to change.Tables: Should each be typed on a separate page, numbered in sequence with the body of the text. Tables should be headed with a short, descriptive caption. They should be formatted with horizontal lines only: vertical ruled lines are not required. Any annotation to the headings or to the tabulated items must be numbered and added in sequence at the foot of the table.List of Figure Legends:A list of Figure Legends must be submitted on a separate sheet to accompany the figures. Each legend must give a concise description of the figure concerned, together with any essential experimental detail not described in the text. In particular, the key to any symbols or distinctive line formats used on the figure must be given.Illustrations:. Graphic files should be uploaded via the online submission page of this journal via /jpba.General points• You may be asked to supply high-quality printouts of your artwork, in case conversion of the electronic artwork is problematic. • Make sure you use uniform lettering and sizing of your original artwork.• Save text in illustrations as "graphics" or enclose the font. • Only use the following fonts in your illustrations: Arial, Courier, Helvetica, Times, Symbol.• Number the illustrations according to their sequence in the text.• Use a logical naming convention for your artwork files, and supply a separate listing of the files and the software used.• Provide all illustrations as separat e files.• Provide captions to illustrations separately.• Produce images near to the desired size of the printed version. • Mark the appropriate position of a figure in the article.A detailed guide on electronic artwork is available on our website:/artworkYou are urged to visit this site; some excerpts from the detailed information are given here.Formats:Regardless of the application used, when your electronic artwork is finalised, please "save as" or convert the images to one of the following formats (Note the resolution requirements for line drawings, halftones, and line/halftone combinations given below.):EPS: Vector drawings. Embed the font or save the text as "graphics". TIFF: Colour or greyscale photographs (halftones): always use a minimum of 300 dpi.TIFF: Bitmapped line drawings: use a minimum of 1000 dpi. TIFF: Combinations bitmapped line/half-tone (colour or greyscale): a minimum of 500 dpi is required.DOC, XLS or PPT: If your electronic artwork is created in any of these Microsoft Office applications please supply "as is".Please do not:• Supply embedded graphics in your wordprocessor (spreadsheet, presentation) document;• Supply files that are optimised for screen use (like GIF, BMP, PICT, WPG); the resolution is too low;• Supply files that are too low in resolution;• Submit graphics that are disproportionately large for the content.Non-electronic illustrationsNumber illustrations consecutively in the order in which they are referred to in the text. They should accompany the manuscript, but should not be included within the text. Clearly mark all illustrations on the back (or - in case of line drawings - on the lower front side) with the figure number and the Author's name and, in cases of ambiguity, the correct orientation. Mark the appropriate position of a figure in the article.Captions: Ensure that each illustration has a caption. Supply captions on a separate sheet, not attached to the figure. A caption should comprise a brief title (not on the figure itself) and a description of the illustration. Keep text in the illustrations themselves to a minimum but explain all symbols and abbreviationsused.Line drawings: The lettering and symbols, as well as other details, should have proportionate dimensions, so as not to become illegible or unclear after possible reduction; in general, the figures should be designed for a reduction factor of two to three. The degree of reduction will be determined by the Publisher. Illustrations will not be enlarged. Consider the page format of the journal when designing the illustrations. Do not use any type of shading on computer-generated illustrations.Photographs (halftones): Photographs should have good contrast and intensity. Sharp, glossy photographs are required to obtain good half tones. References to the illustrations should be included in appropriate places in the text by Arabic numerals and the approximate position of the illustration should be indicated in the margin of the manuscript. Each illustration should have a caption, all the captions being typed (with double spacing) together on a separate sheet.Colour illustrations:If, together with your accepted article, you submit usable colour figures then Elsevier will ensure, at no additional charge, that these figures will appear in colour on the web (e.g., ScienceDirect and other sites) regardless of whether or not these illustrations are reproduced in colour in the printed version. For colour reproduction in print, you will receive information regarding the costs from Elsevier after receipt of your accepted article. Because of technical complications which can arise by converting colour figures to 'grey scale' (for the printed version should you not opt for colour in print) please submit in addition usable black and white illustrations corresponding to all the colour illustrations.More information on the preparation of your illustrations and information for authors submitting their article online can be found at /locate/authorartwork.Preparation of supplementary data:Elsevier now accepts electronic supplementary material to support and enhance your scientific research. Supplementary files offer the Author additional possibilities to publish supporting applications, movies, animation sequences, high-resolution images, background datasets, sound clips and more. Supplementary files supplied will be published online alongside the electronic version of your article in Elsevier web products, including ScienceDirect(). In order to ensure that your submitted material is directly usable, please ensure that data is provided in one of our recommended file formats. Authors should submit the material in electronic format together with the article and supply a concise and descriptive caption for each file. For more detailed instructions please visit our Author Gateway at .Short Communications:These should describe complete and original pieces of research whose length and/or importance do not justify a full-length paper. The format is the same as that for afull-length Research Paper, except that the total number of figures and/or tables should not normally exceed six. The approximate length should be 10 pages of double-spaced type- script, including Tables and Figures, Keywords are essential. The Editors reserve the right to publish as a Short Communication a paper originally submitted as a full-length Research Paper.For further information please visit the Author Gateway from Elsevier (/journal/jpba) for the facility to track accepted articles and set up e-mail alerts to inform you when an article's status has changed. The Author Gateway also provides detailed artwork guidelines, copyright information, frequently asked questions。
JAMA美国医学会杂志投稿须知
我如何？
文章分类
研究
文章类型 原始调查
完整信息
确定我的文章类型
回到顶部
描述 临床试验 荟萃分析 干预研究 队列研究 病例对照研究 流行病学评估 高反应率调查 成本效益分析 决策分析 筛查和诊断试验 研究其他观察性研究
要求 3000字 ≤5个表格和/或数字 结构化摘要 关键点 遵循EQUATOR报告指南
临床挑战
完整信息
介绍一个具有特定疾病或状况的实际患者病例以及伴随的临床图像。 特点“你会接下来做什么？”
“你接下来会做什么？” 有4个可能的治疗方案可供选择，其中1个是首选 案例介绍：250字 讨论：500 600字 ≤10个参考 ≤3名作者 1 2个小数字 可能需要患者许可
诊断测试解释
完整的信息
这篇文章需要一个预先提交调查。 介绍一个病人的诊断测试结果，并探索测试结果的临床应用; 旨在帮助临床医生了解订购测试的基本原理，解释测试结果， 并根据诊断测试结果采取行动。
要求 ≤1400字 ≤3名作者 ≤3幅图片（图） 可能需要图像的第三方权限
我的心灵的一块
充分的信息
从广泛的医学经验中获得的个人小插图（例如，探索病人与医生关系的动态） 偶尔会对影响这个行业的无数问题发表意见和看法。
≤1600字 ≤3名作者 可能需要患者许可
诗歌
充分的信息
美国医师协会压疮指南
Pressure Ulcers CPG Assessment压疮评估
Pressure Ulcer Classifications – continued • Stage 3: Full thickness skin loss involving damage to, or
necrosis of, subcutaneous tissue that may extend down to, but not through, fascia. The ulcer presents clinically as a deep crater with or without undermining of adjacent tissue 三期压疮 • Stage 4: Full thickness skin loss with extensive destruction, tissue necrosis or damage to muscle, bone, or supporting structures (e.g., tendon, joint capsule). Undermining and sinus tracts also may be associated四 期压疮
An effective assessment includes有效的评估包括：
• Define and interpret factors affecting treatment and wound healing such as physical, functional and psychosocial factors定义和解释关于治疗和伤口康复的影 响因素，例如身体的，功能的和心理方面的因素。
• Shearing剪切力 • Friction摩擦力 • Moisture潮湿
学术论文写作手册(英文)Chapter14 Using APA Style When Appro
2021/7/23
2
Chapter14 Using APA Style When Appropriate
14a Recognize the distinct documentation of APA s
t1y4leb. Consider patterns for in-text citations.
10
14e Follow the appropriate reference-list entry forms fo r books and other separately published materials.
14e.1 14e.2 14e.3 14e.4 14e.5 14e.6 14e.8
14f.8 A Radio Broadcast
14c Prepare complete entries for the reference list.
Format for Reference-List Entries •Begin the first line of each entry at the left margin； •Identify authors by last names and first and middle i nitials. •When no author is identified， list the source by titl e. •For periodicals， include the full title with all major words capitalized， a comma， and the volume num ber. • Shorten the names of commercial publishers by usi 20n21g/7o/2n3 ly main elements of their names（Harcourt，9 not Harcourt Brace）and by dropping descriptive titl es（Publishers， Company）.
jama surgery的写作格式
jama surgery的写作格式[JAMA Surgery's Writing Format]JAMA Surgery, also known as the Journal of the American Medical Association Surgery, follows a specific format for its articles. This format aims to present research findings and other scholarly contributions in a clear and concise manner. In this article, we will walk you through the step-by-step process of writing an article for JAMA Surgery following its prescribed format.Introduction (150-250 words):The introduction section serves to provide context and background for the study. Begin by briefly describing the research problem or knowledge gap that the study aims to address. Next, provide a concise review of relevant literature, highlighting key findings and their implications. State the study's objectives and hypothesis clearly and succinctly.Methods (400-600 words):In the methods section, provide a detailed description of the study design, participants, and data collection procedures. Start by explaining the study design (e.g., observational, randomizedcontrolled trial, case-control study) and justify its relevance to the research question. Describe the study population, including inclusion and exclusion criteria, recruitment methods, and sample size determination. Specify the data collection instruments and techniques used, ensuring clarity and reproducibility. Include information about data analysis, statistical methods applied, and any software used.Results (400-600 words):Present the findings of your study in a logical and comprehensive manner. Begin by summarizing the demographic characteristics of the study population. Then, report the results of the primary and secondary outcome measures or endpoints. Use clear and concise text, tables, and graphs to illustrate your findings. Include effect sizes, confidence intervals, p-values, and other relevant statistical measures. Emphasize clinically relevant findings and discuss their implications.Discussion (400-600 words):In the discussion section, interpret your study's findings and place them in the context of existing literature. Start by summarizing the key findings concisely. Then, discuss the strengths and limitationsof your study, addressing potential biases and confounding factors. Compare and contrast your findings with previous studies, highlighting similarities and differences. Explore possible mechanisms, underlying causes, and implications of your findings. Discuss any unanswered questions and suggest areas for future research.Conclusion (100-150 words):Provide a succinct summary of your study's main findings and their implications. Restate your study's objectives and hypothesis, indicating whether they were supported or refuted by the results. Highlight the potential clinical applications and implications of your research. Avoid overstating or generalizing your findings; instead, focus on the specific contributions your study makes to the field.References:Cite all referenced sources using the JAMA style. Ensure accuracy and completeness of the citations, listed in alphabetical order. Follow JAMA guidelines for formatting in-text citations and the reference list.In summary, writing an article for JAMA Surgery requires adherence to a specific format. By following the step-by-step process outlined above, authors can effectively communicate their research findings in a concise and rigorous manner. By ensuring clarity, coherence, and adherence to the prescribed format, your article stands a higher chance of being published in JAMA Surgery and making a meaningful contribution to the field of surgical research.。
美国医学会论文撰写指导手册AMAManualofStyle
客户服务和支持
美国医学会论文撰写指导手册 提供：
• 在线教程和快速用户指南 • COUNTER 标准使用统计 • 通过DOI 在阅读列表中直接引用 • 可免费使用 MARC 记录 • 符合 OpenURL 格式，连接图书馆的目录索引 • 卓越的客户支持，及时回应订阅者和用户，并为其提供 帮助 • 电子邮件提示和 RSS 订阅功能将美国医学会论文撰写 指导手册 最新动态直接发送到您的桌面 •世界各地的机构均可免费试用
对快速搜索结果进行操作
当使用“快速搜索 (Quick Search)”或“高级搜索 (Advanced Search)”时，您将会看到一个搜索结果页面。 这时，您可以进一步筛选搜索结果，或保存和打印搜索结 果列表。您也可以通过电子邮件发送或共享搜索结果列表。 您可以：
更改或删除过滤器
打印、保存或通过电子邮件发送搜索结果，或将其添 加到书签
什么是美国医学会论文撰写指导
• 医学或科学出版人士必备指南
• 重要的一站式资源库，可快速访 问权威信息。
手册？
• 为您提供撰写条理清晰且一目了 然的稿件所需要的一切信息
主页导航
主页允许用户快速、直观地浏览内容。每个页面上除 “搜索 (Search)”和“浏览 (Browse)”选项外，还有 “高级搜索 (Advanced Search)”选项供用户更直接地 搜索资源。
将光标移动到书签工具栏后，会有一个菜单显示出 来，您可以使用该菜单分享资料
使用 DOI 链接到在线课程包，并与同事分享
下载内容
您可以放大图表或将其下载到 PowerPoint 幻灯片中 — 非常适合演示。
点击“查看 (View)”完整尺寸图表或“下载 (Download)”图表为 PowerPoint 幻灯片链接。
学术论文写作手册(英文)Chapter13 Using MLA Style When Appro
rticle， provide inclusive page numbers without pa
13a Prepare complete citations for the works -cited page
•ntBseugbinsetqhueefniFrtsoltirnlmiensaetfoifvoferesaMpcahLcAeesn（Ctriytaapattipotrnhosexilmefattmelyarognine；-hainlfdie nch）. • Give the author’s last name first（to alphabetize easil y）. If sources are co-authored， list additional authors ’ names in normal first-last order. • Italicize or underline titles of full-length works；the me aning is the same. Be consistent throughout the paper. • Separate major sections of entries（author， title， and publication information）with periods and one space， n ot20t2w1/o7/.23When other forms of end punctuation are used8（ when titles end with question marks or exclamation point s， for example）， the period may be omitted.
学术论文写作手册(英文)Chapter 15 Using Chicago Style_OK
2021/7/23
9
15c Follow the appropriate note forms for books and other separately published materials.
15c.10 A Multivolume Work
15c.9 A Reprint
15c.8 A Revised or Enlarged Edition
15c.11 A Work in a Collection
15c.12 An Article in an Encyclope
dia or Other Reference Work
15c.13 A Work in a Series
15c.14 An Imprint
15c.15 A Translation
15c.19 A Pamphlet 15c.20 An Annual Report 15c.22 A Dissertation 15c.23 A Book Written in a Langu age Other than English 15c.24 Sacred Writings
2021/7/23
2021/7/23
10
15c.3 A Book by Four or More Authors
15c.2 A Book by Two or Three Authors
15c Follow the appropriate note forms for books and other separately published materials.
art
15e.4 A Cartoon
15e.5 A Film
15e.6 A Filmstrip
ama参考文献格式
ama参考文献格式
AMA（美国医学协会）参考文献格式是一种美国医学会认可的文献引用格式，它要求著者在文献引用中提供所有必要的信息，以使读者能够准确无误地检索出源文献。
AMA 格式通常用于医学和生物科学领域的科学期刊、书籍、报纸等文献来源。
AMA参考文献格式的具体格式如下：
1. 书籍：格式：作者姓氏，作者名字(s)或机构名称。
书名。
版次号。
出版城市：出版社名称；出版年份。
2. 期刊：格式：作者姓氏，作者名字(s)或机构名称。
文章题目。
期刊名称，出版日期，卷号，期号：页码。
3. 网页：格式：作者姓氏，作者名字(s)或机构名称。
网页题目。
网站名称，发布/更新日期，[引用日期]，URL。
美国医学会(AMA)期刊数据库介绍.
美国医学会（AMA）期刊数据库介绍美国医学会（AMA）是世界上三大医学会之一，拥有会员30多万名，在医学领域拥有很高的地位。
JAMA-The Journal of the American Medical Association 《美国医学会杂志》是由美国医学会主办的一种综合性临床医学杂志，创刊于1883年，每月出版4期，全年出版48期。
主要刊载临床及实验研究论文、编者述评、读者来信、相关书评等类型文章。
同时该杂志也向读者提供医学及卫生保健领域的非临床性信息，涉及政治、哲学、伦理、法律、环境、经济、历史及文化等方面内容。
该刊是国际上公认的四大医刊之一，被BA、CA、IPA、MEDLINE、SCI、Abstr Hyg、Nutr Abstr等国际上著名检索工具书收录。
JAMA比较注重其教育职能，利用该杂志的Continuing Medical Education栏目向临床医师提供基础医学与临床医学方面的继续医学教育服务。
该刊2008年影响因子（IF值）为31.718。
除了JAMA，美国医学会还出版9种针对特定医学领域的档案类杂志。
1.JAMA（ISSN: 0098-7484）作为世界上发行范围最广泛的医学杂志，本期刊为读者指导了重要的临床医学发展方向。
一年出版48期，包含50多个医学专刊。
自1883年创刊以来，本期刊每周发行，只接受业内人士高度认可的特约来稿。
2007年IF：25.547；2008年IF：31.718；2007年SCI Ranking：MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL 3/100。
2.Archives of Dermatology（ISSN: 0003-987x）本期刊提供了对皮肤病理学的重要见解，刊载的是受到业内人士认可的，最新的内外科以及药理学方面的学术论文。
自1882年创刊以来，本期刊每月发行，是最常用的皮肤病临床学术期刊，对研究和治疗皮肤病的前线医生提供了很大的学术帮助。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
DOI 是独一无二的永久性固有识别符，所 以您无需担心链接出错
与同事共享信息
您可以以多种方式共享章节和搜索结果：打印、通过电 子邮件发送、添加社交媒体书签（例如，Twitter 或 Facebook）、发布 DOI 或在您的研究中引用资料。
在章节及搜索/浏览结果页，您可以使用工具栏
图像会以jpg格式显示或预先载入 PowerPoint 幻灯片。
用个性化选项保存链接
美国医学会论文撰写指导手册 提供了个性化的功能，用 户可通过免费的 My Style 帐户使用该功能。这样，您就 可以保存常用章节的链接、搜索结果，还可以保存注释。
请点击顶部工具栏上的链接注册免费的用户帐户 注册后，您就可以访问“我的工作 (My Work)” 在“最近 (Most Recent)”选项卡中查看最近活动 查看已保存的内容、搜索结果和注释的链接
对快速搜索结果进行操作
当使用“快速搜索 (Quick Search)”或“高级搜索 (Advanced Search)”时，您将会看到一个搜索结果页面。 这时，您可以进一步筛选搜索结果，或保存和打印搜索结 果列表。您也可以通过电子邮件发送或共享搜索结果列表。 您可以：
更改或删除过滤器
打印、保存或通过电子邮件发送搜索结果，或将其添 加到书签
按内容浏览
使用“快速 (Quick)”或“高级 (Advanced)”搜 索选项
使用左侧面板上的过滤器跳转到相关内容
高级搜索
每个页面上都设有“高级搜索 (Advanced Search)”选项，具有更强大和更复杂的全 文搜索功能
使用下拉菜单选择搜索条件值
单击添加行 (Add Row) 和移除行 (Remove Row) 设定搜索请求
将光标移动到书签工具栏后，会有一个菜单显示出 来，您可以使用该菜单分享资料
使用 DOI 链接到在线课程包，并与同事分享
下载内容
您可以放大图表或将其下载到 PowerPoint 幻灯片中 — 非常适合演示。
点击“查看 (View)”完整尺寸图表或“下载 (Download)”图表为 PowerPoint 幻灯片链接。
客户服务和支持
美国医学会论文撰写指导手册 提供：
• 在线教程和快速用户指南 • COUNTER 标准使用统计 • 通过DOI 在阅读列表中直接引用 • 可免费使用 MARC 记录 • 符合 OpenURL 格式，连接图书馆的目录索引 • 卓越的客户支持，及时回应订阅者和用户，并为其提供 帮助 • 电子邮件提示和 RSS 订阅功能将美国医学会论文撰写 指导手册 最新动态直接发送到您的桌面 •世界各地的机构均可免费试用
更改每页显示的搜索结果数和排序选项
使用左侧面板中的选项进一步筛选结果
在结果中搜索
浏览全文网页
使用目录快速浏览书本内容
下载章节到 PDF 文件，供离线阅读 打印、保存、引用、通过电子邮件发送或共享 （通过社交网络）章节
对内容进行搜索
跳转到相关测验或博客文章（如适用）
课程包和阅读列表链接
要添加章节到在线课程包或阅读列表，请复制 (COPY) 并粘贴 (PASTE) DOI 到标准的 URL 前 缀末尾。例如： 10.1093/jama/9780195176339.001.0001
什么是美国医学会论文撰写指导
• 医学或科学出版人士必备指南
• 重要的一站式资源库，可快速访 问权威信息。
手册？
• 为您提供撰写条理清晰且一目地浏览内容。每个页面上除 “搜索 (Search)”和“浏览 (Browse)”选项外，还有 “高级搜索 (Advanced Search)”选项供用户更直接地 搜索资源。