chapter1introductionPPT课件
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Chapter 1 Introduction
Anthropological linguistics(人文语言学) uses the theories and methods of anthropology to study language variation and language use in relation to the cultural patterns and beliefs of man.
to be and describing how things are
Prescriptive: the early study of language aims to lay down
rules for correct and standard behavior in using languages, such as grammars, to set models for language users to follow. Descriptive: the study of language aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, be it correct or not; modern linguistic study is supposed to be scientific and objective, they believe that whatever occurs in language people use should be described and analyzed in their investigation.
Phonetics(语音学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. Phonology(音韵学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of languages. Morphology(词法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the formation of words. Syntax(句法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the rules governing the combination of words into sentences. Semantics(语义学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of language.
Chapter 1 Introduction 绪论(现代语言学).
Chapter 1 Introduction 绪论1. What is linguistics? 什么是语言学?1.1 definition 定义Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.语言学是对语言进行科学研究的学科。
Languages in general 针对所有语言而言A scientific study of language is based on the systematic investigation of data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.语言进行科学地研究最根本的是要对语言材料进行系统的调查研究,并在语言结构的一般理论指导下进行。
The linguist has to do first is to study language facts, i.e. to see how language is actually used; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure.语言学家首先必须研究语言材料,即要观察一般情况下语言的使用方法,继而对语言的结构具体地提出一些假设。
A linguistic theory is constructed about what language is and how it works.一套语言学理论是说明语言的本质内容以及这些语言是如何发挥作用的。
1.2 The scope of linguistics 语言学的研究范畴The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. This deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.把语言学作为一个整体而进行的全面的语言学研究一般称为普通语言学。
国际学术会议英语课件Chapter1Introduction
Sample demonstration
I. Listen to the following six passages of introductions in an oral presentation and then match the numbers of the passage on the left column with the topics (A-F) on the right column.
Passage 3 C. Saying what you plan to do in your presentation and why
Passage 4 D. Getting the audience to do something Passage 5 E. Getting the audience to imagine situations
Number of the passage
The skills the speakers use
Passage 1 A. Saying something personal about yourself
Passage 2
B. Asking the audience a question or get them to raise their hands
▪ In the Conclusion it should pick out the main points from the main body and summarize them for your audience. So the conclusion is similar to the Introduction in fact.
Passage 6 F. Giving interesting facts that relates directly to the audience
01Intro教材PPT
Presentation, and Teaching Class-Related Questions and Answers
7
CS 412: Course Project [4th credit]
A comprehensive survey on a focused topic Individual surveys, not group work Examples of topics (need to be focused and specific)
9
Why Data Mining?
The Explosive Growth of Data: from terabytes to petabytes Data collection and data availability Automated data collection tools, database systems, Web, computerized society Major sources of abundant data Business: Web, e-commerce, transactions, stocks, … Science: Remote sensing, bioinformatics, scientific simulation, … Society and everyone: news, digital cameras, YouTube
Data Mining:
Concepts and Techniques
(3rd ed.)
— Chapter 1 —
Jiawei Han, Micheline Kamber, and Jian Pei University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign &
7
CS 412: Course Project [4th credit]
A comprehensive survey on a focused topic Individual surveys, not group work Examples of topics (need to be focused and specific)
9
Why Data Mining?
The Explosive Growth of Data: from terabytes to petabytes Data collection and data availability Automated data collection tools, database systems, Web, computerized society Major sources of abundant data Business: Web, e-commerce, transactions, stocks, … Science: Remote sensing, bioinformatics, scientific simulation, … Society and everyone: news, digital cameras, YouTube
Data Mining:
Concepts and Techniques
(3rd ed.)
— Chapter 1 —
Jiawei Han, Micheline Kamber, and Jian Pei University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign &
chapter-1-英语词汇概述PPT课件
Denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us, indispensable to all the people who speak the language
The following features:
Stability Productivity Polysemy Collocability
-
24
Non-basic vocabulary
Terminology: Jargon行话 Slang俚语 Argot隐语，行话 Dialectal words Archaisms古语 Neologisms 新字，新义
-
25
Terminology
Medical terminology: 肺炎：pneumonia 肺炎伤寒：typhopneumonia；
means “take a look ”
-
28
I put my tit for tat on my crust of bread and my daisy roots on my plates of meat and fell down the apples and pears because I was elephant's trunk.
A word is an independent, minimal, meaningful linguistic unit.
-
13
syllable
monosyllabic words
good; boy; book
polysyllabic words
unfortunately; management
compound words
The following features:
Stability Productivity Polysemy Collocability
-
24
Non-basic vocabulary
Terminology: Jargon行话 Slang俚语 Argot隐语，行话 Dialectal words Archaisms古语 Neologisms 新字，新义
-
25
Terminology
Medical terminology: 肺炎：pneumonia 肺炎伤寒：typhopneumonia；
means “take a look ”
-
28
I put my tit for tat on my crust of bread and my daisy roots on my plates of meat and fell down the apples and pears because I was elephant's trunk.
A word is an independent, minimal, meaningful linguistic unit.
-
13
syllable
monosyllabic words
good; boy; book
polysyllabic words
unfortunately; management
compound words
Chapter 1,Introduction
总之，营养学、营养事业的担子加重了！
怎么吃才能吃好大有学问， 用八个字概括就是 “合理营养、平衡膳食” 这也是《营养学》的根本任务、根本目标
问题：日常膳食中，应从哪些方面 做到 “合理营养、平衡膳食”？
营养学学科划分 及 发展 是 预防医学及卫生学 的 二级学科 渗透到 食品科学 成为 国民(公众)基础教育领域 成为 国家的卫生事业 当今“食品安全”包括 营养学问题
Outline of Alimentology 营养学纲要
Jun Guo MD, Associate Professor Detp. of Food Quality and Safety of Food Science and Engineering College Inner Mongolia Agricultural University
营养学的根本任务 根本目标
怎么吃才更健康、才更长寿！
营养学、生命科学已高度发达的今天， 我们是否都吃好了？吃合理了？吃的科学了？ 很多人恐怕没有吃好！！！ 不仅是个人好恶问题 与个人和家庭收入有关 涉及文化素养和营养学知识、涉及信仰……
不是“吃饱了就行！”不是“想吃什么就吃什么，就是营 养”
社会问题： 涉及社会文明程度、经济水平 食品生产、加工水平 食品数量、质量保障机制…… 营养问题 关系 国计民生 发达国家与发展中国家划分的指标 — 能量和蛋白质摄入水平 维生素、矿物质缺乏与否
是一种相对指标，评价方法很多。
错误观念：
⑴ 吃啥补啥! ⑵ 讲究营养是有钱人的专利！ ⑶ 价格昂贵的食物、山珍海味就一定营养价值高 如：燕窝、鱼翅、蹄筋 vs 大豆及其制品
营养密度 Nutrient density 指食物单位能量（热量）为基准，所含重要营养素的多少。 重要营养素：蛋白质、维生素、微量元素、必需脂肪酸
Chapter01Introduction
Multiplication and addition are done in hardware and in one cycle.
Example: 4-bit multiply (unsigned).
Hardware
1011 x 1110 10011010
Microcode
1011 x 1110
0000 1011. 1011.. 1011...
10011010
Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Cycle 3 Cycle 4
Cycle 5
Chapter 1, Slide 12
Dr. Naim Dahnoun, Bristol University, (c) Texas Instruments 2004
Parameter
I/O bandwidth: Serial Ports (number/speed) DMA channels Multiprocessor support Supply voltage Power management On-chip timers (number/width) Cost Package External memory interface controller JTAG
Analogue signal processing is achieved by using analogue components such as:
Resistors.
Capacitors.
Inductors.
The inherent tolerances associated with these components, temperature, voltage changes and mechanical vibrations can dramatically affect the effectiveness of the analogue circuitry.
Example: 4-bit multiply (unsigned).
Hardware
1011 x 1110 10011010
Microcode
1011 x 1110
0000 1011. 1011.. 1011...
10011010
Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Cycle 3 Cycle 4
Cycle 5
Chapter 1, Slide 12
Dr. Naim Dahnoun, Bristol University, (c) Texas Instruments 2004
Parameter
I/O bandwidth: Serial Ports (number/speed) DMA channels Multiprocessor support Supply voltage Power management On-chip timers (number/width) Cost Package External memory interface controller JTAG
Analogue signal processing is achieved by using analogue components such as:
Resistors.
Capacitors.
Inductors.
The inherent tolerances associated with these components, temperature, voltage changes and mechanical vibrations can dramatically affect the effectiveness of the analogue circuitry.
Chapter 1. Introduction
Alternative names
Watch out: Is everything ―data mining‖?
(Deductive) expert systems
7
Knowledge Discovery (KDD) Process
This is a view from typical database systems and data Pattern Evaluation warehousing communities Data mining plays an essential role in the knowledge discovery Data Mining process Task-relevant Data Data Warehouse Data Cleaning Data Integration Databases
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KDD Process: A Typical View from ML and Statistics
Data Mining
PostProcessing
Input Data
பைடு நூலகம்
Data PreProcessing
Data integration Normalization Feature selection Dimension reduction
Data Mining:
Concepts and Techniques
(3rd ed.)
— Chapter 1 —
Jiawei Han, Micheline Kamber, and Jian Pei
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign & Simon Fraser University
Chapter 1.ppt
• Controlling
Ø The process of monitoring performance, comparing it with goals, and correcting any significant deviations
C精o选py文ri档ght © 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
1–7
People Differences
• Operatives〔操作人员〕 • People who work directly on a job and have no
responsibility for overseeing the work of others
• Managers • Individuals in an organization who direct the
Part 1: Introduction
Chapter 1 Managers
and Management
PowerPoint Presentation by Charlie Cook Copyright © 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights re精s选er文ve档d.
for-profit as well as not-for-profit organizations
C精o选py文ri档ght © 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All reserved.
1–6
营利性与非营利性医疗机构比较
•
非营利性医疗机构
营利性医疗机构
• 经营目的: 满足社会公众根本医疗需求
1–4
Common Characteristics of Organizations
Ø The process of monitoring performance, comparing it with goals, and correcting any significant deviations
C精o选py文ri档ght © 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
1–7
People Differences
• Operatives〔操作人员〕 • People who work directly on a job and have no
responsibility for overseeing the work of others
• Managers • Individuals in an organization who direct the
Part 1: Introduction
Chapter 1 Managers
and Management
PowerPoint Presentation by Charlie Cook Copyright © 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights re精s选er文ve档d.
for-profit as well as not-for-profit organizations
C精o选py文ri档ght © 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All reserved.
1–6
营利性与非营利性医疗机构比较
•
非营利性医疗机构
营利性医疗机构
• 经营目的: 满足社会公众根本医疗需求
1–4
Common Characteristics of Organizations
仪器分析英文课件chapter 1introduction
2. How much sample is available?-------------------sensitivity
3. What is the concentration range of the analyte?---Dynamic range
4. What components of the ample will cause interference?-----------Selectivity
Minimum distinguishable
analytical signal
Mean blank signal
Usually taken to be 3
(at 95% confidence level)
S=mC +Sbl
Cm = (Sm - Sbl )/m
Example 1：
Concentration 0 ppm (blank) 10. ppm 1.0 ppm 0.10 ppm 0.010 ppm
1.2 Instrumental methods (Instrumental analysis)
Early in 20th century a. Development of instruments and computer
Measurements of physical (chemical) properties of analytes:
2. Bias (accuracy) 3. Sensitivity
Absolute systematic error, relative systematic error Calibration sensitivity, analytical sensitivity
3. What is the concentration range of the analyte?---Dynamic range
4. What components of the ample will cause interference?-----------Selectivity
Minimum distinguishable
analytical signal
Mean blank signal
Usually taken to be 3
(at 95% confidence level)
S=mC +Sbl
Cm = (Sm - Sbl )/m
Example 1：
Concentration 0 ppm (blank) 10. ppm 1.0 ppm 0.10 ppm 0.010 ppm
1.2 Instrumental methods (Instrumental analysis)
Early in 20th century a. Development of instruments and computer
Measurements of physical (chemical) properties of analytes:
2. Bias (accuracy) 3. Sensitivity
Absolute systematic error, relative systematic error Calibration sensitivity, analytical sensitivity
chapter 1(1) introduction
2.To an anthropologist the word culture means all the ways in which a group of people act, dress, think, and feel. 3.People have to learn the cultural ways of their community: they are not something that the people in the group are born with.
“ Thank you very much, I really want appreciate it! I just try to do my best every time I step on the coment
Ms. Deng, you are the best!”
——引自何道宽：介绍一门新兴学科——跨文化的交际，载《外国语 引自何道宽：介绍一门新兴学科 跨文化的交际， 引自何道宽 跨文化的交际 文教学》1983年第 年第2 文教学》1983年第2期
case one :compliment
“Mr. Jordan, I am so happy to meet you. I just want to tell you, you are the best basketball player in the world; you are the greatest!”
Discuss the definition of culture
• Culture is the total way of life that a group of people shares. • Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the members of a society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning.
“ Thank you very much, I really want appreciate it! I just try to do my best every time I step on the coment
Ms. Deng, you are the best!”
——引自何道宽：介绍一门新兴学科——跨文化的交际，载《外国语 引自何道宽：介绍一门新兴学科 跨文化的交际， 引自何道宽 跨文化的交际 文教学》1983年第 年第2 文教学》1983年第2期
case one :compliment
“Mr. Jordan, I am so happy to meet you. I just want to tell you, you are the best basketball player in the world; you are the greatest!”
Discuss the definition of culture
• Culture is the total way of life that a group of people shares. • Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the members of a society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning.
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Study of language changes through time
“English Language History”
Speech vs. writing “口语”和 “书面语” Finding differences
Whenever I’d visited there before I’d end up feeling that other people might get hurt if I tried to do anything more.
Tel: Email:
Time allocation of teaching periods
In this semester, 12 chapters of textbook will be learnt in total 32 teaching periods:
One chapter a week. For difficult chapters, 2 or more weeks will be required (e.g. chapter 1 Introduction).
Prescriptive vs. descriptive “规定式” 和“描写式”
Prescriptive
Descriptive
Prescribe how things should Describe how things are be
Lay down rules e.g. Do/Don’t say …
Synchronic vs. diachronic “共时”和 “历时”
Synchronic
Diachronic
Study of language at some point of time in history
e.g. “The Structure of Shakespeare’s Language”
Special requirements
1. To attend the classes on time 2. To close your mobile phones 3. To get my permission if you want to leave
for a moment while having a class 4. To tell me directly if you have any
Linguistics focuses on the study of language and its use in society. As a linguist, you will learn to make connections between theoretical, descriptive and applied studies which address problems and issues in human communication. Language is one of our most valuable and characteristic assets and Linguistics studies how we make use of language within complex social behaviours and interactions.
Synchronic vs. diachronic “共时”和 “历时”
Speech vs. writing “口语”和 “书面语”
Langue & parole “语言” 和 “言语”
Competence & performance 语言能力和语言运用
Traditional grammar & modern linguistics 传统语法和现代语言学
A film
Emotional because of intonation
A complete picture
Seeking echoes in reader’s mitographic writing 象形文字：drawing pictures to represent events/objects
Every previous visit had left me with a sense of risk to others in future attempts at action on my part.
Spoken language
Written language
Dynamic
Static
Relies heavily on verbs Relies heavily on nouns
polyglot
A polyglot is a person who speaks or understands many languages.
通晓数种语言的人
morphology
Morphology
words
Why study language?
Record facts e.g. People do/don’t say …
It’s wrong to use singlish.
Singaporeans use standard English for formal situations and singlish for informal occasions.
A myth about language: English is more difficult to learn than Chinese???
Important distinctions in linguistics
Prescriptive vs. descriptive “规定式” 和“描写式”
suggestions for my lectures. 5. To write a research paper. (4-5 students
a group) 6. To preview each chapter beforehand.
Teaching Focus for linguistics