一个推销员的美国梦——《推销员之死》中威利·洛曼形象分析

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从话轮转换探析《推销员之死》主人公威利·洛曼的性格悲剧——《推销员之死》会话的个案分析

语的现象（李华东，０１。有些学者认为独自现象属于打２０）断现象，为独自不考虑上一说话者说什么，不上是否到因谈话轮过渡关键位置发话。（华东，０１本文把独自不做李２０）归属，为一种特殊的话语类型来分析。作
《销员之死》由美国著名戏剧家阿瑟・米勒在２推是Ｏ世纪４Ｏ年代创作的。剧本讲述的是推销员威利（ｉｙ的Ｗｌ）ｌ美国梦破灭，而走向自杀道路的故事Ｗｉｙ的悲剧是双从ｌｌ重的原因造成的。一是他个人事业的失败，是他与家人二
话轮类型、自和话题转换这几个角度来分析文本。独
（）话轮控制和话轮长度（ｏｉｏｔｏａｄｔｒ一ｔｐｃｃｎｒｌｎｕｎ
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在戏剧中，谁先发话，控制话语，打断话语以及说谁谁话的长度，都能从一定程度上呈现人物的性格和人物的复杂权势关系。一般来说，制话轮的人更有权利。话轮的控长度指话语延续时间的长短。（东明，９３但时间的长俞１９）短又与录音，物的动作以及一些副语言有关系。所以以人时间来计算也不够精确，者在这里采用按照字数来计算笔

一位普通美国人的悲剧原型论《推销员之死》中威利洛曼的悲剧形象

一位普通美国人的悲剧原型论《推销员之死》中威利洛曼的悲剧形象一、本文概述《推销员之死》是美国剧作家阿瑟·米勒的经典之作，它深刻揭示了20世纪中叶美国社会底层人物的生活困境和心理挣扎。

威利·洛曼，作为这部悲剧的主人公，以其鲜明的个性和复杂的内心世界，成为了美国文学史上一个令人难以忘怀的悲剧形象。

本文旨在通过原型批评的视角，探讨威利·洛曼这一悲剧形象的深层含义和普遍价值，以期对米勒的创作意图和该作品的社会意义有更深入的理解。

我们将首先概述《推销员之死》的剧情和威利·洛曼的基本形象，分析他作为一个普通美国人在社会压力和个人追求中所面临的困境。

接着，我们将引入原型批评的理论框架，通过对威利·洛曼性格特点和悲剧命运的深入剖析，揭示他作为悲剧原型的普遍性和象征意义。

在此基础上，我们将进一步探讨威利·洛曼悲剧形象的社会文化背景和米勒的创作意图，以及这一形象对当代社会的启示和影响。

通过这一研究，我们希望能够更深入地理解《推销员之死》这部经典剧作的艺术价值和社会意义，同时也为悲剧原型的研究提供新的视角和思考。

二、威利·洛曼的悲剧性格分析《推销员之死》中的威利·洛曼，不仅是一个社会现象下的受害者，更是一个充满悲剧色彩的人物。

他的悲剧性格在多方面得到了深刻的体现。

威利·洛曼的性格中充满了不切实际的幻想和过度的乐观。

他对自己的能力和价值有着过高的估计，这导致他对现实世界的残酷和无情缺乏足够的认识。

这种盲目的乐观和自信，使他在面对失败和挫折时，往往选择逃避和否认，而不是面对和解决问题。

这种性格上的弱点，使得他在人生的道路上越走越远，最终走向了悲剧的结局。

威利·洛曼的性格也体现了一种顽固的执着。

他对于自己的理想和目标有着坚定的信念，但这种信念却缺乏足够的灵活性和变通性。

他无法接受现实世界的改变，也无法适应社会的变迁。

这种顽固的执着，使他在面对困境时，往往选择坚守自己的信念，而不是寻找新的出路。

一位普通美国人的悲剧原型_论_推销员之死_中威利_洛曼的悲剧形象

2005年3月第21卷　第2期四川外语学院学报Journal of Sichuan I nternati onal Studies UniversityM ar.,2005Vol.21　No.2一位普通美国人的悲剧原型———论《推销员之死》中威利・洛曼的悲剧形象马可云(绍兴文理学院外国语学院,浙江绍兴　312000)提　要:以弗莱的神话———原型批评理论来探讨美国现代著名戏剧家阿瑟・米勒的代表作《推销员之死》中主人公的悲剧形象。

与传统悲剧不同,《推销员之死》成功地塑造出一位美国普通推销员的悲剧原型。

主人公威利・洛曼的命运悲剧不仅是其个人的悲剧,也是家庭关系的悲剧,更是美国社会的悲剧。

关键词:悲剧原型;个人悲剧;家庭悲剧;社会悲剧中图分类号:I7121073 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1003-3831(2005)02-0035-05The Trag i c Archetype of an Am er i can Everyman:W illy L oman i n D ea th of a Sa lesm anMA Ke2yunAbstract:This essay app lies Fryeπs Mythol ogical2A rchetypal App r oach t o the inter p retati on of the tragic p r otagonist in D eath of a Sales m an,the master p iece written by the modern American p lay wright A rthur M iller.D ifferent fr om traditi onal tragedies,the archetype of a co mmon American sales man has been successfully characterized in D eath of a Sales m an.The tragedy of W illy Loman may be considered as a tragedy of an individual,of a fa m ily,and of American s ociety as well. Key words:Tragic archetype;individual tragedy;fa m ily tragedy;s ocial tragedy 原型批评理论是加拿大著名的文学理论家诺思洛普・弗莱(Northr op Frye,1912～1991)在研究西方神话的本质基础上,通过《批评的解剖》(1957)一书建立起来的。

围城外的边缘人：《推销员之死》中威利·洛曼的悲剧解析

大理大学学报JOURNAL OF DALI UNIVERSITY 第1卷第11期2016年11月Vol.1No.11Nov.2016［DOI］10.3969/j.issn.2096-2266.2016.11.007《推销员之死》是犹太裔美国著名剧作家阿瑟·米勒的经典之作，一举囊括了托尼奖、普利策奖和纽约剧评界奖，该剧讲述了美国社会一名普通的推销员威利·洛曼在执著追求美国梦道路上陨落的故事，为观众展现了一个在理想与现实中挣扎纠结的小人物形象。

《推销员之死》的故事情节并不复杂，却为读者们提供了多层次多角度的阐释空间，不同文化背景、生活经历的人都能从中找到共鸣，拥有自己独特的理解。

但概括地说，评论家们大多把《推销员之死》的悲剧归因于威利·洛曼狭隘偏激的美国梦，“‘金钱至上’的美国梦是美国社会判断人的价值的唯一取向，这种不正常的价值观导致了威利的精神崩溃和自杀”〔1〕，并探讨在这种扭曲的人生价值观影响下普通人在事业、婚姻、家庭各个方面所遭受的挫败。

围城效应是钱钟书在其著名小说《围城》中所提出的一种探讨人生和文学的新理念。

“围在城里的想逃出来，城外的人想冲进去。

对婚姻也罢，职业也罢，人生的愿望大都如此”〔2〕。

围城是无法安于现状的人不自觉地束缚在自己身上的一副枷锁，总是无法满足的欲望禁锢了他们的身心自由，诱惑着人们走向自己想象的幻境进而走向绝望的深渊。

在围城视角下的《推销员之死》呈现出一种全然不同的理解氛围，威利·洛曼身上带有的阿瑟·米勒潜意识映射出的犹太文化欲融入美国主流文化未果；威利·洛曼妄想运用“好人缘”在物欲横流唯利是图的金钱社会中获得成功却惨遭失败；威利·洛曼内心极度渴望儿子的崇拜认可却在谎言和欺骗的阴影下与儿子的关系降到冰点。

欲求不得的围城心态折磨着威利·洛曼，无法解脱的他最终怀揣着带有诈骗性质的梦想放弃了自己的生命，然而他的死亡却成了他出售的最后一件毫无价值的商品，在寥寥无几的哀悼者见证下走完了自己悲惨的一生。

浅析《推销员之死》中威利

浅析《推销员之死》中威利•洛曼的悲剧作者：关羽含来源：《青年文学家》2017年第21期摘要：威利·洛曼是《推销员之死》中的主人公，也就是阿瑟·米勒在作品中塑造的人物，一名推销员。

他作为美国社会中最普通的一员，为公司卖力工作35年，年岁大被解雇；他对儿子寄托全部希望，儿子们事业却很失败；无力养家的他选择自杀，以便给家人带来一笔保险金。

他的悲剧不是他个人的悲剧，在整个美国社会中也是典型的悲剧。

关键词：威利·洛曼；价值观；期望与现实；付出和回报作者简介：关羽含（1994-），女，汉族，辽宁省本溪市人，辽宁大学英语语言文学专业硕士在读，研究方向：英美文学。

[中图分类号]：J8 [文献标识码]：A[文章编号]：1002-2139（2017）-21--01《推销员之死》是美国剧作家阿瑟·米勒的杰作，威利·洛曼是这部作品中的中心人物。

对于他的一生，有的人认为他可悲，有的人认为他可怜。

他是一个悲剧人物，他是美国人民中普通的一员，他的人生际遇，价值观的冲突、期望和现实的冲突、付出和收获的冲突就是美国民众的缩影。

美国当代批评家杰克·克罗尔曾说：“《推销员之死》把我们的某些最有深远影响、最致命的矛盾冲突以隆重的方式公布在大众面前。

它是一出关于美国社会中被扭曲了的人们的遭遇的戏剧……米勒这部作品的强大威力把观众的诚实心态升华到了一个新的高度，他们了解那个以虚幻的梦想欺骗自己而且至死不愿醒悟的威利·洛曼。

”一、价值观的冲突他有一句口头禅，“只要别人喜欢你，就什么都有了。

”他总是认为，一个人能否成功关键是看他人是否喜欢你，也就是人好缘不好。

“他希望别人真心喜欢他，希望得到别人的爱戴，希望成为一个了不起的人，希望能实现自己的幻想，一辈子没有白过……”然而，一名推销员对社会的意义是什么？他没有技术，不会安装机械；他没有知识，不能用法律手段帮助别人，不能帮人看病开药方。

美国梦的幻灭——《推销员之死》中威利·洛曼的悲剧命运浅析

美国梦的幻灭——《推销员之死》中威利洛曼的悲剧命运浅
析
王洋
【期刊名称】《海外英语（下）》
【年(卷),期】2018(000)008
【摘要】"美国梦"这一主题在阿瑟·米勒的代表作《推销员之死》中得到充分的体现,该剧主人公威利·洛曼之死则代表着"美国梦"的幻灭.威利扭曲的性格,其不正常的家庭关系及其所处的社会制度均是造成其悲剧命运的原因.
【总页数】2页(P187-188)
【作者】王洋
【作者单位】大连理工大学城市学院,辽宁大连116600
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】I106
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3.美国之梦的破灭--《推销员之死》中威利·洛曼的悲剧命运浅析 [J], 朱亚宁
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论推销员之死中威利罗曼的悲剧必然性

（2013）届本科生毕业设计（论文）题目On Inevitability of Willy Loman’s Tragedy inDeath of a Salesman论《推销员之死》中威利·罗曼的悲剧必然性专业英语院系外国语学院论《推销员之死》中威利·罗曼的悲剧必然性摘要:《推销员之死》是美国著名戏剧大师阿瑟·米勒的作品，被誉为“美国梦不在”的代表作。

这部作品完成于1949年，它在百老汇的首演就取得了庞大的成功，许多评论家把这部戏剧看做美国第一部杰出的悲剧。

这部作品的主人公威利·罗曼是一个普通的推销员，但是各类冲突把他推向了死亡，他的悲剧命运是不可避免的。

本论文将以黑格尔的悲剧理论为基础对威利·罗曼的悲剧必然性进行分析。

本论文分为两大部份，别离是对那时社会大背景的分析和对作品中人物之间冲突的分析，通过这些分析得出其悲剧命运的必然性。

并通过对威利·罗曼的悲剧必然性的分析，探讨作家对那时社会的态度，和这种悲剧的普遍性，从而挖掘其现实意义。

关键词:推销员之死；悲剧；必然性；矛盾冲突；社会现实On Inevitability of Willy Loman’s Tragedy in Deathof a SalesmanAbstract:Death of a salesman is a famous work of the great American playwright Arthur Miller, which is a typical work about absence of American dream.The play premiered on in February 1949 and made a great success.Some reviewers view it as one of the great tragedies in American literature. The protagonist is a salesman named Willy Loman but all kinds of conflicts led to his final death. This thesis makes a thorough research on the inevitability of Willy Loman’s tragedy in Death of a Salesman on the basis of Hegel's theory of tragedy. The thesis mainly includes two parts: one is the analysis of the social environment, the other is the analysis of conflicts in this work, through which we can get the conclusion that Willy’s tragedy is inevitable. This thesis also makes a research about the writer’s attitude towards the social reality at that time and the universality of Willy’s tragedy.Key Words: Death of a salesman, tragedy, inevitability, conflicts, social realityContents1. Introduction (1)2. The social background of Death of a Salesman (1)The social factors in the 1940s (2)The influence of social background on the tragic plot (2)The influence of social background on the tragic character (3)The influence of social background on the inevitability of the tragedy (4)3. The conflicts in Willy Loman’s life (4)The conflict between Willy’s American dream and the reality (4)The conflict between Willy and his sons (6)The conflict between Willy and other characters (7)4. The inevitability of Willy Loman’s tragedy (8)5. Conclusion (10)Bibliography (11)Acknowledgement (12)1.IntroductionArthur Miller is a great American playwright and essayist. Death of a Salesman is generally acknowledged as his most remarkable masterpiece, which makes him well known around the world. It was the recipient of the 1949 and . The play premiered on in February 1949, which caused a tremendous sensation. Such a play full of melancholy and tragedy actually stirred the whole literary world and still occupied an important position in American literary.Death of a salesman tells a story of a four-number family, in which each of them is busy all day to satisfy their inner desire. Willy Loman, the protagonist of the play, is an ordinary salesman. He is 60 years old and very unstable, tending to imagine events from the past as if they are real. There is an irreconcilable conflict between Willy’s dream and the reality. Linda Loman is Willy's wife. She always smiles and nods when Willy talks unrealistically about hopes for the future. They have two sons, Biff and Happy, who also have their respective problems in their life. The conflicts still exist between Willy and other characters. Willy’s family was under great depress, and Willy got some metal illness. Their life is not so smooth and everyone in this family is weighted down by life.As Hegel argued that the tragedy is caused by conflicts. All the conflicts are divided into two groups. Firstly, some conflicts are caused by objective factors. Then the rest of conflicts are caused by psychological status, which are the most ideal conflicts in Hegel’s opinion. All conflicts would lead to two results, die or peace1 Atkinson，the famous critic of the New York Times, ever said, “Death of a salesman is a great work filled with humanistic concern. That is because Mr. Miller sympathetically had a insight into the inner world of ordinary Americans and quietly presented the pain into the stage.” In China, many scholars speak highly of this great play. Ying Ruocheng, a famous translator and performing artist in China, views Death of a salesman as one of the greatest play in America. But few scholars pay close attention to the inevitability of Willy’s tragedy. The study of the inevitability of Willy’s tragedy has its practical significance and academic value. The research on the inevitability of the tragedy is to have a deep understanding of the American society in the 1940s and explore the practical significance.2. The social background of Death of a salesmanThe social background is the cornerstone of the play. The study of social background is great of importance to the literature and literary study. This play was written in 1949. In that period, America achieved greatly success in economy. Most1of the people had blind optimism, so it was high time that artists sounded the alarm for people. Social background and the function of the social reality to Willy’s tragedy will be introduced in this part.The social factors in the 1940sThe play, Death of a salesman, which caused a great sensation, premiered on in February 1949 after the Second World War. American economy in that period had a rapid development. When America entered a glowing period after the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the best; its workers the most skilled. All Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams. But it didn’t mean everything went well. At least, life is not so easy for ordinary people.Some serious social problems still existed. To begin with, although the American economy had a rapid development, it was in shadow of the Great Depression in the 1930s. Some social problems under the capitalist market economy, such as inflation, unemployment, still perplexed the ordinary Americans. In the next place, the cruel disordered competition of capitalist market economy caused a value which viewed the profits and wealth as the most important things. Some old people are eliminated by the society. Furthermore, most of Americans at that time were addicted in the pursuit of wealth and ignored other happiness, such as the family, friendship and so on. The value destroyed the nature of kindness and the harmony of society.The story of Death of a salesman happened in this settings. Willy Loman is an ordinary salesman. In general view, he was a man full of happiness. He had a beautiful wife and two sons, a house in downtown, a car and a steady work. But he didn’t feel satisfied until his death. In his mind, wealth and fame is the only thing which he pursues. He failed, so he wanted his sons to make his dream come true. At last, nothing went well. Misery over misery, he was fired by his boss although he had been working for the company for 34 years, so he ended his life at last. Therefore it’s not only a tragedy of Willy Loman, but also a tragedy of the American society.The influence of social background on the tragic plotThe social background has an influence on the development of plot in this play. Plot is the series of events which form the story of a novel, a play or a film. The plot and the reality have a close relationship. The development of the plot is not beyond the reality, that is to say, the plot should obey some rules which come from social reality in literature. The plot of Death of a salesman is deeply rooted in the society.Firstly, Willy Loman chose salesman as his ideal job when he was young. The choice is deeply influenced by the social background. In the 1910s, salesman is anideal and steady job. When Willy was young, he met an old salesman who could make money at the age of 84. From then on, Willy chose salesman as his lifelong job. His choice is obviously influenced by the social reality. The choice in the 1910s is the start of development of the plot.Secondly, salesman was on longer an ideal and steady job with the development of the society. The World War in the 1930s created much economic bubble in America. The impact of greatest economic crisis in 1939 on American economy existed. All these curbed consumption to some extent, which made salesman was not so steady in the 1940s. The change of social background deeply influenced on the development of the plot. Willy’s life should be better and better, but things don’t turn out the way he wants, his career was at a mess. At the same time, the relationship between Willy and his family turned complicated. Willy sticks to his original dream, but his son Biff wants to be a farmer to get away from the pressure from the society. The conflict between Willy and Biff become acute. The social background pushes Willy to the cliff step by step.Thirdly, the society is full of the law of jungle. Almost everyone pursues their success by hook or by crook and . This is the by-product of the high-speed development of economy. The social background impulses the development of the plot again. Willy was fired by his boss. In eyes of the boss, Willy was too old to create surplus value. Capitalists batten on the surplus value created by workers. It is inevitable for Willy to be fired by his boss. The change directly pushes the plot to a new high.Obviously, the plot is rooted in the social background. The function of the social background to the development of plot is great of importance.The influence of social background on the tragic characterThe tragic character in the play is also influenced by social background. Society is constituted by people, on the other hand, society also influences on individuals. Willy Loman is the one who is influenced by social reality.Firstly, the influence of social background on the tragic character reflects on the impact of the American Dream on Willy. The America dream is a belief which is rooted in the whole American society. Willy always sticks to his American dream, he don’t want to yield to the social reality. T he American dream has a great influence on Willy. On one hand, Willy is crazy for his dream, which makes him blind and paranoid. On the other hand, his fanaticism about his dream is unrealistic, which makes him frustrated. The two points cause his personality weakness, which is related to his tragedy.Secondly, the mainstream values also influence on Willy’s tragedy. Values are beliefs about what is right and wrong and what is important in life. Values originate in society and are rooted in social reality. In the 1940s, the cruel disordered competition of capitalist market economy caused a value which viewed the profits and wealth as the most important things. Willy is deeply influenced by the value. He was always crazy for fame and wealth. His craze was blind, which made him ignore the essence of life. This point directly causes the conflict between Willy and his family, which lead to his tragedy.It is obvious that the social background has a great impact on Willy and his tragedy.The influence of social background on the inevitability of Willy Loman’s tragedyFrom the analysis, we learn that social background has an impact on the plot and the tragic character. The plot and personality weaknesses are two factors in Willy’s tragedy. The two factors are both rooted in social background. In Hegel’s theory of tragedy, there is a kind of conflict which is caused by objective factors. Social background is sorted into objective factors, and is independent from individual’s will. Society is the accelerator of the tragedy. Specifically, the high-speed development of economy in that period made Willy crazy for wealth and fame. And the reality is so cruel. When Willy got old, he was fired by his boss. That directly caused his death. According to the analysis, we can safely get the conclusion that the inevitability of Willy’s tragedy is influenced by the social background.All in all, it is necessary to have a research on the social background. Social reality is not only the cornerstone of this work but also the environment of the story. Society’s function in this play is great and can’t be ignored.3. The conflicts in Willy Loman’s lifeIn Hegel’s idea, the basic factors which caused Willy’s tragedy are conflicts. Conflict is a situation in which people, groups or countries are involved in a serious disagreement or argument. This part will be divided into three parts to study the importance of conflicts in Willy’s life.The conflict between Willy’s American Dream and the realityThe America dream is a belief which is rooted in the whole American society. The American dream, originating from the colonization time, not only inspirits people to be successful but also is the spine of the American literature. The American Dream is a national of the , a set of ideals in which freedom includes the opportunity for prosperity and success, and an upward achieved through hard work.2this play, the protagonist, Willy Loman, also had his own American dream. He wanted to be successful, and he also imposed his dream onto his sons. But he failed at last.The society is full of the law of the jungle. Not everyone is the winner, loser is everywhere as well. Willy Loman was a man who was eliminated by the increasingly fierce social competition. On the other hand, Willy's neighbor，Charley, and his elder brother, Ben who became a diamond tycoon after a detour to Africa were successful. Willy is jealous of them. The comparison between Willy and the other two successful men also made Willy frustrated.In Willy’s mind, he should be the same successful as them, but the reality played a joke to him. In fact, his life is not so well. His two sons had conflicts with him, and they also didn’t achieve success. His salary was not high enough for him to repay the loan. He also had metal illness. All in all, there is a big psychological gap between his American dream and the reality.First of all, there is a big contrast between the job in his mind as a salesman and the job in reality. When he was young, he thought that a salesman was the best job because he met a successful salesman who could make money when he was 84 years old. From then on, he chose to become a salesman. But things went athwart. The job was full of difficulties. He didn’t make enough money when he was old. The worst thing was that he was fired by his boss. Everything was changing: profit was the highest standards to measure the value of a man. All those made him painful in his later life.Moreover, there is a conflict between his dream about his sons and cruel reality. He thought his son, Biff who was a football star with lots of potential in high school would have a rosy future, but Biff failed. He failed in the exam and lost the chance to become a football star. On the other hand, Bernard, Charley's son became a very successful lawyer. In Willy's flashbacks, he was a nerd. Willy was not reconciled to his failure. He still thought Biff had the potential to achieve success, but he wanted to become a farmer and failed over and over again. This is another gap between his dream and the reality. But Willy always had the confidence on Biff who was his last hope. Things don't turn out the way he wants, so Biff failed at last.Once more, he always boasted to his wife that he did well in his job, but in fact, he didn’t sell anything. He always said that he had a good relationship with his clients, but in fact, he did not have good relationships with his clients. This also made him painful in his life. It is also a conflict between his dream and the reality.Lastly, there is a conflict between the failure of Willy and the success of Ben and Charley. He couldn’t accept the fact that he failed while others achieved success2because he was a perfect man in his mind. He thought himself as a good husband, good father, good friend and good salesman, while in fact he didn’t do well as a father, husband, friend and a salesman.The conflict between his American dream and the cruel reality caused his metal illness. He was always addicted in the memory. Maybe it is a way for him to escape from the cruel reality.All in all, there is a big conflict between his American dream and the reality. According to Hegel's theory of tragedy, the conflict between his American dream and the reality belongs to the category which is caused by the psychological status. Meanwhile the conflict is unavoidable. There is an irreconcilable conflict between Willy’s American dream and the reality, so it determines the inevitability of his tragedy.The conflict between Willy and his sonsWilly had two sons, Biff Loman and Happy Loman. There were irreconcilable differences between Willy and his two sons. The conflict between them was very obvious.In the first instance, there is a conflict between Willy and Biff. Biff was a football star with lots of potential in high school, but he failed when he grew up. He went between going home to try to fulfill Willy's dream for him to be a businessman and ignoring his father and going out West to be a farmhand where he could find himself. Nevertheless Willy hoped that Biff came back to the city and work hard to achieve success.Biff liked being outdoors and working with his hands, while Willy wanted him to do something worthwhile which could make him proud. Willy had always been proud of him when Biff was a football player. Over time, they had different views, so they had a strained relationship between them. There are some factors which cause the strained relationship between them.Firstly, they have a different view of the world. Overall Biff remains a realist, and he ever informed Willy that he was just a normal guy, and would not be a great man. On the other hand, Willy is a man who never gives up and a man full of great ambitions. Then Biff had a prejudice on his father. When he was a little boy, his father was a hero with countless friends. Willy’s words were truth in little Biff’s mind. As he grew up, he found that his father was not such a hero and an ordinary man who always . He thought that all families were telling lies. Biff ever said to Willy, “The man doesn’t know who we are! The man is going to know! We never told the truth for ten minutes in this house!” Once more, he attributed his failure to Willy. He said to Willy, “And I never got anywhere because you blew me so full of hot air I could neverstand taking orders from anybody! Whose fault it is! ”Lastly, because of his father Biff failed math in his senior year. Meanwhile Biff dropped out of summer school due to finding Willy with another woman while visiting him in Boston. Such things made him upset. From then on, they had a strained relationship. They always quarreled with each other, and Biff knew that Willy wanted to kill himself.The conflict between Willy and Biff is enormous and unavoidable. Neither of them would compromise to each other.In the next place, there is a conflict between Willy and Happy. Happy Loman was Willy's younger son. He lived in the shadow of his older brother Biff most of his life. He always was ignored by his father, but he still tried to be supportive towards his family. He had a very restless lifestyle as a womanizer. He dreamed of moving beyond his current job as an assistant to the assistant buyer at the local store, but he didn’t make it.He was always looking for approval from his parents, but rarely gets any, and he even went as far as to make things up just for attention, such as telling his parents he is going to get married. In fact, he didn’t get enough attention from his father, because Happy wasn’t Willy’s hope, he never achieved success which made Willy proud. So he always lived in the shadow of Biff. The conflict between Happy and Will is also obvious.Generally speaking, the conflict among them was inevitable. Firstly, neither of the two subjects of the conflict would compromise. Then, the conflict is the inevitable production of Willy’s education method. The last, the conflict between two generations was common in America in 1940s. This conflict also attributes to Willy’s tragedy.The conflict between Willy and other charactersIn the play, Willy also had a close relationship to other characters. These characters include his wife, his neighbor, his uncle and his boss. There also exist irreconcilable conflicts between Willy and them.Firstly, the conflict between Willy and his wife, Linda, plays an important role in Willy’s tragedy. Linda Loman is Willy's wife. She always smiled and nodded when Willy talked unrealistically about hopes for the future, although she seemed to have a good knowledge of what was really going on. She was the first to realize Willy was contemplating suicide at the beginning of the play, and urged her two sons to make something for Willy. She didn’t prevent Willy herself, because she loved him too much to expose his secret. Linda’s love to Willy and Willy’s vanity was a pair of conflict, which accelerated Willy’s death.There is a conflict between Willy and the Charley’s. Charley is Willy'sneighborhood. He pitied Willy and frequently lent him money and came over to play cards with Willy, although Willy often treated him poorly. Bernard is Charley's son. In Willy's flashbacks, he was a nerd, who turned to be a very successful lawyer, married, and rich.The conflict is obvious. Willy was jealous of Charley because his son was more successful than Willy's. Meanwhile Charley’s success also made him jealous. Consequently Willy was hostile to them. Charley offered Willy a job many times during visiting to his office, yet Willy declined every time, even after he lost his job as a salesman. He didn’t want to yield to him. Furthermore, he was confused about Charley’s success.Uncle Ben also played an important role on Willy’s death. Uncle Ben is Willy's older brother who became successful after a detour to Africa. He had been dead but Willy frequently spoke to him in his hallucinations of the past. He went into the jungle when he was 17 and returned at 21 very rich. He was Willy's role model, although he was much older and had no real relationship with Willy. He represented Willy's idea of the . In Willy’s mind, Uncle Ben is a real successful man.There is a conflict between Willy and Howard Wagner. Howard is Willy's boss. He was named by Willy, and yet he saw Willy as a liability for the company and let him go, ignoring all the contribution that Willy has devoted to the company. Howard is the representative of the upper class in America, who views profit as only chase. In their eyes, there was nothing except money. He fired Willy, which made Willy lose all his hope directly and lead him to solve all the problems by suicide.All these conflicts come together to accelerate Willy’s death.4. The inevitability of Willy Loman’s tragedyThe death of Willy Loman is a tragedy of an age which is inevitable and common. Meanwhile the tragedy of Willy is also one of the great tragedies in English literature. Different from Shakespeare's tragedy, Death of a Salesman concentrates on the influence of the society and personality. The whole play is full of conflicts, which caused Willy’s death. All these factors come together to contribute to Willy’s death.All the conflicts are divided into two parts, one is caused by social environment and the other is caused by some factors which are deep down in his heart.The first group of conflicts which come from social environment is inevitable. There was a big irreconcilable gap between different classes. The upper class controlled most of the wealth in America, while the lower class still worked hard to get rid of poverty. The whole social is full of greedy egotism and vanity. As ordinary salesman, Willy has to accept the mainstream thoughts and work hard for it. That isto say, the first group of conflicts is inevitable. And the death of Willy is the tragedy of the age in 1940s.The second group of conflicts which come from Willy’s inner world is also inevitable. Specifically, Willy is a man with a lot of ambitions. As a salesman, he always made great efforts to achieve his so called success, but in vain. He was 60 years old and had some metal illness, tending to imagine events from the past as if they were real. Maybe the contrast was too obvious for him. He vacillated between different perceptions of his life.All in all, all kinds of conflicts in Willy’s life are inevitable. Willy is only a representative of such people. In Arthur Miller’s mind, he just wants to express that the society is full of the cruel disordered competition of capitalist market economy. This kind of competition caused a value which viewed profits and wealth as the most important things. Consequently, these conflicts in Willy’s life are universal and inevitable. And his tragedy is caused by these conflicts. These conflicts are not only the part of Willy’s life but also a part of the society in 1940s.Now we can safely get the conclusion that Willy’s tragedy is inevitable. That isn’t the final aim for which Arthur Miller to write this play, it has a deeper implication.Plays are s of society. Through all kinds plays we can peek at every aspects of reality. Art derives from life but it is beyond life. Meanwhile, the implication of art is the reflection of life and an instrument to guide life. Death of a salesman is a great work which makes readers deeply thinking.American dramatist Arthur Miller exposed the cruelty of disorderly competition under the capitalist market economic system in America through the play. In this play people establish a value of money as successful criterion which makes people cold-blood. It destroys the good and honest nature of human being to some extent. Meanwhile Miller expresses an idea that the weak are the prey of the strong in Death of a salesman. Consequently, the inevitability of Willy Loman’s tragedy has its representativeness. In America there is thousands of Willy working hard for a vain future. Miller wants to arouse the public attention through the play.There is some practical significance of the play. The practical significance is not only for America but also for China. The first, the government should pay a great attention to the education about shaping good values. Profit should not be the only social standard. Then, we should have a rational knowledge to success. Success is not all-powerful. Success is different from happiness. It’s not rational to be crazy for success ignoring other factors in life. In the next place, governments should create the Medicare insurance program for the elderly. Maybe it is one of the measures to reduce the tragedy of Willy Loman. The last, a great attention should be paid to thefamily education. The pattern of Willy’s is failure. Parents should set a good example to children. In one word, some measures should be taken to reduce the tragedy of Willy in society.All in all, the conflicts from society and individuals are both unavoidable. All the conflicts are rooted in objective reality which isn’t influenced by individual will. The inevitability of conflicts determines the inevitability of Willy’s tragedy. The inevitability of the tragedy makes the study of practical significance necessary.5. ConclusionThis thesis discusses the inevitability of Willy Loman’s tragedy in Death of a salesman. To analyze the inevitability of Willy Loman is mainly from two aspects, the social background and the conflicts in Willy’s life. Through the analysis of the social reality, the readers get to know that the tragedy is rooted in society. There is a close relationship between the social real ity and the tragedy. Willy Loman is just a representative of the age. From the analysis of the conflicts in Willy’s life, we learn that the all the conflicts are unavoidable. Conflicts are the most important factors in Willy’s tragedy. The tragedy is inevitable automatically because of the unavoidable conflicts.All in all, Willy Loman’s tragedy is inevitable. The social reality and the conflicts cause Willy’s tragedy. It is of great significance to study the inevitability of Willy Loman’s tragedy and excavate its practical significance and academic values to guide our life.Bibliography[1] Miller, Arthur. Death of a Salesman [M]. London: Penguin, 2000.。

《推销员之死》中小人物威利的命运

浅析《推销员之死》中小人物威利的命运摘要：作家阿瑟米勒的著名作品《推销员之死》中描述了威利洛曼这个小人物，他的命运是坎坷的，在工作上，他得不到公司的承认，在社会地位上，他卑微而缺乏前途，在家庭上，他受到家人的排斥，也没有履行自己作为丈夫和父亲的责任，可以说，他的一生庸庸碌碌，毫无作为，只能自杀结束生命。

下面本文将具体分析威利的命运。

关键词：威利·洛曼；推销员；美国梦；悲剧美国戏剧家阿瑟米勒，在1949年写出了一个震惊美国的戏剧作品，这个作品就是——《推销员之死》。

这部作品，一经推出便获得了巨大的轰动。

可以说，这部喜剧成就了阿瑟米勒，因为这部作品，阿瑟米勒蜚声美国戏剧界，被称为美国戏剧界的大师级人物。

这部作品还获得了三项具有举足轻重地位的大奖，分别是“普利策戏剧奖”、“纽约戏剧评论奖”和美国舞台艺术成就最高奖项“托尼戏剧音乐奖”。

而《纽约时报》更是将这部作品，称为20世纪美国话剧中的领军作品。

这种荣誉可以说是无上光荣。

最后，阿瑟米勒更是获得了“终身成就奖”。

而这么伟大的作品，阿瑟米勒却用了仅仅一个半月的时间写完的，我们不得不由衷的对阿瑟米勒怀有敬佩之情。

在这部作品中，阿瑟米勒揭露了“美国梦的疵点”。

男主角威力诺曼非常崇拜美国这种资本主义社会制度，他总是渴望能够出类拔萃，高人一等，但最终却因为被利益迷惑了双眼从而走上不归路。

一、《推销员之死》内容简介年逾花甲的推销员威利·洛曼，拎着两只沉重的、装样品的箱子回到家。

他看起来非常疲惫不堪，看起来似乎奄奄一息的样子。

他活得非常累和卑微，只有老伴儿林达了解他、关爱他，她本分的做好妻子该做的分内之事，并尽最大给予自己的丈夫该有的尊严，希望能有自己的爱来增加他活下去的勇气，增强他对生活的信心。

但是她的努力似乎都收效甚微。

威利在年轻的时候，非常精明能干，他有两个儿子，比夫和哈皮。

大儿子比夫文化课学的不好，但是威利不以为然，他认为大儿子未来能成为一名出色的运动员。

《推销员之死》中威利·洛曼的人物塑造浅析

一
在社会环境，尤其是经济大萧条影响下，阿瑟・米勒的人物塑造。正如我们所知威利・洛曼这个人
物的塑造是以很多真实和虚构的人物为模型，并且是以作者个人的经历观察为基础，但仍没有失
去其普遍意义。
【关键词】人物塑造；社会环境；模型
参考文献：［１］陈翔冰．秋野［Ｍ】．上海：暨南大学秋野社，１９２７ — １９２９．［２】温梓川著，钦鸿编．文人的另一面［Ｍ】．广西：广西师范大
学出版社，２００４．
［３】赖伯疆．海外华文文学概观【Ｍ】．广东：花城出版社，
在他看来秋野社是暨大众多文艺团体中最有成就的而他所撰写的回忆录文人的另一面中提及秋野和秋野社的文章就有9篇之多他的这本回忆录也为后人了解20世纪二三十年代中国文坛了解秋野社及秋野月刊提供了丰富的资料
２０１５竹
６。期
太原城市职业技术学院学报
ｏｕｒｎ￣ｏｆＴａｉ＇ｃｕａｎＵｒｂａｎＶｏｃａｄｏｎ￣ＣｏＵ
总第１６威利・洛曼的人物塑造浅析
张奇
（辽宁师范大学外国语学院，辽宁大连１１６０２９）
【摘要】阿瑟・米勒的《推销员之死》在美国第一次上映的时候就震惊了全美。它不仅赢得了纽约戏剧评论家奖，还在１９４９年获得普利策奖。大多数评论家倾向于争论威利・洛曼这个小人物是否是合格的个悲剧英雄。但他们不大注意米勒的戏剧和他的所处社会背景之间的关系。本文旨在综合研究

爱的悲剧——《推销员之死》林达·洛曼形象分析

论文选粹
ＴｅＷｏｌ＆ＣｏｇｉｇＶｏ．８Ｎ．０ｈｒｄｈｎｑｎ１２ｏ９２１１
重庆与世界２１年第２卷第９０１８期
爱的悲剧
《推销员之死》达・林洛曼形象分析
罗小丽
（南京审计学院外国语学院，南京２１１）１８５
林达不能畅所欲言；所能做的就是 “ 心翼翼 ” “ 她小地顺
着 ” 权威，可权威的绝对地位。林达总是 “ 限地耐 … 认无
心” 和威利说话，威利感觉他在家庭中的主导地位， … 让但威利却从没有认真倾听过妻子的想法。他总是发火咆哮，无缘无故打断林达，或是答非所问。因此戏剧开场的谈话更像是威利的独白。林达与威利交谈的间断性和不
反先前的冷漠，积极为儿子出谋划策。林达运用智慧逐渐化解父子冲突，消解了儿子的破坏
力量。深知威利心病的林达明白，有让威利在被视为自只
敬，依靠自己的品德获得了相当财富。
但是威利并没用认识到，残酷的现代商业社会遵循的
摘要ｉ戏剧《推销员之死》描述了推销员威利・洛曼的悲剧。威利的妻子林达・曼温柔体贴，爱着丈夫。但洛深是看似逆来顺受林达却用自己的爱为威利虚构了“ 美国梦” 的幻境，纵了丈夫的言行，操最终促成威利自杀身亡。
林达・曼正是以其平凡的爱将丈夫推向死亡的深渊，就了平凡人的悲剧。洛谱

阿瑟米勒《推销员之死》中威利洛曼的悲剧命运解读

最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作1 透过《傲慢与偏见》看现代社会爱情观2 黑人性的遗失与保存从黑人文化传统看《日用家当》3 旅游广告资料翻译探讨4 对《看得见风景的房间》的象征主义解读5 威廉福克纳的女性观—《喧哗与骚动》女性性格分析6 英语委婉语的语用分析7 《长日入夜行》中玛丽的悲剧和反抗8 《红楼梦》杨译本与霍译本文化意象的翻译对比9 中式菜肴名称英译的功能观10 文本狂欢与女性主义理想：《马戏团之夜》之狂欢化理论解读11 英语汉源借词研究12 试析中英婚姻生活差异及其原因13 文档所公布均英语专业全英原创毕业论文。

原创Q 805 990 74 914 《麦琪的礼物》的叙事技巧分析15 从大卫•芬奇《七宗罪》看宗教极端主义16 透过《德伯家的苔丝》看哈代托马斯的宗教观17 论跨文化商务中的非言语交际18 标识语翻译的文化陷阱19 从弗洛伊德的精神分析理论浅析《道林格雷的画像》中的主要人物20 旅游翻译中的跨文化语用失误21 中学英语教学大纲与课程标准的比较研究22 浅析汉英动物词的文化内涵及其翻译23 跨文化交际中的语用失误分析及策略研究24 母语在初中英语课堂教学中的作用探析25 《生活大爆炸》言语幽默语用分析（开题报告+论）26 从《祝福》的英译本谈文化空缺词的翻译27 《太阳照常升起》中科恩屡遭排斥的根源分析28 Pragmatic Study on the Humor Effect in The Big Bang Theory29 中式英语特点及发展趋势30 《永别了武器》中战争对人类所造成的毁灭31 广告英语及其翻译32 从文化角度论英汉语中的性别歧视33 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》中的圣经人物原型分析34 福克纳笔下的“南方淑女”－－从互文视角解析凯蒂和艾米莉的边缘化形象特征35 苔丝德蒙娜性格中的悲剧因素36 浅析《汤姆叔叔的小屋》写作技巧37 语境理论在初中英语词汇教学中的应用38 论营销道德与社会责任的履行39 The Elementary Stage Translation Teaching Design for Undergraduate English Majors40 论哥特式手法在《呼啸山庄》中的应用41 论直译与意译在英汉翻译中的应用42 The Analysis of Teacher Images in English Films And Their Impacts on Young Teachers43 《永别了，武器》的存在主义解读44 解读《小镇畸人》中三位畸形女性45 论《杀死一只知更鸟》中的象征46 浅谈英语影片名的翻译47 《麦田中的守望者》中霍尔顿的异化48 从精神分析学角度探究《呼啸山庄》中的希斯克里夫49 《远大前程》中通过研究匹普对乔的态度转变来探讨他的成长经历50 A Comparative Study of MTVs in China and U. S.51 中国资本主义发展与英国相异的原因探索52 英文小说中的中国文化认同——《京华烟云》赏析53 《中文菜单英文译法》中的归化和异化分析54 企业网络营销策略分析55 设计中国际主义风格与民族主义风格的平衡56 蕾秋•乔伊斯《一个人的朝圣》成长小说的分析57 论《兔子，跑吧》中兔子逃跑的原因58 培养元认知策略, 提高学生自主学习能力59 归化和异化策略在《红楼梦》文化负载词翻译中的应用60 《双城记》与《呼啸山庄》的家庭主题对比61 The Impact of Loan Words on English V ocabulary62 Maintaining and Revitalizing the Native American Languages63 间接言语在日常生活中的应用64 从反抗到妥协——析《麦田里的守望者》主人公霍尔顿的精神世界65 A Probe into Charles Dickens’ Family Values Reflected in A Christmas Carol66 从颜色词的翻译看中西文化差异67 跨文化交际背景下英语禁忌语探析68 An Appeal for Oedipus Rex69 中餐菜名的英译与饮食文化传播70 论《红字》里“A”字的象征意义71 论《了不起的盖茨比》中的象征及其作用72 论小学英语教学中的词汇教学策略73 从主位述位的角度阐述英语口语的连贯性74 汉语文化负载词的理解与翻译75 从目的论的角度比较研究《茶馆》的两个英文译本76 美国梦的文化观察77 关于初中生外语学习焦虑的分析78 An Analysis of the Symbolic Meanings of the Letter “A” in The Scarlet Letter79 《虹》的象征主义及其生态意识80 对“细密画”的背叛亦或拯救？——从《我的名字叫红》看文明冲突下的阵痛81 [毕业论文](经贸英语系毕业论文)国内手机APP营销现状及其策略分析82 挣脱枷锁，走向自由——从《人性的枷锁》看毛姆的人生观83 浅析中西情人节短信中的文化差异84 论《呼啸山庄》中两代人爱情模式的异同85 论《第二十二条军规》中漫画式的艺术魅力86 论《好人难寻》中的哥特特征87 《小妇人》中女性形象的分析88 狄更斯小说《远大前程》中的批判现实主义特点解读89 从《红字》看霍桑的道德思想观90 达尔文主义视角下的《卡斯特桥市长》91 商务英语中的委婉表达及其翻译92 法律英语的语言特点及其翻译93 从痛苦中顿悟—《麦田里的守望者》成长主题解读94 On Translation of Cultural Factors in News under Skopostheorie95 傅东华译《飘》归化现象浅析96 英汉动物习语的对比研究97 An Exploration on Different Cultures in Terms of Flowers98 论中英思维方式差异对主语翻译的影响99 Analysis of Social Condition from American Gold Rush in The Call of the Wild100 新闻英语模糊语的语用功能分析101 浅析理发师陶德一剧中歌词的妙用102 论《呼啸山庄》中两代人之间不同的爱情观103 名词化隐喻在外贸函电中的功能分析104 从人性论分析维克多•雨果的《悲惨世界》105 打破沉默——接骨师之女中“沉默”主题的解读106 象征手法在《少年派的奇幻漂流》中的运用研究107 中西方祭祀文化之异同108 汉民族节日名称英译中的文化价值取向研究109 浅析英语交际法教学及其运用110 A Brief Study of Anti-female Bias in English111 以威廉•福克纳《喧哗与骚动》为个案研究如何一个人的性格决定了他的命运112 英汉语言性别歧视对比研究113 Pragmatic Empathy and Chinese-English Translation114 广告英语的语言特色115 身势语在基础英语教学中的应用116 中餐菜谱翻译的错误分析117 以《最后一片叶子》为例论欧亨利的创作风格118 从新历史主义视角解读杰罗姆•大卫•塞林格《麦田里的守望者》119 英语委婉语中的转喻现象分析120 简爱性格研究121 从容•重生—解读《肖申克的救赎》中的人物心态122 伟大理想的毁灭——《远大前程》和《了不起的盖茨比》123 英语汽车商标的翻译策略124 广告英语的特色与翻译技巧125 探析中国电影英译的几个误区126 《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》中哈克和吉姆的人物形象分析127128 悲剧英雄—赫尔曼•梅尔维尔笔下的比利•巴德形象分析129 Application of Constructivism to Task-based Reading Teaching in Senior High School 130 从存在主义视角研究J.D.塞林格《泰迪》131 从生态女性主义角度看《德伯家的苔丝》132 Hawthorne’s Religious Notion: an Analysis of The Scarlet Let ter133 从精神分析角度看《宠儿》中塞斯的内心世界——黑人民族精神重塑134 A Comparison and Contrast between Works by Byron and Shelley135 An Analysis on the Tree Image on Sethe’s Back in Beloved136 幸福婚姻中爱情与金钱并重——论《傲慢与偏见》中的婚姻观137 解析《永别了，武器》中亨利的人物形象138 语境适应论下电影片名翻译的研究139 从功能对等角度分析英文电影片名汉译140 On the Importance of China English as an English Variant141 《呼啸山庄》中爱与恨的冲突与交融142 浅析“红”和“黑”在中英文中的文化及语义对比143 在归隐中相遇—论梭罗与陶渊明的诗意人生144145 汉英习语中的文化差异及翻译146 浅析奈达等值理论与商务英语翻译147 An Analysis of the Distorted Human Relations in The Grass Is Singing148 跨文化视角视阈下英语电影片名的翻译研究149 浅析《小妇人》中的女性价值观150 沙博理《水浒传》译本中文化词的翻译151 浅析亨利詹姆斯小说《螺丝在拧紧》中的哥特成分152 Study on Chinese and Western Menu Translation in View of Dietary Cultural Diversity153 《鲁宾逊漂流记》与《桃花源记》中乌托邦思想之比较154 浅析英语典故性成语的来源及汉译155 试析《旅游巴士》中的犹太文化内涵156 英汉被动结构对比研究157 惠特曼的人文主义思想对美国现代诗歌创作和中国诗歌创作的影响——以《自我之歌》为例158 论《白鲸》主角的悲剧实质159 从《荆棘鸟》中三个女性形象解读女性主义发展160 从《永别了，武器》与《老人与海》浅析海明威的战争观161 顺从还是叛逆——解读《汤姆叔叔的小屋》中的基督教义精神162 从《哈克贝里﹒费恩历险记》看马克﹒吐温的幽默讽刺艺术163 分析《土生子》中的种族主义的恶性影响164 论旅游广告的显影性165 An Analysis of Hemingway' Religious Complex in The Old Man and the Sea166 论《最蓝的眼睛》里黑人女性身份的迷失167 英汉鸟类词汇文化内涵比较168 论《米德尔马契》中的人性主题169 Effects of First Person Narration on Thematic Expression in Araby170 “适者生存”——从社会达尔文主义看《热爱生命》171 《达洛卫夫人》与弗吉尼亚伍尔夫的女性主义172 论流行网络词汇的汉英翻译173 由《红楼梦》中人名的英译看中西文化差异174 A Script-based Study of the Female Theme in Scent of a Woman175 An Analysis of the Stylistic Features and Pragmatic Functions of Network Language176177 英语委婉语浅析178 从《麦琪的礼物》分析欧·亨利的内心世界179 王尔德童话《夜莺与玫瑰》中的唯美主义180 On Paul’s Self-development in Sons and Lovers181 简•奥斯汀《曼斯菲尔德庄园》中女性角色的地位分析182183 母语在小学英语学习中的正迁移184 英语公益广告中隐喻的应用及翻译研究185 《欲望号街车》女主人公悲剧性命运的女性主义解读186 《荆棘鸟》中主要女主人公爱情观比较187 论英语奢侈品牌的文化及其翻译188 从接受美学角度分析企业简介汉英翻译189 《雾都孤儿》中南希双重性格分析190 从影视剧看英语俚语使用的性别差异191 An Analysis of Communicative Language Teaching Method in Teaching Spoken English in China192 论《喜福会》中女性的反抗精神193 合作学习模式在高中英语口语教学中的应用194 目的论在电影字幕翻译中的应用——以《功夫熊猫》为例195 抽象名词词义内涵及其翻译策略196 论学生角色在中学英语课堂中的转换197 论中美商务谈判风格的差异198 从关联理论的角度看英语广告中隐喻的翻译199 《围城》所反映的中西文化差异分析200 英语习语学习策略的探究。

《推销员之死》中主角威利的性格分析

《推销员之死》中主角威利的性格分析第一篇：《推销员之死》中主角威利的性格分析英语专业全英原创毕业论文，是近期写作，公布的题目可以用于免费参考最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作体态语在英语课堂教学中的运用研究英语新词汉译原则研究从十字军东征看中世纪宗教冲突海明威短篇小说的叙述艺术－－以《一个明亮干净的地方》为例翻译“忠实”新解——兼评《傲慢与偏见》译本如何培养大学生英语阅读理解技能杰克•伦敦《热爱生命》中天气描写的作用残酷的现实与审美愉悦——论《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的崇高美会话含义理论在法庭话语中的运用论中西方零售业企业文化的对比论夏绿蒂勃朗特与简爱在意识形态上的相似之处论海明威《一天的等待》的冰山原则写作风格文化视角下的英汉习语对译（开题报告+论文+）从《雾都孤儿》看查尔斯•狄更斯的善恶观A Comparative Study of Politeness Expressions in English and Chinese Application of Cooperative Learning in English Reading Class of Senior High School 浅析《雾都孤儿》中的现实主义论《家》和《儿女一箩筐》中的中美家庭文化差异提高大学生英语口语的流利度英汉关于“愤怒”隐喻的分析文化视野下的中美家庭教育方法的比较旅游景点标志翻译初探二元对立模型在伍尔夫《达洛卫夫人》中的应用从《瓦尔登湖》看梭罗的自然观《阿Q正传》中文化负载词的翻译《第二十二条军规》中尤索林的观察者与实践者角色评析《红楼梦》中座次表达的英译比较海明威小说硬汉形象的悲剧色彩从桑提亚哥看海明威的奋斗人生谈商务英语中的缩略语现象哈里的迷惘与自我救赎——《乞力马扎罗的雪》的哲学解读论跨文化交际中的体态语中美鬼节文化的对比研究《宠儿》中的女性形象分析浅谈高中英语教师课堂提问与课堂互动功能目的论视角下汉语商标的英译策略英文商务信函中礼貌原则的运用Feminism under the Traditional Masculine Standards 年世博会吉祥物所体现的中国元素从广交会现场洽谈角度论英语委婉语在国际商务谈判中的功能与应用Scarlett’s Pragmatism in Gone with the Wind 中西面子观的比较研究英语专业全英原创毕业论文，是近期写作，公布的题目可以用于免费参考On Mother-daughter Relationship in The Thorn Birds 44 从《红字》看霍桑的道德思想观 45 英式英语和美式英语词汇对比研究Difference between Chinese Buddhism and American Christianity 47 从习语来源看中西文化之不同A Brief Study of Anti-female Bias in English 49 女性形象下的女权主义思想——浅析汤亭亭小说《女勇士》50 浅析《最蓝的眼睛》中的叙事艺术 51 中美商务礼仪差异的跨文化解析理想自我的追求——爱伦•坡与《莫格街血案》53 心理因素对提高英语口语的影响论中学英语教学中学生文化意识的培养An Analysis of the Fool in King Lear from the Perspective of New Historicism 56 从《生活的艺术》看林语堂的人生艺术 57 流行语对美国社会文化的影响 58 中西方奢侈品消费文化之比较 59 英汉颜色词语的内涵差异及翻译 60 初中英语教学中的角色扮演简爱：魅力人格———从心理学角度分析62 语言中性别歧视词汇的语用分析 63 爱情描写与《》核心主题的关系 64 《宠儿》女主人公赛斯人物形象分析 65 英汉双语词典中的语用信息 66 中美家庭教育的差异灰姑娘情结在《理智与情感》中的表现 68 浅析委婉语的构造方式及功能《外婆的日常家当》中女性形象象征意义 70 从童话看中西方儿童教育的差异 71 《呼啸山庄》中凯瑟琳的悲剧分析孤独的神秘与永恒的自由追求——解读《法国中尉的女人》73 浅析好莱坞英雄主义中的传统英雄和反英雄形象 74 从《鲁滨逊漂流记》看人的社会化及人的进取精神On the Translation of Children’s Literature in the Light of the Skopostheory:A Case Study of The Adventures of T om Sawyer 76 幽默元素在英语电影和电视剧中的翻译77 汉语对英语语法学习的负迁移如何运用情景教学法进行初中英语词汇教学的探讨The Lexical 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浅析《推销员之死》威利·洛曼的悲剧根源

浅析《推销员之死》威利·洛曼的悲剧根源威利·洛曼是阿瑟·米勒的戏剧代表作《推销员之死》中的主人公，本文从美国的社会环境，社会的价值标准，以及主人公的自身性格等各个角度剖析了主人公的悲剧根源。

标签：《推销员之死》；社会环境；美国梦；悲剧美国著名作家阿瑟·米勒最重要的剧作之一《推销员之死》被认为是第二次世界大战以来的最佳美国戏剧。

主人公威利不是传统的、古典悲剧人物，而是成千上万普通美国人中的一员。

正是这样一位普通美国人的命运悲剧震撼了无数美国观众，使威利成为美国戏剧舞台上家喻户晓的人物，塑造了一个梦幻中寻找自我，在现实生活中遭受“美国梦”破灭打击和摧残的原形形象。

《推销员之死》剧中威利一无所有，没有工资，只领佣金。

他们推销的只是别人的东西，他相信只要讨人喜欢、具有魅力，世界的大门就会朝他敞开。

他把自己的生活建筑在这样的梦想之上。

他对辛格曼佩服的无体投地，因为辛格曼推销的非常成功，他不必离开旅馆，一个电话就能成交，84岁去世时，有那么多买家和同行为他送葬。

由于他总是生活在自己想象的世界当中，把幻想当作现实，所以他常常说大话。

他不顾自己推销不受欢迎的事实，吹牛说自己在新英格兰如何重要，说自己的销售额如何高，他就这样陷进自己的谎言中不能自拔。

早年，他的哥哥本劝他去阿拉斯加发财，但他的妻子林达说：“你在华纳公司不是干得挺好吗？有希望成为股东啊。

”结果他错过了机会，连起初林达劝他求老板给他在城里的差使，他也只能拒绝，因为“他在新英格兰很重要”，而事实却是老板把他解雇了。

对待大儿子比夫，他又拼命灌输“只要讨人喜欢，有魅力就能成功”的思想，致使比夫长期不能正确认识自己，他还姑息比夫的偷窃倾向，造成了另一代人的悲剧。

威利的盲目性使他嫉妒邻居查理的成功，拒绝查理给他提供的职业。

他硬要比夫相信自己的魅力足以使旧老板借一笔巨款给他开业。

最后，当比夫声泪俱下的帮助他正视现实的时候，他又误认为比夫还是接受他的观点，需要他,因而决定自杀，以便留一笔钱给他。

外国戏剧《推销员之死》人物分析

分析《推销员之死》外国戏剧中的威利——09广告学李琼200903113021 《推销员之死》是典型的现实主义悲剧，现实主义悲剧是社会的悲剧，所以从剧中的主角威利·洛曼的悲剧中我们可以看见一个社会的悲剧。

威利是个巡回推销员，就像他的名字Lowman所暗示，他属于社会的低层人物，没有固定工资，只领佣金。

他们推销的只是别人的东西，他相信，人只要讨人喜欢，具有魅力，世界的大门就朝他敞开。

威利的偶像是推销员大卫·辛格曼，他活到84岁，只要在旅馆里拨个电话，就能做成交易，死后在新英格兰有许多买主和同行为他送葬，极尽哀荣。

他把自己的生活建筑在这样的梦想之上，由于他总是生活在自己想象的世界中，把幻想当作现实，所以会常常说大话。

他不顾自己推销事业已经走向下坡的事实，吹牛说自己在新英格兰如何重要，说自己的销售额如何高，他就这样陷进自己的谎言中不能自拔。

可是老威利已63岁了，干推销这一行已经34年，现在的新老板不顾及他早年立下的汗马功劳，狠心的解雇了他。

然而家里却还有零零碎碎许多开支要支付，两个儿子事业也不成功。

经济负担、精神负担加上长途驾驶，威利心力交瘁，精神错乱。

就这样威利的一生在错误的梦想中度过，也为了一个错误的梦想而死。

到快死的时候威利发现，他自己就像他分期付款购买的东西一样，等你付完款后，东西便用尽或者坏了。

他付清了最后一次房款，而他却到坟墓里安息去了。

在美国社会，人老了就象被吃光了肉的橘子一样，皮被扔掉。

主人公“威利”就生活在这个时代，是美国人的二三十年代（钢丝录音机发明），那是一个牛奶和面包的递送是以利润最大化、而非效用最大化为原则的。

所以，牛奶会掺三聚氰胺，威利也会面临失业和本的诱惑。

除了经济与生存的问题。

此剧还展示了以其为基础的一系列关联的范畴：梦想与现实，父与子，夫与妻，贪婪与淡然、运气于拼搏……《推销员之死》给人的第一印象是美国底层无产者的命运悲剧：威廉•洛曼劳碌一生，临近退休公司却将他开除，走投无路之下自杀换得保险金以帮助自己的儿子立业。

谈《推销员之死》中威利的自恋人格

环” 。呵见推销员的职业并没有威利想象得那么光彩和重要。除此以外，ｏｎ这个姓氏似乎也可以给他带来好运。Ｌｍａ在剧中，比夫让威利意识到他们的身份其实微不足道，但威利则暴怒地吼
和读者的共鸣，因而被称为美国的神话以及现代悲剧。阿瑟・米勒
就是后来威利拒绝查理帮助的根源。而最让威利痛心的是，查理的儿子，也通过自己不懈的努力成为一名成功的律师。在威利眼中，纳伯德只是一个成天戴眼镜的书呆子，比得上自己的儿子，哪长相英俊
程度越深，双重性就越甚。只有他自己和属于他自己的事物才这种有意义。世界上其他的部分则分量不重，颜色不深，者根本没有颜或色。由于这种双重性标准，自恋的人往往判断事物就有严重的失误，
他缺乏客观能力 ” 嘘然。。威利・洛曼就是一个十分自恋的人。自恋
威利・洛曼作为一个推销员和父亲都是失败的。关键词威利・洛曼自恋人格美国梦
那个女人一语道破：你是个以自我为中心的人！” ｌ中表现威 “ Ｄ全剧
利自恋人格的地方众多，最典型的包括以下几个方面：２１骄傲自大。自己的才能夸大其辞．对
洛姆所言，一个自恋的人， “ 在知识上的标准是双重的。而且自恋的
凳了。” 可见，作为一个推销员，威利远非他所讲的那般成功。
２２强烈的嫉妒心而又缺乏同情心．威利的嫉妒心最集中体现在他对邻居查理父子的态度上。阿瑟・
米勒认为，《剧中最正派的人物就是资本家查理， “推》他的目标与威利的并没有什么不同。最大的区别就在于他不是—个狂热者。 ……他的儿子伯纳德，工作努力，习用功，学有着务实的目标” 。而这正是威利不能接受的地方。他认为自己比查理人缘好，理应比查理成功，这

浅析《推销员之死》主人公威利·洛曼悲剧结局的心理原因

浅析《推销员之死》主人公威利·洛曼悲剧结局的心理原因作者：杨眉来源：《青年时代》2018年第22期摘要：《推销员之死》是美国20世纪重要剧作家阿瑟·米勒最具影响力的作品之一，曾获普利策奖和纽约剧评奖。

本文拟采用心理分析法对《推销员之死》主人公威利·洛曼的人物形象进行分析，探寻其注定悲剧结局的心理原因。

关键词：威利·罗曼；心理分析；悲剧《推销员之死》设定在主人公威利·洛曼生命最后24小时的内心活动。

从他对过去的沉思以及与妻儿和邻居的对话中，处处体现了法国精神分析学家拉康“镜像阶段”理论的特征，即对“他者”的依赖和对自我的虚幻认识。

一、自我异化拉康的镜像阶段理论认为，镜前的孩子在辨认镜中自我影像时，包含双重错误识别：一是当其把自己的镜中影像指认为另一个孩子时，是将“自我”指认为“他者”；二是当其把镜中影像认作自己时，又将光影当成了现实，混淆了真实与虚构，并由此对自己的镜像开始了终生的迷恋。

镜像阶段理论的“他者”是“自我异化”的参照，“他者”的缺失会造成自我定位的混乱。

而弗洛伊德认为许多成年人的心理冲突都可追溯到早年期的创伤性经历和压抑。

威利自视甚高、不切实际的性格特征或多或少源于幼儿时期的心理创伤。

威利几乎没有对原生家庭的记忆，父亲在他3岁11个月的时候离开了家。

父母的缺失使威利自小缺乏安全感，总觉得“没有着落”。

通过威利的回忆得知，哥哥本在他心中是父亲的化身，是成功的标准，是内心的另一个“我”。

本作为冒险家和开拓者的传奇人生也是威利的榜样，21岁就完成财富积累更成为鼓励威利一生奋斗的源泉，即便在威利决定自杀之前仍然幻想与已逝的本讨论着感兴趣的事业，并遗憾没有到阿拉斯加去替本管理森林，成为像本那样的人。

在镜像阶段的延续中，而永远只出现在回忆和幻象中的本作为威利想成为的“他者”又加强了其性格中的自我矛盾，这种对镜像“他者”的迷恋导致了威利性格缺陷，让他更为困惑、迷茫，也是他一生痛苦的根源。

一个普通人的悲剧——评《推销员之死》中的威利·洛曼

第30卷湖南师范大学社会科学学报Jo urnal of Social Science of Hunan Normal UniversityMay,2001一个普通人的悲剧)))评5推销员之死6中的威利#洛曼X肖立宏(湖南师范大学外国语学院,湖南长沙410081)摘要:5推销员之死6是美国戏剧史上的三大悲剧之一。

它不同于古典悲剧,讲述的是一个普普通通的旅行推销员的故事。

主人公威利#洛曼的悲剧命运主要表现在以下几个方面:/美国梦0的受害者;不称职的父亲;被不理解丈夫的妻子所纵容的牺牲者。

威利#洛曼的悲剧命运相当有典型性,引起了观众和评论界的强烈反响。

关键词:威利#洛曼;普通人;悲剧;美国梦阿瑟#密勒于1949年2月10日推出的5推销员之死6无疑是他创作的诸多话剧中最成功的一部。

该剧上演之后好评如潮。

评论家普遍认为该剧不仅具有高超的艺术价值,而且有着深刻的社会意义,是戏剧史上难得的一部佳作。

这位当时年仅35岁的剧作家之所以能获得如此与众不同的公认,不仅在于他极为关注影响美国人的社会问题,而且还因为他发展了一种新型的现代悲剧模式。

一悲剧源于古希腊。

亚里士多德在5诗学6第六章中,对悲剧作了深刻的研究和阐述,并给悲剧下了这样一个定义:/悲剧是对一个严肃、完整、有一定长度的行动的摹仿;它的媒介是语言,具有各种悦耳之音,分别在剧的各部分使用;摹仿方式是借人物的动作表达,而不是采用叙述法;借引起怜悯与恐惧来使这种情感提到陶冶。

0[1](P19)他在5诗学6第十三章里进一步指出悲剧主要人物必须是/名声显赫,生活幸福,,,例如俄狄浦斯、堤厄斯忒斯以及出身于他们这样的家庭的著名人物。

0[1](P39)纵观古希腊或伊利莎白时代的剧作家,其悲剧主人公多是名声显赫、出身高贵的人,都围绕着英雄、国王和神的命运来写。

如5俄狄浦斯王6中的俄狄浦斯是一个聪明诚实、热爱真理、勇于承担责任的贤明的国王。

5被缚的普罗米修斯6中给人类带来温暖与幸福的普罗米修斯本身就是神。

《推销员之死》中琳达·洛曼形象解读

《推销员之死》中琳达·洛曼形象解读张岚【摘要】阿瑟·米勒在他的戏剧《推销员之死》中栩栩如生地塑造了各种各样的人物形象，琳达是最为复杂的一个。

琳达不仅是父权制下边缘化的妇女，而且是威利和整个家庭悲剧的促进者。

【期刊名称】安徽工业大学学报（社会科学版）【年(卷),期】2010(027)005【总页数】2【关键词】《推销员之死》；父权制；琳达；悲剧人物美国著名的现代剧作家阿瑟·米勒于1949年写的《推销员之死》揭露了“美国梦的疵点”，被誉为“美国梦不再”的代表作。

作品在百老汇首演后获得巨大成功，震惊了美国剧坛，为33岁的米勒在美国戏剧界奠定了大师的地位，并一举赢得当年美国的三项大奖：“纽约戏剧评论奖”、“普利策戏剧奖”和美国舞台艺术成就最高奖项“托尼戏剧音乐奖”，《纽约时报》称它为20世纪话剧的里程碑。

该剧获得如此成功，除米勒刻画了美国普通人的美国梦之外，更重要的是他在剧中栩栩如生地塑造了各种各样的人物形象，其中，琳达就是最为复杂的一个。

表面上她只是父权制下边缘化的妇女、受害者、“好妻子”、“好母亲”，但是米勒并没有让琳达停留在这样的形象上。

从剧本的细节描写中，我们可以看出琳达作为“好妻子”、“好母亲”名不副实，相反是这部作品悲剧意义的重要促进者。

一、琳达——父权制下的边缘女人广义上讲，父权制是指父亲居主要权力位置的一种社会。

在父权制家庭里，父亲握有家庭成员的生死大权，而丈夫则可以对妻子实行严格的约束和统治。

女性主义先驱波伏娃指出：“一个人之为女人，与其说是天生的，不如说是形成的。

人类文化的整体，产生出这居间于男性和无性中的所谓女性。

”[1] 这充分说明了父权文化系统是女性受压迫和歧视的社会前提。

男人不仅是经济文化生活的主宰，也是女人的主宰，女人则是臣属的、次要的、边缘的。

女性缺乏独立人格，也没有社会的主体地位。

琳达是父权制下典型的“好妻子”。

她顺从丈夫威利，也符合二战后美国梦“好妻子”的理想。

论《推稍员之死》中威利悲剧命运的必然性

论《推稍员之死》中威利悲剧命运的必然性发布时间：2022-06-16T02:07:09.544Z 来源：《中国教工》2022年第4期2月作者：董建奎[导读] 美国著名剧作家亚瑟·米勒的作品《推销员之死》中主人公威利·络曼的悲剧是众所周知的，该论文董建奎亳州学院外语系，安徽亳州 236800 )摘要：美国著名剧作家亚瑟·米勒的作品《推销员之死》中主人公威利·络曼的悲剧是众所周知的，该论文深刻分析其原因在于他受父神意象的深刻影响，这来自于荣格精神分析心理学中的父神幻象。

而这种幻象就是植根于男性心理中的父神原型，其来源于集体无意识。

威利在精神方面对父神意向的错觉，对父神身份的盲目追求和迷恋，与他在现实中的诸多失望和失败形成的反差使其精神崩溃，心理幻灭，最终走向自杀这条不归路，酿成了他必然的悲剧命运。

关键词：威利·络曼；父神原型；精神分析心理学；悲剧中图分类号:I712．074 文献标识码：A一、引言美国著名剧作家亚瑟·米勒在他的许多作品中，特别是在《推销员之死》中，深深地表现出他对父亲身份意识的关注。

这部作品讲述了一位尽职尽责的父亲威利·洛曼，把所有的希望都寄托在销售事业和他儿子的身上，当一切的希望破灭时，他制造车祸自杀，为了寻求保险公司的赔付以挽救他儿子的未来, 赢回他作为父亲所应受到的尊重。

米勒对父亲身份的关注根植于他自己的经历，对于父子关系的深层挖掘是他作品的主题之一。

该论文运用荣格精神分析学中的父神原型理论来分析威利的父亲身份意识和父神形象。

荣格对男性气质和父亲身份崇拜给予了解释。

他相信无意识是可以分析的。

他把意识分为个人无意识和集体无意识，并把后者作为原型。

根据荣格的解释，原型是“自从远古时代就已存在的普遍意象”，是在人类最原始的阶段形成的［1］。

荣格认为原型对于个人心理起到了巨大的作用，并且会产生幻觉:它用一种原始的力量控制着人类的心理，并且穿越人性的界限。

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ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎｐｌａｙｓａｆｔｅｒＷｏｒｌｄＷａｒＩＩ．ＷｉｌｌｙＬｏｍａｎ，ｔｈｅｓａｌｅｓｍａｎｏｆｔｈｅｔｉｔｌｅ，
ｂｅｌｉｅｖｅｓｏｎｅｃａｎｇｅｔａｈｅａｄｂｙｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌａｔｔｒａｃｔｉｖｅｎｅｓｓａｎｄｕｎｒｅｍｉｔｔｉｎｇｅｆｆｏｒｔｓ，ｂｕｔｈｅｉｓｆｉｒｅｄ
论文共分三大部分，第一部分引言，主要是介绍梳理评论家对《推销员之死》及其作者的各种评论，米勒本人的戏剧理论，由此展示了这部普通人悲剧多年来屡演不衰的艺术感染力。第二部分是论文的主题，共分三章，第一章从威利·洛曼梦想儿子的远大前程、自己成为一名出色的推销员以及回归自然三方面入手，展示出一个生活在梦想与幻觉中的威利。洛曼。第二章中，威利与比夫、过去与现在、自然与社会这几组对比在音乐、灯光、布景等舞台表现手法的映衬下，突出表现了威利的迷惘；另外，房子、汽车的象征意义也有助于突出威利的矛盾心情。第ｊ：章分析了经历失业、失去自尊等等种种打击之后的威利面对现实作出的最后决定，既牺牲自己＿：＝｛乏换取儿予的远大前程。第三部分是结论，综合前三章的分析得出：威利的处世哲学在现实社会中行不通，即只靠个人魅力不能赢得天下。
关键词：美国梦迷惘破灭悲剧普通人
ＡＢＳＴＲＡＣＴ
Ｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｄｉｎｌ９４９，ＤｅａｔｈｏｆａＳａｌｅｓｍａｎ．Ｍｉｌｌｅｒ’Ｓｍａｓｔｅｒｐｉｅｃｅ，ｗｏｎｔｈｅＰｕｌｉｔｚｅｒＰｒｉｚｅａｓ
ｗｅｌｌａｓｔｈｅＮｅｗＹｏｒｋＤｒａｍａＣｒｉｔｉｃｓＡｗａｒｄ．Ｉｔｉｓｇｅｎｅｒａｌｌｙｂｅｌｉｅｖｅｄｔｏｂｅｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｍｏｓｔ
ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｃｅ．Ｔｈｅｂｅｓｔｌｉｎｅｓｈａｖｅｂｅｃｏｍｅｆａｍｉｌｉａｒａｎｄｏｆｔ－ｕｓｅｄｑｕｏｔａｔｉｏｎｓｎｏｔｂｅｃａｕｓｅｔｈｅｙｓｏｕｎｄｌｉｋｅｅｖｅｒｙｄａｙｓｐｅｅｃｈｂｕｔｂｅｃａｕｓｅｔｈｅｙａｒｅ“ｐｏｅｔｉｃｒｅａｌｉｓｍ”：“Ａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎｍｕｓｔｂｅ
ｕｎｒｅａｓｏｎａｂｌｙａｆｔｅｒｈｅｈａｓｗｏｒｋｅｄ３４ｙｅａｒｓｆｏｒｔｈｅｃｏｍｐａｎｙ．ＨｅｈａｓｎｏｗａｙＯＵｔ，ｆｉｎａｌｌｙ
ｃｒａｓｈｅｓｔｈｅｃａｒａｎｄｄｉｅｓ．Ｔｈｉｓｔｈｅｓｉｓ，ｂａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｓｔｕｄｙｏｆｔｈｅｎｏｖｅｌ，ａｎａｌｙｚｅｓ，ｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｏｌｄ
Ｅｖｅｒｙｍａｎ－－ａｕｎｉｖｅｒｓａｌｓｙｍｂｏｌｍａｄｅｒｅａｌｂｙｈｕｎｄｒｅｄｓｏｆｍｉｎｕｔｅｌｙ＇ｏｂｓｅｒｖｅｄｄｅｔａｉｌｓｏｆ
ｓｐｅｅｃｈ，ｍａｎｎｅｒａｎｄｐｓｙｃｈｏｌｏｇｙＷｉｌｌｙｉｓａｍｏｄｅｍＥｖｅｒｙｍａｎ，ａｗｏｒｋｉｎｇｍａｎｗｈｏｓｅｆａｍｉｌｙａｎｄｗｈｏｓｅｊｏｂｃｏｍｅｆｉｒｓｔ；ｈｅｗｉｌｌｇｉｖｅｈｉｓａｌｌｆｏｒｔｈｅｍａｎｄｉｎｒｅｔｕｒｎｓｅｅｋｓｌｏｖｅａｎｄ
ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｐａｓｔＨｅｌｏｓｅｓｈｉｍｓｅｌｆｉｎｈｉｓｒｅｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ，ｉｎｔｅｒｒｕｐｔｉｎｇａｃｏｎｖｅｒｓａｔｉｏｎｗｉｔｈｈｉｓｎｅｉｇｈｂｏｒＣｈａｒｌｅｙ＇ｔＯａｄｄｒｅｓｓｔｈｅａｂｓｅｎｔＢｅｎ，ｌｏｓｉｎｇａｌｌｓｅｎｓｅｏｆｔｈｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｉｎａｍａｎ’ｓ
ｓａｌｅｓｍａｎ’Ｓｉｎｎｅｒａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓｄｕｒｉｎｇｈｉｓｌａｓｔｔｗｅｎｔｙ—ｆｏｕｒｈｏｕｒｓ，ｒｅｖｅａｌｓｔｈｅｔｒａｇｅｄｙｏｆｔｈｅ
ｃｏｍｍｏｎｐｅｏｐｌｅａｎｄｔｈｅｅｓｓｅｎｃｅｏｆｔｈｅＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎｄｒｅａｍ．
Ｔｈｅｔｈｅｓｉｓｉｓｃｏｍｐｏｓｅｄｏｆｔｈｒｅｅｐａｒｔｓ．ＰａｎＩｉｓｔｈｅｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ．ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｉｎｇｃｒｉｔｉｃａｌ
ｄｒｅａｍｓ（ａｗｈｏｌｉｖｅｓｉｎｍａｓｓｉｖｅ
ｂｒｉｇｈｔｆｕｔｕｒｅｆｏｒｈｉｓｓｏｎ、ｈｉｍｓｅｌｆａｓａｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｆｕｌｓａｌｅｓｍａｎ
ａｎｄｔｈｅｂｅａｕｔｙｏｆｎａｔｕｒｅ）．ＣｈａｐｔｅｒＴｗｏｉｓｍａｉｎｌｙｄｅｖｏｔｅｄｔｏｓｔｒｅｓｓＷｉｌｌｙ’Ｓｃｏｎｆｕｓｉｏｎ．
ｇｒａｔｅｆｕｌｔｏｈｉｍｆｏｒｈｉｓｌｅｎｄｉｎｇｍｅｈｉｓｏｖｅｎｂｏｏｋｓｏｎＡｒｔｈｕｒＭｉｌｌｅｒ．Ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔｈｉｓｈｅｌｐ，ｔｈｉｓａｔｉｔｉＳ
ＳｐｅｃｉａｌｔｈａｎｋｓｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅｅｘｔｅｎｄｅｄｔｏＰｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒＧｕｏＱｕｎｙｉｎｇ，ＬｉＺｈｅｎｇｓｈｕａｎ，Ｊｉ
ａｃｃｌａｉｍｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｃｒｉｔｉｃｓａｎｄｗｏｎａＰｕｌｉｔｚｅｒＰｒｉｚｅａｓｗｅｌｌａｓａＤｒａｍａＣｒｉｔｉｃｓ‘ＣｒｉｃｌｅＡｗａｒｄ．
ＩｔｉｓＭｉｌｌｅｒ’Ｓｍｏｓｔｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｆｕｌａｔｔｅｍｐｔａｔｃｒｅａｔｉｎｇｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｓｗｉｔｈｕｎｉｖｅｒｓａｌ
ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔ，ＴｈｅＥｖｅｒｙｍａｎｅｌｅｍｅｎｔｉｓｏｂｖｉｏｕｓｅｎｏｕｇｈ．Ｔｏｌｏｃａｔｅｔｈｅｄｒｅａｍ－ｅｌｅｍｅｎｔｓｏｆｔｈｅ
ｐｌａｙａｌｓｏｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｓｎｏｇｒｅａｔｅｆｆｏｒｔ，ＷｉｌｌｙＬｏｍａｎ’Ｓｄｒｅａｍｓｏｃｃｕｐｙｈａｌｆｔｈｅｐｌａｙ；ｔｈｅｙａｒｅｔｈｅ
ｄｒｅａｍｓｏｆａｌｌｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄ，ｔｈｅｄｒｅａｍｓｏｆａｈａｐｐｙ，ｈｏｐｅｆｕｌｐａｓｔａｎｄｔｈｅｉｎｅｓｃａｐａｂｌｅｄｒｅａｍｏｆ
ｐａｓｔｇｕｉｌｔ．Ｄｕｒｉｎｇｔｈｅｄｒｅａｍｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅｓ，ＷｉｌｌｙｓｅｅｍｓｕｎａｂｌｅｔＯｔｅｌｌｔｒｕｔｈｆｒｏｍｆａｎｔａｓｙ＇，ｔｈｅ
ｓｕｂｊｅｃｔｉｎｔｈｅｌａｓｔｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ．Ｔｈｅｅｓｐｅｃｉａｌｌｙｕｓｅｆｕｌｂｏｏｋｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｌｉｓｔｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｂｉｂｌｉｏｇｒａｐｈｙ．
Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃ“ｏｎ
Ｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｄｉｎ１９４９，ＤｅａｔｈｏｆａＳａｌｅｓｍａｎ，Ｍｉｌｌｅｒ’Ｓｔｈｉｒｄｆａｔｈｅｒ－ａｎｄ—ｓｏｎｓｗｏｒｋ，ｗａｓ
Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ：
Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｄｒｅａｍｃｏｎｆｕｓｉｏｎｄｉｓｉｌｌｕｓｉｏｎｍｅｎｔｔｒａｇｅｄｙｃｏｍｍｏｎｐｅｏｐｌｅ
ＡＣＫＮＯＷＬＥＤＧＥＭＥＮＴ
ＩｎｔｈｅｃｏｕｒｓｅｏｆｓｔｕｄｙｉｎｇＡｒｔｈｕｒＭｉｌｌｍ’ａｎｄｗｒｉｔｉｎｇｔｈｉｓｅｓｓａｙ，ＩｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｍｏｓｔｉｎｄｅｂｔｅｄｔｏＰｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒＨｕＹｉｎｔｏｎｇ，ｍｙｓｕｐｅｒｖｉｓｏＬｔｏｗｈｏｍｍｙｇｒａｔｉｔｕｄｅｉｓｅｖｅｒｌａｓｔｉｎｇ．Ｉｂｅｎｅｆｉｔｅｄａｌｏｔｆｒｏｍｈｉｓｓｔｉｍｕｌａｔｉｎｇｌｅｃｔｕｒｅｓ，ｉｎｓｉｇｈｔｆｕｌａｄｖｉｃｅ，ａｎｄｉｎｖａｌｕａｂｌｅｇｕｉｄａｎｃｅＩａｍａｌｓｏ