国外大学细胞生物学课件-英文--、12.bioy120111071009_1062814f4
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细胞生物学课件英文版-基因和染色体分析
PCR is used in forensic analysis
VNTRs: Variable Number Tandem Repeats
STRs: short tandem repeats •4 to 40 repeats in various positions (loci)
“DNA fingerprint”
– Conserves energy
• Don’t make what you don’t need!
• Multicellular
– Allows specialization of cell types
– Allows growth and development
• How do we know that
Fig 10-23, 10-24
How can we change DNA information?
Make site specific changes
Transform into a strain that has no
DNA repair
Fig 10-34
Reporter Genes
Fig 10-29
organism • Mechanisms to determine the sequence of DNA • Ways to alter and change DNA sequences • Ways to put DNA back into organisms
• And if we can do all that: use stem cells to alter/repair damage
• What are some of the specialized proteins produced in these cell types?
细胞生物学课件英文版-简介、显微镜
– Recent evidence indicates that prokaryotes are more diverse and numerous than previous thought.
Basic Properties of Cells (6)
• Types of Eukaryotic Cells: Cell Specialization
– Genes encode information to build each cell, ad the organism.
– Genes encode information for cellular reproduction, activity, and structure.
Levels of cellular and molecular organization
Pathways of cell differentiation
composition and metabolic features that have been conserved throughout evolution.
Basic Properties of Cells (2)
Basic Properties of Cells (3)
• Cells Posses a Genetic Program and the Means to Use It
– Cultured cells are an essential tool for cell biologists.
Basic Properties of Cells (2)
• Cells Are Highly Complex and Organized
– Cellular processes are highly regulated. – Cells from different species share similar structure,
Basic Properties of Cells (6)
• Types of Eukaryotic Cells: Cell Specialization
– Genes encode information to build each cell, ad the organism.
– Genes encode information for cellular reproduction, activity, and structure.
Levels of cellular and molecular organization
Pathways of cell differentiation
composition and metabolic features that have been conserved throughout evolution.
Basic Properties of Cells (2)
Basic Properties of Cells (3)
• Cells Posses a Genetic Program and the Means to Use It
– Cultured cells are an essential tool for cell biologists.
Basic Properties of Cells (2)
• Cells Are Highly Complex and Organized
– Cellular processes are highly regulated. – Cells from different species share similar structure,
细胞生物学Introduction of cell biologyPPT课件
Cell organelle (Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, Endomembrane
system, nucleus etc.)
Cytoskeleton System
Cell proliferation and regulation
Cell differentiation and gene expression Cell apoptosis and cellular aging
structure
function
molecular mechanisms of the intricate activities of cells
细胞生物学是： 研究细胞基本 生命活动规律 的科学，它从 不同层次上主 要研究……
The structure of cells
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The course mainly covers:
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Suggestions to Study Cell Biology
Fundamental Concepts and theories Experimental approaches and ideas (As you read this
text, think like a researcher)
Reductionist (knowledge of the parts of the whole can
explain the character of the whole) Don’t accept everything you read as being true. Remain skeptical! English is just a tool! Take notes when you listened especially what I have emphasized
《细胞生物学》ppt课件(2024)
叶绿体
主要功能是进行光合作用，将光能转化为化学能储存在有 机物中。其结构包括外膜、内膜和类囊体，类囊体上附有 大量与光合作用有关的色素和酶。
高尔基体
主要功能是参与蛋白质的加工、分类和包装，形成分泌泡 或分泌颗粒，将其运输到细胞表面或分泌到细胞外。其结 构包括扁平囊泡、大泡和小泡。
2024/1/30
核糖体
2024/1/30
01 02 03 04
推动医学发展
细胞生物学在医学领域有着广泛 的应用，如研究疾病的发病机理 、开发新的治疗方法和药物等。
探索生命起源与进化
通过研究细胞的起源、进化和多 样性，可以深入了解生命的起源 和进化过程，探索生命科学的奥 秘。
6
02
细胞的基本结构与功能
Chapter
2024/1/30
能量代谢的调节机制
受到细胞内能量状态、激素水平、神经调节等多 种因素的影响。
2024/1/30
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细胞的信号传导与调控
信号传导的基本概念
信号传导的主要途径
信号传导是指细胞通过特定的信号分子和 信号通路，将外界刺激转化为细胞内生物 化学反应的过程。
包括G蛋白偶联受体信号通路、酶联受体信 号通路、离子通道受体信号通路等。
7
细胞膜的结构与功能
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细胞膜的主要成分
01
脂质、蛋白质和糖类
细胞膜的结构特点
02
流动性、选择透过性
细胞膜的功能
03
物质运输、信息传递、能量转换、细胞识别等
8
细胞质的结构与功能
2024/1/30
细胞质的主要成分
水、无机盐、脂质、蛋白质、糖类等
细胞质的结构特点
胶态、不均一性
主要功能是进行光合作用，将光能转化为化学能储存在有 机物中。其结构包括外膜、内膜和类囊体，类囊体上附有 大量与光合作用有关的色素和酶。
高尔基体
主要功能是参与蛋白质的加工、分类和包装，形成分泌泡 或分泌颗粒，将其运输到细胞表面或分泌到细胞外。其结 构包括扁平囊泡、大泡和小泡。
2024/1/30
核糖体
2024/1/30
01 02 03 04
推动医学发展
细胞生物学在医学领域有着广泛 的应用，如研究疾病的发病机理 、开发新的治疗方法和药物等。
探索生命起源与进化
通过研究细胞的起源、进化和多 样性，可以深入了解生命的起源 和进化过程，探索生命科学的奥 秘。
6
02
细胞的基本结构与功能
Chapter
2024/1/30
能量代谢的调节机制
受到细胞内能量状态、激素水平、神经调节等多 种因素的影响。
2024/1/30
14
细胞的信号传导与调控
信号传导的基本概念
信号传导的主要途径
信号传导是指细胞通过特定的信号分子和 信号通路，将外界刺激转化为细胞内生物 化学反应的过程。
包括G蛋白偶联受体信号通路、酶联受体信 号通路、离子通道受体信号通路等。
7
细胞膜的结构与功能
2024/1/30
细胞膜的主要成分
01
脂质、蛋白质和糖类
细胞膜的结构特点
02
流动性、选择透过性
细胞膜的功能
03
物质运输、信息传递、能量转换、细胞识别等
8
细胞质的结构与功能
2024/1/30
细胞质的主要成分
水、无机盐、脂质、蛋白质、糖类等
细胞质的结构特点
胶态、不均一性
细胞生物学课件英文版-DNA和染色体
Nucleosomes condense DNA three-fold: what else condenses DNA?
Fig. 5-22
Final levels of chromatin packing: heterochromatin & chromatids
Euchromatin (less condense)
Chromatin organization within a nucleus
Fig. 5-19
Nucleolus: rRNA transcription!
Special parts of chromosomes:
Fig. 5-16
How is the intervening DNA packed & packaged?
strain.
What part of the cell contains genetic material?
Fig. 5-4
What part of the cell contains genetic material?
T2 virus (bacteriophage): contains only DNA and protein Injects the genetic material into the host cell (E. coli)
Fig. 5-7
inside
outside
Fig. 5-6
Genome: complete set of DNA/genetic information
Human cells: ~two meters, ~3.2 x 109 nucleotides, ~25,000 genes
mRNA
Fig. 5-22
Final levels of chromatin packing: heterochromatin & chromatids
Euchromatin (less condense)
Chromatin organization within a nucleus
Fig. 5-19
Nucleolus: rRNA transcription!
Special parts of chromosomes:
Fig. 5-16
How is the intervening DNA packed & packaged?
strain.
What part of the cell contains genetic material?
Fig. 5-4
What part of the cell contains genetic material?
T2 virus (bacteriophage): contains only DNA and protein Injects the genetic material into the host cell (E. coli)
Fig. 5-7
inside
outside
Fig. 5-6
Genome: complete set of DNA/genetic information
Human cells: ~two meters, ~3.2 x 109 nucleotides, ~25,000 genes
mRNA
细胞生物学课件英文版-细胞骨架
Figure 17-16 Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)
Generic walking mechanism of a two-headed molecular motor
Different motor proteins transport cargo along microtubules
Figure 17-7a Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)
Microtubules
• Organized inside cells
Figure 17-8 Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)
Keratin intermediate filaments(green)
Three major types of protein filaments
Intermediate Filaments
(diameter of 10nm)
Microtubules
(diameter of 25nm)
Actin filaments (microfilaments)
• IFs have great tensile strength, the toughest and most durable of the three types of cytoskeletal filaments
• IFs can survive after treatment with concentrated salt solutions and nonionic detergents
13 protofilaments
Generic walking mechanism of a two-headed molecular motor
Different motor proteins transport cargo along microtubules
Figure 17-7a Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)
Microtubules
• Organized inside cells
Figure 17-8 Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)
Keratin intermediate filaments(green)
Three major types of protein filaments
Intermediate Filaments
(diameter of 10nm)
Microtubules
(diameter of 25nm)
Actin filaments (microfilaments)
• IFs have great tensile strength, the toughest and most durable of the three types of cytoskeletal filaments
• IFs can survive after treatment with concentrated salt solutions and nonionic detergents
13 protofilaments
国外大学细胞生物学课件-英文--、11.bioy120111071009_1062803f2
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The translocon
• Multimeric protein complex that creates an aqueous channel in the ER membrane
W2011 D103 Cell Biology - lecture 11 © Suetterlin and MacGregor - all rights reserved.
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W2011 D103 Cell Biology - lecture 11 © Suetterlin and MacGregor - all rights reserved.
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Mechanism of protein translocation into the ER
W2011 D103 Cell Biology - lecture 11 © Suetterlin and MacGregor - all rights reserved.
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
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Two mechanisms of protein
translocation
co-translational
Post-translational
post-translational
(Yeast) Involves additional proteins such as Sec62/63 and BiP to pull protein through translocon
W2011 D103 Cell Biology - lecture 11 © Suetterlin and MacGregor - all rights reserved.
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The topology of a membrane protein is determined during its insertion into the ER
细胞生物学课件英文版-细胞膜
An Overview of Membrane Functions
3.1 An Overview of Membrane Functions (1)
• Compartmentalization – Membranes form continuous sheets that enclose intracellular compartments.
– Channel proteins have hydrophilic cores that form aqueous channels in the membranespanning region.
The Structure and Functions of Membrane Proteins (3)
– Glycoproteins have short, branched carbohydrates for interactions with other cells and structures outside the cell.
– Glycolipids have larger carbohydrate chains that may be cell-to-cell recognition sites.
• Membrane proteins can be grouped into three distinct classes
The Structure and Functions of Membrane Proteins (2)
• Integral Membrane Proteins
– Are amphiphatic, with hydrophic domains anchoring them in the bilayer and hydrophilic regions forming functional domains outside of the bilayer.
国外大学细胞生物学课件-英文1bioy
2
Why should we study cell biology?
• Provides insight into the mechanism of how cells work • We have to understand the details of a single cell in order to understand a complex, multi-cellular organism. • Fascinating Essential for the understanding of human diseases and their treatments.
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Comparing the size of biological objects
Electron microscope
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Light microscope
10
W2011 D103 Cell Biology - lecture 1 © Suetterlin and MacGregor - all rights reserved.
W2011 D103 Cell Biology - lecture 1 © Suetterlin and MacGregor - all rights reserved.
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Limitation of microscopy
Rule of thumb for the resolving power of a microcsope: 1/2 wavelength Light microscope: Visible light serves as the source of illumination (wavelength of 700 to 400 nm) Light microscopy can resolve details that are at least 200 nm apart
国外大学细胞生物学课件-英文 (6)资料
D103 - Cell Biology Lecture 16 - Trimeric G-protein coupled receptors © 2011 Grant MacGregor & Christine Sü tterlin All rights reserved
Page 3
Monomericvsheterotrimeric GTPases – Comparison of control mechanisms
• GPCR mediate responses to a wide range of stimuli including hormones and neurotransmitters; ligands include proteins, peptides, amino acids, vitamin derivatives, odorants, fatty acids, light.
proteins convey a signal to other components of the intracellular signaling apparatus. • GTPases participate in many cellular activities:
- Membrane traffic, e.g. Arf, Rab, Sar;monomeric GTPase - Nuclear transport, e.g. Ran;monomeric GTPase - Regulation of the cytoskeleton, e.g. Rho;monomeric GTPase - Protein synthesis, e.g. EF-Tu;monomeric GTPase - Proteintranslocation in ER, e.g. SRP;monomeric GTPase - Signal transduction, e.g. Ras, monomeric GTPase - Signal transduction, e.g. Gaplus, heterotrimeric GTPase
细胞生物学课件英文版-细胞分裂
cycle.
Fluctuations of cyclin and MPF levels during the cell cycle
The Cell Cycle (6)
• The role of protein kinases (continued)
– MPF-like, cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) occur in yeast cells.
The Cell Cycle (12)
• The pairing between individual cyclins and Cdks is specific, and only some combinations are found.
• As in yeast, Cdk1 is the only Cdk required to drive a mammalian cell through the cell cycle.
Combinations between various cyclins and Cdks at different stages in the mammalian cell cycle
The Cell Cycle (13)
• Checkpoints, Kinase Inhibitors, and Cellular Responses
exist mitosis and enter a new cell cycle.
The Cell Cycle (11)
• Subcellular Localization
– Movement of cyclins between the cytoplasm and the nucleus is another point of control.
Fluctuations of cyclin and MPF levels during the cell cycle
The Cell Cycle (6)
• The role of protein kinases (continued)
– MPF-like, cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) occur in yeast cells.
The Cell Cycle (12)
• The pairing between individual cyclins and Cdks is specific, and only some combinations are found.
• As in yeast, Cdk1 is the only Cdk required to drive a mammalian cell through the cell cycle.
Combinations between various cyclins and Cdks at different stages in the mammalian cell cycle
The Cell Cycle (13)
• Checkpoints, Kinase Inhibitors, and Cellular Responses
exist mitosis and enter a new cell cycle.
The Cell Cycle (11)
• Subcellular Localization
– Movement of cyclins between the cytoplasm and the nucleus is another point of control.
12.Immune cells(吴超群)细胞生物学英文课件
Saliva
Washes microbes from surfaces of teeth and mucous membranes of mouth.
Epiglottis 会厌 Prevents microbes and dust from entering trachea.
Urine
Washes microbes from urethra.
2021/2/4
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Skin and mucous membranes – chemical factors
Gastric juice Destroys bacteria and most toxins in stomach.
Molecules involved; Cytokines, Complement, Acute phase proteins
Adaptive Immunity Antigen dependent A lag period Antigen specific Development of memory T and B Lymphocytes
Inhibit the entrance of many microbes, but not as
membranes effective as intact skin.
Mucus
Traps microbes in respiratory and digestive tracts.
Hairs
Filter microbes and dust in nose.
2021/2/4
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Thymus
DN - double-negative thymocytes DP - double-positive thymocytes SP - single-positive thymocytes pTECs -progenitor thymic
细胞生物学课件英文版-细胞生物学课件英文版-细胞生物学研究方法
The Light Microscope (2)
• Resolution
– Resolution is the ability to see two nearby points as distinct images.
• The numerical aperture is a measure of the lightgathering qualities of a lens.
A comparison of the lens system of a light and electron microscope
Transmission Electron Microscope (3)
• Specimen Preparation for Electron Microscopy
• Visibility
– Visibility deals with factors that allow an object to be observed.
• It requires that the specimen and the background have different refractive indexes.
The Feulgen stain
The Light Microscope (4)
• Preparation of Specimens for Bright-Field Light Microscopy
– A whole mount is an intact object, either living of dead.
– A condenser lens is placed between the electron source and the specimen.
细胞生物学英文课件-13.1 线粒体遗传
(3) Each nucleoid may contain 2-10 copies (completely identical) of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA).
(4) Most human cells contain at least 1000 mtDNA molecules, distributed among hundreds of individual mt.
• In mice, cattle, and frogs, the mtDNA is similar to that of human beings – an indication of a basic conservation of structure within the vertebrate subphylum.
The normal 46 chromosomes in our body are contained in the center of the cell, which is called the nucleus.
Mitochondria are structures in the cell located outside of the nucleus in the cytoplasm, that also contain genes that are separate from the ones in the nucleus.
Mitochondria are often called the “powerhouses” of the cell because they are the site where sugar is broken down to release the energy required for cellular functions.
(4) Most human cells contain at least 1000 mtDNA molecules, distributed among hundreds of individual mt.
• In mice, cattle, and frogs, the mtDNA is similar to that of human beings – an indication of a basic conservation of structure within the vertebrate subphylum.
The normal 46 chromosomes in our body are contained in the center of the cell, which is called the nucleus.
Mitochondria are structures in the cell located outside of the nucleus in the cytoplasm, that also contain genes that are separate from the ones in the nucleus.
Mitochondria are often called the “powerhouses” of the cell because they are the site where sugar is broken down to release the energy required for cellular functions.
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D103 W2011 Cell Biology - lecture 12- copyright © Suetterlin and MacGregor - all rights reserved.
Lecture 12: Vesicle formation and fusion
D103 W2011 Cell Biology - lecture 12- copyright © Suetterlin and MacGregor - all rights reserved.
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Protein sorting in the cytosol - summary
3
Vesicular transport
Questions to consider: How is cargo selected? How is cargo separated from resident proteins of the donor organelle? How do vesicles fuse? How is a vesicle targeted to fuse with a particular organelle?
or in the cytosol
Prerequisite for fusion: Vesicle uncoating
D103 W2011 Cell Biology - lecture 12- copyright © Suetterlin and MacGregor - all rights reserved.
The recruitment of a small GTPase to the donor membrane is the first step of vesicle formation. The main function of the coat is the selective recruitment of cargo into the budding vesicleciation after fusion requires ATP hydrolysis
• NSF is an ATPase that uses ATP hydrolysis to dissolve the tight interaction between the SNAREs. • SNAREs are recycled for a new round of transport.
D103 W2011 Cell Biology - lecture 12- copyright © Suetterlin and MacGregor - all rights reserved.
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How are vesicles formed?
Coat and cargo recruitment
vesicle buds off
D103 W2011 Cell Biology - lecture 12- copyright © Suetterlin and MacGregor - all rights reserved.
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Vesicle fusion is mediated by SNARE pair formation
A SNARE pair contains 4 coiled-coiled domains - one: SNARE on vesicle - one: SNARE on target membrane - two: either additional SNAREs on target membrane
D103 W2011 Cell Biology - lecture 12- copyright © Suetterlin and MacGregor - all rights reserved.
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D103 W2011 Cell Biology - lecture 12- copyright © Suetterlin and MacGregor - all rights reserved.
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A link between coat components and disease
• General defects in protein secretion cell death Protein secretion is an essential process
• Mutations that only block the secretion of specific proteins Sec23A: linked to a rare cranofacial disorder that causes skeletal disorders Sec24B: defects in neural tube closure because a receptor required for the development of the neural epithelium is not trafficked properly (Merte et al., 2010)
D103 W2011 Cell Biology - lecture 12- copyright © Suetterlin and MacGregor - all rights reserved.
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The mechanism of vesicle formation is conserved
Lee et al., 2004
D103 W2011 Cell Biology - lecture 12- copyright © Suetterlin and MacGregor - all rights reserved.
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Vesicles look similar by electron microscopy
D103 W2011 Cell Biology - lecture 12- copyright © Suetterlin and MacGregor - all rights reserved.