CONTENTS-论文
英语论文写作要求
g) A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Idioms and Their Translation
b) The Role of the Classroom Activities in Oral English Teaching in Junior School
c) A Study of Improving Junior Students’ Oral English through Interactive Teaching Approach (利用互 动式教学提高初中生口语能力)
c) The Language Characteristics and Translation Skills of Business Contract
d) Puns and Their Translation in English Advertisement
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整理课件
e) The Use and Translation of Words in Business Correspondence
e) The Symbolic Meaning of Color Terms in Chinese and Western Cultures
13
整理课件
f) A Study of Gender Difference in English Language
g) The Influence of Body Language on the Effect of Speech身势语对演讲效果的影响
毕业论文指导论文(5篇)
毕业论文指导论文(5篇)毕业论文指导论文(5篇)毕业论文指导论文范文第1篇主要采纳比较讨论法，辅以文献资料法、调查法和阅历总结法。
比较讨论法以生物技术及应用专业为依托，组织实施生物技术及应用专业高素养技能型人才培育方案的讨论。
文献资料法广泛扫瞄国内外有关就业指导的教育理论，通过搜集、归纳整理、分析提炼了与本课题的相关资料，通过文献讨论为课题的讨论供应充实、牢靠的理论依据和先进理念。
调查法实行走访、问卷方式就本区域内生物技术企业对生物技术高素养技能型人才的需求、学问结构和实践力量要求进行调查，并调查其他高等院校在生物技术高素养技能型人才培育方案方面的实际状况，切实了解存在的问题和困难。
在课题讨论的基础上，对工作进行总结，改革不足，完善适应鄱阳湖生态经济区建设环境下的生物技术高素养技能型人才培育方案，采纳大量数据加以实证。
2讨论过程2．1前期讨论(2021年6月—2021年12月)的主要工作2021年上半年，随机调查了多名往届的毕业生，调查内容涉及“毕业生的基本信息”、“用人单位对毕业生评价”、“用人单位对生物技术及应用专业人才培育建议”等内容。
调查结果显示，用人单位对我校培育的生物技术及应用专业人才是满足的，并提出进一步加强实践教学建议。
一是组建了就业工作讨论小组。
小组成员是长期从事高校就业教育工作的专业课老师、管理人员和班主任，他们与生物技术及应用专业同学朝夕相处，长期关注高校生就业率的提升问题，对高校生的就业状况比较了解，便利开展工作。
2021年9月课题组主要成员主编并出版了《高校生职业生涯规划与就业指导》一书，对全部专业的同学进行职业生涯规划与就业指导。
通过就业指导和社会实践活动，使同学调控自我和进展自我，提高专业爱好和竞争意识，从而提升同学的就业力量，增加魅力技巧和社会技能;同时搭建毕业生就业市场，拓宽信息渠道［3］。
二是完成了对现代生物技术企业对人才需求状况及其与生物技术专业人才相关单位的调研、国内部分学校生物技术人才培育模式的调研、生物技术及应用专业就业率及就业前景调研。
英语硕士学位论文格式
英语硕士学位论文内容和格式要求一、论文内容与文本格式论文文本按照封面（Front cover）、扉页（Title page）、致谢（Acknowledgements）、中英文摘要（Abstract）以及关键词（Key words）、目录（Contents）、正文（Body）、注释（Notes）、参考文献（References）、附录（Appendix）的顺序排列。
正文部分的长度，全日制硕士研究生不得少于70页；同等学历和高校教师硕士学位班学生不得少于60页，学科教育（英语）硕士学位班学生用中文撰写的不得少于50页。
上述“正文”指包括注释和参考文献以及附录等在内的论文主体部分。
论文文本按照A4开本，单面打印，页面设置参数为：页面大小为A4，即210×297mm；上下页边距2.54cm，左右页边距为3.17cm；页眉1.5cm；页脚1.75cm。
英文部分基本字体为Times New Roman，汉语部分基本字体为宋体。
要求字号：正文小4，成段引文、注释、参考书目为5号。
行距设置为1.5倍窄式行距。
封面和扉页的内容和格式按学校及学院要求的规格制作。
最后正式提交的论文定稿必须经导师审查合格签字后方可提交。
二、论文选题与目录结构鉴于英语语言学的学科性质和学术传统，硕士学位论文的选题不宜过大，应注意兼顾选题的理论意义和实用价值，同时注意选题的理论基础和可操作性。
提倡小题大做，反对抄袭模仿、大而无当的论文选题。
论文的结构应符合论证的逻辑性。
论证某一个论题时，应按照提出问题、解决问题的逻辑顺序来组织全文，结构最好以假设、论证和总结的模式。
论文的章节根据内容来设定，一般分为5-7章，包括导论(Introduction)、文献综述(Literature Review)、理论框架(Theoretical Framework)、理论推演(Theorization)或案例分析(Empirical Study)和结语（Conclusion）。
大连理工大学博士学位论文格式规范
4.3Contents...................................................................................................................15
摘要的主要内容为，简述全文的目的和意义、采用方法、主要研究内容和结论。
篇幅以一页为限，摘要正文后列出3－5个关键词，关键词与摘要之间空一行。
“关键词：”是关键词部分的引导，不可省略，黑体，小四。
关键词请尽量用《汉语主题词表》等词表提供的规范词。关键词之间用分号间隔，末尾不加标点。
关键词：写作规范；排版格式；博士学位论文
学校有权保留论文并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索可以采用影印缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文
博士学位论文
大连理工大学博士学位论文格式规范
The Format Criterion ofDoctoral Dissertationof DUT
3.1 The Format of Picture…………………………………………………...………….5
3.1.1 The Format Example of Picture……………………………………………..5
3.1.2 The Format Description of Picture…………………………………………..5
若有不实之处，本人愿意承担相关法律责任。
英语论文提纲
英语论文提纲关于英语论文提纲1. 英语毕业论文提纲怎么写？[内容预览]免费论文 Free Thesis英语毕业论文提纲看起来非常好写，但却是思想的汇聚和体现，下面我们就具体阐述一下毕业论文提纲的写作方法，希望对大家的提纲写作有所帮助，明晰论文的写作方向。
I 英语毕业论文提纲的写作流程： 1.提纲写作需2. 大学毕业论文提纲范文[内容预览]免费论文 Free ThesisThe thesis statement further focuses the subject because it must clearly state in sentence form, the writer’s central point: the main idea or opinion that the rest of the essay will support and discuss. The thesis statement should be as specific as possible. By writing aspecific th3. 中学口语教学中的合作方法（英语论文提纲）[内容预览]免费论文Free ThesisContents English Abstract Chinese Abstrac I． Introduction II. Root Causes of Formalization of Cooperation Method4. 英语论文提纲怎么写？谁可以提供一篇英语论文提纲范文？英语论文提纲怎么写？谁可以提供一篇英语论文提纲范文？一.英语论文提纲怎么写？英语论文提纲可分为简单提纲和详细提纲两种。
简单提纲是高度概括的，只提示论文的要点，如何展开则不涉及。
这种提纲虽然简单，但由于它是经过深思熟虑构成的，写作时能顺利进行。
没有这种准备，边想边写很难顺利地写下5. 英语论文的提纲部分怎么写？英语论文提纲格式说明[内容预览]免费论文 Free Thesis英语论文的'提纲部分怎么写？英语论文提纲格式说明导读：最近出国留学的学生很多，留学英国的中国学生占了留学总数的大部分，不过大家对英语论文格式的兴趣却比留学咨询要多，绝大多数的学生都问了我们英语论文网这么个问题，那就是英语论文提纲怎么写？就这个普遍关注的问题我们论文类别：英语论文提纲人气：6449 论文属性：论文指导6. 荷兰金融硕士论文提纲-research on the mechanise between financial devel..[内容预览]免费论文 Free Thesis荷兰硕士论文题目：who do you trust more in the market ? journalists or analysts论文语种：英文您的研究方向：金融是否有数据处理要求：否您的国家：荷兰您的学校背景：荷兰重点大学之一，论文要求严格，不需任何抄袭行文要求字数：1万论文用途：硕士毕业论文 Master Degree是否需7. 英语论文提纲怎么写？英语论文提纲的格式，英语论文提纲范文[内容预览]免费论文 Free Thesis英语论文提纲怎么写？英语论文提纲的格式，英语论文提纲范文无论是中文还是英文的论文8. 英语论文提纲怎么写？如何写英语论文提纲？（完整本指导)[内容预览]免费论文 Free Thesis英语论文提纲怎么写？如何写英语论文提纲？英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为2.5cm左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时9. 英语论文提纲范文：英语论文纲要格式 intellectual property rights protec..[内容预览]免费论文 Free Thesis英语论文提纲之英语论文纲要格式Intellectual Property Rights Protection: “To Be or Not To Be” Ab10. outline-留学生论文提纲范文-留学生论文提纲格式范例[内容预览]免费论文 Free Thesis留学生论文提纲范文-留学生论文提纲格式范例Outline Opening Paragraph: Thesis Statement: The use of social networking sites (SNS) should be restricted in the workplace and the classroom.Suppo11. 留学生研究论文提纲-research paper outline-怎么写research paper outline..[内容预览]免费论文 Free ThesisResearch Paper OutlineWe all know the fact that a beginner will not be able to write a term paper without an outline. Essentially, this plan is like a guiding material that will help the writer build a coherent and credible research paper. That is why a research paper outline should first be12. 留学生dissertation提纲范文：留学生金融证券论文写作需求-to what extent.To What Extent Is The Stock Market Behaviour Rational? 16,000 words C 80 pages in lengthOutstanding use of literatureExcellent use and application of finance modelsIncludes questionnaireIdeal for finance and business management studentsOutstanding pie13. mba thesis written-mba thesis sample-mba thesis写作样本提纲[内容预览]免费论文 Free ThesisMBA thesis written on the theories behind Outsourcing There is evidence that a f irm’s organisational model to maximise the use and benefits from Information Technology (IT) varies across business sectors. Each model will have an impact on overall organisational effectiveness14. sample master thesis-master sample提纲-thesis sample.Sample Master Thesis ContentsThe IMMI had pooed on my face, so,i need to take really some efforts to wipe it off. At least i can see clear now. So, all i can do is stop complaining with my firends about how pussy she(IMMI and primary misnister, that old guy with outstretched hair from his n15. 英语学期论文提纲范文：留学生学年论文提纲格式：英文学年论文outline写作指导.Simple Term Paper OutlineNo one can ever write a good term paper without having to compose a term paper outline first. We all know the importance of this outline because it gives you a direction fro writing. Moreover, the outline provides you the overview of what to include in your paper.。
英语论文SWOT分析嘉华饼屋
Contents Introduction (2)1．Industry analysis (3)1.1 Abstract (3)1.2 Analysis (3)1.3 Problem (4)1.4 The five-Forces Model of Competition (5)2．Company analysis (6)2.1 backgrounds (6)2.2 Use SWOT analysis to evaluate JiaHua food (6)2.2.1Strength (6)2.2.2 Weakness (7)2.2.3 Opportunity (8)2.2.4Threats (9)3. My advice (10)Conclusion (11)Reference (12)IntroductionWe can not live without basic necessities of life;Manufacturing industry plays an important role. Manufacturing Industries including the Textile Industry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Automobile Industry, Food Processing Industry. As the saying goes that to the people foodstuff is all-important.I am passionately fond of delicious foods, so I am interested in the pastry industry. I think JiaHua food is a bright pearl of the pastry industry in Yunnan province. Next, I’d love to share w ith you my views on the pastry industry and why I am confident with the competitive strength of JiaHua food.In this essay I will analysis pastry industry and company named JiaHua food.In the part one, I will judge from the macro environment and the five-force model of competition to analysis the strength and problem of pastry industry.In the part two, first I will introduce the background of JiaHua food, and then I will use SWOT analysis to analysis JiaHua food. For instance, I will explain why I think the strength of JiaHua food is good financial status, strong brand name, and good Product innovation ability and so on. I also will let you understand why I think the threat of JiaHua food is Alternative products, raw material price increase and so on.In the part three, I will summary and give my advice about how to let JiaHua food become more famous? How to Increase the number of stores outside Kunming market?M GT382 Su Xingyue 115273491．Industry analysis1.1 Abstract:Cake is a traditional food of our country, in the past it is every year the holidays people visiting relatives and friends with gifts, one of its market share is higher. With the further development of China's reform and opening up, people's living level unceasing enhancement, people's consumption level and consumption idea has great changes have taken place, especially in s, cake market in China is in transition period of rapid change, the consumer market of the form will appear with the development of the economy and fluctuations, this to our pastry industry will have a significant impact, and direct impact on the traditional pastry industry, such as market share decline, some enterprises fall into trouble, and to develop pastry industry in our country, must be to do two one to adapt to the development of the market, to adapt to the modern people's life.1.2 AnalysisAn industry development prospects, whether can attract more customers, can lead to absolute advantage with other industries, these are a business must consider the question, and these issues need to be analyzed.Analysis of an industry there are a lot of methods, first of all we see from macroscopic and microscopic aspects, judging from the macro environment, pastry industry faces many opportunities, but it also faces a number of challenges. Let’s s ee together.1.2.1 The political environment of our country is stable, and strategy of reform and opening up in China, since the 90 's, share of FDI in China reached 65.4%, up to 56.2% of investments in the manufacturing business, where. Good policy to pro mote the development of the manufacturing business.1.2.2 Our country has a good economic environment. Resident’s income and consumption will grow rapidly, China's growth will be between 8% and 8.5%, slightlyfaster than 2012, inflation will remain manageable, and citizens have a strong purchasing power. Great potential consumer market in China, can accommodate these products, to promote these products quickly form economies of scale. In China, such a big domestic consumer market for the product development, development created the basic conditions.1.2.3 Social values and the way of life. Consumer perspectives changed, grades in consumer demand continues to improve, strive for quality, brand and nutrition and health, green consumption became fashionable.Consumers are willing to pay more, eat healthier, and promoting the progress of pastry.1.2.4 The development of science and technology. Withing the development of science and technology, a lot of bakery equipment came into being, such as bread machine, pancake machine, pastry machine, biscuit machine. Cakes food mechanization, standardization of production and the products in the production process as well as economies of scale and to follow the standardized standardized management, product quick health, so as to meet the needs of modern life.1.3 ProblemAlthough pastry industry at a developing stage in China, but it still has some problems that we can not ignored.1.3.1 Cake's development is limited by traditional philosophy, some products still stop in the manual mill production stage. Manual workshop production of bakery production remained in "Master train an apprentice" dominated by craft production of small-scale peasant economy system, makes the cake development lack of motivation.1.3.2 The quality and safety problems of pastry food industry in our country.Some businessmen in the pursuit of profit maximization, regardless of the long-term interests of the enterprise, make fun of the life safety of the consumers. During the Pastry processing process, in order to create exquisite and soft taste cake, producers of trans fatty acids. Excessive amounts of trans fatty acids, which can increase the risk of coronary heart disease and other cardiovascular disease, induce women of type Ⅱ and brain function caused by recession. Interference baby essential fatty acid metabolism, growth and development.M GT382 Su Xingyue 115273491.3.3 The pastry food industry related laws and regulations are not clear.In testing technology, test method, or the testing point of distribution is not. The United States since January 2007, has been forced to all food packaging industry, packaging must be labeled with the trans fatty acid content, trans fatty acids content must not exceed 2%. Our country has not set limit to make specific provision of trans fatty acids. Used in pastry gradually increased, he, there is no standard test method, the limit standards and lack of operability in the supervision and monitoring. April 20 this year, the ministry of health issued "the national food safety standards" foods and is now sold in bulk is not applicable to the general principles in addition to the logo is not the address, telephone number, license etc, belonging to the "3 without" product 1.4 The five-Forces Model of Competition1.4.1 ConceptionFive models still is industry competition analysis, making enterprise competitive strategy.Michael porter in his classic book "competitive strategy", the industry analysis model is put forward, the so-called five model: existing competition among enterprises, the power of suppliers, the power of buyers, substitutes, potential entrants, the five competitive forces that determine the industry profitability, and points out that the core of the enterprise strategy, should is to choose the right industry and competition position of the industry's most attractive.1.4.2 Existing competition among enterprises refers to companies within an industry compete for market share. Enterprise can be in terms of price and non-price competition. Price competition is eroding margins by lower prices - cost difference; Non-price competition is eroding margins by pushing up the cost. Due to high costs may be transferred to customers through a high price, so price competition do not necessarily like price competition may lead to a drop in profits.1.4.3 Potential entrants can profit reduce existing enterprise in two aspects: first, to get access to get some business carve up its original market share; Second, entrants reduce the market concentration, and thus stimulate existing competition among enterprises, reduce the price - cost difference.Now people more and more high to the requirement of food, many businesses will satisfy the customer, and then select the right opportunity to enter the market, in-depth study on the enterprise has been in existence for a long time, pursuit, make the let customers more satisfied with the food. Or are still in the initial small pastry shop, through constant development, affect the good the forehead shop.1.4.4 Potential entrants, substitutes to win business and strengthen the existing competition among enterprises.Cake as dessert, already does not take the place of staple food, but it has many substitutes, such as fast food, household bread machine and so on, are powerful alternative1.4.5 The power of suppliers is refers to the suppliers of inputs by price negotiation ability to squeeze profits from their customers.Pastry, bread, food price elasticity is low, so reduce the price to attract consumers and is very special, but the competition is intense, if higher price, the supplier is likely to lose the market.1.4.6 Buyer power refers to the customer in the purchase price for negotiation ability, through the negotiation ability to reduce seller's profitsDefense capability of the buyers bargaining power is effective, the key is to seize the different tastes of different consumer, teenagers like relative tastes sweeter western-style pastry and older pay attention to eat a balanced diet and less sugar cakes, prefer traditional Chinese cakes.2．Company analysis2.1 backgroundsThe limited company of Yunnan JiaHua food was established on August 8, 1988. It consists of JiaHua cake house, JUSTHOT and JiaHua flower cake. Since its inception, the company has been adhering to the “honest practical work” as its standard of behavior. Its product theory won universal praise. It is the best bakery brand in Yunnan province.2.2 Use SWOT analysis to evaluate JiaHua foodM GT382 Su Xingyue 115273492.2.1Strengtha) JiaHua has good financial status; it has sufficient financial resources to develop the business. JiaHua food was rated as large taxpayer consecutively three years.b) JiaHua has strong brand name. Many people around of me will choose to buy a birthday cake of JiaHua to celebrate their birthday with friends and relatives. JiaHua flowers cakes are very famous; a lot of the provincial school classmate will choose to buy JiaHua flowers cake as a gift to their teacher.c) Product innovation ability. Recently, JiaHua food launched many new flavors of cake. I like JiaHua food is a creative, it's a big birthday cake consists of different flavors of cake. Every traditional Chinese festival, JiaHua food introduce pastries to celebrate festival. Such as the Mid-Autumn festival, it will launch a different flavor of moon cakes. During the dragon boat festival, it will launch different flavors of rice dumplings. In the lantern festival, it will launch Tang Yuan.d) Product quality is better than its competitors. JiaHua pastry with moderate sweet taste, I most like the butter that taste is very good but it doesn't feel greasy. JiaHua has its own rose garden can guarantee the quality of materials.e) Good customer service skills. JiaHua sales staff is very warm. When you ask for help, them can give you help and keep patience. JiaHua’s order can be able to finish it on time. I go to take the cake has never been waited. At the same time, Shop decoration is very good.2.2.2 Weaknessa) Small market rangeIt can be seen from the number and distribution situation of enterprise's shop has 82% of the stores in Kunming market, only 18% of the stores in other cities and provincesb) Management not deep enoughFirst, I find different JiaHua cake shop has different taste and different appearance. In the central area, its cookies taste better and look better.Secondly, do not pay attention to details in the launch of new products. The staffs of JiaHua food try to persuade passerby to taste new pastry. But the pastry cut up small pieces looks ugly. Lots of passerines have not desire for eating it.c) Unique product is lessJiaHua flowers cake is unique but unique products are too little. Most of product can be copy by another cake shop easily. When consumer can buy same product everywhere, the product of JiaHua will not attract consumer, JiaHua will lose market gradually.2.2.3 Opportunitya) JiaHua is a wide variety of pastries, sugar content is different. It can meet different consumer demand. For example, Children prefer the sweet, the old and the girl who lose weight like to buy less of the sugar content such as multigrain bread and whole-wheat toast.b) Market development space is large. Jiahua cake house has been opened in some second-tier cities, the increased market share and increased awareness of the company.c) Customer loyalty degree is high, the 39% of consumers as respondents of Kunming said they would choose JiaHua in ordinary consumption. A great amount of students choose JiaHua food as breakfast.M GT382 Su Xingyue 115273492.2.4 Threatsa) Brand more competitive strengthThere are a great mass of company in the pastry industry. Different company has owner characteristic and trade promotion. Different company has different taste and price schedule. Every company try them best to fight for market share, but no one can ensure they can still attractive consumer.b) Alternative productsAlmost all of the food can instead of cake especially when consumers feel hunger. It is hard that cakes still keep warm, and if consumers eat so much cake, they will feel thirsty. But rice nodules can deal with the drawback.c) Rising prices, raw material price increase. a cake include a good deal of raw material, raw material price increase, the company do not sure rising how much will not let the consumer feel unhappy.d) New industrial threats (DIY cake)It is no double that the meaning of cake is more important than the taste andappearance. So consumer prefer to DIY cake to show their wishes.3. My advice about how to let JiaHua food run well.3.1 Increasing the number of stores outside Kunming market seek cooperation with similar companies nationally known, to the domestic market development.3.2 In the name of the enterprise take an active part in or sponsoring all kinds of public activities, expand the market influence. for instance, it can sponsor basketball game or marathon race.3.3 Enhance the brand's popularity in new markets:3.3.1 it can learn from the marking program of MengNiu. The company called MengNiu rents some land in the Northern provinces, enterprise own raw materials such as wheat, let consumers know the brand in the region. JiaHua can rent some land to plant rose to let mainlander know JiaHua food more..3.3.2 JiaHua can take strategy of wall to wall marketing. It can sponsor scholarship for other provinces university with plenty of students. It also can sponsor other activities in the university. This behavior can expand brand awareness in students from other provinces, and spread to the provinces and cities.3.4 consumers pay some money and under the guidance of staff to enjoy the happiness of yourself making a cake. Every 3 months, JiaHua cake house choose some special DIY cake, giving consumers who DIY well souvenirs. JiaHua food should have a regulation on one day each month, in the case of new products; ensure that every month to the customer different taste sensations.M GT382 Su Xingyue 11527349ConclusionAlong with economic development, improving people's living standard, pastry market has been rapid development. Cake is a kind of food of people's relative like, because it not only delicious, but also represents the happiness, happy.From the perspective of the macro environment of the pastry industry, we can find good political and economic conditions in our country has paved the way for the pastry industry growth, the development of science and technology promote the progress of the pastry industry, consumer values and change the way of life is a pastry industry innovation power. If our pastry industry can get rid of the limitation of traditional management idea, at the same time guarantee the quality of pastry food industry safety, let the Chinese style pastry is known all over the world will no longer be a dream. In order to achieve this ambitious goal, producer should work with honest heart and keep improving. At the same time, our country should further intensify law enforcement law enforcement and supervision, establish and perfect the food safety regulatory system and food safety standards, in order to ensure food safety and health of our country.Using the five-Forces Model of Competition respectively from the existing competition among enterprises, potential entrants, substitutes, suppliers, buyers analysis pastry industry competition strength. We can find that pastry industry is easy to keep difficult tapping area, entry threshold is low, industrial concentration is low, the lack of economies of scale. With the more to more people to join, competition will intensify.SWOT analysis method through the evaluation of the company's internal strengths and weaknesses, external opportunities and threats to understand the overall situation of the company. Through the SWOT analysis method, it is obvious JiaHua food has a strong core competitiveness and market opportunities. If JiaHua food can improve management, quality, continuous innovation, strengthen the advertisement publicity would make up the defects, reduce the external threats.ReferenceChen, L. (2011). Market development trend of Chinese style pastry. China academic journal electronic publishing house. 18(36-38).Du, L. Q. (1999). The development trend of pastry industry of our country. In collaboration with the China's industrial, 10(39-41).David K. Eiteman, A. I. (2010). Multinational Business Finance. America: Prentice Hall.Dées and Jakaitiene S.A. (2009). “Forecasting the world economy in the short-term. Working paper series, 80-121.FanJason. (2010). The RMB exchange rate to the domestic and international trend and the economic effects. Nan Jing: Public of Nan Jing.Gao, G. R. Fan, X. L. (2006). Advanced production pattern of manufacturing application. Industrial technology economy. 11(23-25)Jin, P. (2003). Competition in economics. Guangdong economic press11(6-7).John E. Gamble. Arthur A. Thompson, Jr.(2009). Essentials of Strategic Management. Sun, H.W. & Zhou, C. (2009). Economics of corporate strategy. Cambridge university press. 51(107-108).。
论文结构及各部分的写作要求
毕业论文的结构1．前置部分(Front Matter)：中文封面（Cover, in Chinese）英文题名页（Title Page, in English）郑重声明论文使用授权说明目录（Contents）英文摘要、关键词页（Abstract and Key Words, in English）中文摘要、关键词页（Abstract and Key Words, in Chinese）2．正文部分(Body)：引言（Introduction）主体（Body）结论（Conclusion）3．文尾部分(Back Matter)：参考文献（Works Cited）致谢（Acknowledgements）附录（Appendix）封底（Back Cover）论文标题1. 论文的标题应具备以下特征：1)准确。
要做到“题与文相符”，概括文章的基本内容，揭示文章的主题。
2)醒目。
要引人注目，给人留下深刻印象。
3)新颖。
要有新鲜感。
只有作者的思想新颖，论题才能富有新意。
4)简洁。
要具有高度的概括性。
字数限制在20个字以内（一般不超过10个实词）。
5)具体。
要具体地表达出论文的观点，切忌空泛而谈。
2. 英文标题四种结构1)名词性词组(包括动名词) Sister Carrie’s Broken Dream2)介词词组On the theme of Young Goodman Brown by Hawthorne3)名词词组+介词词组A comparison between a Teacher-Centered Class and aStudents-Centered Class4)疑问式How to Use a Computer in Managing an English Class （学术论文不建议使用此标题方式）有的标题由两部分组成，用冒号( ：)隔开。
一般来说，冒号前面一部分是主标题，提出文章中心或主旨。
冒号后面是副标题，补充说明主标题的内容，如研究重点或研究方法。
明确目录格式英语论文目录格式.doc
明确目录格式英语论文目录格式----英语毕业论文-->摘要:针对英语专业毕业论文目录普遍存在比重失调、层次不清和结构混淆等问题，提出明确格式、精简标题、统一体例的解决对策，并举例说明。
英语专业毕业论文目录(Contents)是论文撰写的一个有机组成部分，可视为论文的一扇窗口，它不仅映射论文的主要内容，而且反映论文的学术质量甚至学术价值。
因此，切不可小看论文目录的撰写。
然而，在指导毕业论文的写作过程中，笔者发现不少学生撰写的目录存在比重失调、层次不清、结构混乱等不规范现象。
那么如何才能撰写好英语专业毕业论文的目录呢?经分析研究，笔者认为，明确格式是前提，理清层次是基础，统一体例是保障。
本文就此分述如下。
一、明确目录格式英语论文目录格式尽管因学校要求有所不同，但大同小异。
总体说来，目录格式以分层次［1］均衡排列为佳，否则会造成比重失调，下级标题项数要么不均衡，要么欠完整。
例如一篇题为“Difference Beterican cooking (3)2．1．1 Food in American culuture (3)2．2 History of Chinese cooking (4)2．2．1 Food in Chinese culutre (4)3．Different Dietary Concept (5)3．1Sumptuous and luxurious feasts vs．simple and plain meals (6)3．2Collctivism vs.individualism (7)4．Different Table Etiquette (8)4．1 Attendance time (9)4．2 Table taboos (10)4．3 Tableerican cooking和2．2 History of Chinese cooking分别只有一项三级标题:2．1．1 Food in American culture和2．2．1 Foodin Chinese culture。
英语本科毕业论文撰写要求格式1.论文全篇除一级标题外,字体一律小
英语本科毕业论文撰写要求格式：1. 论文全篇除一级标题外，字体一律小四号，1.5倍行距。
英文用Times New Roman字体，中文用宋体。
2. 所有英文标题实词首字母大写，英文书名斜体；中文书名用书名号。
3. 英文段落首行空4格英文字符，中文空2个中文字符。
全文两端对齐。
4. 正文（从Introduction开始到Conclusion结束）不少于4200词。
每一章另起一页，各小节之间空1行，无需分页。
内容及顺序：1．Title page （论文首页，具体要求见所附样稿，后同。
）2．诚信申明3．Contents （目录）4．Acknowledgements（鸣谢）5．内容提要（中文摘要）6．Abstract（英文摘要）7．（正文包括以下内容）-- Introduction（简介：长度不超过2页）-- Chapter One…（论文不少于3章，各章须分小节，多极标题格式见目录页；每章不少于4页）-- Chapter Two…-- Chapter Three…-- Conclusion（结论：长度为1 －2页）8. Bibliography（参考书目，至少5本，不包括网址。
参考书可均为英文书，也可中英文均有，但不可均为中文书）样稿（论文首页）Dream Shattered-- A Tentative Analysis of Martin Eden(论文题目，小二号字，该页其余部分四号字。
加粗，居中，实词首字母大写)A Paper Presented toCollege of Continuing EducationShanghai International Studies UniversityIn Partial Fulfillment of the RequirementsFor the Degree of Bachelor of ArtsBy WANG Meiyuan(自己姓名，姓大写，名首字母大写)Under the Supervision ofMr.（或）Ms. Xxx(导师姓名，姓大写，名首字母大写)（空1行）December, 2011（论文定稿完成年月）Contents（所有大标题居中，小三号字，加粗，与下文之间空1行）（论文大小标题以名词或分词短语构成，须提纲挈领。
翻译专业本科毕业论文设计(翻译实践报告材料类)写作要求规范[2016-12]
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大连外国语大学翻译专业本科毕业论文（翻译实践报告类）写作规范2016年12月修订目录一、毕业论文的全套材料 (3)二、毕业论文的基本结构 (3)三、论文的字体和字号要求 (3)四、纸张打印格式 (4)五、论文前置部分的格式要求 (4)六、论文主体部分的格式要求 (5)七、英语封面样本 (7)八、英语摘要样本 (9)九、汉语摘要样本 (11)十、英语致谢样本 (1) (2) (12)十一、英语提纲样本 (14)十二、论文的标题标注样本 [含参考文献样本(1)(2)] (16)十三、网上参考文献格式说明 (27)十四、中文参考文献格式说明 (34)十五、MLA论文写作规范简略说明 (36)十六、附录样本 (53)一、毕业论文的全套材料1．论文袋2．《大连外国语大学本科毕业论文（设计）指导手册》（学生用，用黑色签字笔填写）3．表1 中期检查表（教师用,打印签字版）4．表2 指导教师评语表（教师用，打印签字版）5．表3 评阅人评语表（教师用，打印签字版）6．表4答辩记录表（教师用，打印签字版，表格中评语及以下部分用黑色签字笔填写）7．论文打印文本（一式一份，左侧装订）二、毕业论文的基本结构1．前置部分（按以下顺序排列）：中文封面、诚信承诺书、英文封面、英语摘要、汉语摘要、英语致谢、英语目录（以上各项均单独成页）。
2．主体部分：引言、正文、结论、参考文献（以上各项均单独成页）。
3．附录部分：原文和译文、术语表或人名地名表等（以上各项均单独成页，有或无视情况而定）。
三、论文的字体和字号要求1．英语的字体为Times New Roman, 汉语的字体为宋体。
2．英语和汉语的字号均为小四，且不必加粗。
四、纸张打印格式1．论文要求使用激光打印，纸张尺寸为A4，打印1份。
2．行间距：英语为2倍行距，汉语为1.5倍行距。
3．页边距：上2.5厘米，下2.5厘米，左3.5厘米，右2厘米。
4．页脚插入页码，居中。
页码从封面至提纲的最后一页采用罗马字母排列，即i，ii，iii...,封面作为i页，页码不显示。
《大学生毕业论文写作教程》第三章
1.3 材料的分类
〔三〕电子资源
2．常用电子资源介绍
〔1〕单机资源以应用程序的形式保存在计算机硬盘或者光 盘之上，无需经过互联网传输的电子资源。
〔2〕网络资源 ① 网络信息资源权威性和可信度的鉴别 ② 网络资源常用检索工具：a．搜索引擎；b．数据库： 〔a〕查找图书 〔b〕查找报刊〔c〕查找学位论文〔d〕 查找会议文献〔e〕查找国内外专利文献〔f〕查找标准 文献
2 真实 保证材料的真实性有几个可以借鉴的方法：一是尽量 使用第一手资料。二是尽量选择可信度高质量有保证 的文献资料。
4
1.1 材料的含义和特点
3 适用 选取与论文中心论点关系最密切、最有说服力的材料。防止论文出现冗长繁杂、 不知所云的情况。
4 新颖 材料的新颖性，是指其从未出现或从未被使用过。这样的材料本身就具备极强的 学术价值，对其进行任何角度的研究都有可能得到有价值的成果。材料的新颖， 也指使用新方法、新角度对已有材料进行研究。
查找原始文献
18
2.1 材料的搜集
〔二〕记录
记录的内容
〔1〕有创新的新论点、新见解。 〔2〕典型的证明力度强的论据。 〔3〕阅读过程中被激发出来的感受、想法 。 〔4〕文献的出处和原始出版信息。
19
2.2 材料的整理
1. 对资料进行分类 分类就是将各种信息资料由粗到细、由
大到小地逐级进行分类，或者按照一定的标 准将所研究课题的有关资料分成不同的组。
6
1.2 材料在论文写作过程中的作用
〔三〕材料是完成论述的根底
当学术研究有了收获，并将其形成著述的时候，材料就是完成论述的基础。没有材料不能发 现选题，无法提炼论点，更无法完成论述。离开材料的论述就是无根之木、无源之水，没有说服 力和生命力。一篇普通的议论文，都需要用论据来支撑论点，更不要说是以科学研究为目的的毕 业论文撰写了。
中山大学外国语学院研究生学位论文格式要求
中山大学外国语学院研究生学位论文格式要求（一）博士学位论文撰写要求博士学位论文可用中文撰写，也可用外文撰写。
用中文撰写的博士学位论文，按“中山大学学位论文格式要求”撰写。
用外文撰写的博士学位论文，按“中山大学外国语学院研究生学位论文格式要求”撰写。
英语语言文学专业博士学位论文如用英文撰写，必须用电脑进行文字输入。
要求英文用Times New Roman12号字体；中文用宋体、5号字体，行距1.5。
用A4（210mm X 297mm）白纸打印。
除封面、扉页1、扉页2、《原创性及学位论文使用授权声明》和《学位论文使用授权声明》、中文摘要、英文文摘用单面复印外，其余均要求双面复印。
学位论文的封面和封底由学校研究生院统一印刷，博士生应按要求认真填写，并在学位论文封面的编号处打印上自己的学号，密级处填写“公开”。
博士学位论文正文的长度一般不少于100页。
博士学位论文除封面和封底外，其主体部分应包括如下内容：1．扉页1（Title page one）。
该页的内容有：论文的中文标题、外文标题、专业名称、作者中文姓名、导师中文姓名、答辩委员会主席和成员的签名、论文答辩日期。
2．扉页2，又称书名页（Title page two）。
该页应全用外文著录，内容包括：学位论文标题、专业名称、作者姓名、导师姓名、学位授予单位的全称（即：中山大学）、论文提交的年月。
注意，在“学位授予单位”的上方，应写上这条款目：A thesis submitted in partial fulfilmentof the requirements for the degree ofDoctor of Philosophy3．《原创性及学位论文使用授权声明》和《学位论文使用授权声明》在扉页之后并排在同一页上。
4．致谢（Acknowledgements）。
5．英文、中文摘要（English and Chinese Abstracts）（含关键词3-8个）。
论文格式规范
附件3外语类专业本科毕业论文撰写格式根据河北传媒学院本科毕业论文撰写规范的相关规定，结合国际传播学院外语类专业的学科特点，参照芝加哥论文格式，特制定以下外语类专业本科毕业论文撰写规范：一、毕业论文格式的规范一份完整的毕业论文应包括前置部分、正文和后置部分：（一）前置部分：1.中文封面统一使用学校规定的封面，包括题目、作者、指导教师姓名和职称、论文完成日期等。
论文题目的名称应力求简短、明确、有概括性，直接反映毕业论文的中心内容和学科特点。
题目长度一般不超过15-20个字，如确有必要，可用副标题作补充。
2. 英文封面论文第二页为英文封面页。
英文封面与中文封面内容基本一致，但格式略有不同。
论文题目要翻译得体。
3. 中英文内容摘要论文第三页为中文内容摘要，中文摘要一般在200-300字左右，不分段，不用图表，而以精练的文字对论文的内容、观点、方法、成果和结论进行高度概括，具有独立性和自含性，自成一篇短文。
英文摘要为论文的第四页，内容与中文摘要相同。
中英文摘要均不得包含任何数学公式、表格或示意图，不得包含非公知公用而又未加解释的缩略语、字符、代号。
摘要不另加注释。
4. 中英文关键词关键词应当是最能反映论文论点的术语或者是论文中使用频率最高的词语，置于内容摘要之后，关键词要有高度的概括性，一般为3-5个。
中英文关键词分别在中英文内容摘要页的下方另起一行注明，由分号隔开，依次排列，行末不用句号。
5. 目录（Contents）目录页由论文的章节、附录等的序号、标题和页码组成，另页编排在摘要的后面。
章节的标题均须与正文中的标题相一致，行距为1.5行。
目录页中每一章序号和标题的字体用Times New Roman小四号字。
章节标题逐级缩进，页码右对齐。
为了保证目录页与正文中的章、节、附录等的序号、标题和页码完全一致，目次页应该用Microsoft Word选项单中“插入\引用\索引和目录\目录” 的命令设置格式，而不宜用手工打出。
英语论文范文
Noticing in SLA（小二号Times New Roman加粗居中顶页眉）(空一行)Abstract: This article focuses on the role of “noticing” and “noticing the gap”in second language acquisition. It is argued that this notion has gained wide support on the basis of intuition and assumption rather than on the findings of appropriate and exhaustive empirical research. The aim of this paper is twofold: a) to consider the theoretical constructs that underlie the role of noticing, and b) to assess the validity of the assumption that noticing enhances language acquisition. This paper concludes that 1) empirical research has yet to validate the role of noticing in language acquisition, 2) an alternative view offered by Truscott (1998), which suggests that noticing is merely tied to the acquisition of metalinguistic knowledge, is worthy of investigation, and 3) future research into the relationship between training learners to notice linguistic forms and the acquisition of metalinguistic knowledge may enhance our understanding of noticing in second language acquisition. （小四；不分段；顶格）(空一行)Key words: noticing; metalinguistic knowledge; linguistic forms（小四）(空三行)（摘要、文章、参考文献均先在默认状态下输入，然后第二稿时再按照要求进行字体、字符大小、加粗等的编辑。
英语本科毕业论文格式规范
1 总要求（General Requirements）1、用英文撰写、字数要求学士论文长度为 4000 字，以能清楚、充分地论证某一论题或描写、解释某一发现为最低限度。
以上字数的统计范围仅限于论文正文，不包括论文摘要、目录、注释、参考书目和致谢。
2、格式要求论文一般由以下部分组成，并按此顺序排列：1. 英文标题页（English title page）2. 学位论文原创性声明（答辩时另发）3. 英文提要（Abstract）4. 中文提要（Chinese abstract）5. 目录（Contents）6. 正文（Text）7. 注释（Notes 非必须）8.参引文献（References，见附录）9. 致谢（Acknowledgements）（2）字体和字号：正文中大标题采用Times New Roman 小四号加粗（Introduction和Conclusion两词四号加粗，次标题以下采用 Times New Roman 小四号加粗，正文采用 Times New Roman 小四号字。
注意：大标题和次标题不得采用句子。
（3）行距：一律 1.5 行距。
（4）页边距：2cm。
3、注释要求（一律采用“尾注Notes”，用序号，按出现顺序排列：名字在前，姓氏在后，其他与参考文献同。
）4、从论文的正文至致谢，均要求采用“页眉”（页眉右对齐）和“页码”（页码应居中）。
并在目录中标出。
封面（空两行；页边距为2cm）(Please write the English title of your thesis here)（Arial 一号加粗居中）(Please write the Chinese title of your thesis here)（宋体一号加粗居中）（空两行）Submitted by (Please write your name here) （Arial 三号加粗居中）Student number ( Please write your ID here ) （Arial 三号加粗居中）Supervised by (Please write the name of your tutor here) （Arial 三号加粗居中）（空两行）Foreign Languages College（Arial 小三号加粗居中）Jiangxi Normal University（Arial 小三号加粗居中）(Insert Month here) (Insert Year here) （Arial 小三号加粗居中）Title of the thesis(Times New Roman 三号粗体居中)（空一行）Abstract（Times New Roman 小四号加粗）：正文（Times New Roman 小四号）………………………………………………………………………………………………………（空一行）Key words（Times New Roman 小四号加粗）：正文（Times New Roman 小四号）…………………………………………………………………………………………摘要之后另起一行，给出论文的关键词3-5个（关键词要用分号“;” 分隔，结束不用句号，关键词不能超过5个）中文题目(宋体三号粗体居中)（空一行）摘要（宋体小四号加粗）：正文（宋体小四号）………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………（空一行）关键词（宋体小四号加粗）：正文（宋体小四号）………………………………………………………………………………………………（用分号“；”分隔，结束不用句号，）（空一行）提要格式要求：1、中文、英文摘要分页打印2、A4纸打印3、页边距：2cm4、行距：1.5倍行距Contents (Times New Roman 三号粗体居中)（空两行）Abstract (i)摘要 (ii)Introduction (1)1. ……………………………………………………………………………………1.1 ……………………………………………………………………………………1.2 …………………………………………………………………………………..2. ……………………………………………………………………………………..2.1 …………………………………………………………………………………..2.2 …………………………………………………………………………………..2.3 ……………………………………………………………………………………3. …………………………………………………………………………………….…Notes………………………………………………………………………………………….. Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………………. Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………………目录格式要求：目录要自动生成！！所有标题都设为一级标题并顶格排列1、字体要求：Times New Roman 小四号粗体2、A4纸打印3、页边距：2cm4、行距：1.5倍行距5、论文内容排序：封面—声明—Abstract—摘要—Contents—正文—尾注—参考文献—致谢（空一行）Introduction (Times New Roman 四号加粗居中)（空一行）(5spaces) 正文……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………（空一行）1 (Times New Roman小四号加粗)(5spaces) 正文……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………1.1(Times New Roman小四号加粗)(5spaces) 正文……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………1.1.1(Times New Roman小四号加粗)(5spaces) 正文………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………1.1.2(Times New Roman小四号加粗)(5spaces) 正文…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………1.2(Times New Roman小四号加粗)(5spaces) 正文………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………1.2.1(Times New Roman小四号加粗)(5spaces) 正文………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………1.2.2(Times New Roman小四号加粗)(5spaces) 正文……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………2 (Times New Roman小四号加粗)(5spaces) 正文……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………2.1(Times New Roman小四号加粗)(5spaces) 正文……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………2.1.1(Times New Roman小四号加粗)(5spaces) 正文………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………2.1.2(Times New Roman小四号加粗)(5spaces) 正文…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………2.2(Times New Roman小四号加粗)(5spaces) 正文………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………2.2.1(Times New Roman小四号加粗)(5spaces) 正文………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………2.2.2(Times New Roman小四号加粗)(5spaces) 正文……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………3 (Times New Roman小四号加粗)4 (Times New Roman小四号加粗)…Conclusion(Times New Roman 四号加粗居中)(5spaces) 正文………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………(另起一页)Notes(Times New Roman 四号加粗居中)正文（Times New Roman 小四号）[1]作者，书名（英文书名格式为Times New Roman小四号斜体；中文书名格式为《宋体小四号》），出版社，出版时间:页码.（有一实心点作为句号）[2]如出处同上一个注释，则标为ibid（空一格）(页码).[3]……（另起一页）Bibliography(Times New Roman 四号加粗居中)英文参考书目（按首写字母顺序排列）网络参考资料中文参考书目（按汉语拼音顺序排列）参考文献写作规范1.说明（1）文献目录应另页书写，外文文献排前，中文文献排后。
外国语学院英语专业本科生毕业论文撰写规范
外国语学院英语专业本科生毕业论文撰写标准一、毕业论文格式〔一〕总体要求1.毕业论文一律用英语撰写。
2.毕业论文格式须符合本标准的根本要求，并按照本标准排版、打印。
〔二〕封面按照学院统一规定的封面款式打印。
须在中文标题上方加上英文标题。
〔三〕标题1．题目应该简短、明确，具有概括性。
通过题目，能大致理解论文内容、专业特点和学科范畴。
2．字数一般不宜超过20个字，必要时可以加副标题。
3．论文题目置于正文之前，格式为Times New Roman字体三号，加粗，居中，上、下各空一行。
〔四〕英文摘要及关键词1．摘要应该将毕业论文的内容要点简短明了地表达出来，应该包含论文中的根本信息，表达其核心思想。
2．突出毕业论文中具有创新性的成果和新见解的局部，不用展开论证或说明。
3．以客观陈述为主，不用进展主观评价；以第三人称对文中观点进展概括和提炼，防止以“作者指出〞等类词语表述。
4．独立成文，选词用语防止与正文内容特别是前言(绪论)和结论局部雷同。
5．语言力求精练，字数以200—300字为宜，控制在300字以内。
6．关键词以3—5个名词为宜，为论文中最重要、出现频率最高、能表达论文主题的词。
7．居中打印“ABSTRACT〞〔 Times New Roman字体四号加粗〕，空一行打印英文摘要内容〔Times New Roman字体四号〕，摘要内容每段开头留四个字符空格。
8．摘要内容后下空一行居中打印“KEY WORDS〞〔 Times New Roman字体四号加粗〕，再空一行打印关键词〔Times New Roman字体四号〕，每一关键词之间用分号分开，最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。
9.页面上边距：30mm；下边距：25mm；左边距：30mm；右边距：20mm。
10.英文摘要与关键词单独为一页。
〔五〕中文摘要及关键词1．中文摘要内容应与英文摘要根本相对应，语句通顺，文字流畅。
2．中文关键词与英文关键词应根本对应。
论文英文摘要要求与格式
这些常用句型一开头就用一个很长的 名词短语来突出题旨。这种句型看来头 重脚轻,结构上不平衡,但它符合文摘直截 了当、开门见山的要求,有突出中心的优 点,因此在论文摘要中经常采用。
随后作者要用几个句子进一步叙述文章的 具体内容,常用的句式有:
1.
The aim of this study is to . . . ; 2. The study of . . . is based on . . . ; 3. The idea of our method of measurement is to analyze . . . ; 4. Comparison of our result s with .
一般来讲论文英文标题应和汉语标题相对 应，但是由于科技英语本身的特点，英文标 题也不是汉语标题的机械对译。汉语标题中 修饰语在前，中心词（Head word）一般在 后。英语标题往往先提中心词，修饰语在后。 如：论计算机集成制造系统的数据管理，On Data Management of Computer Integrated Manufacturing System; 公路两 侧土壤铅污染研究 A Study on Lead Pollution Along the Highway.
4、 注意词的搭配
由于语言习惯的差异 , 汉英两种语言在词的搭配 方面不尽相同 , 如“开机器” , 英语为 start a machine ;“开车”,英语为drive a car 。汉译 英时应注意其不同之处 , 切勿生搬硬套。关于这 个问题,请看关于词语搭配的论述。 如何搭配 汉英两种语言在长期使用的过程中形成了各自的 固定词组和搭配用法。这些比较固定的表达 , 有 时可以逐词译出 , 有时则不行 , 勉强译出 , 不是词 不达意,就是不符合英语的习惯。因此,翻译时尤 其要注意两者的不同。
英文论文基本结构
英文论文难，不是难在写作素材上，而是难在不熟悉专业的词汇，中国的留学生大多本身的英语基础不好，很多都是应付各种考试而准备的词汇，和英语母语的外国学生相比，中国学生写作能力则欠缺不少。
还有一点，用英语写论文难，是因为不太了解学术英语的语言特点。
本文主要在于讨论学术论文写作的方法，包括学术论文写作中常用的句型结构，对于很多初次写作的新手来说应该有所帮助，大家可以模仿和学习，以便自己的英文论文化难为易。
下面我们来看看英文论文的写作技巧有哪些？一般来说，一篇完整规范的学术论文由以下各部分构成：Title(标题)Abstract(摘要)Keywords(关键词)Table of contents(目录) Nomenclature(术语表)Introduction(引言)Method(方法)Results(结果)Discussion(讨论)Conclusion(结论)Acknowledgement(致谢)Reference(参考文献)Appendix(附录)其中 Title，Abstract，Introduction，Method，Result，Discussion，Conclusion，Reference 等八项内容是必不可少的(其他内容根据具体需要而定)。
在这八项内容中，读者最多的是Title，Abstract和Introduction部分，读者会根据这些内容来决定是否阅读全文。
也就是说，一篇研究论文赢得读者的多少，在很大程度上取决于Title，Abstract和Introduction 写得好坏。
因此这三项内容将各分章详细加以讲述。
学术论文的正文一般包括Method，Result，Discussion三个部分。
这三部分主要描述研究课题的具体内容、方法，研究过程中所使用的设备、仪器、条件，并如实公布有关数据和研究结果等。
Conclusion是对全文内容或有关研究课题进行的总体性讨论。
它具有严密的科学性和客观性，反映一个研究课题的价值，同时提出以后的研究方向。
如何写好毕业论文引言
频的二-、引言的作用：-1通过介绍研究课题的有关情况，-引起读者的兴趣-。-2将讨论聚焦在某个问题或层面。-3回顾相关的研究文献。-4讨论以往相关研究的不足。-5对某一课题或课题的某一方面-提出新的，不同的研究 法。
文献回顾的方法-【IP-·1、使用直接或间接引语。-·2、解释别人的话-究背景、意义、发展状-况等内容组成，其中还包括某一研-究领域的文献综述；-。二层提出目前尚未解决的问题或-急需解决的问题，从而引出自己的-研究动机与意义；
第三层说明自己研究的具体目的与-内容；-。1-第四层是引言的结尾，可以介绍-下论文的组成部分。
·第一层：，1Introducing the general-research area includin its background,-importance,and present level of-deve opment-2Reviewing previous research in-this area-·第二层 Indicating the problem that has-not been solved by pr vious research,-raising a relevant question
·3、回顾历史要有重点，内容要紧-扣文章标题，围绕标题介绍背景，-用几句话概括即可：在提示所用的方-法时， 要求写出方法、结果，不-要展开讨论：虽可适当引用过去的文-献内容，但不要长篇罗列，不能把-前言写成该研究的 史发展；
·不要把前言写成文献小综述，更不-要去重复说明那些教科书上己有-或本领域研究人员所共知的常识性-内容。
9-三、引言的内容：-所谓的引言就是为论文的写作立-题，目的是引出下文。引言的主要-任务是向读者勾勒出全文 基本内-容和轮廓。它可以包括以下五项内-容中的全部或其中几项：