何家弘法律英语 翻译 第十课
何家弘法律英语第四版译文(1-10) (1)
第一课美国法律制度介绍第一部分特征与特点美国既是一个非常新的国家也是一个非常老的国家。
与许多别的国家相比它是一个新的国家。
同时，它还因新人口成分和新州的加入而持续更新，在此意义上，它也是新国家。
但是在其它的意义上它是老国家。
它是最老的“新”国家——第一个由旧大陆殖民地脱胎而出的国家。
它拥有最古老的成文宪法、最古老的持续的联邦体制以及最古老的民族自治实践。
美国的年轻（性）有一个很有意思的特点就是它的历史肇始于印刷机发明之后。
因此它的整个历史都得以记录下来：确实可以很有把握地说，任何其它国家都没有像美国这样全面的历史记录，因为像在意大利、法国或者英国过去的传说中湮没的那样的事件在美国都成了有文字记载的历史之一部分。
而且其记录不仅全面，还非常浩繁。
不仅包括这个国家自1776年以来的殖民时期的记录，还有当前五十个州以及各州和联邦（nation）之间错综复杂的关系网络的历史记录。
因此，据一个非常简单的例子，美国最高法院判例汇编有大约350卷，而一些州的判例汇编也几乎有同样多的卷数：想研究美国法律史的读者要面对的是超过5000巨卷的司法案例。
我们不能说一个文件或几个文件就能揭示出一国人民或其政府的特性。
但如果横跨一百多年的千百万个文件敲出始终如一的音调，我们就有理由说这就是其主调。
当千百万个文件都以同样的方式去解决同样的中心问题，我们就有理由从中得出可以被称为国民特定的确定结论。
第二部分普通法和衡平法同英国一样，美国法律制度从方法论上来说主要是一种判例法制度。
许多私法领域仍然主要是由判例法构成，广泛而不断增长的制定法一直受制于有约束力的（解释制定法的）判例法。
因此，判例法方法的知识以及使用判例法的技巧对于理解美国法律和法律方法是极其重要的。
从历史的角度来看，普通法就是由英国皇家法院的巡回法官的判决所得出的普通的一般法——优于地方法。
采纳或执行某项诉讼请求是以存在法院令状这种特殊形式的诉为前提的，而这就使最初的普通法表现为由类似于古罗马法的“诉”所构成的体系。
何家弘法律英语词汇全
AAbsolute['?bs?lju:t] proof 绝对证明absolute property 绝对财产（权）abstract of title 产权书摘要acceleration clause 提前（偿还）条款act 条例；作为Act for the prevention of Frauds and Perjuries 《预防诈欺和伪证条例》action 诉讼；作为actual losses 实际损失adjudication 裁决；裁定administrative law 行政法administrative law judge 行政法法官administrative procedure 行政程序administrator 管理人；监管人admissible 可采的admissibility 可采性affirm 维持（原判）affirmation 保证书；证词affirmative 确保的agency （行政）机关agency action 机关（行政）机关agreed upon remedies 补救协议agreement 协议agreement-as-written 书面协议agreement -in-fact 事实协议alibi 阿里白（不在犯罪场的证明）alienation of affection 离间夫妻关系allegation 声称；指控appellate action 上诉行为appellate court 上诉法院appellee 被上诉人appealer 上诉人appropriate 拨款appurtenant 附属物arbiter 仲裁人arbitrary武断的arbitration仲裁arraignment初审array 陪审员名单arrest 逮捕assistant attorney 助理法官associate judge 副法官associate justice 副大法官assumption 违约合同，违约赔偿之诉assumption 假定attempt 意图，企图attempted escape 逃脱未遂attestation 证词attorney 代理人，律师attorney at law 律师attorney general 检察长authentication 鉴定barrister 出庭律师battery 殴打bench trial 法官审beneficiary 受益人benefit 收益，福得bigamy 重婚罪bill of lading 提单bill of right 《人权法案》bind over 具保，具结binder 临时保险单binding 有约束力binding contract 有约束力的合同黑bond instrument 债券契据branding 鞭笞breach 违约；破坏bride 贿赂bribery 贿赂（罪）bright-line test 明显界限检验标准broker 中间人brokerage fee 佣金；中介费brother-sister corporation 兄弟公司；姊妹公司Bulk Sales Act《大宗销售条例》burden 责任burden of going forward with the evidence 先California Penal Code《加州刑法典》capital account 资本帐户capital crime 可判死刑罪capital punishment 死刑capital surplus 资本盈余capitation tax 人头税career criminal 职业罪犯career judiciary 职业法官case briefing 案情摘要case-in-chief 主诉case law 判例法case method 案例教学法chief justice 首席大法官child abuse 虐待儿童circuit court 巡回法院circuit judge 巡回法官circumstantial evidence 旁证；情况证据citation 引证cite 援引；传讯civil court 民事法civil forfeiture 民事罚没civil law 民法Civil Law Legal System 民法体系civil liability 民事责任Closing 终结，成交，结帐Closing argument 最后论述Closing statement成交声明Code 法典Code of Judicial Conduct 《法官行为准则》Codify 编成法典Co-felon 共同重罪犯Cohabitation 同居Collateral contract 附属合同Collegiate bench 合议席Collegiate panel 合议庭Commercial clause 商务条款，贸易条款Common stock 普通股票Community property 共同财产Comparative law 比较法Comparative negligence 比较过失Compensation 赔偿（金）Compensatory damage 应予赔偿之损害Competence 管辖权限 Competency 有效性 Complaint 控告，申诉Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act 《滥用毒品的综合预防与控制条例》Constitutional Convention 制宪会议 Constitutional law 宪法 Constitutional tort 宪法性侵权 Constitutionality 合宪性Construction （法律的）结构，解释 Construe 解释，分析Consultation 磋商Consumer protection statute 消费者保护法律 Consumption tax 消费税Continental Law Legal System(or Family) 大陆法系Contingent fee 胜诉酬金 convey 转让 conveyance 转让convertible bond 可转换债券 conviction 有罪判决convincing evidence 使人信服的证据 copyright 版权;着作权corporal punishment肉体刑corporate camsel 公司法律顾问corporate excise tax 公司执照税corporate law 公司法corporation 公司corporation aggregate 合有公司court of chancery 衡平法法院court of claims 索赔法院court of customs and Patent Appeals 关税及专利上诉法院court of domestic relations 家庭关系法院court opinion 法院判决意见courtroom 法庭coverage 保险范围crime 犯罪crime code 刑法典crime homicide 有罪杀人crime justice system 刑事司法系统customary practice 惯例customs court 关税法院Ddamage 损害;损伤damage claim 损害赔偿请求damages 损害赔偿金deadlocked jury 僵局陪审团 death penalty 死刑 death tax 遗产税 debenture 债单(券) debt securities 债权证券 decide a case 判案deliberate intention 故意 deliberation (陪审团)评议 demonstrative evidence 示意证据 deprivation 剥夺derogatory treatment of the work 对作品的贬毁性处理(或使用)designs 设计 detract 毁损;贬低 developer (土地)开发商 dicta 判决附带意见 dignity 尊严direct evidence 直接证据 dispense 执行;施行 dispute 争议;纠纷 disposition 处置(权) dissent 异议;反对dissenting opinion 异议;反对意见 dissolution 解散distort 歪曲;误解district attorney 地区检查官 database right 数据权 dividend 股息division of title 产权分割 divorce 离婚draftman 起草者 drug trade 毒品交易 drug trafficking 毒品交易 dry run 干转;排练 due diligence 适当努力 due process 正当程序Due Process Clause 正当程序条款 due process test 正当程序检验标准 duration 期限 duress 强迫;胁迫 duty 义务;关税 duty of care 照看义务 encumbered property 抵押财产 enforce 实施；执行 enforceable 可强制执行的 enforceability 可执行性 enforcement of Law 执法English-American Legal System (or Family)英吉利法系enjoin(衡平）强制令 entail 限定继承 entity 实体environmental impact statement 环境影响报告essential justice 实质公正 estate 财产；遗产 estate tax 遗产税 ＥＵ Directive 欧盟指令 evaluate 评价evict 逐出（租户）evidence 证据evidentiary presumption 证据推定 evidentiary rule 证据规则 ex aequo at bono 公平且善良 examine 检查；盘问examination 检查；盘问 executive order 行政命令 executor (遗嘱）执行人 executor of estate 遗产执行人exemption 免除；豁免 exhibit 展示物（证）exigent circumstance 紧急情况existing securities 上市证券 exparte 单方面的expectation damages 预期赔偿金 expert 专家（证人） expert testimony 专家证言 expert witness 专家证人Fair trial 公平审判false imprisonment 非法拘禁 family law 家庭法 fault 过错fault principle 过错原则 feasibility study 可行性研究FederalAdministrativeProcedureAct《联邦行政程序》Federal Antitrust Law 《联邦犯托拉斯法》 federal convention 联邦制宪会议 federal crime of murder 联邦杀人罪 Federal Housing Act 《联邦住房条例》 felony-murder 重罪杀人 fiduciary 受托人 file 档案；注册file a petition 呈交诉状；提出请求 fine 罚金 fingerprint 手印fire insurance 火灾保险 fire protection 消防first degree murder 一级谋杀 first instance 一审 fixture （不动产）附属物 flogging 烙印free movement of goods 自由物流，货物的自由流通freedom of choice 选择自由 frustrate 使受挫折 fundamental law 基本法 fundamental right 基本权利Ggeneral acceptance standard (科学证据的)公认标准general partnership 一般合伙 general property 一般财产（权） general provisions 总则 guilty 有罪答辩H habitual offender 惯犯 hail insurance 冰雹保险 handcuff 手铐 handwriting 笔迹health insurance 健康保险 health regulation 卫生法规 hearing 听证（会） hearing of jury 陪审团听审 hearsay 传闻证据 heir 继承人identification 认定；确认身份；身份证 ignore 忽视；驳回 illegal 非法的；违法的 immaterial 无实质性的 immigration law 移民法 immovable property 不动产immunity 豁免（权） impair 损害；削弱 impeachment 弹劾；质疑 implementation 实施；执行 implied contract 默认合同implied warranty 默认保证（保修） income tax on corporations 公司所得税 income tax on individuals 个人所得税 incompetence 无行为能力；无法律资格 incompetent 无行为能力的；无法律资格的 incorporation 法人；公司；组成公司 incorporator 公司创办人independent regulatory agency 独立规制机构indicative list 指导性名单indictment 起诉书indirect evidence 间接证据indirect tax 间接税information 信息; 控告书infomer 耳目;情报员initial ruling 初步裁定injunction 禁令;强制令injunctive relief 强制救济injure 伤害injustice 不公正innocence 无罪innocent 无罪的;无罪者innocent owner defense 无过错所有人辩护inquiry 调查inquisitiorial system 纠问式诉讼制度insurance binder 临时保单insurance broker 保险中间人insurance card 保险卡insurance coverage 保险范围insurance law 保险法insurance policy 保险单;险种insurance premium 保险费 insurance proceeds 保险收益 insurance product 保险项目 insured 被保险人 insurer 保险人 intangible 无形的intentional tort 故意侵权行为 interest 利息;权益;利益 interest rate risk 利率风险 interview 询问invalid 无效的;不合法的 invalidate 使无效invasion of privacy 侵犯隐私权 investigation 侦查;调查 investment 投资investment portfolio risk 投资风险组合 investment securities 投资证券 irrelevancy 无相关性 judge 法官judge-made law 法官立法 judge's chamber 法官室judge's charge to jury 法官对陪审团的指令 judge's instruction to jury 法官对陪审团的指示judgment判决，裁定judicial branch 司法部门judicial clerkship 法院书记员职位judicial decision 法官职位judicial district 司法区judicial interpretation 司法解释jury pool待选陪审员库jury selection 挑选陪审员jury trial陪审团制justice 公正，大法官justice of the peace 治安法官justifiable homicide 正当杀人juvenile court 未成年人法庭juvenile delinquency 未成年人违法行为ＫKey man assurance 关键人保险Key person insurance关键人保险Kickbacks 回扣lawsuit 诉讼，官司lawyer 律师lawyer in government 政府律师；官方律师lawyer in private practice 私人开业律师lawyerette 律师娘lawman 外行人lay witness 普通证人；非专家证人lease 租赁lease agreement 租赁协议legacy 遗产legacy tax 遗产税legal 合法的legal order 法律秩序legal problem 法律问题legal profession 法律职业legal protection 法律保护legal relationship 法律关系legal representative 法律代表legal safeguard 法律保障（措施）legal system 法律体系；法律制度legal theorist 法学理论家legal writing 法律文书写作legalese 法律涩语legality 法制life estate 终生财（遗）产life insurance 人寿保险limited partnership 有限合伙liquidated damages 预定违约金liquidity risk 流动资金风险literary property 着作产权litigant 诉讼当事人litigation 诉讼；打官司livestock insurance 家畜保险loan 贷款lord chancellor (英国)大法官loss of rights 丧失权利mandatory insurance law 强制保险法manslaughter 非恶意杀人marine insurance 海上保险marital status 婚姻状况marital status classification 婚姻状况的分类maritime tort 海上侵权行为market economy 市场经济marriage 婚姻medical malpractice 医生不当行为mental capacity 心智能力mental condition 精神状态mentor 辅导教师minor issue 枝节问题；未成年人问题Miranda Warning 米兰达忠（警）告misapply 错误适用misdemeanor 轻罪mislaid property 错置财产misrepresentation 虚假陈述代授权法则monopolization 垄断monopoly right 专有权moot court 模拟法庭mortgage 抵押（品）motion 动议，请求movable property 动产multiple listing 多重上市；多重登记Multistate Bar Exam 多洲律师资格考试murder 恶意杀人；凶杀the表大会National Environmental Policy Act 《全国环境政策条例》National Institute of Minority Lawyers 全国少数民族律师学会National Law Journal 《国家法律学报》narcotics distribution 麻醉品供销narcotics trafficking 麻醉品交易narcotics violation 麻醉品违法行为natural justice 自然公正negative form of protection 否定（或消non-profit corporation 非营利公司norm 规范；标准not guilty plea 无罪答辩notice 通知notice of transfer 过户通知notification 通知；通报notion??概念nullification process 无效程序? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???Oobject 反对objection 反对；异议Opening statement开场陈述Opening testimony意见证言Oral contract口头合同? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? Order命令；次序Pperforms' rights 表演权? ??? peril 危险perjure作伪证perjury伪证罪??perpetrate犯罪? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? perpetator犯罪人petition申请ownership interest所有权力petty misdemeanor微罪physical exhibit展示物品physical injury身体伤害panel团或组plaintiff原告人par value面值? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? plea答辩paramour奸夫? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?partnership合伙? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? police magistrate court警察法院passage of title产权转移? ?? ?? ? police power警察权利passive investor消极投资人? ?? ?policy 政策 patent 专利? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? policy holder 投保人 paternity 父亲身份? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?poll tax 人头税practicing lawyer 开业律师 penology 刑法学? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?practice of law 律师事物 per curiam 依法院所定? ?? ?? ?? ?precedent 判例peremptory challenge 强制回避? ??? precedential support 判例支持perform 履行? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? predeprivation hearing 执行剥夺前的听证 Preliminary injunction 预先执行令 Preliminary negotiation 预谈判；初步协商Premises 房屋；上述房屋Premium 保险费；红利；溢价prenticed seizure 通知前扣押preponderance of proof??优势证明 preponderant evidence??优势证据 prescription 时效；规定 presentation 陈述persistence investigation 量刑前调查primary authority 主要法源 principle of legality 法制原则 privacy 隐私权 private corporation 私有公司 private law 私法 private property 私有财产 private prosecution 私诉privilege 特权；特许权；特免权privileges and immunities clause 特权与豁免条款 prose??自己；亲自procedure 程序proceedings 诉讼；程序product liability 产品责任profit 利润profit corporation 营利公司progeny 后代prohibition 禁止promise 许诺promulgation 颁布proof??证明proof beyond a reasonable doubt 超出proscription 禁止；剥夺公权prosecuting attorney 公诉律师；检察官prosecution 起诉prosecutor 检察官；起诉人prosecutor’s case-in-chief 检方主诉prospective juror 将任陪审员prostitute 妓女protective tariff 保护性关税prove 证明Provision 规定，条款Provisions of Oxford 《牛津条例》Public prosecution 公诉Public prosecutor 公诉人，检察官Public utilities 公共事业Public held corporation 公众持股公司Punishable 可处罚的Punishment 刑罚Punitive sanction 惩罚性处分 Purpose 目的，宗旨Pursuant to law 依法 Q Qualified property 有限制财产Rape 强奸 Ratify 认可 Rational relationship test 合理关系检验标准 Real estate 不动产 Real Estate Settlement Procedure Act《不动产纠纷解决程序条例》 Real evidence 实在证据Real property 不动产Reasonable basis 合理根据Redemption 赎回Redress 矫正，赔偿 Registration sticker 注册贴签Regulation 法规，规章Rehearing 复审Reinstatement （权利）恢复 Reinstatement fee 恢复费 Release 释放 Relevancy 相关性 Relevant evidence 相关证据Reserve 储备金（保险）预备金 Reserve portfolio of risk 预备金组合风险 Resolution 决议，解决 Rest 停止陈述 Restatements of law 《法律注释汇编》Restitution 恢复原状Restitutionary relief 恢复原状的救济 Restraint 约束；限制retain 连任retire 退休；退庭actrigid procedure 刚性程序risk 风险 risk transfer 风险转移robbery 抢劫（罪）roman law 罗马法roman law legal system(or family)罗马法系roster 花名册；专门人员名单rule of evidence 证据规则rule of law 法治；法律规则search warrant 搜查令second instance 二审secondary authon`ty 次要法源secondary benefit 次位补助金secondary financing 间接融资secondary party 间接当事人；次位当事人secret service （联邦）保密署secretary of state 州务部长secured debt 担保债务seizure warrant 扣押令（状）self-defense 自卫；正当防卫self-identification 自我认定self-incrimination 自我归罪seminar 研讨班；研讨会；研讨课程separate 分立；分局 separate legal entity 独立法律实体 separate property 分有财产 separation of powers 三权分立 settlement agreement 清偿协议slander 诽谤 social security act 社会保险条例 social security benefit 社会保险补助金 social security tax??社会保险税solicitor 诉状律师source 渊源sovereign power 主权special court 特别法院；专门法院 special property 特别财产specific performance 特别履行 statute-like norm 准法律规范statute of frauds 诈欺条例；反诈欺法 statutory authority 制定法法源 statutory crime 制定法规定之犯罪；法定犯罪 statutory law 制定法statutory measure 法定措施statutory offense 制定法规定之犯罪；法定犯罪 statutory provision 法律规定 stay 延缓（审判或执行）subject matter 主题事项；标的 subject property 标的财产 subject to financing clause 融资条件条款 subpoena 传唤（令） subsidiary corproration 子公司；附属公司 subsistence allowance 生活津贴substantial evidence 实质（体）证据 substantail law 实体法supreme law 最高法律（宪法） suspect 嫌疑人 suspicion 嫌疑；怀疑sustain 维持；认可? ?? ?? ?? ?Ttangible 有形的 tangible evidence 实物证据tangible property 有形财产 tarriff 关税task force 专项研究组；专案组term 条款；期限testamentary trust 遗嘱委托testator 立遗嘱人testify 作证testimonial evidence 言词证据testimony 证言 the Dispute Settlement Body(DSB) 争端解决机构? ? the European Intellectual PropertyReview 《欧洲知识产权评论》tortions 侵权行为的trade mark 商标traffic accidents 交通事故traffic ticket 交通违章（罚款）通知单tranquility??安宁transaction 交易transfer 转让，过户 travel accident insurance 旅行意外保险treason 叛国罪treaty 条约two-house legislature 两院制立法机关type of evidence 证据类型umpire 仲裁人unanimous 意见一致unanimous court 合意（意见一致的）法庭unanimous verdict??一致裁决? ???unauthorized practice laws 有关无授权开业活动的法律unclaimed property 无主财产，无人认领财产unemployment tax 失业税Uniform Bills of lading Act 《统一提单条例》Uniform Commercial Code 《统一商法典》Uniform Conditional Sales Act 《统一附条件销售条例》Uniform Negotiable Insurance Act 《统一票据条例》Uniform Partnership Act 《统一合伙条unjust enrichment 不当得利unlawful conduct 非法行为unwritten law 不成文法U.S. attorney 联邦检察官Use tax 使用税Vvalidation 有效性；生效；批准validity 合法性；正当性venue 审判地verdict 判决；裁定voir dire （对陪审员的）诚实审查voting right (投票)表决权Wwaive 放弃（权利）warrant 批准令（状）warranty 保证；担保；保（修）单warrant less seizure 无证扣押weight of evidence 证据份量welfare 福利welfare recipient 福利受领人YYour Honor 法官阁下Young Lawyers Division青年律师分会Your Witness证人先生或女士（尊称）Z? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? ? ???zoning 区域规划zoning ordinance 区域规划法令。
法律英语课文汇总-何家弘
法律英语课文汇总-何家弘————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：Lesson One: Legal System 法律制度Part OneThe United States is at once a very new nation and a very old nation. It is a new nation compared with many other countries, and it is new, too, in the sense that it is constantly being renewed by the addition of new elements of population and of new States. But in other senses it is old. It is the oldest of the "new" nations--the first one to be made out of an Old World colony. It has the oldest written constitution, the oldest continuous federal system, and the oldest practice of self-government of any nation.One of the most interesting features of Americans youth is that the whole of its history belongs in the period since the invention of the printing press. The whole of its history is, therefore, recorded: indeed, it is safe to say that no other major nation has so comprehensive a record of its history as has the United States, for events such as those that are lost in the legendary past of Italy or France or England are part of the printed record of the United States. And the American record is not only comprehensive; it is immense. It embraces not only the record of the colonial era and of the Nation since 1776, but of the present fifty States as well, and the intricate network of relationships between States and Nation. Thus, to take a very elementary example, the reports of the United States Supreme Court fill some 350 volumes, and the reports of some States are almost equally voluminous: the reader who wants to trace the history of law in America is confronted with over 5,000 stout volumes of legal cases.No one document, no handful of documents, can properly be said to reveal the character of a people or of their government. But when hundreds and thousands of documents strike a consistent note, over more than a hundred years, we have a right to say that is the keynote.When hundreds and thousands of documents address themselves in the same ways, to the same overarching problems, we have a right to read from them certain conclusions which we can call national characteristics.Part TwoThe American legal system, like the English, is methodologically mainly a case law system. Most fields of private law still consist primarily of case law and the extensive and steadily growing statutory law continues to be subject to binding interpretation through case law. Knowledge of the case law method as well as of the technique of working with case law therefore is of central importance for an understanding of American law and legal methodology.The Common Law is historically the common general law -- with supremacy over locallaw--which was decreed by the itinerant judges of the English royal court. The enforcement of a claim presupposed the existence of a special form of action, a writ, with the result that the original common law represented a system of "actions" similar to that of classical Roman law. If a writ existed (in 1227) a claim could be enforced; there was no recourse for a claim without a writ, the claim did not exist. This system became inflexible when the "Provisions of Oxford" (1258) prohibited the creation of new writs, except for the flexibility which the "writ upon the case" allowed and which later led to the development of contract and tort law.The narrow limits of the forms of action and the limited recourse they provided led to the development of equity law and equity case law. "Equity", in its general meaning of doing "equity", deciding ex aequo et bono, was first granted by the King, and later by his Chancellor as "keeper of the King's conscience", to afford relief in hardship cases. In the fifteenth century, however, equity law and equity case law developed into an independent legal system andjudiciary (Court of Chancery) which competed with the ordinary common law courts. Its rules and maxims became fixed and, to a degree, inflexible as in any legal system. Special characteristics of equity law include: relief in the form of specific performance (in contrast to the common law award of compensatory damages), the injunction (a temporary or final order to do or not to do a specific act), the development of so called maxims of equity law which permeated the entire legal system and in many cases explain the origin of modern legal concepts. However, equitable relief regularly will lie only when the common law relief is inadequate. For instance, specific performance for the purchase of real property will be granted because common law damages are deemed to be inadequate since they cannot compensate the buyer in view of the uniqueness attributed to real property.As the common law, equity law became part of American law either through judicial acceptance or through express statutory provision. Today, both legal systems have been merged in many American jurisdictions (beginning with New York in 1848), with the result that there is only one form of civil suit in these jurisdictions as well as in federal practice. Only few States continue to maintain a separate chancery court. Nevertheless, the reference to the historical development is important because, on the one hand, it explains the origin and significance of many contemporary legal concepts (for instance the division of title in the law of property) and, on the other hand, it is still relevant for the decision of such questions whether, for instance, there is a right to a trial by jury (only in the case of common law suits, in other cases only before the judge). In addition, the differentiation will determine whether the "ordinary" common law relief of damages applies or whether the "extraordinary" equity remedy of specific performance is available."Case law" describes the entire body of judge-made law and today includes common law and equity precedents. In imprecise and confusing usage the terms "common law" and "case law"are often used synonymously, with the term "common law" in this usage connotingjudge-made law in general as contrasted with statutory law. "Case law" always connotesjudg-made law, while "common law" in contrast--depending on the meaningintended--describes either the judge made law in common law subject matters or,Lesson Two：Legal Profession 法律职业Part One：The BarThe regulation of the legal profession is primarily the concern of the states, each of which has its own requirements for admission to practice. Most require three years of college and a law degree. Each state administers its own written examination to applicants for its bar. Almost all states, however, make use of the Multistate Bar Exam, a day long multiple choice test, to which the state adds a day long essay examination emphasizing its own law. No apprenticeship is required either before or after admission.A lawyer's practice is usually confined to a single community for, although a lawyer may travel to represent clients, one is only permitted to practice in a state where one has been admitted. However, one who moves to another state can usually be admitted without examination if one has practiced in a state where one has been admitted for some time, often five years.A lawyer may not only practice law, but is permitted to engage in any activity that is open to other citizens. It is not uncommon for the practicing lawyer to serve on boards of directors of corporate clients, to engage in business, and to participate actively in public affairs. A lawyer remains a member of the bar even after becoming a judge, an employee of the government orof a private business concern, or a law teacher, and may return to private practice from these other activities. A relatively small number of lawyers give up practice for responsible executive positions in commerce and industry. The mobility as well as the sense of public responsibility in the profession is evidenced by the career of Harlan Fiske Stone who was, at various times, a successful New York lawyer, a professor and dean of the Columbia School of Law, Attorney General of the United States, and Chief Justice of the United States.There is no formal division among lawyers according to function. The distinction between barristers and solicitors found in England did not take root in the United States, and there is no branch of the profession that has a special or exclusive right to appear in court, nor is there a branch that specializes in the preparation of legal instruments. The American lawyer s domain includes advocacy, counselling, and drafting. Furthermore, within the sphere broadly defined as the "practice of law" the domain is exclusive and is not open to others. In the field of advocacy, the rules are fairly clear: any individual may represent himself or herself in court but, with the exception of a few inferior courts, only a lawyer may represent another in court. Nonlawyers are, however, authorized to represent others in formal proceedings of a judicial nature before some administrative agencies. The lines of demarcation are less clear in the areas of counselling and drafting of legal instruments, as for example between the practice of law and that of accounting in the field of federal income taxation. However, the strict approach of most American courts is indicated by a decision of New York s highest court that a lawyer admitted to practice in a foreign country but not in New York is prohibited from giving legal advice to clients in New York, even though the advice is limited to the law of the foreign country where the lawyer is admitted. A foreign lawyer may, however, be admitted to the bar of one of the states and may, even without being admitted, advise an American lawyer as a consultant on foreign law.Part Two：Lawyers in Private PracticeAmong these fifteen lawyers in practice, nine, a clear majority, are single practitioners. The remaining six practice in law firms, which are generally organized as partnerships. Four or five of these six are partners and the others are associates, a term applied to salaried lawyers employed by a firm or another lawyer. This trend toward group practice is of relatively recent origin. Throughout most of the nineteenth century law practice was general rather than specialized, its chief ingredient was advocacy rather than counselling and drafting, and theprototype of the American lawyer was the single practitioner. Marked specialization began in the latter part of that century in the large cities near the financial centers. With the growth of big business, big government, and big labor, the work of the lawyer accomodated itself to the needs of clients for expert counselling and drafting to prevent as well as to settle disputes. The best lawyers were attracted to this work and leadership of the bar gravitated to persons who rarely if ever appeared in court and who were sought after as advisors, planners, and negotiators. Today the lawyer regards it as sound practice to be continuously familiar with clients business problems and to participate at all steps in the shaping of their policies. Major business transactions are rarely undertaken without advice of counsel.Part Three: House CounselOut of every twenty lawyers, two are employed by private business concerns, such as industrial corporations, insurance companies, and banks, usually as house or corporate counsel in the concern s legal department. The growth of corporations, the complexity of business, and the multitude of problems posed by government regulation make it desirable for such firms to have in their employ persons with legal training who, at the same time, are intimately familiar with the particular problems and conditions of the firm. In large corporations the legal department may number one hundred or more. The general counsel, who heads the office, is usually an officer of the company and may serve on important policy making committees and perhaps even on the board of directors. House counsel remain members of the bar and are entitled to appear in court, though an outside lawyer is often retained for litigation. However, it is the house counsel s skill as advisor rather than as advocate that is a valued asset. Constantly in touch with the employer s problems, house counsel is ideally situated to practice preventive law and may also be called upon to advise the company on its broader obligation to the public and the nation.Part Four：Lawyers in GovernmentA parallel development has taken place in government and two out of twenty lawyers are now employees of the federal, state, county, and municipal governments, exclusive of the judiciary. Many of those entering public service are recent law graduates who find government salaries sufficiently attractive at this stage of their careers and seek the training that such service may offer as a prelude to private practice. Limitations on top salaries, however, discourage some from continuing with the government. The majority serves by appointment in the legal departments of a variety of federal and state agencies and local entities. The United StatesDepartment of Justice alone employs more than two thousands, and the Law Department of the City of New York more than four hundreds. Others are engaged as public prosecutors. Federal prosecutors, the United States attorneys and their assistants, are appointed by the President and are subordinate to the Attorney General of the United States. State prosecutors, sometimes known as district attorneys, are commonly elected by each county and are not under the control of the state attorney general. As a rule, lawyers in government are directly engaged in legal work, since law training is infrequently sought as preparation for general government service. However, a small but important minority that constitutes an exception to this rule consists of those who have been appointed to high executive positions and those who have been elected to political office. Though the participation of lawyers in government has declined recently, for two centuries lawyers have made up roughly half of the Congress of the United States and of the state governors. These figures bear out the comment of Chief Justice Stone that, "No tradition of our profession is more cherished by lawyers than that of its leadership in public affairs."Lesson Three: Legal Education 法律教育In 1983, over 125,000 law students were studying in more than 170 ABA accredited law schools including public law schools supported in part by government funds; private law schools supported by contributions from individuals and foundation funds; and local or national schools offering full time or part time legal study programs. As virtually the only way to prepare for membership in the legal profession, law schools in the United States fulfill several functions including professional training and socialization of future lawyers and screening and gatekeeping for entrance to the profession. Since there is no central institution where all lawyers practice, the only institutional experience which lawyers have in common is law school.The criticisms which range from "mild to caustic" of the way in which law schools have carried out these functions and of the functions themselves have been persistent, diverse and rooted in the historical and political development of the profession. These criticisms have focussed on the curriculum and the dominance of the case method; the distribution of power and prestige reflected in the hierarchy within and among the law schools; and the imbalance in terms of women and minorities in the student body and faculty in the law schools.Part One：Curriculum and the Case MethodThe traditional first-year program offered in virtually all American law schools includes contracts, torts, property, criminal law and civil procedure. Duncan Kennedy has described the traditional first-year curriculum as basically teaching the ground rules for late 19th century laissez-faire capitalism. The second year and third year course expound the moderate reformist New Deal program and the administrative structure of the modern regulatory state. The peripheral subjects, if they are offered, include legal philosophy, legal history, legal process, and clinical education, a "kind of playground or finishing school for learning the social art of self presentation as a lawyer".However, as new areas of the law continue to develop in response to contemporary issues and problems, some law schools have expanded curricula to include courses and clinical programs in environmental law, housing and urban development, women`s rights, health in the workplace, welfare rights and consumer protection. There are also increasing efforts to teach law in interdisciplinary contexts, drawing on other disciplines such as history, psychology, sociology, medicine, and economics.In teaching the traditional curriculum, law teachers in almost all the law schools use to some extent the case method or the Socratic method. Developed in the 1870s by Christopher Columbus Langdell at the Harvard Law School, the case method looked to the common law as the source of legal priniciples and focussed on the teaching of an abstract conception of the law as a science. The legal principles elicited were to be taught divorced from the "grubby world of practice--and also from politics, history, economics, and social contexts". This narrow formalistic approach was justified on the ground that it taught students how to state, analyze, evaluate and compare concrete fact situations thus developing their powers and skills of analysis, reasoning, and expression.However, this process of learning "how to think like a lawyer" has been criticized as having an adverse impact both on the students and the quality of future lawyering. Students, law teachers, and others have pointed to the alienation, anxiety, hostility and aggression caused by use of the case method or Socratic method. The narrow and destructive interaction of this dialogue, or often "no dialogue", contributes to the impairment of the ability to care about otherpeople, a professional unemotionalism and cynicism on the part of law students. And it is not only the law students who suffer from this narrowing of their professional selves. The work of a lawyer involves continuous contacts with clients, associates, other lawyers, judges, witnesses, others affected by the law, and involves the lawyer’s own goals, attitudes, performance, and sense of satisfaction.Part Two：Law School HierarchyDuncan Kennedy has described the law schools as "intensely political places", characterized by a "trade school mentality, the endless attention to trees at the expense of forests." The law schools function as the institution for "ideological training for willing service in the hierarchies of the corporate welfare state". In the ranking and evaluation of students, students learn to accept their place in a hierarchy which is presented as just and inevitable and "so prepare themselves for all the hierarchies to follow". In the law teachers modeling of hierarchical relationships with students, colleagues, secretaries and support staff, students learn a particular style of condescension towards perceived inferiors and deference towards perceived superiors. And under the subtle but intense pressure to conform to the "white, male, middle class tone" set by law faculties which are overwhelmingly white, male, and middle class, law students adapt, "partly out of fear, partly out of hope of gain, partly out of genuine admiration for their role models". In these ways, "legal education is one of the causes of legal hierarchy. Legal education supports it by analogy, provides it a general legitimating ideology by justifying the rules that underlie it, and provides it a particular ideology by mystifying legal reasoning. Legal education structures the pool of prospective lawyers so that their hierarchical organization seems inevitable, and trains them to look and think and act just like all the other lawyers in the system" .In addition to the hierarchy within the law schools suggested by Kennedy, other analyses of the law schools functions and relationship to the profession suggest the existence of a hierarchy among the law schools. The top dozen or so elite law schools occupy a position of power and prestige which is partially reflected in the professional career paths of their graduates and in the "old boy networks" connecting the law schools and the rest of the legal profession. The models of the "law school as the gateway to the American power elite became possible with the New Deal". Felix Frankfurter’s placement n etwork for the "best and the brightest" into influential public policy positions during the New Deal in the 1930s was anearly example of this kind of network. During his tenure at Harvard and later while on the Supreme Court, Frankfurter developed an "old boy network" which was intimately involved with the placement of many of the "elite" lawyers, all of whom were white and male, into public service. The typical Frankfurter recruit was "a graduate of Harvard Law School, politically liberal, usually ranked high in his class, and either an obvious product of upper class gentile culture or an obvious product of a radically different culture who was 'comfortable' in the upper class gentile world".In the current hiring practices of the major law firms and in the competition for judicial clerkships, and in the appointments to law faculties, the graduates of the elite schools continue to have an advantage over graduates of other schools. In a recent study of Chicago lawyers, Zemans and Rosenblum found that lawyers who attended "high-prestige law schools and graduated in the top 20 percent of their classes were much more likely to practice in large firms and specialize in high-prestige fields of law". In terms of appointments to law faculties, 60% of the legal prof ession’s teaching specialists are produced by fewer than 15% of the nation s accredited law schools. These law teacher producer schools are mostly national, located in urban locations, and include schools such as Harvard, Yale, Columbia, University of Michigan, Chicago, New York University, Northwestern University, and Georgetown. If it is true that the full time faculty of the law schools "have a virtual monopoly on who will and will not enter the (legal) profession" and "on the power to mold future generations", then the existence of a hierarchy among the law schools suggests that an elite group of schools is primarily responsible for staffing the law schools, which in turn produce lawyers for the hierarchies within the profession.Lesson Four：Judicial System 司法系统Part One：CourtsThere are fifty-two separate court systems in the United States. Each state, as well as the District of Columbia, has its own fully developed, independent system of courts and there is a separate federal court system. The federal courts are not superior to the state courts; they are an independent, coordinate system authorized by the United States Constitution, Art. Ⅲ,§2, to handle matters of particular federal interest. The presence of two parallel court systems often raises questions concerning the relationship of the state and federal systems, presentingimportant issues of federalism. The United States Supreme Court, composed of nine justices, sits as the final and controlling voice over all these systems.Although a few states, such as Nebraska, have a two-tiered system, most states, as well as the federal courts, are based on a three-tiered model. That means that for any litigant there will be the opportunity to plead his case before a trial court and then, should he lose, there are two levels of appeal at which he ultimately may succeed. For example, in the federal system the trial court is the United States District Court, of which there is at least one in every state. Many larger states are divided into two, three or even four judicial districts, depending on population, geography and caseload. There are ninety-four districts in the United States and each district court has one judge, or more commonly two or more. After an adverse judgment in the district court, a litigant may appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the circuit in which the district court is located. There are eleven numbered intermediate appellate courts in the federal system, each including anywhere from three to ten states and territories. Additionally, there is a Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, hearing appeals from the federal district court there, and one for the Federal Circuit, taking appeals from various specialized federal tribunals, such as the Claims Court. Each court of appeals has four or more judges who sit in panels of three to review district court decisions, as well as some decisions of administrative agencies. A losing litigant in the court of appeals may, in some cases, be able to obtain review by the United States Supreme Court. Cases in the state courts similarly may proceed through a trial court, a state appellate court, and then the state supreme court. If a federal constitutional question is involved the decision of the state Supreme Court may be reviewed by the United States Supreme Court. Since 1988, review by the Supreme Court in civil cases is discretionary; virtually all civil appeals as of right to the highest court have been abolished.Three-tiered systems vary on the role which the highest court plays. The approaches taken reflect differing philosophies with regard to what the highest court should do. For example, in California only criminal cases in which capital punishment has been imposed are appealable as of right to the state supreme court. Similarly, in the federal courts, except in a few very limited circumstances, appeals to the United States Supreme Court are discretionary, by writ of certiorari. The Court decides for itself what are the most important questions that deserve its attention and will refuse to review decisions raising issues that it feels are not as crucial. In this way it supervises the administration of law by the lower courts on an ad hoc basis. At the other end of the spectrum, such as in New York, appeals to the state s highest court are as of rightin a great many cases provided for by statute. The primary function of the highest court in New York appears to be to assure that cases are correctly decided. It is necessary to check carefully the statutes of the system in which you are appearing to determine the specific rules regarding review by those appellate courts.Part Two：JudgesFewer than one in twenty of those admitted to practice law is a federal, state, county, or municipal court judge. Except for some inferior courts, judges are generally required to be admitted to practice but do not practice while on the bench. There is so little uniformity that it is difficult to generalize further than to point out three salient characteristics that relate to the ranks from which judges are drawn, to the method of their selection, and to their tenure.Judges are drawn from the practicing bar and less frequently from government service or the teaching profession. There is in the United States no career judiciary like that found in many other countries and there is no prescribed route for the young law graduate who aspires to be a judge, no apprenticeship that must be served, no service that must be entered. The outstanding young law graduates who act for a year or two as law clerks to the most distinguished judges of the federal and state courts have only the reward of the experience to take with them into practice and not the promise of a judicial career. While it is not uncommon for a vacancy on a higher court to be filled by a judge from a lower court, even this cannot be said to be the rule. The legal profession is not entirely unaware of the advantages of a career judiciary, but it is generally thought that they are outweighed by the experience and independence which American lawyers bring to the bench. Many of the outstanding judges of the country s highest courts have had no prior judicial experience. Criticism has centered instead on the prevalent method of selection of judges.State court judges are usually elected, commonly by popular vote, but occassionally by the legislature. Popular election has been the subject of much disapproval, including that of the American Bar Association, on the ground that the public lacks interest in and information on candidates for judicial office and that therefore the outcome is too often controlled by leaders of political parties. The situation has been somewhat improved since many local bar associations have undertaken to evaluate the qualifications of candidates and to support or oppose them on this basis.。
法律英语第十课译文
法律英语第十课译文第十课介绍第一部分基本问题1.在美国，侵权法仍是美国民事诉讼的最大组成部分，其中因机动车事故的要求赔偿金案件量居首位。
这里面是有很多原因的：a，美国民事诉讼中的原告通常会向陪审团提出索赔的主张，这主要是出于人道的考虑而不是法律上的考虑。
例如当一个小孩子在一起机动车事件中撞伤或者被有瑕疵的商品弄伤时。
b，补偿费和损害赔偿金不仅包括了实际损失还包括了无形的伤害，原告因此会常常利用陪审团的人性反应。
例如，造成一个人永久的残疾，比如让他失去一条腿，多少才是合理的补偿金呢？c，美国法律允许律师分享原告所获得的赔偿金（胜诉酬金）。
这种酬金达到法院判付金额的25%--33%的情况并不罕见。
基于所有这些因素，一起侵权诉讼可能会经历漫长的诉讼程序，产生巨大的花费。
例如通过给一些专家证人酬金，可以使一些原告彻底的放弃控诉，也可能使陪审团做出一个高额赔付的裁决。
一起伤害案件获得超过100,000美元的赔偿是很正常的。
这些情况成为了若干改革努力的试金石，接下来我们会做更详细的分析。
2.侵权法和合同法经常重叠。
受害方通常有两种选择：侵权诉讼（如非法占有、使用他人财产和人身伤害）和合同诉讼。
例如，违反默示合同中的担保承诺或造成人身伤害。
由于侵权法允许恢复无形损害（根据合同法通常不可用），第件允许的情况下受到人身伤害的原告通常都会选择侵权之诉。
3.每一个人都应该为自己的侵权行为负责，在有限的形式下儿童亦然。
（但是，父母仅当其作为该儿童之代理人或未能按照其监护义务行事时才负此责任），但国家不在此列，除非法律明文规定取消了国家的豁免权。
4.每个人都有免受侵犯的权利，包括胎儿。
继承人或者近亲属因故意或者过失侵权行为致使其已故亲属死亡或者立遗嘱人死亡（非正常死亡的情况下），可以请求赔偿。
在一些国家的法律中，所谓的《小酒店法》规定了第三方酒后侵权的保护和侵权诉讼请求。
因侵权人醉酒而受损害的一方有权像导致侵权人醉酒的人一样提出索赔。
何家弘法律英语词汇全
何家弘法律英语词汇全————————————————————————————————作者: ————————————————————————————————日期:ﻩAAｂsolｕte[＇æbｓəlｊu：t] proof 绝对证明ａbsolｕte ｐｒopeｒty 绝对财产（权）abｓtrａcｔｏf title 产权书摘要accelerａｔion clａｕｓｅ提前（偿还)条款ａccｅpｔance 承诺ａccidenｔrｅporｔ事故报告acciｄeｎt ｉnsuraｎｃe 意外保险accusatｉｏn 指控;控告aｃcusａtorial ｐrocｅｄurｅ控告程序ａcｃusatoｒｉal ｐroceｓs of proof 控告证明过程（程序)acｃｕsatｏrｉａl system 控告或诉讼程序accused 被指控者aｃｃuser 控告人ａcｋnｏｗｌeｄgｅment 认知(书)aｃquittａl 无罪判决aｃｔ条例;作为Acｔfｏr the pｒeveｎｔｉｏn of Fｒaｕｄs ａnd Perjｕriｅs 《预防诈欺和伪证条例》action 诉讼；作为actuａl lｏssｅs 实际损失adjudication 裁决;裁定admｉｎｉstrative law 行政法ａdmｉｎｉstrａtive lａw judge 行政法法官ａｄｍinisｔratｉve proceｄure 行政程序adｍinisｔratｏr 管理人;监管人admｉsｓibｌe 可采的admisｓibiliｔｙ可采性ａｄmｉt 采用；允许adoｐｔｉoｎ收养adulｔerous conｄuｃt 通奸行为ad vaｌｏreｍprｏpeｒty tａx 从价财产税aｄverｓａriａl ｈｅarinｇ对抗式听证会adveｒsariａl prｏceｓs 对抗式程序adveｒsａry 对手ａdveｒsary trial system 对抗式(或抗辩)审判制度advｏcacy 出庭辩护;诉讼代理aｄvocate 辩护人;诉讼代理人ａｆfidavit 正式书面陈述affiｒm 维持(原判）ａｆfｉｒmatｉoｎ保证书；证词aｆfｉrmａtｉve 确保的aｇency (行政)机关ａgencｙaction 机关(行政)机关ａgrｅed uｐoｎremedｉｅs 补救协议agrｅemenｔ协议aｇreemeｎt-aｓ－wriｔtｅn 书面协议agrｅemenｔ－in-fact 事实协议alibi 阿里白(不在犯罪场的证明)aliｅnaｔion of ａffectiｏn 离间夫妻关系aｌlegaｔiｏn 声称;指控aｌｌegｅ诉称;指控ａｌleged offeｎse 所控罪行aｌteｒnaｔe jｕｒor 替补陪审员ａmｅnｄment 修正案AmｅricaｎBaｒAsｓocｉａtiｏn 美国律师协会AmericａｎLaｗIｎstitｕte 美国法学会anａｌｏgy 类推Aｎgｌo－Amerｉｃan LegaｌSysteｍ英美法系aｎonymｏus acｃusation 匿名控告ａppｅal 上诉aｐpeaｒ出庭ａppelｌant 上诉人appellatｅaｃtioｎ上诉行为aｐpellate ｃoｕrt 上诉法院ａpｐｅllｅe 被上诉人aｐpealer 上诉人apｐroprｉate 拨款appｕrtenanｔ附属物aｒbｉtｅr 仲裁人ａrbitraｒy武断的ａrｂitratｉｏn仲裁arraignmeｎt初审aｒraｙ陪审员名单ａrｒｅst 逮捕aｒrest warraｎt 逮捕令(证)arresｔee 被捕人artｉclｅ条款,文章ａrticle oｆautｈoｒitｙ授权条款ａrｔicles oｆcｏnｆederaｔioｎ《联帮条例》articｌes of incｏrpoｒatｉｏｎ公司组织章程aｒtifiｃｉaｌperson 法人Asian Ａmericaｎlｅｇaｌｄefｅnse ａnｄeｄｕcａtion fｕnd亚裔美国人法律辩护与教育基金会aｓｓａｕlt 意图或威胁伤害aｓｓert 主张,宣称aｓｓet 资产assisｔant attｏｒｎey 助理法官associaｔe jｕdge 副法官associate justice 副大法官ａｓsumpｔiｏｎ违约合同，违约赔偿之诉ａsｓumption 假定aｔｔeｍpｔ意图,企图aｔtempted esｃape 逃脱未遂aｔtestatioｎ证词atｔｏrnｅy 代理人，律师attornｅy at laｗ律师atｔｏrｎey gｅｎeral 检察长aｕtheｎticａｔion 鉴定authoriｔy 权力,法源，权威性依据autoｍobｉｌe insurance 机动车保险autｏｍoｂilｅtoｒt 机动车侵权行为autonomｙ自治（权)Ｂban 禁令,禁止banishment 流放baｎkｒupｔcy 破产bankrｕptcｙｄisｃharge 破产债务解除bankruptｃy judgｅ破产法官ｂar 律师职业bar aｓｓocｉａtion 律师协会ｂarｒistｅr 出庭律师batｔery 殴打bencｈtrial 法官审beneｆiciary 受益人benefiｔ收益,福得bｉｇamy 重婚罪bｉｌｌof lａｄing 提单bｉｌｌoｆriｇhｔ《人权法案》bind over 具保，具结ｂindｅr 临时保险单bindｉng 有约束力ｂinding contraｃt 有约束力的合同binding ｆorce 约束力bindinｇinterprｅtａtion 有约束力的解释black-lｅｔter law （普通接受之基本原则的)黑体字法black ｎatｉon bar aｓsｏciａtｉon 全美黑人律师协会bluｅsｋy ｌａw 蓝天法（关于股票买卖控制的法律)Bｏａrd of Governoｒs（AＢA)(美国律师协会的）董事会body of lａｗ法体bond 债券；保释金bond ｉｎstｒｕment 债券契据brandｉng 鞭笞ｂｒeacｈ违约;破坏ｂride 贿赂bｒｉｂeｒy 贿赂（罪）bｒｉｇht-linｅtｅsｔ明显界限检验标准bｒｏｋer 中间人bｒokｅrａge fee 佣金;中介费bｒotｈｅｒ-sｉster coｒporaｔion 兄弟公司;姊妹公司Bｕlk Salｅs Act《大宗销售条例》burｄｅn 责任buｒｄen of ｇoing ｆoｒward ｗｉtｈt ｈe evideｎce 先行举证责任burden ｏf persｕａsｉｏn 说服责任;证明责任burden of produciｎg ｅvideｎcｅ举证责任burden of pｒoｏf 证明责任burglary入室盗窃（罪）busiｎess corporation实业公司ｂusineｓs law 实业法businｅss ｏrgaｎizａtｉｏn 实业组织buy－out agreeｍent（股权）承买协议bｕy-seｌl aｇｒeｅment(股权）买卖协议bｙlaｗs（内部）章程CCａlifoｒniａPｅｎal Cｏｄe《加州刑法典》capｉtａl aｃcount 资本帐户caｐitaｌｃrime 可判死刑罪caｐital punｉshmeｎt 死刑ｃaｐital suｒplus 资本盈余caｐiｔation ｔax 人头税ｃareer criｍｉnal 职业罪犯career judiｃｉary 职业法官caｓe bｒｉeｆｉng 案情摘要ｃasｅ－in-cｈｉｅｆ主诉cａsｅlａw 判例法ｃase method 案例教学法cａse ｒｅｐｏrt 判决报告ｃａｓe rｅports 判例汇编casualtｙinｓｕrance (意外伤害）保险catalog 商品目录（单）certifｉcａte 证书cｅrtificａte of eｘisｔeｎｃe 实体存在证明(书)chaｌｌeｎge 置疑;挑战ｃｈａllenge foｒｃausｅ有理回避chancerｙcouｒt 衡平法院ｃharｇing insｔruｍeｎt 控告文件cheｃks aｎd ｂａlａnces 制衡(原则)cｈieｆjｕｄge 首席法官ｃhieｆｊusｔiｃe 首席大法官chiｌd ａｂuse 虐待儿童ｃircuiｔcourt 巡回法院ｃircｕiｔjuｄｇe 巡回法官cｉrcuｍstａｎｔｉal evｉｄｅnce 旁证；情况证据citation 引证cｉte 援引；传讯ｃiｖil coｕrt 民事法ciｖiｌfｏrfeituｒe 民事罚没cｉvil ｌaw 民法Cｉvil LａｗＬegａl System 民法体系ciｖil liabiｌｉｔy 民事责任ciｖiｌＬiberty 民事自由ciｖｉl Litigａtion民事诉讼ｃiviｌproceduｒe 民事诉讼程序ｃivil sｕit民事诉讼Cｉvｉl ｔriaｌ民事审判Civｉl rｉgｈt 民权Ｃｉviｌrighｔｌａw 民权法Cｉｖil WaｒIｎcome Ｔax Aｃｔ《内战所得税条例》Ｃlａｉm 诉讼请求，索赔Clａｓsificatiｏn ｏf law 法律分类Ｃloｓe corpｏratｉon内部持股公司Clｏseｌy held coｒporatioｎ内部持股公司Closing 终结,成交，结帐Ｃlｏsｉnｇａrguｍenｔ最后论述Closinｇｓｔａｔemｅｎt成交声明Code 法典Code of Ｊudicｉal Condｕct 《法官行为准则》Coｄiｆy 编成法典Co-felon 共同重罪犯Cｏhａbitatｉon 同居Ｃollａterａl contract 附属合同Collｅgiate bench 合议席Collegｉａｔe ｐaｎeｌ合议庭Commｅrcial clauｓｅ商务条款，贸易条款Cｏmmercｉaｌlaｗ商法Cｏmmｅｒcial paper 商务文件Cｏmmission佣金Commiｔ交托,犯(罪)Commiｔmeｎt 犯罪，许诺,委托Comｍｉtｍeｎt ｏｆfinａncinｇ融资许诺Ｃoｍmoｎlaw 普通法Cｏmmon ｌａw damａｇeｓ普通法赔偿金Commｏｎｌaw lｅｇａｌsysｔem （family) 普通法法系Comｍon ｌaw marｒiａge 普通法婚姻Common ｐroperｔy 共同财产Common ｓtoｃk 普通股票Ｃommunity proｐｅrty 共同财产Ｃomparative law 比较法Ｃｏｍpａraｔive neglｉgence 比较过失Ｃoｍpensation 赔偿（金）Ｃｏmpenｓａｔｏry dａmaｇe 应予赔偿之损害Cｏmpetｅncｅ管辖权限Compeｔency 有效性Coｍｐｌaiｎt 控告,申诉CompreｈenｓiｖｅDruｇAbuse Prｅventiｏn anｄＣontrｏl Act 《滥用毒品的综合预防与控制条例》Ｃompｕlｓorｙlｉｃｅｎse 强制性许可Cｏncur附条件地同意Concurrｉng ｏpinion 并存（判决）意见Cｏnfｅｒ授与Confereｎce 协商会议Confidentiａｌiｎformation 保密信息Cｏnfiｓcatｉon 没收Ｃｏnｆlict laｗ冲突法Congress 国会Ｃonseｎt 同意,认可Ｃonsｉderatｉoｎ对价，约因Cｏnstitutｉon 宪法Coｎstitutionａl Conventｉoｎ制宪会议Ｃoｎｓtituｔioｎal lａw 宪法Conｓｔitutionａｌtoｒt 宪法性侵权Cｏnstｉｔｕtiｏnａlｉtｙ合宪性Construｃtion （法律的）结构,解释Cｏｎstrｕe 解释,分析Coｎsultａtion 磋商Consumer proｔectｉｏn stａｔute 消费者保护法律Consumｐtion taｘ消费税Ｃontｉｎental LaｗLｅgal Sｙstem(ｏr Ｆamiｌｙ) 大陆法系Coｎtｉｎgent fｅe 胜诉酬金Contiｎuanｃe 诉讼延期Coｎtract 合同Cｏnｔract dispute 合同纠纷Cｏntract fｏrｍatiｏn 合同构成Coｎtracｔiｎterpreｔaｔion 合同解释Cｏntｒaｃt law 合同法Ｃontｒact ｐerfoｒmanｃe 合同履行contracｔor 承包商contravｅｎce 触犯;违犯contributｏry negｌiｇencｅ共同过失ｃontrollｉｎg ｌaｗ应适应之法律cｏnｖerｓｉoｎ非法占有cｏnveｙ转让convｅｙance 转让converｔiｂle bond 可转换债券cｏnviｃtｉon 有罪判决convｉnciｎg ｅvidence 使人信服的证据copyｒight 版权;著作权corpoｒａl ｐuｎisｈment肉体刑corｐｏraｔe camsｅl 公司法律顾问corｐoｒａｔe excｉse ｔax 公司执照税corpoｒａｔe ｌaw 公司法corpoｒation 公司corpoｒａｔiｏｎaｇgregate 合有公司ｃｏｒpｏｒａtｉon coｄe 公司法典ｃorpoｒaｔioｎlaｗ公司法ｃoｒpｏraｔｉｏn ｓole 独有公司corpus 尸体;本金Ｃｏuncil ｏｎleｇal Ｅducaｔiｏn Opp ｏrｔunities 法律教育机会委员会counｓｅloｒ(法律)顾问;律师counseｌoｒ－at-ｌaw 律师cｏuｒｔ法院;法官court ｄeciｓion 法院判决couｒｔｆee 诉讼费ｃourt of apｐｅaｌｓ上诉法院ｃouｒt of chａnceｒy 衡平法法院court oｆclaimｓ索赔法院courｔof cuｓtomｓand PａtｅｎｔAppeals 关税及专利上诉法院cｏｕrｔｏｆdoｍeｓtiｃrelａtｉons 家庭关系法院ｃourt opiｎion 法院判决意见courtｒoｏm 法庭coveraｇe 保险范围crｉme 犯罪cｒｉｍｅcｏde 刑法典crimｅｈomiciｄe 有罪杀人crｉｍe jｕstｉcｅsystｅm 刑事司法系统criｍe law 刑法ｃrime liabｉｌitｙ刑事责任criｍｅｐrｏceｄuｒe 刑事诉讼程序crosｓ－examiｎation 交叉盘问;盘诘cｒuel and ｕnusual puｎishmeｎｔ残忍和非常的刑罚cumuｌａtive eｖiｄencｅ累计证据ｃuｒatiｖe 临时监护的curｒiｃuluｍguidｅ课程指南custody 监护cusｔｏm ｄuｔy 关税cuｓtomary ｌaw 习惯法custoｍarｙpｒactiｃe 惯例cｕｓｔomｓｃouｒｔ关税法院Ddａmaｇe 损害;损伤damaｇe ｃｌaiｍ损害赔偿请求damaｇes 损害赔偿金deadloｃｋeｄjｕｒy 僵局陪审团deａth penalty 死刑dｅａth tａx 遗产税dｅbｅnture 债单(券)ｄｅbt seｃｕｒｉtieｓ债权证券ｄeｃide a cａse 判案deed 契约ｄeeｄｂook 文契汇编defamation 诽谤ｄefault 不履行；违约defendant 被告人dｅfｅncｅ辩护ｄefｅｎｃe attorney 辩护律师dｅfｅnｓｅ＇ｓcａse-in-chieｆ辩护方主讼deｆｉciency judgmｅｎt 不足额判决degｒeｅs of ｍurdｅr (恶意)杀人罪的等级delegａtion 授权delｅgateｄｌｅgislaｔion 授权立法deｌｉbeｒate intention 故意ｄelibｅration （陪审团）评议deｍonstrａｔiｖe ｅｖideｎcｅ示意证据deprivation 剥夺deroｇatorｙtreaｔｍeｎｔｏf thｅｗork 对作品的贬毁性处理（或使用）dｅsigｎs 设计ｄetracｔ毁损；贬低devｅｌoper (土地)开发商dｉcta 判决附带意见dｉgｎity 尊严diｒeｃt ｅvidence 直接证据ｄiｒecｔｅxamiｎａtion 直接盘问dｉｒect taｘ直接税disaｂiｌity insuraｎce 残疾保险disabled deｐendenｔｃhilｄ无谋生能力的残疾儿童ｄischarｇe 解雇；释放ｄiｓcount 贴现;折扣discoverｙ要求告知dｉscretｅrisk ｔrａｎsfer product 离散性风险转移(保险)产品ｄiｓcrｅtion 自由裁量权discrimｉnａtｏrｙ歧视性税收dispeｎｓe 执行；施行disputｅ争议;纠纷dispoｓｉtｉon 处置(权)ｄissenｔ异议;反对disseｎting oｐinion 异议;反对意见dｉssolｕtｉon 解散distorｔ歪曲；误解ｄistrict attoｒnｅy 地区检查官daｔaｂaｓｅrighｔ数据权dividend 股息divisioｎｏf titlｅ产权分割divorce 离婚docｋｅt 备审案件目录dｏctrine 法则;原则doctｒｉne of conｓｔiｔutｉonａl supremacy 宪法至上原则doctrine of Mａrａｎｄa Warｎiｎgs 米兰达忠告原则documenｔ文件;文书docｕｍent of title 产权证书domant Comｍerce Clａuse 休眠的"贸易条款" doｍiｃilｅ住所地doubｌe jeoparｄy 一罪二审ｄraft 起草;草拟ｄｒaｆｔman 起草者ｄrｕg trade 毒品交易drｕg trafficking 毒品交易dry ｒun 干转;排练ｄue diligeｎce 适当努力due process 正当程序Due PrｏcｅsｓClausｅ正当程序条款due proｃｅsｓteｓt 正当程序检验标准ｄuraｔiｏn 期限dｕress 强迫；胁迫duty 义务;关税duty ｏf cａrｅ照看义务Eｅarnesｔmoｎey 定金ｅａｓymenｔ地役权ｅｃcleｓｉasｔicａｌcourt 宗教法庭eｃonｏmic law 经济法ｅｆfｅctive daｔe 生效日期ｅfｆective timｅ生效时间elｅment oｆcrｉmｅ犯罪要素（件)empｏwer 授权ｅnａｃt 制定;颁布en banc 全体法官出庭审判encｒｏａchmeｎt 侵占ｅncuｍbered proｐerty 抵押财产ｅnforce 实施；执行ｅnｆｏｒcｅaｂｌe 可强制执行的enfoｒcｅａbｉｌity 可执行性enfｏrｃement of Law 执法Ｅngｌｉsh-Aｍerican Legal Sｙstem (or Faｍiｌy) 英吉利法系ｅｎjｏin(衡平)强制令eｎｔaｉl 限定继承eｎtity 实体environｍｅntａｌimpａcｔstateｍent 环境影响报告envｉronｍentａl Ｌaw 环境保护法Enｖirｏnmeｎtal pｒotｅcｔｉon Ａgenc ｙ（EPA) 环境保护局eｎｖironmental qｕaｌiｔy 环境质量equaｌprotｅction clａuse 平等保护条款equitａblｅrelief 衡平救济ｅquity 衡平法equity Ｌａw 衡平法ｅquity ｐrecedｅnt 衡平法判例equity securiｔiｅｓ产权证券；衡平证券eｒrｏｒ过错esｃapｅ逃走；逃脱eｓcrow 第三者保存合同eｓsenｔial ｊｕｓtice 实质公正estate 财产；遗产ｅsｔaｔe tax 遗产税EＵDirｅcｔive 欧盟指令evaluate 评价eｖｉct 逐出（租户)evidenｃe 证据eｖiｄｅntiａrｙprｅsumption 证据推定evidentiａry rｕle 证据规则eｘaeqｕo ａt bonｏ公平且善良exａmiｎｅ检查；盘问ｅxaminａtiｏｎ检查；盘问excｅｐｔｉon 例外exｃepｔion clausｅ例外条款excise ｔax 执照税excluｄe 排除exclusive ｌisting 读家上市eｘｃluｓive rｉgｈt 排他性权利ｅｘclusiｖe tax sitｕs 唯一征税地点excｕsable ｈｏｍiｃide 可宽恕之杀人execute 执行；签属execｕtion 执行exｅcｕtivｅaｃts 行政条例execｕtive ｂranｃh 行政部门eｘecutiｖｅoｒｄeｒ行政命令execｕtor (遗嘱)执行人ｅxecutor oｆestatｅ遗产执行人exeｍpｔion 免除;豁免exｈiｂｉt 展示物（证)exiｇeｎt circｕmstａnce 紧急情况ｅｘisting sｅcuriｔies 上市证券eｘｐａrtｅ单方面的expｅctatｉoｎｄａmages 预期赔偿金expert 专家(证人)experｔtestimony 专家证言expert wiｔnｅsｓ专家证人expreｓs contracｔ明示合同ｅxpress statutｏｒy pｒｏｖiｓｉon 法律明文规定exｐresｓｗarranｔｙ明示保证（保修) ｅｘrｅl 依据告发ｆacｅａmｏｕnｔ面颊fａce value 面植facｉliｔａｔe 促使：利于facｔ事实fact ｉn isｓuｅ争议事实factoｒ因素;代理商FａcｔｏrｓLien Act 《代理商留置权条例》Ｆair trｉal 公平审判fａlse imprｉsｏｎment 非法拘禁ｆamily ｌａw 家庭法faｕlt 过错fａult ｐrinciplｅ过错原则feaｓibiｌiｔy studｙ可行性研究Fedｅral Ａdministｒａtive Pｒｏｃedｕre Acｔ《联邦行政程序》Ｆｅderａl Aｎtｉtrｕｓt Lａw 《联邦犯托拉斯法》fedeｒaｌconvｅntion 联邦制宪会议fｅdeｒaｌｃｒimｅｏf murder 联邦杀人罪ＦedｅraｌHousｉｎg Act 《联邦住房条例》Ｆederal IｎcomｅＴax Act 《联邦所得税条例》ｆｅderal judge 联邦法官Federal rｕles ｏｆcｉｖil pｒocedｕｒe 《联邦民事诉讼规则》Feｄeｒal ｒules of cｒiｍｉnal proceｄure 《联邦刑事诉讼规则》Feｄeraｌruｌes of ｅｖidence 《联邦证据规则》Feｄeraｌsｅcｕritieｓact 《联邦证券条例》fｅderaｌsupremaｃy 联邦至上（原则）Fｅderal ｔorｔｃlaiｍｓａcｔ《联邦侵权索赔条例》feｌｏｎ重罪犯ｆelony 重罪feloｎy-muｒder 重罪杀人ｆiduciａry 受托人fｉle 档案；注册file a petitiｏn 呈交诉状；提出请求finｅ罚金finｇeｒｐｒint 手印firｅinsｕraｎcｅ火灾保险ｆire pｒｏteｃtｉoｎ消防ｆirst degree ｍｕrder 一级谋杀ｆirst instance 一审fixtuｒｅ(不动产）附属物flｏgｇing 烙印forｃe ｏf law 法律效力foｒcible fｅlｏｎy 暴力性重罪ｆoｒｅign ｅｘchange risｋ外汇风险ｆoｒfeｉture 没收;罚没form coｎtracｔ格式合同ｆorm of ｅvｉdenｃe 证据的形式formal aｄjudicａｔｉon 正式裁决foｒmal ruｌemaｋinｇ正式规则制定ｆormatioｎ构成；鉴定franｃｈｉse tax 特许经营税fraud 诈欺fｒee ｅｎterpriｓe sysｔeｍ自由企业制度free movemｅnt of goodｓ自由物流，货物的自由流通frｅeｄom of ｃｈoicｅ选择自由frustrate 使受挫折fundａｍenｔaｌｌａw 基本法fｕndaｍeｎｔａl rｉght 基本权利Ｇgenerａl accｅｐｔance standard (科学证据的）公认标准ｇｅｎeｒal paｒｔｎership 一般合伙ｇenｅral propｅrtｙ一般财产(权)gｅｎeｒaｌprｏvisｉons 总则gerontocratic 老人统治的gift tａx 赠予税govｅrｎment tｏｒt 政府侵权（行为) grant ｏf poｗer 授权gｒoss negligence 严重过失gｒoup iｎsuｒaｎcｅ团体保险guａrantee 担保guａrdiａn 监护人guardiａnｓhｉp 监护权guｉdeｌiｎes ｆoｒｓeｎtenｃing 量刑指南gｕilｔ有罪guｉlｔy 有罪的guiｌｔy 有罪答辩Hｈａbｉｔｕal offendeｒ惯犯hail inｓurance 冰雹保险hａｎdcuff 手铐hａndwrｉting 笔迹ｈｅａｌtｈｉnｓurａnce 健康保险heａｌth reｇulaｔion 卫生法规heａrｉng 听证(会)hearinｇof ｊury 陪审团听审hearsay 传闻证据ｈｅir 继承人hｉerarchy 等级制度hｉgh crime 重罪hｏld 认定；裁定ｈoｌdｉng 认定;裁定hoｌding device 拥有手段(形式)ｈomiｃiｄe 杀人(罪）homosexualｉty 同性恋house ｃｏunｓｅl （公司)专职法律顾问husbａnd－wife ｒelatioｎｓｈip 夫妻关系hｕsbaｎd－wiｆe ｔort 夫妻侵权（行为)IId．同上identifｉｃation 认定；确认身份；身份证ignｏｒe 忽视;驳回ｉｌleｇal 非法的;违法的immatｅｒiaｌ无实质性的ｉmｍiｇｒation ｌaw 移民法iｍmoｖaｂlｅｐroｐerty 不动产immuｎｉｔy 豁免（权)ｉｍpａir 损害；削弱imｐeachment 弹劾；质疑impｌemenｔａｔion 实施；执行implieｄcontrａｃｔ默认合同impｌied warｒanty 默认保证(保修）imｐrisｏnment 监禁imputａble 可归罪于……的iｍputaｔioｎ归罪ｉｎre 关于；案由in reｃess 休庭in rem 对物的（诉讼）in session 开庭inadmｉssibｌe eｖidencｅ不可采证据iｎcarceｒａtｉon 禁闭;监禁iｎcｅst 乱伦incoｍe tax 所得税IncｏｍｅＴａx Ａct 《所得税条例》incｏmｅtaｘon corporations 公司所得税ｉncome tax on indiｖiduaｌs 个人所得税iｎｃoｍpeｔence 无行为能力；无法律资格incompetｅnt 无行为能力的;无法律资格的incorpｏｒaｔｉｏn 法人;公司;组成公司ｉncorpｏratoｒ公司创办人independeｎt regulatorｙagｅncy 独立规制机构indiｃaｔiｖe list 指导性名单indｉｃｔment 起诉书ｉndirect evｉｄence 间接证据indiｒect ｔａx 间接税indiｖidual chｏiｃe 个人选择（权)indivｉduａl fｒeedoｍ个人自由ｉnｄivｉdual oｍnｉｃompeteｎce 个人全权indｉviｄual prｏprｉetoｒshｉp 个体业主indiｖｉｄual rigｈt 个人权利ｉｎｅｆfｅcｔive 失效的ineqｕａlity 不平等iｎfａｍoｕｓ罪恶的;丑恶的iｎfereｎce 推理;推论iｎflｉcｔion 处罚inｆormal adｊudｉcation 非正式裁决ｉnformaｌruｌemakiｎｇ非正式规则制定infoｒmaｔioｎ信息；控告书ｉｎｆomｅr 耳目;情报员ｉnｉtiａl ruｌiｎg 初步裁定ｉnｊunctiｏn 禁令;强制令iｎｊunｃｔive reｌief 强制救济iｎｊure 伤害inｊｕｓtｉce 不公正iｎnoｃeｎce 无罪iｎnocenｔ无罪的;无罪者ｉｎｎoｃent ｏwnｅr ｄefenｓe 无过错所有人辩护inquiry 调查iｎｑｕisitioｒｉal sｙsｔem 纠问式诉讼制度iｎsanｅ精神失常iｎsａnity defense 精神失常辩护inspeｃtiｏｎ检查;审查installmenｔland vendor 分期付款的土地出售人instaｌlmeｎt ｐlａn ａgrｅｅmｅnｔ分期付款购物协议instruｃtｉoｎ指示instrument 文件insurable ｉｎｔerest 可保利益insuraｂle loss 可保损失iｎｓｕranｃe agent 保险代理商iｎsurance bindeｒ临时保单inｓuranｃe ｂroｋer 保险中间人iｎsuｒance card 保险卡ｉnｓurａnｃｅcoｖeraｇe 保险范围inｓｕranｃe law 保险法insｕranｃe pｏlicｙ保险单;险种inｓurａnｃe ｐreｍｉum 保险费inｓｕrance ｐroceeds 保险收益iｎsurance proｄuｃt 保险项目insuｒed 被保险人insureｒ保险人intangiｂｌe 无形的intａngiblｅdamａｇｅ无形损害intangｉble ｐropeｒty 无形财产intangｉble ｐersｏnal proｐeｒｔｙ无形的人身财产（权)iｎtｅr alｉａ除了别的以外iｎterfere 干涉；侵犯ｉnteｒlｏｃutory ｉnjunction 临时强制令;(诉讼)中间的强制令ｉntermediate appellaｔe ｃｏurｔ中级上诉法院ｉｎtermetional bｕsineｓｓ调解ｉnterｒｏgａtioｎ国际商务intentｉonal 故意的intentionaｌtoｒt 故意侵权行为iｎｔeresｔ利息；权益；利益inｔｅreｓt ｒａte ｒisｋ利率风险intｅｒｖiew 询问invａliｄ无效的;不合法的ｉｎvaliｄaｔe 使无效iｎｖasiｏn oｆprivａcy 侵犯隐私权invesｔiｇａtiｏn 侦查;调查invｅstment 投资ｉnｖｅstmeｎｔpｏrtfｏｌｉo riｓｋ投资风险组合inveｓtmeｎt securiｔieｓ投资证券irrｅlevanｃy 无相关性ｉｒrelevant 不相关的irreleｖaｎｔevideｎcｅ无相关性证据ｉrrｅvocaｂle 不可撤销的iｒｒeｖocａble ｌife iｎｓurance trｕst 不可撤销的人寿保险信托ｉｔinerant judgｅ巡回法官Jｊoint tenanｃy 共同租借(权）jｏint venｔure 合资企业jｏｉnt vｅnture ｃoｒporaｔion 合资公司ｊoｉnt venturｅwiｔh Ｃｈiｎeｓe an ｄforeign inｖｅstmｅnt中外合资企业juｄge 法官judge-ｍaｄｅlaw 法官立法jｕdge's chａmber 法官室ｊuｄge＇s chaｒｇｅto jｕｒy法官对陪审团的指令ｊudｇe＇s ｉnｓｔｒuctｉｏｎｔo jｕry 法官对陪审团的指示ｊuｄgmｅｎt判决，裁定ｊudicial braｎch 司法部门juｄiciaｌclerｋｓhip 法院书记员职位juｄｉcｉal deｃision 法官职位judｉｃiaｌdistrｉcｔ司法区judｉcｉaｌiｎterprｅｔatioｎ司法解释judicial noticｅ司法任职juｄｉcial ｏpiniｏｎ法官判决意见judicial revieｗ司法审查judicｉal ｓｃrutiny 司法检查jｕｄicｉａl sｕbｊectｉvｉty 审判主观性jｕdiciaｌsystem 法院系统jｕｄiciary 法官juriｓｄicｔｉoｎ司法管辖区jｕrispruｄence 法理学juror 陪审员juｒy 陪审团jury charｇｅ法官对陪审团的指令jｕry pool待选陪审员库jury ｓelection 挑选陪审员jｕrｙtrial陪审团制jｕstｉce 公正，大法官ｊustice ｏf tｈe peａce 治安法官justifiaｂle ｈomiｃｉｄｅ正当杀人juｖｅｎｉｌe couｒｔ未成年人法庭juｖenile ｄeｌinｑｕenｃy 未成年人违法行为KKｅy mａn aｓsｕｒａｎce 关键人保险Keｙpersoｎiｎsuｒａnce关键人保险Kｉｃkｂａcks 回扣Kill杀人Kｉller 杀人者Kｎow－how 技术秘密，商业秘密Llａnd ｕse law 土地使用法last cleａr chａnce docｔrｉｎe 最后明显机会法则lａw 法,法律ｌaw fｉrm 律师事务所laｗmｅｒchａｎｔ商业习惯法ｌaw oｆｅvidence证据法lａw reｆｏｒｍ法律改革lａwｓuit 诉讼，官司lawｙｅr 律师ｌawyer in governｍent 政府律师;官方律师ｌａwyeｒiｎprｉｖate pracｔice 私人开业律师ｌawｙerｅttｅ律师娘lawmaｎ外行人lay witnesｓ普通证人;非专家证人lease 租赁ｌease ａgreeｍｅnt 租赁协议legacｙ遗产ｌｅｇａcｙtax 遗产税ｌegａl 合法的lｅgal advice 法律咨询legal cｏmｍentary 法律评论legaｌｅdｕｃａtioｎ法律教育legａl effｅct 法律教育legal ｅnforcemｅｎt 法律效力legal English 法律英语legaｌｆamily 法系legaｌhistｏry 法律史legａl instruｍenｔ法律文件lｅｇａl ｍechanｉsm法律机制legａｌmemｏrａnduｍ法律备忘录legaｌｍeｔhｏdｏlogｙ法律方法论legａl ｏrder 法律秩序lｅgal ｐroblem 法律问题legａｌｐrofessioｎ法律职业ｌegal proｔection 法律保护leｇal relationshiｐ法律关系legal ｒepreｓeｎｔative 法律代表leｇal saｆeguａrd 法律保障(措施) legal system 法律体系；法律制度lｅgａl ｔheｏrist 法学理论家legal writiｎg 法律文书写作legalｅｓe 法律涩语leｇaｌｉty 法制leｇisｌatiｏｎ立法ｌeｇiｓlatｉve branch 立法部门legislａtive hisｔoｒy 立法史legislａture 立法机关lｅgitimate 合法的lｅvy 征收(税)lｉａｂility 责任；债务ｌiａbｉlity ｉnｓurance 责任保险ｌibｅｒｔy 自由lｉcensｅplatｅ（车)执照牌license tax 执照税liｅn 留置(权）liｆe ｅsｔate 终生财（遗)产life iｎｓuraｎce 人寿保险limｉted paｒｔnership 有限合伙liqｕidａtｅｄｄamaｇes 预定违约金liquiｄity rｉｓk 流动资金风险literaｒy propｅrty 著作产权litｉgaｎt 诉讼当事人lｉtｉｇation 诉讼;打官司liｖｅstｏck ｉnsuｒaｎcｅ家畜保险loan 贷款lord chanｃellor (英国)大法官lｏｓs of rigｈts 丧失权利MMagiｓtrate 司法官Ｍagna Charta ｏf grｅat Britａin 《英国大宪章》ｍａil orｄeｒ邮购ｍajority opｉnion 多数（法官)的意见malicious prosｅcution 恶意起诉maｌｆeaｓaｎce 渎职(罪）maｌpraｃticｅ渎职行为mａndａte 命令;授权mａｎｄａtory ｉnsｕraｎce laｗ强制保险法manslaughｔｅr 非恶意杀人mａrｉｎe insurance 海上保险marｉtal stａtus 婚姻状况marｉtaｌstatus clａｓｓificａtｉoｎ婚姻状况的分类maritime toｒt 海上侵权行为ｍａrｋet ecoｎｏｍy 市场经济mａrrｉaｇe 婚姻marriａｇｅｃeremoｎｙ婚礼marriａge certｉｆｉｃａte 结婚证书mａrrｉagｅｌａw 婚姻法marriagｅrelationshｉp 婚姻关系mａｒriage termiｎation rule （残疾人领取社会保险补助的)婚姻终止规则ｍateriaｌ实质性的materialitｙ实质性maxims of eqｕity ｌａw 衡平法准则Mayｆlｏwｅr Ｃｏmｐacｔ“五月花号”公约ｍeｄicａl malpｒａctｉce 医生不当行为ｍｅｎｔal ｃapａcity 心智能力mental cｏnｄition 精神状态menｔor 辅导教师ｍiｎor isｓue 枝节问题；未成年人问题Mｉranｄa Warnｉng 米兰达忠（警）告misappｌy 错误适用misdemeａnｏｒ轻罪mislａid properｔy 错置财产mｉsreｐresｅｎtａtｉon 虚假陈述mistrial 无效审判moｃk triaｌ模拟审判ModeｌBｕｓiｎeｓs Corpｏｒation Act 《标准实业公司条例》Ｍodel Ｐenal Code 《标准刑法典》Ｍodel Sｔate Adminiｓtｒatiｖe Ｐｒoceｄure Ａct 《标准洲行政程序条例》ｍodeｒn ｃｏmｍeｒce Ｐower tｅst 现代商务（贸易）权力检验标准moｄern delegatioｎof pｏwｅr doctrinｅ现代授权法则ｍonｏpoｌizａtion 垄断moｎopoly ｒiｇhｔ专有权ｍoot coｕrt 模拟法庭ｍortgage 抵押(品)motｉon 动议,请求ｍovable proｐerty 动产muｌｔiｐｌe ｌiｓtｉnｇ多重上市；多重登记Ｍｕlｔistaｔe Ｂar Exam 多洲律师资格考试muｒder 恶意杀人；凶杀ｍuｒdｅrｅr 杀人犯mutilａtion 断肢NNatiｏnal Aｓｓｏciation for tｈe Advancement of Coloｒed People 全国有色人种促进会Natiｏnａl Ｃｏnfereｎｃe of Ｂlack Lawyｅrｓ全国黑人律师大会Nａtiｏnａl Coｎfｅrence of Coｍmisｓｉonｅrs oｎUniform sｔaｔｅLawｓ统一各洲法律全国代表大会Nａtｉｏｎal EｎvironmｅntaｌＰolicy Act 《全国环境政策条例》ＮaｔionaｌIｎｓtitutｅof Ｍinor ｉty Lawyers 全国少数民族律师学会Nａtionａl LａｗJｏuｒnａl 《国家法律学报》ｎａrcoｔics distribution 麻醉品供销ｎarcｏｔicｓtraｆfｉckｉnｇ麻醉品交易nａrcoｔicｓviolａｔion 麻醉品违法行为natural jｕstｉｃe 自然公正nｅｇaｔiｖe ｆorｍｏf ｐrotecｔｉon 否定（或消极)形式的保护nｅgligｅｎｃe 过失negligeｎt homiｃide 过失杀人nｅgｌｉgｅnｔtort 过失侵权行为ｎegｏｔiablｅinstrument 票据negotiatiｏｎ谈判；协商New Deaｌ（罗斯福)“新政”no coｎｔｅsｔ无争辩no par sｈaｒｅ无面值股票non－ｐrofit ｃorporatｉon 非营利公司norm 规范；标准not guilｔy pleａ无罪答辩noｔice 通知ｎotice of tｒansfｅｒ过户通知noｔｉｆicａtｉon 通知;通报notion 概念nuｌlｉfｉcaｔion ｐroｃess 无效程序Oobjecｔ反对objｅctiｏn 反对;异议obｌiｇation 义务ｏcｃuｐaｎcy agrｅemｅnt 占用协议offeｎｄｅr 犯罪人ｏffeｎsｅ罪行offer 要约；发盘ｏffｅr oｆ Pｒoof 提供证明ＯlｄＢoy Neｔwork 老哥们关系网Omｉｓsion不做为：不履行义务Ｏmnｉcoｍpetenｃｅ有全部权利Opeｎｉng statemenｔ开场陈述Ｏｐenｉng testｉmｏny意见证言Orａl coｎｔｒａct口头合同Oｒdｅｒ命令；次序Pperfoｒmｓ' ｒights 表演权pｅｒiｌ危险ｐeｒjｕｒe作伪证perjuｒy伪证罪ｐerpｅtrａte犯罪perｐeｔａｔｏr犯罪人ordinaｎｃｅ法令persｏnal pｒopertｙ动产outstaｎding ｂalaｎce未付款额perｓｏnal rｉght人身权利outstanｄing sｈare已发行股票peｒｓonal tort人身侵权ｏveｒrule推翻；驳回pｅrsｕasｉｖｅaｕｔhority劝导性发源owneｒｓhｉp所有权pｅtｉtiｏn申请oｗnｅrｓｈip intｅreｓｔ所有权力peｔty misdｅmeaｎｏｒ微罪physiｃaｌｅｘｈibit展示物品pｈyｓicａｌiｎjury身体伤害panel团或组ｐｌaintｉff原告人pａr valuｅ面值plea答辩paｒａmouｒ奸夫plea ｏf guiltｙ有罪答辩ｐaｒｅｎｔchiｌd ｒelation父子女关系plｅa of ｃonteｓｔ无争辩答辩ｐaｒent coｒporation母公司plea of guilty无罪答辩parent unfｉtness父母不胜任police警察ｐarole假释police ｍagiｓｔrａte警务法官ｐartnerｓhｉp合伙police magiｓｔrate ｃourｔ警察法院passａｇe of title产权转移ｐolｉｃｅｐoｗer警察权利pａssiｖe iｎvｅsｔor消极投资人polｉcy政策pａtｅnｔ专利ｐolicｙhｏｌder投保人pａterｎity父亲身份ｐｏll tax人头税pｅnaｌcode刑法典poｒｔfoｌｉｏof risk风险组合penａlty刑罚ｐossession占有权ｐｅnｄing待决ｐostpoｎement延迟peｎiteｎtｉarｙ监狱ｐｒａｃtice ｌaｗ从事律师工作penitｅntiary sentencｅ监禁刑practicｉｎg lawyｅr开业律师peｎｏlｏgy刑法学ｐｒactｉce of ｌaｗ律师事物ｐｅr ｃurｉam依法院所定ｐrecｅｄeｎt判例ｐｅremｐtorｙcｈａlleｎge强制回避ｐｒecedeｎtｉaｌsｕpporｔ判例支持ｐｅｒｆorm履行ｐｒeｄeｐrivatiｏn heariｎg执行剥夺前的听证peｒfｏrmance履行pｒedictability可预见性pｅｒｆｏrmance bond履行保证金ｐreepｔ优先于Preferential ｃlaim 优先索赔权Pｒefｅrrｅｄｓtock 优先股票Prejudice 偏见Ｐrｅliminary exanｉmation 预审Prｅliminary hearinｇ预审听证会Preliｍｉｎary ｉｎｊｕnｃtｉoｎ预先执行令Pｒelimiｎary negoｔｉatiｏn预谈判；初步协商Premｉｓes房屋；上述房屋Ｐremｉｕm保险费；红利；溢价ｐrenｔicｅd seｉzuｒe 通知前扣押ｐreponderanｃe ｏf pｒoof 优势证明pｒeｐondｅrant eｖideｎcｅ优势证据prｅscriｐtion 时效；规定prｅsentａtiｏn 陈述persisteｎｃｅｉｎvestigａｔｉon 量刑前调查ｐｒeｓｉｄenｔiaｌAssaｓｓｉnation Staｔｕte 《暗杀总统法》pｒｅsuｍpｔion innocenｃe 无罪推定prｅtrial motioｎ审前动议ｐｒeｖailiｎg doctrｉnｅ优势法则；流行学说ｐrｅvail 优先(适用）prｉma facie 表面的；初步的priｍa facｉe eviｄeｎｃｅ有表面证据之案ｐｒiｍa faｃie eviｄｅnce 表面证据ｐrimary ａuthoｒiｔy 主要法源pｒinｃipｌe ｏｆlegality 法制原则priｖacy 隐私权private cｏrpｏratｉon 私有公司pｒivａte laｗ私法prｉｖａte proｐｅrｔｙ私有财产pｒｉｖaｔe pｒosecｕtion 私诉pｒivilege 特权;特许权;特免权privｉleｇes and ｉｍmuｎiｔiｅs cl ａuse 特权与豁免条款ｐrosｅ自己;亲自probaｂle caｕse 可能理由;合理原因pｒobate court 遗嘱检验法院ｐｒoｂatioｎ缓刑proｂａtion ｏｆficｅr 缓刑官ｐrｏbatiｖe ｖａlue 证明价值prｏｂatｉveness 证明性procedural historｙ程序史proceｄｕrａl regｉme 诉讼制度prｏｃedural ｓafｅguard 程序保障pｒocedure 程序proceediｎgｓ诉讼；程序producｔliabiｌity 产品责任ｐrofiｔ利润ｐroｆit cｏrpｏrａtiｏn 营利公司proｇeny 后代ｐrohiｂiｔｉon 禁止promise 许诺prｏmulgation 颁布pｒｏoｆ证明proof ｂeｙoｎd a reasｏnable doub ｔ超出合理怀疑的证明ｐroｐertｙ财产ｐroperｔy lａw 财产法ｐroperty ｒight 财产权利propertｙｔａx 财产税prｏpeｒty tｏrt 财产侵权行为proｐonent 支持者；提议者propｒietor 个体业主prｏｐrietoｒsｈip 个体企业ｐrｏscripｔiｏｎ禁止;剥夺公权prosecutｉng aｔtoｒney 公诉律师;检察官ｐrｏsｅcutｉon 起诉prｏｓecutor 检察官;起诉人prosecutor’s casｅ-in-chiｅｆ检方主诉prｏspｅctive juｒor 将任陪审员pｒｏstiｔutｅ妓女pｒｏtectiｖe tariff 保护性关税prｏｖe 证明Pｒovisｉon 规定,条款Prｏｖｉsｉonｓof Oxfｏrd 《牛津条例》Psyｃｈiatrist 精神病学家Puｂliｃcｈａｒｇe 受政府救济者、Pｕblｉc corporａtioｎ公有公司Ｐubｌic defenｄｅｒ公共辩护律师Ｐuｂlic ｇood 公益Public ｌaw 公法Public offeｎse 公罪（侵犯公共利益的犯罪)Ｐublic propertｙ公共财产Ｐuｂlic pｒosecution 公诉Public prosecutor 公诉人,检察官Public uｔiｌｉtieｓ公共事业Pｕｂｌiｃheｌd coｒpｏｒatiｏn 公众持股公司Pｕniｓｈaｂle 可处罚的Ｐｕnishmenｔ刑罚Pｕｎｉtive sancｔiｏn 惩罚性处分Purｐosｅ目的，宗旨Purｓuａnｔtｏlaw 依法QQuａliｆied propｅｒｔy 有限制财产Ｑuantum ｍerｕｉt (无合同规定时)按合理价格支付,合理给付Quasi tort 准侵权行为Ｑuote 引用，引证RＲacial diｓｃriｍiｎation 种族歧视Raｃｉaｌsegregａｔiｏn 种族隔离Raiｎｉｎsｕraｎce 雨水保险Rａrnｐanｔ猖獗的Rape 强奸Ratifｙ认可Ratｉonaｌreｌatｉｏnshiｐｔｅs ｔ合理关系检验标准Real eｓtatｅ不动产Real Estａte Sｅtｔｌement Prｏcedure Ａct 《不动产纠纷解决程序条例》Real eｖideｎcｅ实在证据Ｒｅal ｐroperty 不动产Rｅａｓonａbｌe bａsｉｓ合理根据Reasoｎｉnｇ论证，推论Rebuｔtabｌe pｒesumpｔiｏn 可驳回推定Reｂuｔtａl eｖｉdｅnce 反驳证据Rｅcesｓ休庭Ｒｅcｉprocａl exemptioｎsｔａtｕtｅｓ互免税法律Reckleｓｓcｏnｄｕｃt 疏忽大意行为Rｅｃkless homicｉde 疏忽大意杀人Rｅcouｒsｅ追索权,求偿权Reｃovｅｒy 追索,补偿Reｄｅmptioｎ赎回Rｅdress 矫正，赔偿Regisｔrａtioｎsｔicker 注册贴签Reｇulatioｎ法规,规章Ｒehｅａｒinｇ复审Reinstatemｅnt （权利)恢复Rｅiｎstatemeｎt fee 恢复费Release 释放Relｅvａnｃy 相关性Rｅlevａｎt ｅｖiｄence 相关证据Ｒelｉeｆ救济Remａnd 发回重审Remedｙ补救Ｒepeal 废止,撤消Repealｅr 废止议案Ｒepｅａt ofｆenｄeｒ累犯Ｒｅpresｅnｔａｔioｎ代理Rｅs ipsa loqｕitur 不言自明的Reservａtion oｆpｏwer 权利保留Reｓｅrvｅ储备金（保险）预备金Rｅｓerｖｅportfｏlio oｆrｉsk 预备金组合风险Resolutｉon 决议,解决Ｒｅst 停止陈述Restatｅmenｔs of law 《法律注释汇编》Restituｔion 恢复原状Rｅstｉtuｔioｎary ｒelief 恢复原状的救济Restraint 约束;限制reｔain 连任rｅtｉre 退休;退庭reｔｒoactivｅ有溯及力的retroacｔiｖe ｅfｆect 溯及力rｅvenｕe 税收reｖisｅd unｉfｏrm limited partnershｉp act 统一有限合伙修订条例rｅvocａbｌe ｔrｕst 可撤销的信托revocation 撤回rｉght 权利riｇht to privacｙ隐私权rｉｇｉｄproceｄｕre 刚性程序ｒisｋ风险ｒｉsk traｎsｆer 风险转移roｂberｙ抢劫(罪）rｏman law 罗马法rｏmaｎlaw ｌｅgal ｓysｔeｍ（ｏr faｍｉly)罗马法系ｒoｓter 花名册；专门人员名单rule ｏf ｅｖidence 证据规则ｒｕlｅof law 法治;法律规则rｕlemａking 规章制定；规则制定rｕlｉng 裁定ruliｎｇoｎeｖidｅnce 关于证据的裁定ＳSafeｔy ｒespoｎsiｂility ｌaw 安全责任法Ｓaleｓtax 销售税Sａnctｉｏｎ制裁；处分；罚则saｎｉtary cｏde 卫生条例ｓｅａrch 搜查ｓeaｒch warraｎt 搜查令seｃｏｎd insｔance 二审seｃｏndａry authon`tｙ次要法源secｏnｄaｒy benefit 次位补助金sｅcｏnｄary financｉｎg 间接融资sｅcondary ｐarty 间接当事人;次位当事人seｃret ｓeｒvｉce （联邦）保密署sｅcretaｒｙｏf sｔate 州务部长securｅd debt 担保债务sｅｃuritiｅs 证券Seｃurities anｄEｘｃhａｎge Ｃomｍissioｎ证券交易委员会seｃurｉties eｘchaｎｇe act 《证券交易条例》ｓecurities lａw 证券法securitｙ担保；保安；证券seductive 诱人堕落的seiｚe 扣押ｓeｉzuｒe 扣押seｉzuｒe ｗarrａnt 扣押令（状)self－dｅfense 自卫；正当防卫ｓelf－iｄenｔifiｃａtion 自我认定ｓelf-inｃrimination 自我归罪semｉｎar 研讨班；研讨会;研讨课程sｅparatｅ分立；分局sepａrａte legａｌenｔity 独立法律实体sepａrａte propeｒty 分有财产sepａratiｏｎｏf ｐowｅrs 三权分立sｅtｔleｍent agreemenｔ清偿协议ｓettler 财产授予者sｈare 股份；股票ｓhaｒe holdｅr 股东ｓhell corporation 空壳公司ｓｈoplifting 商店偷拿行为ｓhｏrt tiｔle 简称shｙster 讼棍ｓｉckneｓs iｎsuranｃe 疾病保险simｕlatiｏn 模拟(练习)slandｅr 诽谤soｃiａｌsecurｉｔy act 社会保险条例soｃial seｃuritｙｂeneｆｉt 社会保险补助金social security ｔax 社会保险税solｉｃitｏr 诉状律师sｏurce 渊源sovereign pｏwer 主权ｓpecial coｕｒt 特别法院;专门法院ｓｐeciaｌprｏperty 特别财产ｓpｅｃiｆic perｆoｒmance 特别履行sｐｅcｉmeｎ样本stamｐtax 印花税stａnｄard of proof 证明标准staｎding 依据ｓtａｒe deciｓiｓ遵从前例ｓｔatｅatｔorney 洲检察官state propｅｒty 国家财产staｔd capｉtal 设定资产statuｔe 制定法；法律statute-lｉke noｒm 准法律规范ｓtatuｔe of fraudｓ诈欺条例；反诈欺法sｔａtutoｒy authｏrity 制定法法源ｓtａｔuｔory ｃrime 制定法规定之犯罪;法定犯罪sｔaｔutory lａｗ制定法ｓtatｕtory ｍeasuｒe 法定措施statutory ｏfｆｅnse 制定法规定之犯罪;法定犯罪staｔuｔoｒy ｐｒｏvisiｏn 法律规定stay 延缓（审判或执行)sｔock 股票stock eｘｃｈaｎｇe 股票交易stoｃk retｉrｅｍent ｐlaｎ退股计划sｔock trａnsｆer tax 股票过户税sｔrａteｇy 战略;策略stｒict ｌiabiｌｉty tｏrt 严格责任侵权striｋe ｉnsuｒaｎce 罢工保险sub ｊuｄicｅ在审判中；尚未判决ｓubｊecｔ主体;标的subjｅct matter 主题事项；标的suｂｊeｃt prｏpertｙ标的财产subjｅｃt to finａｎcing claｕse 融资条件条款suｂpoeｎa 传唤(令)subsidｉary corpｒorａtion 子公司;附属公司ｓubsｉｓtence allowance 生活津贴ｓｕbstantiａl evｉdeｎcｅ实质(体)证据substanｔａil lａw 实体法subsｔaｎtiｖｅdue ｐｒｏｃeｓs 实体性正当程序suｂstａntivｅlaw 实体法sue 起诉;诉suｆficienｔｅvidence 充足证据suit 诉讼summａry ｊudｇment 即决判决ｓｕpervisor 监察；监委suｐpoｒｔ供养;抚养supｒeme court 最高法院ｓuｐｒemｅlａw 最高法律(宪法)sｕspect 嫌疑人sｕspicion 嫌疑；怀疑sustain 维持;认可Tｔangible 有形的tａnｇiblｅｅvidｅnce 实物证据tanｇｉble properｔｙ有形财产tarrｉｆf 关税tasｋｆorce 专项研究组;专案组tax 税；税收tax ａssessment ｐrocｅdure 税额评定程序tax coｕrt 税收法院tａｘevasｉon 逃税tax law 税法taxａtion 税收；税务taｘation law 税收法;税务法tenant 承租人ｔerm 条款；期限testaｍeｎｔary tｒust 遗嘱委托teｓｔａtｏr 立遗嘱人testifｙ作证testｉmonial eviｄence 言词证据teｓtimｏnｙ证言thｅDiｓpute Seｔtlemｅnt Body(DSB) 争端解决机构ｔhｅEuropeaｎIｎｔellｅctｕａl ProｐeｒtｙRevieｗ《欧洲知识产权评论》ｔhe Fleet Strｅet Reportｓ《舰队街判例汇编》tｉtle 产权书ｔitｌe ｉnｓuraｎcｅ产权保险tｉｔlｅｉnsuｒｅr 产权保险人tiｔle plａnｔ产权书库toｒt 侵权（行为）ｔort cｌaiｍ侵权索赔（请求）tort ｆeaｓｏr 侵权行为人tort lａw 侵权法ｔortｉonｓ侵权行为的ｔradｅｍaｒｋ商标ｔraffiｃａccidents 交通事故。
何家弘法律英语词汇全
.'AAbsolute['æbsəlju:t] proof 绝对证明absolute property 绝对财产（权）abstract of title 产权书摘要acceleration clause 提前（偿还）条款acceptance 承诺accident report 事故报告accident insurance 意外保险accusation 指控；控告accusatorial procedure 控告程序accusatorial process of proof 控告证明过程（程序）accusatorial system 控告或诉讼程序accused 被指控者accuser 控告人acknowledgement 认知(书)acquittal 无罪判决act 条例；作为Act for the prevention of Frauds and Perjuries 《预防诈欺和伪证条例》action 诉讼；作为actual losses 实际损失adjudication 裁决；裁定administrative law 行政法administrative law judge 行政法法官administrative procedure 行政程序administrator 管理人；监管人admissible 可采的admissibility 可采性admit 采用；允许adoption 收养adulterous conduct 通奸行为ad valorem property tax 从价财产税adversarial hearing 对抗式听证会adversarial process 对抗式程序adversary 对手adversary trial system 对抗式（或抗辩）审判制度advocacy 出庭辩护；诉讼代理advocate 辩护人；诉讼代理人affidavit 正式书面陈述affirm 维持（原判）affirmation 保证书；证词affirmative 确保的agency （行政）机关agency action 机关（行政）机关.'agreed upon remedies 补救协议agreement 协议agreement-as-written 书面协议agreement -in-fact 事实协议alibi 阿里白（不在犯罪场的证明）alienation of affection 离间夫妻关系allegation 声称；指控allege 诉称；指控alleged offense 所控罪行alternate juror 替补陪审员amendment 修正案American Bar Association 美国律师协会American Law Institute 美国法学会analogy 类推Anglo-American Legal System 英美法系anonymous accusation 匿名控告appeal 上诉appear 出庭appellant 上诉人appellate action 上诉行为appellate court 上诉法院appellee 被上诉人appealer 上诉人appropriate 拨款appurtenant 附属物arbiter 仲裁人arbitrary武断的arbitration仲裁arraignment初审array 陪审员名单arrest 逮捕arrest warrant 逮捕令（证）arrestee 被捕人article 条款，文章article of authority 授权条款articles of confederation 《联帮条例》articles of incorporation 公司组织章程artificial person 法人Asian American legal defense and education fund亚裔美国人法律辩护与教育基金会assault 意图或威胁伤害assert 主张，宣称asset 资产assistant attorney 助理法官associate judge 副法官.'associate justice 副大法官assumption 违约合同，违约赔偿之诉assumption 假定attempt 意图，企图attempted escape 逃脱未遂attestation 证词attorney 代理人，律师attorney at law 律师attorney general 检察长authentication 鉴定authority 权力，法源，权威性依据automobile insurance 机动车保险automobile tort 机动车侵权行为autonomy 自治（权）Bban 禁令，禁止banishment 流放bankruptcy 破产bankruptcy discharge 破产债务解除bankruptcy judge 破产法官bar 律师职业bar association 律师协会barrister 出庭律师battery 殴打bench trial 法官审beneficiary 受益人benefit 收益，福得bigamy 重婚罪bill of lading 提单bill of right 《人权法案》bind over 具保，具结binder 临时保险单binding 有约束力binding contract 有约束力的合同binding force 约束力binding interpretation 有约束力的解释black-letter law （普通接受之基本原则的）黑体字法black nation bar association 全美黑人律师协会blue sky law 蓝天法（关于股票买卖控制的法律）Board of Governors（ABA）（美国律师协会的）董事会body of law 法体.'bond 债券；保释金bond instrument 债券契据branding 鞭笞breach 违约；破坏bride 贿赂bribery 贿赂（罪）bright-line test 明显界限检验标准broker 中间人brokerage fee 佣金；中介费brother-sister corporation 兄弟公司；姊妹公司Bulk Sales Act《大宗销售条例》burden 责任burden of going forward with the evidence 先行举证责任burden of persuasion 说服责任；证明责任burden of producing evidence 举证责任burden of proof 证明责任burglary入室盗窃（罪）business corporation实业公司business law 实业法business organization 实业组织buy-out agreement（股权）承买协议buy-sell agreement（股权）买卖协议bylaws（内部）章程CCalifornia Penal Code《加州刑法典》capital account 资本帐户capital crime 可判死刑罪capital punishment 死刑capital surplus 资本盈余capitation tax 人头税career criminal 职业罪犯career judiciary 职业法官case briefing 案情摘要case-in-chief 主诉case law 判例法case method 案例教学法case report 判决报告case reports 判例汇编casualty insurance （意外伤害）保险catalog 商品目录（单）certificate 证书certificate of existence 实体存在证明（书）challenge 置疑；挑战challenge for cause有理回避.'chancery court 衡平法院charging instrument 控告文件checks and balances 制衡（原则）chief judge 首席法官chief justice 首席大法官child abuse 虐待儿童circuit court 巡回法院circuit judge 巡回法官circumstantial evidence 旁证；情况证据citation 引证cite 援引；传讯civil court 民事法civil forfeiture 民事罚没civil law 民法Civil Law Legal System 民法体系civil liability 民事责任civil Liberty 民事自由civil Litigation民事诉讼civil procedure 民事诉讼程序civil suit民事诉讼Civil trial 民事审判Civil right 民权Civil right law 民权法Civil War Income Tax Act 《内战所得税条例》Claim 诉讼请求，索赔Classification of law 法律分类Close corporation内部持股公司Closely held corporation 内部持股公司Closing 终结，成交，结帐Closing argument 最后论述Closing statement成交声明Code 法典Code of Judicial Conduct 《法官行为准则》Codify 编成法典Co-felon 共同重罪犯Cohabitation 同居Collateral contract 附属合同Collegiate bench 合议席Collegiate panel 合议庭Commercial clause 商务条款，贸易条款Commercial law 商法Commercial paper 商务文件Commission佣金Commit 交托，犯（罪）Commitment 犯罪，许诺，委托.'Commitment of financing 融资许诺Common law 普通法Common law damages 普通法赔偿金Common law legal system(family) 普通法法系Common law marriage 普通法婚姻Common property 共同财产Common stock 普通股票Community property 共同财产Comparative law 比较法Comparative negligence 比较过失Compensation 赔偿（金）Compensatory damage 应予赔偿之损害Competence 管辖权限Competency 有效性Complaint 控告，申诉Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act 《滥用毒品的综合预防与控制条例》Compulsory license 强制性许可Concur附条件地同意Concurring opinion 并存（判决）意见Confer 授与Conference 协商会议Confidential information 保密信息Confiscation 没收Conflict law 冲突法Congress 国会Consent 同意，认可Consideration 对价，约因Constitution 宪法Constitutional Convention 制宪会议Constitutional law 宪法Constitutional tort 宪法性侵权Constitutionality 合宪性Construction （法律的）结构，解释Construe 解释，分析Consultation 磋商Consumer protection statute 消费者保护法律Consumption tax 消费税Continental Law Legal System(or Family) 大陆法系Contingent fee 胜诉酬金Continuance 诉讼延期Contract 合同.'Contract dispute 合同纠纷Contract formation 合同构成Contract interpretation 合同解释Contract law 合同法Contract performance 合同履行contractor 承包商contravence 触犯;违犯contributory negligence 共同过失controlling law 应适应之法律conversion 非法占有convey 转让conveyance 转让convertible bond 可转换债券conviction 有罪判决convincing evidence 使人信服的证据copyright 版权;著作权corporal punishment肉体刑corporate camsel 公司法律顾问corporate excise tax 公司执照税corporate law 公司法corporation 公司corporation aggregate 合有公司corporation code 公司法典corporation law 公司法corporation sole 独有公司corpus 尸体;本金Council on legal Education Opportunities 法律教育机会委员会counselor (法律)顾问;律师counselor-at-law 律师court 法院;法官court decision 法院判决court fee 诉讼费court of appeals 上诉法院court of chancery 衡平法法院court of claims 索赔法院court of customs and Patent Appeals 关税及专利上诉法院court of domestic relations 家庭关系法院court opinion 法院判决意见courtroom 法庭coverage 保险范围crime 犯罪crime code 刑法典crime homicide 有罪杀人crime justice system 刑事司法系统.'crime law 刑法crime liability 刑事责任crime procedure 刑事诉讼程序cross-examination 交叉盘问;盘诘cruel and unusual punishment 残忍和非常的刑罚cumulative evidence 累计证据curative 临时监护的curriculum guide 课程指南custody 监护custom duty 关税customary law 习惯法customary practice 惯例customs court 关税法院Ddamage 损害;损伤damage claim 损害赔偿请求damages 损害赔偿金deadlocked jury 僵局陪审团death penalty 死刑death tax 遗产税debenture 债单(券) debt securities 债权证券decide a case 判案deed 契约deed book 文契汇编defamation 诽谤default 不履行;违约defendant 被告人defence 辩护defence attorney 辩护律师defense's case-in-chief 辩护方主讼deficiency judgment 不足额判决degrees of murder (恶意)杀人罪的等级delegation 授权delegated legislation 授权立法deliberate intention 故意deliberation (陪审团)评议demonstrative evidence 示意证据deprivation 剥夺derogatory treatment of the work 对作品的贬毁性处理(或使用)designs 设计detract 毁损;贬低developer (土地)开发商.'dicta 判决附带意见dignity 尊严direct evidence 直接证据direct examination 直接盘问direct tax 直接税disability insurance 残疾保险disabled dependent child 无谋生能力的残疾儿童discharge 解雇;释放discount 贴现;折扣discovery 要求告知discrete risk transfer product 离散性风险转移(保险)产品discretion 自由裁量权discriminatory 歧视性税收dispense 执行;施行dispute 争议;纠纷disposition 处置(权)dissent 异议;反对dissenting opinion 异议;反对意见dissolution 解散distort 歪曲;误解district attorney 地区检查官database right 数据权dividend 股息division of title 产权分割divorce 离婚docket 备审案件目录doctrine 法则;原则doctrine of constitutional supremacy 宪法至上原则doctrine of Maranda Warnings 米兰达忠告原则document 文件;文书document of title 产权证书domant Commerce Clause 休眠的"贸易条款"domicile 住所地double jeopardy 一罪二审draft 起草;草拟draftman 起草者drug trade 毒品交易drug trafficking 毒品交易dry run 干转;排练due diligence 适当努力due process 正当程序.'Due Process Clause 正当程序条款due process test 正当程序检验标准duration 期限duress 强迫;胁迫duty 义务;关税duty of care 照看义务Eearnest money 定金easyment 地役权ecclesiastical court 宗教法庭economic law 经济法effective date 生效日期effective time 生效时间element of crime 犯罪要素(件) empower 授权enact 制定;颁布en banc 全体法官出庭审判encroachment 侵占encumbered property 抵押财产enforce 实施；执行enforceable 可强制执行的enforceability 可执行性enforcement of Law 执法English-American Legal System (or Family) 英吉利法系enjoin(衡平）强制令entail 限定继承entity 实体environmental impact statement 环境影响报告environmental Law 环境保护法Environmental protection Agency(EPA) 环境保护局environmental quality 环境质量equal protection clause 平等保护条款equitable relief 衡平救济equity 衡平法equity Law 衡平法equity precedent 衡平法判例equity securities 产权证券；衡平证券error 过错escape 逃走；逃脱escrow 第三者保存合同essential justice 实质公正estate 财产；遗产estate tax 遗产税ＥＵDirective 欧盟指令.'evaluate 评价evict 逐出（租户）evidence 证据evidentiary presumption 证据推定evidentiary rule 证据规则ex aequo at bono 公平且善良examine 检查；盘问examination 检查；盘问exception 例外exception clause 例外条款excise tax 执照税exclude 排除exclusive listing 读家上市exclusive right 排他性权利exclusive tax situs 唯一征税地点excusable homicide 可宽恕之杀人execute 执行；签属execution 执行executive acts 行政条例executive branch 行政部门executive order 行政命令executor (遗嘱）执行人executor of estate 遗产执行人exemption 免除；豁免exhibit 展示物（证）exigent circumstance 紧急情况existing securities 上市证券exparte 单方面的expectation damages 预期赔偿金expert 专家（证人）expert testimony 专家证言expert witness 专家证人express contract 明示合同express statutory provision 法律明文规定express warranty 明示保证（保修）ex rel 依据告发face amount 面颊face value 面植facilitate 促使：利于fact 事实fact in issue 争议事实factor 因素；代理商Factors Lien Act 《代理商留置权条例》Fair trial 公平审判false imprisonment 非法拘禁family law 家庭法fault 过错fault principle 过错原则feasibility study 可行性研究Federal Administrative Procedure Act 《联邦行政程序》Federal Antitrust Law 《联邦犯托拉斯法》federal convention 联邦制宪会议federal crime of murder 联邦杀人罪Federal Housing Act 《联邦住房条例》Federal Income Tax Act 《联邦所得税条例》federal judge 联邦法官Federal rules of civil procedure 《联邦民事诉讼规则》Federal rules of criminal procedure 《联邦刑事诉讼规则》Federal rules of evidence 《联邦证据规则》Federal securities act 《联邦证券条例》federal supremacy 联邦至上（原则）Federal tort claims act 《联邦侵权索赔条例》felon 重罪犯felony 重罪felony-murder 重罪杀人fiduciary 受托人file 档案；注册file a petition 呈交诉状；提出请求fine 罚金fingerprint 手印fire insurance 火灾保险fire protection 消防first degree murder 一级谋杀first instance 一审fixture （不动产）附属物flogging 烙印force of law 法律效力forcible felony 暴力性重罪foreign exchange risk 外汇风险forfeiture 没收；罚没form contract 格式合同form of evidence 证据的形式formal adjudication 正式裁决formal rulemaking 正式规则制定formation 构成；鉴定franchise tax 特许经营税fraud 诈欺free enterprise system 自由企业制度free movement of goods 自由物流，货物的自由流通freedom of choice 选择自由frustrate 使受挫折fundamental law 基本法fundamental right 基本权利Ggeneral acceptance standard (科学证据的)公认标准general partnership 一般合伙general property 一般财产（权）general provisions 总则gerontocratic 老人统治的gift tax 赠予税government tort 政府侵权（行为）grant of power 授权gross negligence 严重过失group insurance 团体保险guarantee 担保guardian 监护人guardianship 监护权guidelines for sentencing 量刑指南guilt 有罪guilty 有罪的guilty 有罪答辩Hhabitual offender 惯犯hail insurance 冰雹保险handcuff 手铐handwriting 笔迹health insurance 健康保险health regulation 卫生法规hearing 听证（会）hearing of jury 陪审团听审hearsay 传闻证据heir 继承人hierarchy 等级制度high crime 重罪hold 认定；裁定holding 认定；裁定holding device 拥有手段（形式）homicide 杀人（罪）homosexuality 同性恋house counsel （公司）专职法律顾问.'husband-wife relationship 夫妻关系husband-wife tort 夫妻侵权（行为）IId. 同上identification 认定；确认身份；身份证ignore 忽视；驳回illegal 非法的；违法的immaterial 无实质性的immigration law 移民法immovable property 不动产immunity 豁免（权）impair 损害；削弱impeachment 弹劾；质疑implementation 实施；执行implied contract 默认合同implied warranty 默认保证（保修）imprisonment 监禁imputable 可归罪于……的imputation 归罪in re 关于；案由in recess 休庭in rem 对物的（诉讼）in session 开庭inadmissible evidence 不可采证据incarceration 禁闭；监禁incest 乱伦income tax 所得税Income Tax Act 《所得税条例》income tax on corporations 公司所得税income tax on individuals 个人所得税incompetence 无行为能力；无法律资格incompetent 无行为能力的；无法律资格的incorporation 法人；公司；组成公司incorporator 公司创办人independent regulatory agency 独立规制机构indicative list 指导性名单indictment 起诉书indirect evidence 间接证据indirect tax 间接税individual choice 个人选择（权）individual freedom 个人自由individual omni competence 个人全权individual proprietorship 个体业主individual right 个人权利ineffective 失效的.'inequality 不平等infamous 罪恶的；丑恶的inference 推理;推论infliction 处罚informal adjudication 非正式裁决informal rulemaking 非正式规则制定information 信息; 控告书infomer 耳目;情报员initial ruling 初步裁定injunction 禁令;强制令injunctive relief 强制救济injure 伤害injustice 不公正innocence 无罪innocent 无罪的;无罪者innocent owner defense 无过错所有人辩护inquiry 调查inquisitiorial system 纠问式诉讼制度insane 精神失常insanity defense 精神失常辩护inspection 检查;审查installment land vendor 分期付款的土地出售人installment plan agreement 分期付款购物协议instruction 指示instrument 文件insurable interest 可保利益insurable loss 可保损失insurance agent 保险代理商insurance binder 临时保单insurance broker 保险中间人insurance card 保险卡insurance coverage 保险范围insurance law 保险法insurance policy 保险单;险种insurance premium 保险费insurance proceeds 保险收益insurance product 保险项目insured 被保险人insurer 保险人intangible 无形的intangible damage 无形损害intangible property 无形财产intangible personal property 无形的人身财产(权).'inter alia 除了别的以外interfere 干涉;侵犯interlocutory injunction 临时强制令;(诉讼)中间的强制令intermediate appellate court 中级上诉法院intermetional business 调解interrogation 国际商务intentional 故意的intentional tort 故意侵权行为interest 利息;权益;利益interest rate risk 利率风险interview 询问invalid 无效的;不合法的invalidate 使无效invasion of privacy 侵犯隐私权investigation 侦查;调查investment 投资investment portfolio risk 投资风险组合investment securities 投资证券irrelevancy 无相关性irrelevant 不相关的irrelevant evidence 无相关性证据irrevocable 不可撤销的irrevocable life insurance trust 不可撤销的人寿保险信托itinerant judge 巡回法官Jjoint tenancy 共同租借(权)joint venture 合资企业joint venture corporation 合资公司joint venture with Chinese and foreign investment中外合资企业judge 法官judge-made law 法官立法judge's chamber 法官室judge's charge to jury法官对陪审团的指令judge's instruction to jury 法官对陪审团的指示judgment判决，裁定judicial branch 司法部门judicial clerkship 法院书记员职位judicial decision 法官职位judicial district 司法区judicial interpretation 司法解释judicial notice 司法任职judicial opinion 法官判决意见.'judicial review 司法审查judicial scrutiny 司法检查judicial subjectivity 审判主观性judicial system 法院系统judiciary 法官jurisdiction 司法管辖区jurisprudence 法理学juror 陪审员jury 陪审团jury charge 法官对陪审团的指令jury pool待选陪审员库jury selection 挑选陪审员jury trial陪审团制justice 公正，大法官justice of the peace 治安法官justifiable homicide 正当杀人juvenile court 未成年人法庭juvenile delinquency 未成年人违法行为ＫKey man assurance 关键人保险Key person insurance关键人保险Kickbacks 回扣Kill杀人Killer 杀人者Know-how 技术秘密，商业秘密Ｌland use law 土地使用法last clear chance doctrine 最后明显机会法则law 法，法律law firm 律师事务所law merchant商业习惯法law of evidence证据法law reform 法律改革lawsuit 诉讼，官司lawyer 律师lawyer in government 政府律师；官方律师lawyer in private practice 私人开业律师lawyerette 律师娘lawman 外行人lay witness 普通证人；非专家证人lease 租赁lease agreement 租赁协议legacy 遗产legacy tax 遗产税legal 合法的.'legal advice 法律咨询legal commentary 法律评论legal education 法律教育legal effect 法律教育legal enforcement 法律效力legal English 法律英语legal family 法系legal history 法律史legal instrument 法律文件legal mechanism法律机制legal memorandum 法律备忘录legal methodology 法律方法论legal order 法律秩序legal problem 法律问题legal profession 法律职业legal protection 法律保护legal relationship 法律关系legal representative 法律代表legal safeguard 法律保障（措施）legal system 法律体系；法律制度legal theorist 法学理论家legal writing 法律文书写作legalese 法律涩语legality 法制legislation 立法legislative branch 立法部门legislative history 立法史legislature 立法机关legitimate 合法的levy 征收（税）liability 责任；债务liability insurance 责任保险liberty 自由license plate （车）执照牌license tax 执照税lien 留置（权）life estate 终生财（遗）产life insurance 人寿保险limited partnership 有限合伙liquidated damages 预定违约金liquidity risk 流动资金风险literary property 著作产权litigant 诉讼当事人litigation 诉讼；打官司livestock insurance 家畜保险loan 贷款.'lord chancellor (英国)大法官loss of rights 丧失权利MMagistrate 司法官Magna Charta of great Britain 《英国大宪章》mail order 邮购majority opinion 多数（法官）的意见malicious prosecution 恶意起诉malfeasance 渎职（罪）malpractice 渎职行为mandate 命令；授权mandatory insurance law 强制保险法manslaughter 非恶意杀人marine insurance 海上保险marital status 婚姻状况marital status classification 婚姻状况的分类maritime tort 海上侵权行为market economy 市场经济marriage 婚姻marriage ceremony 婚礼marriage certificate 结婚证书marriage law 婚姻法marriage relationship 婚姻关系marriage termination rule (残疾人领取社会保险补助的)婚姻终止规则material 实质性的materiality 实质性maxims of equity law 衡平法准则Mayflower Compact “五月花号”公约medical malpractice 医生不当行为mental capacity 心智能力mental condition 精神状态mentor 辅导教师minor issue 枝节问题；未成年人问题Miranda Warning 米兰达忠（警）告misapply 错误适用.'misdemeanor 轻罪mislaid property 错置财产misrepresentation 虚假陈述mistrial 无效审判mock trial 模拟审判Model Business Corporation Act 《标准实业公司条例》Model Penal Code 《标准刑法典》Model State Administrative Procedure Act 《标准洲行政程序条例》modern commerce Power test 现代商务（贸易）权力检验标准modern delegation of power doctrine 现代授权法则monopolization 垄断monopoly right 专有权moot court 模拟法庭mortgage 抵押（品）motion 动议，请求movable property 动产multiple listing 多重上市；多重登记Multistate Bar Exam 多洲律师资格考试murder 恶意杀人；凶杀murderer 杀人犯mutilation 断肢NNational Association for the Advancement of Colored People 全国有色人种促进会National Conference of Black Lawyers 全国黑人律师大会National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform state Laws 统一各洲法律全国代表大会National Environmental Policy Act 《全国环境政策条例》National Institute of Minority Lawyers 全国少数民族律师学会.'National Law Journal 《国家法律学报》narcotics distribution 麻醉品供销narcotics trafficking 麻醉品交易narcotics violation 麻醉品违法行为natural justice 自然公正negative form of protection 否定（或消极）形式的保护negligence 过失negligent homicide 过失杀人negligent tort 过失侵权行为negotiable instrument 票据negotiation 谈判；协商New Deal （罗斯福）“新政”no contest 无争辩no par share 无面值股票non-profit corporation 非营利公司norm 规范；标准not guilty plea 无罪答辩notice 通知notice of transfer 过户通知notification 通知；通报notion 概念nullification process 无效程序Oobject 反对objection 反对；异议obligation 义务occupancy agreement 占用协议offender 犯罪人offense 罪行offer 要约；发盘offer of Proof 提供证明Old Boy Network 老哥们关系网Omission不做为：不履行义务Omni competence有全部权利Opening statement开场陈述Opening testimony意见证言Oral contract口头合同.'Order命令；次序Pperforms' rights 表演权peril 危险perjure作伪证perjury伪证罪perpetrate犯罪perpetator犯罪人ordinance法令personal property动产outstanding balance未付款额personal right人身权利outstanding share已发行股票personal tort人身侵权overrule推翻；驳回persuasive authority劝导性发源ownership所有权petition申请ownership interest所有权力petty misdemeanor微罪physical exhibit展示物品physical injury身体伤害panel团或组plaintiff原告人par value面值plea答辩paramour奸夫plea of guilty有罪答辩parent child relation父子女关系plea of contest无争辩答辩parent corporation母公司plea of guilty无罪答辩parent unfitness父母不胜任police警察parole假释police magistrate警务法官partnership合伙police magistrate court警察法院passage of title产权转移.'police power警察权利passive investor消极投资人policy政策patent专利policy holder投保人paternity父亲身份poll tax人头税penal code刑法典portfolio of risk风险组合penalty刑罚possession占有权pending待决postponement延迟penitentiary监狱practice law从事律师工作penitentiary sentence监禁刑practicing lawyer开业律师penology刑法学practice of law律师事物per curiam依法院所定precedent判例peremptory challenge强制回避precedential support判例支持perform履行predeprivation hearing执行剥夺前的听证performance履行predictability可预见性performance bond履行保证金preept 优先于Preferential claim 优先索赔权Preferred stock 优先股票Prejudice 偏见Preliminary exanimation 预审Preliminary hearing 预审听证会Preliminary injunction预先执行令Preliminary negotiation预谈判；初步协商.'Premises房屋；上述房屋Premium保险费；红利；溢价prenticed seizure 通知前扣押preponderance of proof 优势证明preponderant evidence 优势证据prescription 时效；规定presentation 陈述persistence investigation 量刑前调查presidential Assassination Statute 《暗杀总统法》presumption innocence 无罪推定pretrial motion 审前动议prevailing doctrine 优势法则；流行学说prevail 优先（适用）prima facie 表面的；初步的prima facie evidence 有表面证据之案prima facie evidence 表面证据primary authority 主要法源principle of legality 法制原则privacy 隐私权private corporation 私有公司private law 私法private property 私有财产private prosecution 私诉privilege 特权；特许权；特免权privileges and immunities clause 特权与豁免条款prose 自己；亲自probable cause 可能理由；合理原因probate court 遗嘱检验法院probation 缓刑probation officer 缓刑官probative value 证明价值probativeness 证明性procedural history 程序史procedural regime 诉讼制度procedural safeguard 程序保障.'procedure 程序proceedings 诉讼；程序product liability 产品责任profit 利润profit corporation 营利公司progeny 后代prohibition 禁止promise 许诺promulgation 颁布proof 证明proof beyond a reasonable doubt 超出合理怀疑的证明property 财产property law 财产法property right 财产权利property tax 财产税property tort 财产侵权行为proponent 支持者；提议者proprietor 个体业主proprietorship 个体企业proscription 禁止；剥夺公权prosecuting attorney 公诉律师；检察官prosecution 起诉prosecutor 检察官；起诉人prosecutor’s case-in-chief 检方主诉prospective juror 将任陪审员prostitute 妓女protective tariff 保护性关税prove 证明Provision 规定，条款Provisions of Oxford 《牛津条例》Psychiatrist 精神病学家Public charge 受政府救济者、Public corporation 公有公司Public defender 公共辩护律师Public good 公益Public law 公法.'Public offense 公罪（侵犯公共利益的犯罪）Public property 公共财产Public prosecution 公诉Public prosecutor 公诉人，检察官Public utilities 公共事业Public held corporation 公众持股公司Punishable 可处罚的Punishment 刑罚Punitive sanction 惩罚性处分Purpose 目的，宗旨Pursuant to law 依法QQualified property 有限制财产Quantum meruit （无合同规定时）按合理价格支付，合理给付Quasi tort 准侵权行为Quote 引用，引证RRacial discrimination 种族歧视Racial segregation 种族隔离Rain insurance 雨水保险Rarnpant 猖獗的Rape 强奸Ratify 认可Rational relationship test 合理关系检验标准Real estate 不动产Real Estate Settlement Procedure Act 《不动产纠纷解决程序条例》Real evidence 实在证据Real property 不动产Reasonable basis 合理根据Reasoning 论证，推论Rebuttable presumption 可驳回推定Rebuttal evidence 反驳证据Recess 休庭.'Reciprocal exemption statutes 互免税法律Reckless conduct 疏忽大意行为Reckless homicide 疏忽大意杀人Recourse 追索权，求偿权Recovery 追索，补偿Redemption 赎回Redress 矫正，赔偿Registration sticker 注册贴签Regulation 法规，规章Rehearing 复审Reinstatement （权利）恢复Reinstatement fee 恢复费Release 释放Relevancy 相关性Relevant evidence 相关证据Relief 救济Remand 发回重审Remedy 补救Repeal 废止，撤消Repealer 废止议案Repeat offender 累犯Representation 代理Res ipsa loquitur 不言自明的Reservation of power 权利保留Reserve 储备金（保险）预备金Reserve portfolio of risk 预备金组合风险Resolution 决议，解决Rest 停止陈述Restatements of law 《法律注释汇编》Restitution 恢复原状Restitutionary relief 恢复原状的救济Restraint 约束；限制retain 连任retire 退休；退庭retroactive 有溯及力的retroactive effect 溯及力.'revenue 税收revised uniform limited partnership act 统一有限合伙修订条例revocable trust 可撤销的信托revocation 撤回right 权利right to privacy 隐私权rigid procedure 刚性程序risk 风险risk transfer 风险转移robbery 抢劫（罪）roman law 罗马法roman law legal system(or family)罗马法系roster 花名册；专门人员名单rule of evidence 证据规则rule of law 法治；法律规则rulemaking 规章制定；规则制定ruling 裁定ruling on evidence 关于证据的裁定SSafety responsibility law 安全责任法Sales tax 销售税Sanction 制裁；处分；罚则sanitary code 卫生条例search 搜查search warrant 搜查令second instance 二审secondary authon`ty 次要法源secondary benefit 次位补助金secondary financing 间接融资secondary party 间接当事人；次位当事人secret service （联邦）保密署secretary of state 州务部长secured debt 担保债务securities 证券.'Securities and Exchange Commission 证券交易委员会securities exchange act 《证券交易条例》securities law 证券法security 担保；保安；证券seductive 诱人堕落的seize 扣押seizure 扣押seizure warrant 扣押令（状）self-defense 自卫；正当防卫self-identification 自我认定self-incrimination 自我归罪seminar 研讨班；研讨会；研讨课程separate 分立；分局separate legal entity 独立法律实体separate property 分有财产separation of powers 三权分立settlement agreement 清偿协议settler 财产授予者share 股份；股票share holder 股东shell corporation 空壳公司shoplifting 商店偷拿行为short title 简称shyster 讼棍sickness insurance 疾病保险simulation 模拟（练习）slander 诽谤social security act 社会保险条例social security benefit 社会保险补助金social security tax 社会保险税solicitor 诉状律师source 渊源sovereign power 主权special court 特别法院；专门法院special property 特别财产.'specific performance 特别履行specimen 样本stamp tax 印花税standard of proof 证明标准standing 依据stare decisis 遵从前例state attorney 洲检察官state property 国家财产statd capital 设定资产statute 制定法；法律statute-like norm 准法律规范statute of frauds 诈欺条例；反诈欺法statutory authority 制定法法源statutory crime 制定法规定之犯罪；法定犯罪statutory law 制定法statutory measure 法定措施statutory offense 制定法规定之犯罪；法定犯罪statutory provision 法律规定stay 延缓（审判或执行）stock 股票stock exchange 股票交易stock retirement plan 退股计划stock transfer tax 股票过户税strategy 战略；策略strict liability tort 严格责任侵权strike insurance 罢工保险sub judice 在审判中；尚未判决subject 主体；标的subject matter 主题事项；标的subject property 标的财产subject to financing clause 融资条件条款subpoena 传唤（令）subsidiary corproration 子公司；附属公司subsistence allowance 生活津贴.'substantial evidence 实质（体）证据substantail law 实体法substantive due process 实体性正当程序substantive law 实体法sue 起诉；诉sufficient evidence 充足证据suit 诉讼summary judgment 即决判决supervisor 监察；监委support 供养；抚养supreme court 最高法院supreme law 最高法律（宪法）suspect 嫌疑人suspicion 嫌疑；怀疑sustain 维持；认可Ttangible 有形的tangible evidence 实物证据tangible property 有形财产tarriff 关税task force 专项研究组；专案组tax 税；税收tax assessment procedure 税额评定程序tax court 税收法院tax evasion 逃税tax law 税法taxation 税收；税务taxation law 税收法；税务法tenant 承租人term 条款；期限testamentary trust 遗嘱委托testator 立遗嘱人testify 作证testimonial evidence 言词证据testimony 证言。
何家弘法律英语第9、10课全文翻译整合
Part One Contract and Contract Law合同与合同法1.1、当我们使用“合同”一词得时候,通常就是说它就是一份存在于两方或三方之间得契约。
它不就是一种简单得信任,而就是通常理解为合同得一方或双方在将来得时候都要去做得某种事情。
2、有时候,“合同”也用来指一套包括四部分内容得文件。
3、对于律师而言,“合同”通常就是指具有法律效力得协议,即设置了一种法律义务,当某行为没有按照预先约定得那样去履行时,可以依照合同去依法强制履行。
【对于律师而言,“合同”通常就是指当某方没有按照预先约定履行义务时,当事人可以依照这个文件依法强制对方去履行得法律协议书。
】这种翻译方式比较符合现代汉语得句式结构,但就是在口译时比较费劲。
4、因此,有时候,在一次交易中,区分三种不同得因素就变得非常必要,这些因素中得每个因素都可以叫做合同:(1)双方之间得事实合同(2)书面合同,它可能与事实合同不完全一致(3)基于前(1)(2)两项而对应产生得权利与义务。
注:此段得“合同”就是基于我国《合同法》得分类而翻译得,《合同法》规定了“事实合同”“书面合同”,而非“事实协议”“书面协议”。
5、在权利义务问题上,如果情况可以允许,我们可做到不用去努力阐明这种短少但包含法律意义得界定情况,那么它就强烈建议我们在早己设定好得合同与现行法律(定义)柜架下得去审视在(订立)创制合同中律师与法官得(角色)作用,她们会解决各方行为引发得争执以及对违约行为以恰当得形式进行补偿。
21、在英美法律体系中,有相当大部分得法律都明确或者间接得规定了所有权这个敏感得问题。
2、从一台推土机、一枚钻戒到帝国大厦、小说《飘》,都可能就是一个人或者一些人得财产。
这意味着国家将保护所有权人对其所有物得使用、享受甚至就是毁灭得权利,同时排除她人对此行为得干涉。
3、按照惯例,第一年得财产课程会侧重于英美法律对财产保护得详细规定,诸如土地与地上物等不动产得所有权得细化性规定。
何家弘法律英语 翻译 第十课
Tort Law
2020/3/5
法律英语
1
Punishment is justice for the unjust. Augustine British writer
惩罚是对正义 的伸张。 英国作家 奥古斯丁
2020/3/5
法律英语
2
Background
Tort
The breach of a duty that results in an injury for which there is a remedy at law.
2020/3/5
法律英语
18
Part 3: Liability for Negligence 过失侵权的责任
Causality
Negligent act Injury
2020/3/5
法律英语
19
A person is negligent
if he has not complied with his “duty of care” and ,has not acted as “a reasonable and prudent man”. 如果一个人没有尽到“照看义务”， 没有象“一个/5
法律英语
13
Federal Tort claims Act（ FTCA ）
The FTCA permits recovery of money damages because of a negligent or wrongful act or omission by the Federal Government or an employee of the Federal Government while the employee was acting within his/her scope of employment or office.
(2021年整理)何家弘法律英语词汇全
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AAbsolute['æbsəlju:t] proof 绝对证明absolute property 绝对财产（权）abstract of title 产权书摘要acceleration clause 提前(偿还）条款acceptance 承诺accident report 事故报告accident insurance 意外保险accusation 指控;控告accusatorial procedure 控告程序accusatorial process of proof 控告证明过程（程序)accusatorial system 控告或诉讼程序accused 被指控者accuser 控告人acknowledgement 认知（书）acquittal 无罪判决act 条例;作为Act for the prevention of Frauds and Perjuries 《预防诈欺和伪证条例》action 诉讼；作为actual losses 实际损失adjudication 裁决；裁定administrative law 行政法administrative law judge 行政法法官administrative procedure 行政程序administrator 管理人；监管人admissible 可采的admissibility 可采性admit 采用;允许adoption 收养adulterous conduct 通奸行为ad valorem property tax 从价财产税adversarial hearing 对抗式听证会adversarial process 对抗式程序adversary 对手adversary trial system 对抗式（或抗辩）审判制度advocacy 出庭辩护；诉讼代理advocate 辩护人；诉讼代理人affidavit 正式书面陈述affirm 维持（原判)affirmation 保证书；证词affirmative 确保的agency (行政)机关agency action 机关(行政)机关agreed upon remedies 补救协议agreement 协议agreement—as—written 书面协议agreement —in—fact 事实协议alibi 阿里白（不在犯罪场的证明) alienation of affection 离间夫妻关系allegation 声称;指控allege 诉称；指控alleged offense 所控罪行alternate juror 替补陪审员amendment 修正案American Bar Association 美国律师协会American Law Institute 美国法学会analogy 类推Anglo—American Legal System 英美法系anonymous accusation 匿名控告appeal 上诉appear 出庭appellant 上诉人appellate action 上诉行为appellate court 上诉法院appellee 被上诉人appealer 上诉人appropriate 拨款appurtenant 附属物arbiter 仲裁人arbitrary武断的arbitration仲裁arraignment初审array 陪审员名单arrest 逮捕arrest warrant 逮捕令（证)arrestee 被捕人article 条款,文章article of authority 授权条款articles of confederation 《联帮条例》articles of incorporation 公司组织章程artificial person 法人Asian American legal defense and education fund亚裔美国人法律辩护与教育基金会assault 意图或威胁伤害assert 主张,宣称asset 资产assistant attorney 助理法官associate judge 副法官associate justice 副大法官assumption 违约合同，违约赔偿之诉assumption 假定attempt 意图，企图attempted escape 逃脱未遂attestation 证词attorney 代理人，律师attorney at law 律师attorney general 检察长authentication 鉴定authority 权力，法源，权威性依据automobile insurance 机动车保险automobile tort 机动车侵权行为autonomy 自治（权）Bban 禁令，禁止banishment 流放bankruptcy 破产bankruptcy discharge 破产债务解除bankruptcy judge 破产法官bar 律师职业bar association 律师协会barrister 出庭律师battery 殴打bench trial 法官审beneficiary 受益人benefit 收益，福得bigamy 重婚罪bill of lading 提单bill of right 《人权法案》bind over 具保，具结binder 临时保险单binding 有约束力binding contract 有约束力的合同binding force 约束力binding interpretation 有约束力的解释black-letter law （普通接受之基本原则的）黑体字法black nation bar association 全美黑人律师协会blue sky law 蓝天法(关于股票买卖控制的法律）Board of Governors（ABA）(美国律师协会的）董事会body of law 法体bond 债券;保释金bond instrument 债券契据branding 鞭笞breach 违约；破坏bride 贿赂bribery 贿赂（罪）bright-line test 明显界限检验标准broker 中间人brokerage fee 佣金；中介费brother—sister corporation 兄弟公司；姊妹公司Bulk Sales Act《大宗销售条例》burden 责任burden of going forward with the evidence 先行举证责任burden of persuasion 说服责任；证明责任burden of producing evidence 举证责任burden of proof 证明责任burglary入室盗窃（罪)business corporation实业公司business law 实业法business organization 实业组织buy—out agreement（股权）承买协议buy-sell agreement（股权）买卖协议bylaws（内部）章程CCalifornia Penal Code《加州刑法典》capital account 资本帐户capital crime 可判死刑罪capital punishment 死刑capital surplus 资本盈余capitation tax 人头税career criminal 职业罪犯career judiciary 职业法官case briefing 案情摘要case-in—chief 主诉case law 判例法case method 案例教学法case report 判决报告case reports 判例汇编casualty insurance （意外伤害）保险catalog 商品目录（单)certificate 证书certificate of existence 实体存在证明（书）challenge 置疑；挑战challenge for cause有理回避chancery court 衡平法院charging instrument 控告文件checks and balances 制衡（原则)chief judge 首席法官chief justice 首席大法官child abuse 虐待儿童circuit court 巡回法院circuit judge 巡回法官circumstantial evidence 旁证；情况证据citation 引证cite 援引;传讯civil court 民事法civil forfeiture 民事罚没civil law 民法Civil Law Legal System 民法体系civil liability 民事责任civil Liberty 民事自由civil Litigation民事诉讼civil procedure 民事诉讼程序civil suit民事诉讼Civil trial 民事审判Civil right 民权Civil right law 民权法Civil War Income Tax Act 《内战所得税条例》Claim 诉讼请求，索赔Classification of law 法律分类Close corporation内部持股公司Closely held corporation 内部持股公司Closing 终结,成交，结帐Closing argument 最后论述Closing statement成交声明Code 法典Code of Judicial Conduct 《法官行为准则》Codify 编成法典Co-felon 共同重罪犯Cohabitation 同居Collateral contract 附属合同Collegiate bench 合议席Collegiate panel 合议庭Commercial clause 商务条款，贸易条款Commercial law 商法Commercial paper 商务文件Commission佣金Commit 交托，犯(罪）Commitment 犯罪，许诺，委托Commitment of financing 融资许诺Common law 普通法Common law damages 普通法赔偿金Common law legal system(family) 普通法法系Common law marriage 普通法婚姻Common property 共同财产Common stock 普通股票Community property 共同财产Comparative law 比较法Comparative negligence 比较过失Compensation 赔偿（金）Compensatory damage 应予赔偿之损害Competence 管辖权限Competency 有效性Complaint 控告,申诉Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act 《滥用毒品的综合预防与控制条例》Compulsory license 强制性许可Concur附条件地同意Concurring opinion 并存（判决）意见Confer 授与Conference 协商会议Confidential information 保密信息Confiscation 没收Conflict law 冲突法Congress 国会Consent 同意,认可Consideration 对价，约因Constitution 宪法Constitutional Convention 制宪会议Constitutional law 宪法Constitutional tort 宪法性侵权Constitutionality 合宪性Construction （法律的）结构，解释Construe 解释，分析Consultation 磋商Consumer protection statute 消费者保护法律Consumption tax 消费税Continental Law Legal System（or Family）大陆法系Contingent fee 胜诉酬金Continuance 诉讼延期Contract 合同Contract dispute 合同纠纷Contract formation 合同构成Contract interpretation 合同解释Contract law 合同法Contract performance 合同履行contractor 承包商contravence 触犯;违犯contributory negligence 共同过失controlling law 应适应之法律conversion 非法占有convey 转让conveyance 转让convertible bond 可转换债券conviction 有罪判决convincing evidence 使人信服的证据copyright 版权;著作权corporal punishment肉体刑corporate camsel 公司法律顾问corporate excise tax 公司执照税corporate law 公司法corporation 公司corporation aggregate 合有公司corporation code 公司法典corporation law 公司法corporation sole 独有公司corpus 尸体;本金Council on legal Education Opportunities 法律教育机会委员会counselor （法律)顾问;律师counselor-at—law 律师court 法院；法官court decision 法院判决court fee 诉讼费court of appeals 上诉法院court of chancery 衡平法法院court of claims 索赔法院court of customs and Patent Appeals 关税及专利上诉法院court of domestic relations 家庭关系法院court opinion 法院判决意见courtroom 法庭coverage 保险范围crime 犯罪crime code 刑法典crime homicide 有罪杀人crime justice system 刑事司法系统crime law 刑法crime liability 刑事责任crime procedure 刑事诉讼程序cross-examination 交叉盘问;盘诘cruel and unusual punishment 残忍和非常的刑罚cumulative evidence 累计证据curative 临时监护的curriculum guide 课程指南custody 监护custom duty 关税customary law 习惯法customary practice 惯例customs court 关税法院Ddamage 损害;损伤damage claim 损害赔偿请求damages 损害赔偿金deadlocked jury 僵局陪审团death penalty 死刑death tax 遗产税debenture 债单(券)debt securities 债权证券decide a case 判案deed 契约deed book 文契汇编defamation 诽谤default 不履行;违约defendant 被告人defence 辩护defence attorney 辩护律师defense’s case-in—chief 辩护方主讼deficiency judgment 不足额判决degrees of murder （恶意)杀人罪的等级delegation 授权delegated legislation 授权立法deliberate intention 故意deliberation (陪审团)评议demonstrative evidence 示意证据deprivation 剥夺derogatory treatment of the work 对作品的贬毁性处理(或使用）designs 设计detract 毁损;贬低developer （土地）开发商dicta 判决附带意见dignity 尊严direct evidence 直接证据direct examination 直接盘问direct tax 直接税disa bility insurance 残疾保险disabled dependent child 无谋生能力的残疾儿童discharge 解雇；释放discount 贴现;折扣discovery 要求告知discrete risk transfer product 离散性风险转移（保险)产品discretion 自由裁量权discriminatory 歧视性税收dispense 执行;施行dispute 争议；纠纷disposition 处置（权)dissent 异议;反对dissenting opinion 异议;反对意见dissolution 解散distort 歪曲;误解district attorney 地区检查官database right 数据权dividend 股息division of title 产权分割divorce 离婚docket 备审案件目录doctrine 法则；原则doctrine of constitutional supremacy 宪法至上原则doctrine of Maranda Warnings 米兰达忠告原则document 文件；文书document of title 产权证书domant Commerce Clause 休眠的”贸易条款”domicile 住所地double jeopardy 一罪二审draft 起草;草拟draftman 起草者drug trade 毒品交易drug trafficking 毒品交易dry run 干转；排练due diligence 适当努力due process 正当程序Due Process Clause 正当程序条款due process test 正当程序检验标准duration 期限duress 强迫；胁迫duty 义务；关税duty of care 照看义务Eearnest money 定金easyment 地役权ecclesiastical court 宗教法庭economic law 经济法effective date 生效日期effective time 生效时间element of crime 犯罪要素(件) empower 授权enact 制定;颁布en banc 全体法官出庭审判encroachment 侵占encumbered property 抵押财产enforce 实施；执行enforceable 可强制执行的enforceability 可执行性enforcement of Law 执法English—American Legal System (or Family）英吉利法系enjoin（衡平）强制令entail 限定继承entity 实体environmental impact statement 环境影响报告environmental Law 环境保护法Environmental protection Agency（EPA) 环境保护局environmental quality 环境质量equal protection clause 平等保护条款equitable relief 衡平救济equity 衡平法equity Law 衡平法equity precedent 衡平法判例equity securities 产权证券;衡平证券error 过错escape 逃走；逃脱escrow 第三者保存合同essential justice 实质公正estate 财产；遗产estate tax 遗产税ＥＵDirective 欧盟指令evaluate 评价evict 逐出（租户)evidence 证据evidentiary presumption 证据推定evidentiary rule 证据规则ex aequo at bono 公平且善良examine 检查;盘问examination 检查；盘问exception 例外exception clause 例外条款excise tax 执照税exclude 排除exclusive listing 读家上市exclusive right 排他性权利exclusive tax situs 唯一征税地点excusable homicide 可宽恕之杀人execute 执行；签属execution 执行executive acts 行政条例executive branch 行政部门executive order 行政命令executor (遗嘱）执行人executor of estate 遗产执行人exemption 免除;豁免exhibit 展示物(证）exigent circumstance 紧急情况existing securities 上市证券exparte 单方面的expectation damages 预期赔偿金expert 专家（证人）expert testimony 专家证言expert witness 专家证人express contract 明示合同express statutory provision 法律明文规定express warranty 明示保证（保修）ex rel 依据告发face amount 面颊face value 面植facilitate 促使:利于fact 事实fact in issue 争议事实factor 因素；代理商Factors Lien Act 《代理商留置权条例》Fair trial 公平审判false imprisonment 非法拘禁family law 家庭法fault 过错fault principle 过错原则feasibility study 可行性研究Federal Administrative Procedure Act 《联邦行政程序》Federal Antitrust Law 《联邦犯托拉斯法》federal convention 联邦制宪会议federal crime of murder 联邦杀人罪Federal Housing Act 《联邦住房条例》Federal Income Tax Act 《联邦所得税条例》federal judge 联邦法官Federal rules of civil procedure 《联邦民事诉讼规则》Federal rules of criminal procedure 《联邦刑事诉讼规则》Federal rules of evidence 《联邦证据规则》Federal securities act 《联邦证券条例》federal supremacy 联邦至上（原则）Federal tort claims act 《联邦侵权索赔条例》felon 重罪犯felony 重罪felony-murder 重罪杀人fiduciary 受托人file 档案；注册file a petition 呈交诉状；提出请求fine 罚金fingerprint 手印fire insurance 火灾保险fire protection 消防first degree murder 一级谋杀first instance 一审fixture （不动产）附属物flogging 烙印force of law 法律效力forcible felony 暴力性重罪foreign exchange risk 外汇风险forfeiture 没收；罚没form contract 格式合同form of evidence 证据的形式formal adjudication 正式裁决formal rulemaking 正式规则制定formation 构成；鉴定franchise tax 特许经营税fraud 诈欺free enterprise system 自由企业制度free movement of goods 自由物流，货物的自由流通freedom of choice 选择自由frustrate 使受挫折fundamental law 基本法fundamental right 基本权利Ggeneral acceptance standard （科学证据的）公认标准general partnership 一般合伙general property 一般财产（权）general provisions 总则gerontocratic 老人统治的gift tax 赠予税government tort 政府侵权(行为）grant of power 授权gross negligence 严重过失group insurance 团体保险guarantee 担保guardian 监护人guardianship 监护权guidelines for sentencing 量刑指南guilt 有罪guilty 有罪的guilty 有罪答辩Hhabitual offender 惯犯hail insurance 冰雹保险handcuff 手铐handwriting 笔迹health insurance 健康保险health regulation 卫生法规hearing 听证(会）hearing of jury 陪审团听审hearsay 传闻证据heir 继承人hierarchy 等级制度high crime 重罪hold 认定;裁定holding 认定；裁定holding device 拥有手段（形式）homicide 杀人(罪）homosexuality 同性恋house counsel （公司）专职法律顾问husband-wife relationship 夫妻关系husband—wife tort 夫妻侵权（行为) IId。
何家弘法律英语词汇全
A administrativelaw 行政法Absolute[ '?bs? lju:t]proof 绝对证明administrative lawjudge 行政法法官absolute property 绝对财产（权）administrativeprocedure 行政程序abstract of title 产权书摘要administrator 管理人；监管人accelerationclause 提前（偿还）条款admissible 可采的acceptance 承诺admissibility可采性accident report 事故报告admit 采用；允许accidentinsurance 意外保险adoption 收养accusation 指控；控告adulterousconduct 通奸行为accusatorial procedure控告程序ad valorem propertytax 从价财产税accusatorial process ofproof 控告证明过程adversarialhearing 对抗式听证会（程序）adversarialprocess 对抗式程序accusatorialsystem 控告或诉讼程序adversary 对手accused 被指控者adversary trialsystem对抗式（或抗辩）审accuser 控告人判制度acknowledgement 认知 (书 ) advocacy 出庭辩护；诉讼代理acquittal 无罪判决advocate 辩护人；诉讼代理人act 条例；作为affidavit 正式书面陈述Act for the prevention of Frauds and affirm 维持（原判）Perjuries 《预防诈欺和伪证条例》affirmation 保证书；证词action 诉讼；作为affirmative 确保的actuallosses 实际损失agency （行政）机关adjudication 裁决；裁定agency action 机关（行政）机关1agreed upon remedies 补救协议appropriate 拨款agreement 协议appurtenant附属物agreement-as-written 书面协议arbiter 仲裁人agreement -in-fact 事实协议arbitrary 武断的alibi 阿里白（不在犯罪场的证明）arbitration 仲裁alienation ofaffection 离间夫妻关系arraignment初审allegation 声称；指控array 陪审员名单allege 诉称；指控arrest 逮捕allegedoffense 所控罪行arrest warrant 逮捕令（证）alternatejuror 替补陪审员arrestee 被捕人amendment 修正案article 条款，文章American Bar Association美国律师协会article ofauthority 授权条款American LawInstitute 美国法学会articles ofconfederation 《联帮条例》analogy 类推articles ofincorporation 公司组织章程Anglo-American Legal System英美法系artificialperson 法人anonymous accusation 匿名控告Asian Americanlegal defenseandappeal 上诉education fund 亚裔美国人法律辩护与教育appear 出庭基金会appellant 上诉人assault 意图或威胁伤害appellateaction 上诉行为assert 主张，宣称appellatecourt 上诉法院asset 资产appellee 被上诉人assistantattorney 助理法官appealer 上诉人associate judge 副法官2associatejustice 副大法官barrister 出庭律师assumption 违约合同，违约赔偿之诉battery 殴打assumption 假定bench trial 法官审attempt 意图，企图beneficiary 受益人attemptedescape 逃脱未遂benefit 收益，福得attestation 证词bigamy 重婚罪attorney 代理人，律师bill oflading 提单attorney at law 律师bill ofright 《人权法案》attorneygeneral 检察长bindover 具保，具结authentication 鉴定binder 临时保险单authority 权力，法源，权威性依据binding 有约束力automobile insurance 机动车保险binding contract 有约束力的合同automobile tort 机动车侵权行为bindingforce 约束力autonomy 自治（权）binding interpretation有约束力的解释black-letter law（普通接受之基本原则的）B 黑体字法ban 禁令，禁止blacknation bar association全美黑人律banishment 流放师协会bankruptc y 破产blue skylaw 蓝天法（关于股票买卖控制的bankruptcy discharge 破产债务解除法律）bankruptcyjudge 破产法官Board ofGovernors （ABA ）（美国律师协会bar 律师职业的）董事会bar association 律师协会body of law法体3bond 债券；保释金buy-sell agreement （股权）买卖协议bondinstrument 债券契据bylaws （内部）章程branding 鞭笞 Cbreach 违约；破坏California PenalCode《加州刑法典》capitalbride 贿赂account 资本帐户bribery 贿赂（罪）capitalcrime 可判死刑罪bright-linetest 明显界限检验标准capital punishment 死刑broker 中间人capitalsurplus 资本盈余brokerage fee 佣金；中介费capitationtax 人头税brother-sister corporation兄弟公司；姊妹公careercriminal 职业罪犯司careerjudiciary 职业法官Bulk SalesAct 《大宗销售条例》casebriefing 案情摘要burden 责任case-in-chief 主诉burden of going forward with the evidence case law 判例法先行举证责任case method 案例教学法burden ofpersuasion 说服责任；证明责任case report 判决报告burden of producing evidence举证责任case reports 判例汇编burden ofproof 证明责任casualty insurance （意外伤害）保险burglary 入室盗窃（罪）catalog 商品目录（单）businesscorporation 实业公司certificate 证书business law 实业法certificate ofexistence 实体存在证明（书）businessorganization 实业组织challenge 置疑；挑战buy-out agreement （股权）承买协议challenge forcause 有理回避4chancery court 衡平法院 Civil War Income Tax Act 《内战所得税条charging instrument 控告文件 例》checks and balances 制衡（原则） Claim 诉讼请求，索赔chief judge 首席法官 Classification of law 法律分类 chief justice首席大法官Closecorporation 内部持股公司child abuse 虐待儿童 Closely held corporation内部持股公司circuit court 巡回法院 Closing 终结，成交，结帐 circuit judge巡回法官Closing argument 最后论述 circumstantial evidence 旁证；情况证据 Closing statement 成交声明citation 引证 Code 法典cite 援引；传讯 Code of Judicial Conduct《法官行为准则》 civil court民事法Codify 编成法典 civilforfeiture 民事罚没Co-felon共同重罪犯civil law民法Cohabitation 同居Civil Law Legal System民法体系Collateral contract附属合同civilliability 民事责任 Collegiate bench 合议席 civil Liberty 民事自由 Collegiate panel 合议庭 civilLitigation民事诉讼Commercial clause商务条款，贸易条款civil procedure 民事诉讼程序 Commercial law 商法civil suit 民事诉讼Commercial paper 商务文件 Civil trial 民事审判 Commission 佣金Civil right民权Commit 交托，犯（罪） Civil rightlaw 民权法Commitment 犯罪，许诺，委托5Commitment offinancing 融资许诺Conference 协商会议Common law 普通法Confidentialinformation 保密信息Common law damages 普通法赔偿金Confiscation 没收Common law legal system(family) 普通法Conflictlaw 冲突法法系Congress 国会Common law marriage 普通法婚姻Consent 同意，认可Common property 共同财产Consideration 对价，约因Common stock 普通股票Constitution 宪法Communityproperty 共同财产ConstitutionalConvention 制宪会议Comparative law 比较法Constitutionallaw 宪法Comparative negligence 比较过失Constitutionaltort 宪法性侵权Compensation 赔偿（金）Constitutionality 合宪性Compensatory damage 应予赔偿之损害Construction （法律的）结构，解释Competence 管辖权限Construe 解释，分析Competency 有效性Consultation 磋商Complaint 控告，申诉Consumer protection statute消费者保护法Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention 律and ControlAct 《滥用毒品的综合预防与控Consumptiontax 消费税制条例》Continental Law Legal System(or Family)Compulsorylicense 强制性许可大陆法系Concur 附条件地同意Contingent fee 胜诉酬金Concurringopinion 并存（判决）意见Continuance 诉讼延期Confer 授与Contract 合同6 专业资料整理Contract dispute 合同纠纷corporationlaw 公司法Contractformation 合同构成corporationsole 独有公司Contractinterpretation 合同解释corpus 尸体 ;本金Contractlaw 合同法Council on legal Education OpportunitiesContractperformance 合同履行法律教育机会委员会contractor 承包商counselor ( 法律 )顾问 ;律师contravence 触犯 ;违犯counselor-at-law 律师contributorynegligence 共同过失court 法院 ;法官controlling law 应适应之法律court decision 法院判决conversion 非法占有court fee 诉讼费convey 转让court ofappeals 上诉法院conveyance 转让court ofchancery 衡平法法院convertible bond 可转换债券court ofclaims 索赔法院conviction 有罪判决court of customs and Patent Appeals 关税convincing evidence 使人信服的证据及专利上诉法院copyright 版权 ;著作权court of domestic relations家庭关系法院corporal punishment 肉体刑courtopinion 法院判决意见corporate camsel 公司法律顾问courtroom 法庭corporate excisetax 公司执照税coverage 保险范围corporate law 公司法crime 犯罪corporation 公司crimecode 刑法典corporationaggregate 合有公司crime homicide 有罪杀人corporation code 公司法典crime justice system 刑事司法系统专业资料整理7 专业资料整理专业资料整理crime law刑法debtsecurities债权证券crime liability 刑事责任 decide a case 判案 crimeprocedure刑事诉讼程序deed 契约cross-examination 交叉盘问 ;盘诘 deed book 文契汇编 cruel and unusual punishment 残忍和非常defamation 诽谤 的刑罚default 不履行 ;违约 cumulative evidence累计证据defendant 被告人 curative 临时监护的 defence 辩护curriculumguide课程指南 defence attorney辩护律师custody 监护defense's case-in-chief 辩护方主讼 custom duty 关税 deficiency judgment不足额判决customary law 习惯法 degrees of murder ( 恶意 )杀人罪的等级 customary practice 惯例 delegation 授权customs court 关税法院 delegated legislation 授权立法deliberate intention故意Ddeliberation ( 陪审团 )评议 damage 损害 ;损伤 demonstrative evidence 示意证据 damage claim 损害赔偿请求 deprivatio n 剥夺damages 损害赔偿金 derogatory treatment of the work 对作品的deadlocked jury僵局陪审团贬毁性处理 (或使用 )death penalty 死刑 designs 设计deathtax 遗产税 detract 毁损 ;贬低debentur e债单 (券)developer ( 土地 )开发商8 专业资料整理dicta 判决附带意见database right 数据权dignity 尊严dividend 股息direct evidence 直接证据division oftitle 产权分割directexamination 直接盘问divorce 离婚directtax 直接税docket 备审案件目录disabilityinsurance 残疾保险doctrine 法则 ;原则disabled dependent child 无谋生能力的残doctrine ofconstitutional supremacy宪法疾儿童至上原则discharge 解雇 ;释放doctrine of MarandaWarnings 米兰达忠告discount 贴现 ;折扣原则discovery 要求告知document 文件 ;文书discrete risk transferproduct 离散性风险转document oftitle 产权证书移 (保险 )产品domant Commerce Clause 休眠的 " 贸易条discretion 自由裁量权款 "discriminatory 歧视性税收domicile 住所地dispense 执行 ;施行doublejeopardy 一罪二审dispute 争议 ;纠纷draft 起草 ;草拟disposition 处置 (权 ) draftman 起草者dissent 异议 ;反对drug trade 毒品交易dissentingopinion 异议 ;反对意见drugtrafficking 毒品交易dissolution解散dry run 干转 ;排练distort 歪曲 ;误解duediligence 适当努力district attorney 地区检查官due process 正当程序9专业资料整理Due Process Clause 正当程序条款English-American Legal System (or Family)due processtest 正当程序检验标准英吉利法系duration 期限enjoin( 衡平）强制令duress 强迫 ;胁迫entail 限定继承duty 义务 ;关税entity 实体duty of care 照看义务environmental impact statement 环境E 影响报告earnest money 定金environmental Law 环境保护法easyment 地役权Environmental protection Agency(EPA) 环ecclesiasticalcourt 宗教法庭境保护局economic law 经济法environmentalquality 环境质量effectivedate 生效日期equal protectionclause 平等保护条款effectivetime 生效时间equitablerelief 衡平救济element ofcrime 犯罪要素 (件 ) equity 衡平法empower 授权equity Law 衡平法enact 制定 ;颁布equityprecedent 衡平法判例en banc 全体法官出庭审判equitysecurities 产权证券；衡平证券encroachment 侵占error 过错escape 逃走；逃脱encumberedproperty 抵押财产escrow 第三者保存合同enforce 实施；执行essentialjustice 实质公正enforceable 可强制执行的estate 财产；遗产enforceability 可执行性estate tax 遗产税enforcement of Law 执法ＥＵDirective 欧盟指令专业资料整理10 专业资料整理evaluate 评价exemption 免除；豁免evict 逐出（租户）exhibit 展示物（证）evidence 证据exigent circumstance紧急情况evidentiary presumption证据推定existingsecurities 上市证券evidentiaryrule 证据规则exparte 单方面的ex aequo atbono 公平且善良expectationdamages 预期赔偿金examine 检查；盘问expert 专家（证人）examination 检查；盘问experttestimony 专家证言exception 例外expert witness 专家证人exception clause 例外条款express contract 明示合同excisetax 执照税express statutory provision法律明文exclude 排除规定exclusivelisting 读家上市express warranty 明示保证（保修）exclusiveright 排他性权利ex rel 依据告发exclusive taxsitus 唯一征税地点faceamount 面颊excusablehomicide 可宽恕之杀人face value 面植execute 执行；签属facilitate 促使：利于execution 执行fact 事实executiveacts 行政条例fact inissue 争议事实executive branch 行政部门factor 因素；代理商executive order 行政命令Factors LienAct 《代理商留置权条例》executor ( 遗嘱）执行人Fairtrial 公平审判executor ofestate 遗产执行人false imprisonment 非法拘禁11专业资料整理familylaw 家庭法felony-murder 重罪杀人fault 过错fiduciary 受托人faultprinciple 过错原则file 档案；注册feasibilitystudy 可行性研究file apetition呈交诉状；提出请求Federal AdministrativeProcedure Act fine 罚金《联邦行政程序》fingerprint 手印Federal AntitrustLaw 《联邦犯托拉斯法》fireinsurance 火灾保险federal convention 联邦制宪会议fireprotection消防federal crime ofmurder 联邦杀人罪first degreemurder 一级谋杀Federal HousingAct 《联邦住房条例》firstinstance 一审Federal Income Tax Act 《联邦所得税条例》fixture （不动产）附属物federal judge 联邦法官flogging 烙印Federal rules of civil procedure《联邦民事force oflaw 法律效力诉讼规则》forciblefelony 暴力性重罪Federal rules of criminalprocedure 《联邦foreign exchangerisk 外汇风险刑事诉讼规则》forfeiture 没收；罚没Federal rules ofevidence 《联邦证据规则》formcontract 格式合同Federal securitiesact 《联邦证券条例》form of evidence 证据的形式federal supremacy 联邦至上（原则）formaladjudication 正式裁决Federal tort claims act 《联邦侵权索赔条formal rulemaking 正式规则制定例》formation 构成；鉴定felon 重罪犯franchisetax 特许经营税felony 重罪fraud 诈欺专业资料整理12free enterprisesystem 自由企业制度guilt 有罪free movement ofgoods 自由物流，货物的guilty 有罪的自由流通guilty有罪答辩freedom ofchoice 选择自由frustrate 使受挫折Hfundamental law 基本法habitualoffender 惯犯fundamentalright 基本权利hail insurance 冰雹保险G handcuff 手铐general acceptance standard( 科学证据的 ) handwriting笔迹公认标准healthinsurance 健康保险general partnership 一般合伙healthregulation 卫生法规generalproperty 一般财产（权）hearing 听证（会）generalprovisions 总则hearing ofjury 陪审团听审gerontocratic 老人统治的hearsay 传闻证据gift tax 赠予税heir 继承人governmenttort 政府侵权（行为）hierarchy 等级制度grant ofpower 授权highcrime 重罪grossnegligence 严重过失hold 认定；裁定group insurance 团体保险holding 认定；裁定guarantee 担保holding device 拥有手段（形式）guardian 监护人homicide 杀人（罪）guardianship 监护权homosexuality 同性恋guidelines for sentencing 量刑指南house counsel （公司）专职法律顾问13husband-wife relationship夫妻关系inadmissible evidence不可采证据husband-wifetort 夫妻侵权（行为）incarceration 禁闭；监禁I incest 乱伦Id. 同上income tax 所得税identification 认定；确认身份；身份证Income Tax Act 《所得税条例》ignore 忽视；驳回income tax oncorporations 公司所得税illegal 非法的；违法的income tax onindividuals 个人所得税immaterial 无实质性的incompetence 无行为能力；无法律资格immigrationlaw 移民法incompetent 无行为能力的；无法律资格的immovable property不动产incorporation 法人；公司；组成公司immunity 豁免（权）incorporator公司创办人impair 损害；削弱independent regulatory agency 独立规制impeachment 弹劾；质疑机构implementation 实施；执行indicativelist 指导性名单impliedcontract 默认合同indictment 起诉书impliedwarranty 默认保证（保修）indirectevidence 间接证据imprisonment 监禁indirecttax 间接税imputable 可归罪于⋯⋯的individualchoice 个人选择（权）imputation 归罪individualfreedom 个人自由in re 关于；案由individual omnicompetence 个人全权in recess 休庭individualproprietorship 个体业主inrem 对物的（诉讼）individualright个人权利in session 开庭ineffective 失效的14inequality 不平等installment plan agreement分期付款购物infamous 罪恶的；丑恶的协议inference 推理 ;推论instruction 指示infliction 处罚instrument 文件informaladjudication 非正式裁决insurableinterest 可保利益informalrulemaking 非正式规则制定insurable loss 可保损失informati on 信息 ; 控告书insuranceagent 保险代理商infomer 耳目 ; 情报员insurancebinder 临时保单initialruling 初步裁定insurancebroker 保险中间人injunction 禁令 ; 强制令insurance card 保险卡injunctiverelief 强制救济insurancecoverage 保险范围injure 伤害insurance law 保险法injustice 不公正insurancepolicy保险单 ;险种innocence 无罪insurancepremium 保险费innocent 无罪的 ;无罪者insuranceproceeds 保险收益innocent owner defense 无过错所有人辩护insuranceproduct 保险项目inquiry 调查insured被保险人inquisitiorialsystem 纠问式诉讼制度insurer 保险人insane 精神失常intangible 无形的insanitydefense 精神失常辩护intangibledamage 无形损害inspection 检查 ;审查intangibleproperty 无形财产installme nt land vendor 分期付款的土地出intangiblepersonal property无形的人身财售人产(权)15interalia 除了别的以外irrevocablelife insurancetrust 不可撤销的interfere 干涉 ;侵犯人寿保险信托interlocut ory injunction 临时强制令;(诉讼 )itinerantjudge 巡回法官中间的强制令Jintermediate appellate court中级上诉法院jointtenancy 共同租借 (权 )intermetionalbusiness 调解jointventure 合资企业interrogat ion 国际商务joint venturecorporation 合资公司intentional 故意的joint venture with Chinese and foreignintentional tort 故意侵权行为investment 中外合资企业interest 利息 ; 权益 ;利益judge 法官interest raterisk 利率风险judge-made law 法官立法interview 询问judge'schamber 法官室invalid 无效的 ;不合法的judge's charge tojury 法官对陪审团的指令invalidate 使无效judge's instruction tojury 法官对陪审团的invasion ofprivacy 侵犯隐私权指示investigation 侦查 ;调查judgment 判决，裁定investment 投资judicialbranch 司法部门investment portfoliorisk 投资风险组合judicialclerkship 法院书记员职位investmentsecurities 投资证券judicialdecision 法官职位irrelevancy 无相关性judicialdistrict 司法区irrelevant 不相关的judicialinterpretation 司法解释irrelevantevidence 无相关性证据judicialnotice 司法任职irrevocabl e 不可撤销的judicialopinion 法官判决意见16judicial review 司法审查 Killer 杀人者judicial scrutiny 司法检查 Know-how技术秘密，商业秘密 judicialsubjectivity 审判主观性Ｌjudicial system法院系统land use law 土地使用法 judicia ry 法官last clea r chance doctrine 最后明显机会jurisdict ion司法管辖区法则jurisprudence 法理学 law 法，法律juror 陪审员 lawfirm 律师事务所jury 陪审团law merchant 商业习惯法 jury charge 法官对陪审团的指令 law of evidence 证据法 jury pool待选陪审员库law reform 法律改革 jury selection 挑选陪审员 lawsui t诉讼，官司jury trial陪审团制lawyer 律师justice 公正，大法官 lawyer in government政府律师； 官方律师justice of the peace 治安法官 lawyer in private practice 私人开业律师 justifiable homicide正当杀人lawyerett e律师娘juvenile court 未成年人法庭 lawman 外行人juvenile delinquency 未成年人违法行为 lay witness普通证人；非专家证人Ｋ lease 租赁Key man assurance 关键人保险 lease agreement 租赁协议 Key person insurance 关键人保险legacy 遗产Kickbacks 回扣 legacy tax遗产税Kill 杀人legal 合法的17legaladvice 法律咨询legality 法制legalcommentary 法律评论legislation 立法legal education 法律教育legislativebranch 立法部门legaleffect 法律教育legislativehistory 立法史legalenforcement 法律效力legislature 立法机关legalEnglish 法律英语legitimate 合法的legal family 法系levy 征收（税）legalhistory 法律史liability 责任；债务legalinstrument 法律文件liabilityinsurance 责任保险legal mechanism 法律机制liberty 自由legal memorandum 法律备忘录license plate （车）执照牌legalmethodology 法律方法论licensetax 执照税legal order 法律秩序lien 留置（权）legalproblem 法律问题lifeestate 终生财（遗）产legalprofession 法律职业life insurance 人寿保险legalprotection 法律保护limitedpartnership 有限合伙legalrelationship 法律关系liquidateddamages预定违约金legalrepresentative 法律代表liquidityrisk 流动资金风险legal safeguard 法律保障（措施）literary property 著作产权legalsystem 法律体系；法律制度litigant 诉讼当事人legaltheorist 法学理论家litigation 诉讼；打官司legalwriting 法律文书写作livestockinsurance 家畜保险legalese 法律涩语loan 贷款18lordchancellor ( 英国 )大法官maritime tort 海上侵权行为loss of rights 丧失权利market economy 市场经济marriage 婚姻Mmarriage ceremony 婚礼Magistrate 司法官marriagecertificate 结婚证书Magna Charta of greatBritain 《英国大宪章》marriage law 婚姻法mailorder 邮购marriagerelationship婚姻关系marriage termination rule ( 残疾人领取majority opinion 多数（法官）的意见社会保险补助的)婚姻终止规则malicious prosecution 恶意起诉material 实质性的malfeasance 渎职（罪）materiality 实质性malpractice 渎职行为maxims of equity law 衡平法准则mandate 命令；授权Mayflower Compact “五月花号”公约mandatory insurance law 强制保险法medical malpractice 医生不当行为manslaughter 非恶意杀人mental capacity 心智能力marine insurance 海上保险mental condition 精神状态marital status 婚姻状况mentor 辅导教师marital status classification 婚姻状况minor issue 枝节问题；未成年人问题的分类Miranda Warning 米兰达忠（警）告19misapply 错误适用motion 动议，请求misdemeanor 轻罪movable property 动产mislaid property 错置财产multiple listing 多重上市；多重登记misrepresentation 虚假陈述Multistate B ar Exam 多洲律师资格考mistrial 无效审判试murder 恶意杀人；凶杀mock trial 模拟审判Model Business Corporation Actmurderer 杀人犯《标准实业公司条例》mutilation 断肢Model Penal Code 《标准刑法典》NModel State AdministrativeProcedure National Association forthe Act 《标准洲行政程序条例》Advancement of Colored People 全国有色人种促进会modern commerce Power test现代商务（贸易）权力检验标准National Conference of BlackLawyers全国黑人律师大会modern delegation of power doctrine现代授权法则National Conference ofCommissioners on Uniform state Laws 统monopolization 垄断一各洲法律全国代表大会monopoly right 专有权National Environmental Policy Act 《全moot court 模拟法庭国环境政策条例》mortgage 抵押（品）20National Institute of Minority Lawyers not guilty plea 无罪答辩全国少数民族律师学会notice 通知National Law Journal 《国家法律学报》notice of transfer 过户通知narcotics distribution 麻醉品供销notification 通知；通报narcoticstrafficking 麻醉品交易概notion念narcoticsviolation 麻醉品违法行为nullification process 无效程序natural justice 自然公正Onegative form of protection 否定（或消object 反对极）形式的保护objection 反对；异议negligence 过失obligation 义务negligent homicide 过失杀人occupancy agreement 占用协议negligent tort 过失侵权行为offender 犯罪人negotiable instrument 票据offense 罪行negotiation 谈判；协商offer 要约；发盘New Deal （罗斯福）“新政”offer of Proof 提供证明no contest 无争辩Old Boy Network 老哥们关系网no par share 无面值股票Omission 不做为：不履行义务non-profit corporation 非营利公司Omni competence 有全部权利norm 规范；标准21Opening statement 开场陈述ownership 所有权Opening testimony 意见证言petition 申请Oral contract 口头合同ownership interest 所有权力Order 命令；次序petty misdemeanor 微罪P physical exhibit 展示物品performs' rights 表演权physical injury 身体伤害peril 危险perjure 作伪证panel 团或组perjury 伪证罪plaintiff 原告人perpetrate 犯罪par value 面值perpetator 犯罪人plea 答辩ordinance 法令paramour 奸夫personal property 动产plea of guilty 有罪答辩outstanding balance 未付款额parent child relation 父子女关系personal right 人身权利plea of contest 无争辩答辩outstanding share 已发行股票parent corporation 母公司personal tort 人身侵权plea of guilty 无罪答辩overrule 推翻；驳回parent unfitness 父母不胜任persuasive authority 劝导性发源police 警察22parole 假释penitentiary 监狱police magistrate 警务法官practice law 从事律师工作partnership 合伙penitentiary sentence 监禁刑police magistrate court 警察法院practicing lawyer 开业律师passage of title 产权转移 penology 刑法学police power 警察权利practice of law 律师事物passive investor 消极投资人per curiam 依法院所定policy 政策precedent 判例patent 专利peremptory challenge 强制回避policy holder 投保人precedential support 判例支持paternity 父亲身份perform 履行poll tax 人头税predeprivation hearing 执行剥夺前的听证penal code 刑法典performance 履行portfolio of risk 风险组合predictability 可预见性penalty 刑罚performance bond 履行保证金possession 占有权preept 优先于pending 待决Preferential claim 优先索赔权postponement 延迟Preferred stock 优先股票23Prejudice 偏见prevailing doctrine优势法则；流行学Preliminary exanimation说预审prevail 优先（适用）Preliminary hearing预审听证会Preliminary injunctionprimafacie 表面的；初步的预先执行令Preliminary negotiationprima facieevidence有表面证据之案预谈判；初步协商prima facieevidence 表面证据Premises 房屋；上述房屋primary authority 主要法源Premium 保险费；红利；溢价principle oflegality 法制原则prenticed seizure 通知前扣押privacy 隐私权preponderance of proof 优势证明privatecorporation 私有公司preponderant evidence 优势证据private law 私法prescription 时效；规定privateproperty 私有财产presentation 陈述privateprosecution 私诉persistenceinvestigation 量刑前调查privilege 特权；特许权；特免权presidential AssassinationStatuteprivileges and immunities clause特权《暗杀总统法》与豁免条款presumption innocence 无罪推定prose 自己；亲自pretrialmotion 审前动议probablecause 可能理由；合理原因probate court 遗嘱检验法院24probation 缓刑property 财产probation officer 缓刑官property law 财产法probative value 证明价值property right 财产权利probativeness 证明性property tax 财产税procedural history 程序史property tort 财产侵权行为procedural regime 诉讼制度proponent 支持者；提议者procedural safeguard 程序保障proprietor 个体业主procedure 程序proprietorship 个体企业proceedings 诉讼；程序proscription 禁止；剥夺公权product liability 产品责任prosecuting attorney 公诉律师；检察官profit 利润prosecution 起诉profit corporation 营利公司prosecutor 检察官；起诉人progeny 后代prosecutor ’scase-in-chief 检方主诉prohibition 禁止prospective juror 将任陪审员promise 许诺promulgationprostitute 妓女颁布proof 证明protective tariff 保护性关税proof beyondprove 证明a reasonable doubt 超出合理怀疑的证明Provision 规定，条款25Provisions of Oxford 《牛津条例》QPsychiatrist 精神病学家Qualified property 有限制财产Public charge 受政府救济者、Quantum meruit （无合同规定时）按Publiccorporation 公有公司合理价格支付，合理给付Publicdefender 公共辩护律师Quasi tort 准侵权行为Publicgood 公益Quote 引用，引证Public law 公法RPublicoffense 公罪（侵犯公共利益的Racialdiscrimination 种族歧视犯罪）Racialsegregation 种族隔离Publicproperty 公共财产Rain insurance 雨水保险Publicprosecution 公诉Rarnpant 猖獗的Publicprosecutor 公诉人，检察官Rape 强奸Publicutilities 公共事业Ratify 认可Public held corporation 公众持股公司Rationalrelationship test 合理关系检验标准Punishable 可处罚的Real estate 不动产Punishment 刑罚Real Estate Settlement Procedure Act Punitive sanction 惩罚性处分《不动产纠纷解决程序条例》Purpose 目的，宗旨Real evidence 实在证据Pursuant to law 依法26Real property 不动产Release 释放Reasonable basis 合理根据 Relevancy 相关性Reasoning 论证，推论 Relevant evidence 相关证据Rebuttable presumption 可驳回推定 Relief 救济Rebuttal evidence 反驳证据 Remand 发回重审Recess 休庭 Remedy 补救Reciprocal exemption statutes 互免税 Repeal 废止，撤消法律Repealer 废止议案Reckless conduct 疏忽大意行为 累犯RepeatoffenderReckless homicide 疏忽大意杀人代理Representation Recourse 追索权，求偿权 不言自明的Res ipsa loquiturRecovery 追索，补偿Reservation of power 权利保留Redemption 赎回Reserve 储备金（保险）预备金Redress 矫正，赔偿Reserve portfolio of risk 预备金组合风 Registration sticker注册贴签 险Regulation 法规，规章 Resolution 决议，解决Rehearing 复审 Rest 停止陈述Reinstatement （权利）恢复 Restatements of law 《法律注释汇编》Reinstatement fee 恢复费 Restitution 恢复原状27。
何家弘法律英语课件第十课
何家弘法律英语课件第十课一、教学内容本节课我们将学习《何家弘法律英语》教材的第十章，主题为“Legal Ethics and Professional Responsibility”。
具体内容包括：律师职业责任、律师与客户的关系、律师在法庭上的行为规范以及法律伦理案例解析。
二、教学目标1. 理解并掌握法律伦理和职业责任的基本概念。
2. 学会分析并解决法律伦理问题。
3. 提高法律英语听说读写能力，为今后从事法律工作奠定基础。
三、教学难点与重点1. 教学难点：法律伦理案例的分析与讨论。
2. 教学重点：律师职业责任、律师与客户的关系、律师在法庭上的行为规范。
四、教具与学具准备1. 教具：PPT、黑板、多媒体设备。
2. 学具：教材、笔记本、字典。
五、教学过程1. 导入：通过一个实际案例，引发学生对法律伦理问题的思考。
案例简介：一名律师在代理案件过程中，发现客户隐瞒了关键证据。
此时，律师应如何处理？2. 新课内容讲解：（1）律师职业责任：介绍律师的职责、义务以及违反职业责任的后果。
（2）律师与客户的关系：分析律师与客户之间的信任、保密、沟通等问题。
（3）律师在法庭上的行为规范：讲解律师在法庭上的行为要求，如尊重法庭、尊重对手等。
3. 例题讲解：分析一个法律伦理案例，引导学生运用所学知识解决问题。
4. 随堂练习：让学生分组讨论，针对案例提出解决方案。
六、板书设计1. 法律伦理与职业责任律师职责与义务律师与客户关系律师法庭行为规范2. 案例分析：律师案例七、作业设计1. 作业题目：（1）简述律师职业责任的基本内容。
（2）结合案例，分析律师在法庭上的行为规范。
2. 答案：（1）律师职业责任包括：遵守法律法规、维护客户合法权益、保密、尽职调查等。
（2）律师在法庭上的行为规范：尊重法庭、尊重对手、客观陈述事实、不发表不当言论等。
八、课后反思及拓展延伸1. 反思：本节课通过实际案例导入，激发了学生的学习兴趣。
但在案例分析环节，部分学生讨论不够充分，需要在以后的教学中加强引导。
何家弘法律英语词汇全
AAbsolute['?bs?lju:t] proof 绝对证明absolute property 绝对财产（权）abstract of title 产权书摘要acceleration clause 提前（偿还）条款act 条例；作为Act for the prevention of Frauds and Perjuries 《预防诈欺和伪证条例》action 诉讼；作为actual losses 实际损失adjudication 裁决；裁定administrative law 行政法administrative law judge 行政法法官administrative procedure 行政程序administrator 管理人；监管人admissible 可采的admissibility 可采性affirm 维持（原判）affirmation 保证书；证词affirmative 确保的agency （行政）机关agency action 机关（行政）机关agreed upon remedies 补救协议agreement 协议agreement-as-written 书面协议agreement -in-fact 事实协议alibi 阿里白（不在犯罪场的证明）alienation of affection 离间夫妻关系allegation 声称；指控appellate action 上诉行为appellate court 上诉法院appellee 被上诉人appealer 上诉人appropriate 拨款appurtenant 附属物arbiter 仲裁人arbitrary武断的arbitration仲裁arraignment初审array 陪审员名单arrest 逮捕assistant attorney 助理法官associate judge 副法官associate justice 副大法官assumption 违约合同，违约赔偿之诉assumption 假定attempt 意图，企图attempted escape 逃脱未遂attestation 证词attorney 代理人，律师attorney at law 律师attorney general 检察长authentication 鉴定barrister 出庭律师battery 殴打bench trial 法官审beneficiary 受益人benefit 收益，福得bigamy 重婚罪bill of lading 提单bill of right 《人权法案》bind over 具保，具结binder 临时保险单binding 有约束力binding contract 有约束力的合同黑bond instrument 债券契据branding 鞭笞breach 违约；破坏bride 贿赂bribery 贿赂（罪）bright-line test 明显界限检验标准broker 中间人brokerage fee 佣金；中介费brother-sister corporation 兄弟公司；姊妹公司Bulk Sales Act《大宗销售条例》burden 责任burden of going forward with the evidence 先California Penal Code《加州刑法典》capital account 资本帐户capital crime 可判死刑罪capital punishment 死刑capital surplus 资本盈余capitation tax 人头税career criminal 职业罪犯career judiciary 职业法官case briefing 案情摘要case-in-chief 主诉case law 判例法case method 案例教学法chief justice 首席大法官child abuse 虐待儿童circuit court 巡回法院circuit judge 巡回法官circumstantial evidence 旁证；情况证据citation 引证cite 援引；传讯civil court 民事法civil forfeiture 民事罚没civil law 民法Civil Law Legal System 民法体系civil liability 民事责任Closing 终结，成交，结帐Closing argument 最后论述Closing statement成交声明Code 法典Code of Judicial Conduct 《法官行为准则》Codify 编成法典Co-felon 共同重罪犯Cohabitation 同居Collateral contract 附属合同Collegiate bench 合议席Collegiate panel 合议庭Commercial clause 商务条款，贸易条款Common stock 普通股票Community property 共同财产Comparative law 比较法Comparative negligence 比较过失Compensation 赔偿（金）Compensatory damage 应予赔偿之损害Competence 管辖权限 Competency 有效性 Complaint 控告，申诉Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act 《滥用毒品的综合预防与控制条例》Constitutional Convention 制宪会议 Constitutional law 宪法 Constitutional tort 宪法性侵权 Constitutionality 合宪性Construction （法律的）结构，解释 Construe 解释，分析Consultation 磋商Consumer protection statute 消费者保护法律 Consumption tax 消费税Continental Law Legal System(or Family) 大陆法系Contingent fee 胜诉酬金 convey 转让 conveyance 转让convertible bond 可转换债券 conviction 有罪判决convincing evidence 使人信服的证据 copyright 版权;着作权corporal punishment肉体刑corporate camsel 公司法律顾问corporate excise tax 公司执照税corporate law 公司法corporation 公司corporation aggregate 合有公司court of chancery 衡平法法院court of claims 索赔法院court of customs and Patent Appeals 关税及专利上诉法院court of domestic relations 家庭关系法院court opinion 法院判决意见courtroom 法庭coverage 保险范围crime 犯罪crime code 刑法典crime homicide 有罪杀人crime justice system 刑事司法系统customary practice 惯例customs court 关税法院Ddamage 损害;损伤damage claim 损害赔偿请求damages 损害赔偿金deadlocked jury 僵局陪审团 death penalty 死刑 death tax 遗产税 debenture 债单(券) debt securities 债权证券 decide a case 判案deliberate intention 故意 deliberation (陪审团)评议 demonstrative evidence 示意证据 deprivation 剥夺derogatory treatment of the work 对作品的贬毁性处理(或使用)designs 设计 detract 毁损;贬低 developer (土地)开发商 dicta 判决附带意见 dignity 尊严direct evidence 直接证据 dispense 执行;施行 dispute 争议;纠纷 disposition 处置(权) dissent 异议;反对dissenting opinion 异议;反对意见 dissolution 解散distort 歪曲;误解district attorney 地区检查官 database right 数据权 dividend 股息division of title 产权分割 divorce 离婚draftman 起草者 drug trade 毒品交易 drug trafficking 毒品交易 dry run 干转;排练 due diligence 适当努力 due process 正当程序Due Process Clause 正当程序条款 due process test 正当程序检验标准 duration 期限 duress 强迫;胁迫 duty 义务;关税 duty of care 照看义务 encumbered property 抵押财产 enforce 实施；执行 enforceable 可强制执行的 enforceability 可执行性 enforcement of Law 执法English-American Legal System (or Family)英吉利法系enjoin(衡平）强制令 entail 限定继承 entity 实体environmental impact statement 环境影响报告essential justice 实质公正 estate 财产；遗产 estate tax 遗产税 ＥＵ Directive 欧盟指令 evaluate 评价evict 逐出（租户）evidence 证据evidentiary presumption 证据推定 evidentiary rule 证据规则 ex aequo at bono 公平且善良 examine 检查；盘问examination 检查；盘问 executive order 行政命令 executor (遗嘱）执行人 executor of estate 遗产执行人exemption 免除；豁免 exhibit 展示物（证）exigent circumstance 紧急情况existing securities 上市证券 exparte 单方面的expectation damages 预期赔偿金 expert 专家（证人） expert testimony 专家证言 expert witness 专家证人Fair trial 公平审判false imprisonment 非法拘禁 family law 家庭法 fault 过错fault principle 过错原则 feasibility study 可行性研究FederalAdministrativeProcedureAct《联邦行政程序》Federal Antitrust Law 《联邦犯托拉斯法》 federal convention 联邦制宪会议 federal crime of murder 联邦杀人罪 Federal Housing Act 《联邦住房条例》 felony-murder 重罪杀人 fiduciary 受托人 file 档案；注册file a petition 呈交诉状；提出请求 fine 罚金 fingerprint 手印fire insurance 火灾保险 fire protection 消防first degree murder 一级谋杀 first instance 一审 fixture （不动产）附属物 flogging 烙印free movement of goods 自由物流，货物的自由流通freedom of choice 选择自由 frustrate 使受挫折 fundamental law 基本法 fundamental right 基本权利Ggeneral acceptance standard (科学证据的)公认标准general partnership 一般合伙 general property 一般财产（权） general provisions 总则 guilty 有罪答辩H habitual offender 惯犯 hail insurance 冰雹保险 handcuff 手铐 handwriting 笔迹health insurance 健康保险 health regulation 卫生法规 hearing 听证（会） hearing of jury 陪审团听审 hearsay 传闻证据 heir 继承人identification 认定；确认身份；身份证 ignore 忽视；驳回 illegal 非法的；违法的 immaterial 无实质性的 immigration law 移民法 immovable property 不动产immunity 豁免（权） impair 损害；削弱 impeachment 弹劾；质疑 implementation 实施；执行 implied contract 默认合同implied warranty 默认保证（保修） income tax on corporations 公司所得税 income tax on individuals 个人所得税 incompetence 无行为能力；无法律资格 incompetent 无行为能力的；无法律资格的 incorporation 法人；公司；组成公司 incorporator 公司创办人independent regulatory agency 独立规制机构indicative list 指导性名单indictment 起诉书indirect evidence 间接证据indirect tax 间接税information 信息; 控告书infomer 耳目;情报员initial ruling 初步裁定injunction 禁令;强制令injunctive relief 强制救济injure 伤害injustice 不公正innocence 无罪innocent 无罪的;无罪者innocent owner defense 无过错所有人辩护inquiry 调查inquisitiorial system 纠问式诉讼制度insurance binder 临时保单insurance broker 保险中间人insurance card 保险卡insurance coverage 保险范围insurance law 保险法insurance policy 保险单;险种insurance premium 保险费 insurance proceeds 保险收益 insurance product 保险项目 insured 被保险人 insurer 保险人 intangible 无形的intentional tort 故意侵权行为 interest 利息;权益;利益 interest rate risk 利率风险 interview 询问invalid 无效的;不合法的 invalidate 使无效invasion of privacy 侵犯隐私权 investigation 侦查;调查 investment 投资investment portfolio risk 投资风险组合 investment securities 投资证券 irrelevancy 无相关性 judge 法官judge-made law 法官立法 judge's chamber 法官室judge's charge to jury 法官对陪审团的指令 judge's instruction to jury 法官对陪审团的指示judgment判决，裁定judicial branch 司法部门judicial clerkship 法院书记员职位judicial decision 法官职位judicial district 司法区judicial interpretation 司法解释jury pool待选陪审员库jury selection 挑选陪审员jury trial陪审团制justice 公正，大法官justice of the peace 治安法官justifiable homicide 正当杀人juvenile court 未成年人法庭juvenile delinquency 未成年人违法行为ＫKey man assurance 关键人保险Key person insurance关键人保险Kickbacks 回扣lawsuit 诉讼，官司lawyer 律师lawyer in government 政府律师；官方律师lawyer in private practice 私人开业律师lawyerette 律师娘lawman 外行人lay witness 普通证人；非专家证人lease 租赁lease agreement 租赁协议legacy 遗产legacy tax 遗产税legal 合法的legal order 法律秩序legal problem 法律问题legal profession 法律职业legal protection 法律保护legal relationship 法律关系legal representative 法律代表legal safeguard 法律保障（措施）legal system 法律体系；法律制度legal theorist 法学理论家legal writing 法律文书写作legalese 法律涩语legality 法制life estate 终生财（遗）产life insurance 人寿保险limited partnership 有限合伙liquidated damages 预定违约金liquidity risk 流动资金风险literary property 着作产权litigant 诉讼当事人litigation 诉讼；打官司livestock insurance 家畜保险loan 贷款lord chancellor (英国)大法官loss of rights 丧失权利mandatory insurance law 强制保险法manslaughter 非恶意杀人marine insurance 海上保险marital status 婚姻状况marital status classification 婚姻状况的分类maritime tort 海上侵权行为market economy 市场经济marriage 婚姻medical malpractice 医生不当行为mental capacity 心智能力mental condition 精神状态mentor 辅导教师minor issue 枝节问题；未成年人问题Miranda Warning 米兰达忠（警）告misapply 错误适用misdemeanor 轻罪mislaid property 错置财产misrepresentation 虚假陈述代授权法则monopolization 垄断monopoly right 专有权moot court 模拟法庭mortgage 抵押（品）motion 动议，请求movable property 动产multiple listing 多重上市；多重登记Multistate Bar Exam 多洲律师资格考试murder 恶意杀人；凶杀the表大会National Environmental Policy Act 《全国环境政策条例》National Institute of Minority Lawyers 全国少数民族律师学会National Law Journal 《国家法律学报》narcotics distribution 麻醉品供销narcotics trafficking 麻醉品交易narcotics violation 麻醉品违法行为natural justice 自然公正negative form of protection 否定（或消non-profit corporation 非营利公司norm 规范；标准not guilty plea 无罪答辩notice 通知notice of transfer 过户通知notification 通知；通报notion??概念nullification process 无效程序? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???Oobject 反对objection 反对；异议Opening statement开场陈述Opening testimony意见证言Oral contract口头合同? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? Order命令；次序Pperforms' rights 表演权? ??? peril 危险perjure作伪证perjury伪证罪??perpetrate犯罪? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? perpetator犯罪人petition申请ownership interest所有权力petty misdemeanor微罪physical exhibit展示物品physical injury身体伤害panel团或组plaintiff原告人par value面值? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? plea答辩paramour奸夫? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?partnership合伙? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? police magistrate court警察法院passage of title产权转移? ?? ?? ? police power警察权利passive investor消极投资人? ?? ?policy 政策 patent 专利? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? policy holder 投保人 paternity 父亲身份? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?poll tax 人头税practicing lawyer 开业律师 penology 刑法学? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?practice of law 律师事物 per curiam 依法院所定? ?? ?? ?? ?precedent 判例peremptory challenge 强制回避? ??? precedential support 判例支持perform 履行? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? predeprivation hearing 执行剥夺前的听证 Preliminary injunction 预先执行令 Preliminary negotiation 预谈判；初步协商Premises 房屋；上述房屋Premium 保险费；红利；溢价prenticed seizure 通知前扣押preponderance of proof??优势证明 preponderant evidence??优势证据 prescription 时效；规定 presentation 陈述persistence investigation 量刑前调查primary authority 主要法源 principle of legality 法制原则 privacy 隐私权 private corporation 私有公司 private law 私法 private property 私有财产 private prosecution 私诉privilege 特权；特许权；特免权privileges and immunities clause 特权与豁免条款 prose??自己；亲自procedure 程序proceedings 诉讼；程序product liability 产品责任profit 利润profit corporation 营利公司progeny 后代prohibition 禁止promise 许诺promulgation 颁布proof??证明proof beyond a reasonable doubt 超出proscription 禁止；剥夺公权prosecuting attorney 公诉律师；检察官prosecution 起诉prosecutor 检察官；起诉人prosecutor’s case-in-chief 检方主诉prospective juror 将任陪审员prostitute 妓女protective tariff 保护性关税prove 证明Provision 规定，条款Provisions of Oxford 《牛津条例》Public prosecution 公诉Public prosecutor 公诉人，检察官Public utilities 公共事业Public held corporation 公众持股公司Punishable 可处罚的Punishment 刑罚Punitive sanction 惩罚性处分 Purpose 目的，宗旨Pursuant to law 依法 Q Qualified property 有限制财产Rape 强奸 Ratify 认可 Rational relationship test 合理关系检验标准 Real estate 不动产 Real Estate Settlement Procedure Act《不动产纠纷解决程序条例》 Real evidence 实在证据Real property 不动产Reasonable basis 合理根据Redemption 赎回Redress 矫正，赔偿 Registration sticker 注册贴签Regulation 法规，规章Rehearing 复审Reinstatement （权利）恢复 Reinstatement fee 恢复费 Release 释放 Relevancy 相关性 Relevant evidence 相关证据Reserve 储备金（保险）预备金 Reserve portfolio of risk 预备金组合风险 Resolution 决议，解决 Rest 停止陈述 Restatements of law 《法律注释汇编》Restitution 恢复原状Restitutionary relief 恢复原状的救济 Restraint 约束；限制retain 连任retire 退休；退庭actrigid procedure 刚性程序risk 风险 risk transfer 风险转移robbery 抢劫（罪）roman law 罗马法roman law legal system(or family)罗马法系roster 花名册；专门人员名单rule of evidence 证据规则rule of law 法治；法律规则search warrant 搜查令second instance 二审secondary authon`ty 次要法源secondary benefit 次位补助金secondary financing 间接融资secondary party 间接当事人；次位当事人secret service （联邦）保密署secretary of state 州务部长secured debt 担保债务seizure warrant 扣押令（状）self-defense 自卫；正当防卫self-identification 自我认定self-incrimination 自我归罪seminar 研讨班；研讨会；研讨课程separate 分立；分局 separate legal entity 独立法律实体 separate property 分有财产 separation of powers 三权分立 settlement agreement 清偿协议slander 诽谤 social security act 社会保险条例 social security benefit 社会保险补助金 social security tax??社会保险税solicitor 诉状律师source 渊源sovereign power 主权special court 特别法院；专门法院 special property 特别财产specific performance 特别履行 statute-like norm 准法律规范statute of frauds 诈欺条例；反诈欺法 statutory authority 制定法法源 statutory crime 制定法规定之犯罪；法定犯罪 statutory law 制定法statutory measure 法定措施statutory offense 制定法规定之犯罪；法定犯罪 statutory provision 法律规定 stay 延缓（审判或执行）subject matter 主题事项；标的 subject property 标的财产 subject to financing clause 融资条件条款 subpoena 传唤（令） subsidiary corproration 子公司；附属公司 subsistence allowance 生活津贴substantial evidence 实质（体）证据 substantail law 实体法supreme law 最高法律（宪法） suspect 嫌疑人 suspicion 嫌疑；怀疑sustain 维持；认可? ?? ?? ?? ?Ttangible 有形的 tangible evidence 实物证据tangible property 有形财产 tarriff 关税task force 专项研究组；专案组term 条款；期限testamentary trust 遗嘱委托testator 立遗嘱人testify 作证testimonial evidence 言词证据testimony 证言 the Dispute Settlement Body(DSB) 争端解决机构? ? the European Intellectual PropertyReview 《欧洲知识产权评论》tortions 侵权行为的trade mark 商标traffic accidents 交通事故traffic ticket 交通违章（罚款）通知单tranquility??安宁transaction 交易transfer 转让，过户 travel accident insurance 旅行意外保险treason 叛国罪treaty 条约two-house legislature 两院制立法机关type of evidence 证据类型umpire 仲裁人unanimous 意见一致unanimous court 合意（意见一致的）法庭unanimous verdict??一致裁决? ???unauthorized practice laws 有关无授权开业活动的法律unclaimed property 无主财产，无人认领财产unemployment tax 失业税Uniform Bills of lading Act 《统一提单条例》Uniform Commercial Code 《统一商法典》Uniform Conditional Sales Act 《统一附条件销售条例》Uniform Negotiable Insurance Act 《统一票据条例》Uniform Partnership Act 《统一合伙条unjust enrichment 不当得利unlawful conduct 非法行为unwritten law 不成文法U.S. attorney 联邦检察官Use tax 使用税Vvalidation 有效性；生效；批准validity 合法性；正当性venue 审判地verdict 判决；裁定voir dire （对陪审员的）诚实审查voting right (投票)表决权Wwaive 放弃（权利）warrant 批准令（状）warranty 保证；担保；保（修）单warrant less seizure 无证扣押weight of evidence 证据份量welfare 福利welfare recipient 福利受领人YYour Honor 法官阁下Young Lawyers Division青年律师分会Your Witness证人先生或女士（尊称）Z? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? ? ???zoning 区域规划zoning ordinance 区域规划法令。
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儿童受伤
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Compensation and damages 补偿费和损害赔偿金
Actual loss 实际损害 Intangible damage 无形损害
A plaintiff can play on the human reaction of the jury 原告利用陪审团的人性反应
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Part 1: Introduction
1. Automobile accidents
damages claims 要求赔偿
most civil suits 大多数民事诉讼
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法律英语
tort law 侵权法
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Many circumstances
The plaintiff in a civil suit is ordinarily entitled to try his claim before a jury which will often rely more on human than on legal considerations……
Personal injury 人身伤害
Implied contract默示合同 Personal injury人身伤害
Breach of warranty 违背保证诺言
Recovery of intangible damage
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3tort act ,
不是对广大公众负有照看义务
（某人）对侵犯财产者
的照看义务比对被邀请
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客人的照法律看英语义务小 22
Guest statutes 宾客法规
Some states exclude a duty of care by the driver of a motor vehicle –toward passengers whom he transports gratuitously. 汽车司机对于他免费搭载的乘客不负照 看责任。
国家的豁免权。 2020/3/5
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Federal Tort claims Act（ FTCA ）
The FTCA permits recovery of money damages because of a negligent or wrongful act or omission by the Federal Government or an employee of the Federal Government while the employee was acting within his/her scope of employment or office.
作为侵权行为人醉酒之结果而受到伤害的 当事人有权向造成该侵权行为人醉酒的人 提出索赔请求。
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“dram- shop acts”
Dram Shop acts, enacted in the 19th century, usually impose liability for negligence on the sellers of alcoholic beverages for sales to:
Amount to 25 to 33% of the verdict 酬金达到法院判付金额的25-33%。
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A tort action 侵权诉讼
A lengthy proceeding –诉讼程序时间长 Large expenses — honoraria for experts –代价大（专家证人的酬金） A very large verdict （ in excess of $100000） –判决金额非常大（10万美元以上）
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Federal Tort claims Act
A statute which removed the power of the federal government to claim immunity from a lawsuit for damages due to negligent or intentional injury by a federal employee in the scope of his/her work for the government.
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4. Everyone is protected against tortious act, including the embryo.
每个人包括胎儿都受保护，免遭侵权行为 的伤害。
The heirs or next of kin may have a damage claim for the intentional or negligent death of their relative or testator (wrongful death action )
– /
Torts include all negligence cases as well as intentional wrongs which result in harm.
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Tort law
州法律 判例法 联邦侵权索赔法
– /
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Tort
Intentional tort Negligence or negligent tort Strict liability tort
Personal tort Property tort
Remedy -damages
– 每个人都要对其侵权行为负责，
in limited form also children （however, parents only when they acted as the child’s agent or did not comply with their duty to supervise）,
过失
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要考虑到
The special professional qualification for the tortfeasor – 侵权者的特别专业资质
Architect
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Different criteria
Construction worker
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Lesson Ten
Tort Law
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Punishment is justice for the unjust. Augustine British writer
惩罚是对正义 的伸张。 英国作家 奥古斯丁
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2
Background
Tort
The breach of a duty that results in an injury for which there is a remedy at law.
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Contributory negligence 共同过失
a doctrine of common law that if a person was injured in part due to his/her own negligence (his/her negligence "contributed" to the accident), the injured party would not be entitled to collect any damages (money) from another party who supposedly caused the accident.
drunken driving
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Part 2: Intentional Torts故意侵权行为
Battery 殴打 Assault 侵犯他人身体 Conversion of property 非法侵占财产 False imprisonment 非法拘禁 Trespass to personal and real property 侵占动产、 不动产 Defamation 诽谤 Invasion of privacy 侵犯隐私权 Products liability 产品质量责任
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Part 3: Liability for Negligence 过失侵权的责任
Causality
Negligent act Injury
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A person is negligent
if he has not complied with his “duty of care” and ,has not acted as “a reasonable and prudent man”. 如果一个人没有尽到“照看义务”， 没有象“一个理性且谨慎的人”那样 行事。
– persons under the legal drinking age, or
– those who are obviously intoxicated.
People who serve alcoholic beverages may be liable under state laws for damages resulting from the consumption of those beverages.