必修三unit4语法讲解主语从句 Grammar
人教高中英语必修3Unit4 Grammar The subject clause主语从句(共29张PPT)
1）主语从句在句首只能用whether, 有it作形式主 Conclusion: 语时whether/if都可以。
2）whether/if 在从句中不充当句子成分，
但有意义“是否”，不能省略。
3.连接代词和连接副词的用法：
1）连接代词：what (whatever ) ，who( whoever) ， which (whichever)，whom，whose .可以在从句中作主语，宾语表语。
* If we will have a meeting hasn’t been
decided yet. ×
Pay attention:放在主语从句句首，表示“是 否”时，只能用whether, 不能用if
Correct or not?
10
What
*That party
she will
wants to be held .
It is certain that price will go up .
3. That they are badly in need of help is quite clear.
It is quite clear that they are badly in need of help.
Pick up one number and finish the task in it, then you can get some scores.
3.How did dinosaurs die out is still a mystery.
dinosaurs died out Conclusion: 从句必须用陈述语序。
注意: 由that 引导的主语从句有时为了使句子结构平衡,
避免 “头重脚轻”, 常用 it 作形式主语, 而把从句放在 后面。 例如:
人教高中英语必修3Unit4Grammar (共20张PPT)
back
【常见错误展示】下列各句均有一处错 误，请改正并分析错误的原因。
3. TWhhaat t the professor said is of great importance.
W__h_o_w__il_l_w__in__th_e__m__a_tc_h__is still unknown.
Student A: Tom, tomorrow is your birthday. Who do you invite? Students B: I will welcome everyone who comes to my party.
有人建议…
பைடு நூலகம்
It must be pointed out that … 必须指出…
Use the words below to fill in the blanks.
whether what who whose whatever
1. _W__h_o_s_e watch was lost is unknown.
It happened that…
碰巧…
(3)It + be + 过去分词+ that 从句
It is said that …
据说 …
It is known to all that …
众所周知…
It is reported that …
据报道…
It is believed that …
人们相信…
It is suggested that …
A tree has fallen across the road.
人教必修三 Unit4 主语从句详细讲解课件56PPT
that 只有引导定从才做成分
• 5．what与that在引导主语从句时的区别 • what引导主语从句时在从句中充当成分，如
主语、宾语、表语等；that则不作任何成分， 只起连接作用。
• ①What has made him mad is not known yet. • (what在从句中作主语) • ②What you said yesterday is right. • (what在从句中作said的宾语) • ③That she is still alive is a consolation. • (that不作任何成分)
(引导名词性从句的关联词):
从属连词 that, whether, if，
(不作成分）
连接代词 what, who, whom, （作成分） whose, which, wh+ever 连接副词 when, where,why,how
（作状语）
9
1.引导词 that
that放在句首引导主语从句，在主语从句中 不充当任何成分也无实际意义。但是不能省略。
It + be + 名词 ＋ that从句
It is a pity that… It is a surprise that …. It is a fact that……
遗憾的是…… 令人惊奇的是…… 事实是……
It + 不及物动词 ＋ that从句
It appears/seems that… 似乎……
★_W__h_a_t he offers is what I need.
★ _W__h_at__ they are most interested in is
how they can produce more and better cars.
人教版高中英语必修三导学提纲：Unit4 grammar 主语从句(新)
Unit 4 Grammar- subject clause 导学提纲Designer: Wang Wei Supervisors：Teachers in senior 1班级：组名：姓名：使用时间：2018. 04.【学习目标】 To get students to know the usage of subject clause.【导学流程】一、导 What is the subject? What is subject clause?二、思Task1: Find the sentences which are subject clause in the reading passage, then underline the subject clause.Task 2: 主语从句的连接词从属连词:________________________________________________连接代词:________________________________________________连接副词:________________________________________________三、议、展、评主语从句三大考点: 连接词 it作形式主语语序1. 连接词的选用[活学活用] ① ______we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.【2015·北京】A.WhereB.HowC.WhyD. When②_____ we'll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.A.IfB. WhetherC. ThatD. Where③ ______we'll go camping tomorrow has kept us all excited the whole day.A. IfB.WhetherC.ThatD.Where④______ makes mistakes must correct them.A.WhatB. ThatC. WhoeverD. Whatever2 . it 作形式主语(1) It的用处：为了避免主语冗长和句子________, 经常用it作________,主语从句放在____作真正的主语。
人教高中英语必修3Unit4Grammar (共33张PPT)
Summary:
Subject Clause
1. 用 that / whether / if/ /where / how / when /why / who /what/which/ how much / etc. 来连接主语从句. 2.That 在主语从句中不能省略.
3.引导主语从句在句首只能用whether,有it 作形式主语的whether/if都可以. 4.有时为了使句子结构平衡, 避免 “头重脚 轻”,常用 it 作形式主语,而把从句放在后 面.4种句型。 5.主语从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数 形式。
the exam.
2) It is + adj. +that It’s certain that… 肯定… It is possible/likely that... 很可能 It is obvious/clear that… 很明显… It is true that…的确…
It is necessary \important \natural\... that…
Continue to look at note 1
That he will win the match is certain. It is certain that he will win the match. 注解：一般来说主语从句都是放在句首 ， 但有时为了使句子 保持平衡,避免”头重脚轻”,
6）主语从句中用陈述语序,
7）“what”引导主语从句时，谓语动词： 常与其后的名词作表语一致 ，且根据句子的语境而定。
eg： 1. What you left are only several old books. 2. What you said is of great importance.
高中英语 人教版必修三第四单元语法：主语从句
Unit4 Astronomy:the science of the stars主语从句（The Subject Clause）（一）主语从句概念：在复合句中充当主语的句子，叫做主语从句。
句子结构：“主语从句（引导词+主语+谓语..）+谓语动词+句子其它...”What he said is of great importance .他所说的很重要。
That prices will go up is certain .物价要上涨是肯定的。
（二）主语从句引导词：连词that（无词义），,whether（是否）连接代词who/ who（谁）, whose（谁的）,what（...的事）,which (哪一个）连接副词when（什么时候）,where（哪里）,how（如何/怎么）,why （为什么）（1）that引导主语从句，本身无词义，在从句中不做成分，但不可省略。
eg That Tom passed the exam made hisparents happy .汤姆通过（2）whether引导主语从句，意为“是否”，在从句中不做成分，不可省略，位于句首时不能用if 。
Whether we ‘ll go camping tomorrow dependson the weather.明天我们是否去野营取决于天气。
（3）what引导主语从句，意为“...的事，”在从句中做主语、宾语、表语，不可省略。
What is needed for the space trip is careful preparation .（what 在从句作主语）去太空旅行所需要的就是仔细的准备。
What they want is a good book.（what 在从句作宾语）他们想要的就是一本好书。
（4）其它特殊疑问词引导的主语从句：注意特殊疑问词引导的主语从句要用陈述语序。
Who will do it doesn’t matter.谁要做这件事没关系。
人教版高中英语必修三Unit4第四学时Grammar
语法 精讲
她会成功是肯定的。(主语从句) ItisinNewYorkthatImethim. 我是在纽约见到了他。(强调句)
语法 精讲
4．what与that在引导主语从句时的区别。 what引导主语从句时，在从句中充当句子成分，如主语、 宾语、表语，而that只起到连接的作用。 Whatyousaidyesterdayisright.(what作宾语) 你昨天所说的是对的。 Itiscertainthathewillgothere.(that不充当句ssarythatyoucompletethedesignbeforeNation alDay. 你有必要在国庆节前完成这个设计。 Itissuggestedthattheoldtower(should)berepaired. (我们)建议应该修复一下这古老的塔。
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语法 精讲
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三、主语从句应注意的问题
1．it作形式主语引导主语从句。 如果主语从句太长，为避免句子结构头重脚轻，可用it 作形式主语，而把主语从句放在主句谓语部分之后。 主句的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用的句型有： (1)Itis/was＋形容词＋that从句 It'snaturalthat...很自然…… It'sobviousthat...显而易见……
高中英语课件
madeofcanruohanxing
英语·必修3(人教版)
第四学时 Grammar
语法 精讲
名词性从句（二）——主语从句
一、主语从句
语法 精讲
语法
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必修3unit4grammar主语从句
-- It is a pity that you missed the chance.
这样就构成了下面一些常用句型:
1) It is + adj. / n. +从句
T我ha们t 保we持k平ee衡p 饮a b食a有lan益ce健d康di。et is good for our health.
2.置于句首只能用whether “是否”，不充当从句 的任何成分。
他是否会参加这个话剧表演是显而易见的
__W__h_e_th_e_r_h_e_’_l_l _ta_k_e_p_a_r_t_i_n_t_h_e_p_l_ay__ is clear. _W_h_e_t_h_e_r _h_e_c_a_n_b_u_y__t_h_e _p_la_n_e__ti_c_k_e_ts_(他能否买到飞机票) doesn’t matter much.
必修 3unit4grammar主
语从句
疯狂地朗读下面的句子，注意引导词与时态
宾语从句
Henry say that he doesn’t have any plans. Henry doesn’t know what he should do.
I want to know if / whether the news is true. I know who he is .
It is a pity/shame that... 遗憾的
是……
It is possible that... 很可能……
It is unlikely that... 不可能……
高中英语必修3-unit4-Grammar知识讲解
Discovering useful structures
Noun clauses as the subject
What does the underlined part serve as in each sentence?
1. Beijing is our capital. 2. You are a student.
主语从句用陈述语序 关联词位于句首, 不能省略
How he became a great scientist is known to us all. Who the watch belongs to is unknown. That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.
subject
3. Smoking is bad for you. 4. To find your way can be a problem. 5. “How do you do?” is a greeting.
6. It is certain that we shall be late.
Read the sentences from the text and pay attention to the underlined parts.
• 为了避免头重脚轻，常用it作形式主语, 而 把真正主语放在句子末尾。
How the book will sell depends on its author.
That he is the best student in the class is obvious.
= It is obvious that he is the best student in the class.
必修三_Unit_4Grammar主语从句
主语从句
在句中充当主语的从句叫做主语从句。
Find the subject clauses in the following sentences, and translate them.
1.That he will come is certain. 2.Whether it will please them is not easy to say. 3.What seems easy to some people seems difficult to others. 4.Which side will win is not clear. 5.Why he did it remains a mystery.
主语从句的引导词：
连词 that , whether 连接代词 who(ever), whom(ever), which(ever), what(ever) 连接副词 where ,when ,why ,how
英语必修三unit4 Grammar主语从句
1． 引导主语从句的连接词有三类： ． 引导主语从句的连接词有三类： (1) 连词 连词that、 whether ： 、
Whether we go by train or by boat makes no difference. Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear. That price will go up is certain.
4. It’s known to us all ___ a form of energy . ’ A. water is C. is water B. that water is D. that water to
5. It worried her a bit ___ her hair was turning gray. A. whether B. that C. what D. when
主语从句： 主语从句：从句在句中充当主语成分
1). That he will succeed is certain . 2). Whether he will go there is not known . 3) How we can help the twins will be discussed at the meeting.
6.What I say and think ___ none of your business. A. is B. are C. has D have
3.___ is known to us all is that America is a developed country____the First World. a.Which; belong to c. What; belonging to b. As, belonged to d. It; belonging to
必修三unit4语法讲解主语从句 Grammar
Section Ⅲ Grammar —主语从句在主从复合句中，充当主语的从句，即为主语从句。
一、主语从句的连接词1．连接词that和whether(1)that在从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用，但不可省略。
①That Whitney Houston died upset her fans all over the world.惠特尼·休斯顿的离世令全世界的粉丝感到难过。
(2) whether在从句中不充当任何句子成分，起连接作用，意为“是否”，不可省略。
②Whether the plan will be carried out is still unknown.这个计划是否会实施还不知道。
即学即练11－1.完成句子①她能来帮助我们使我们很高兴。
_________________________ made us very happy.②他被选为(be chosen as)志愿者(volunteer)让我们感到高兴。
____________________________ made us happy.③我们明天是否举行派对取决于天气。
____________________________ depends on the weather.④(湖南高考)Everyone in the village is very friendly. It doesn't matter ________ you have lived there for a short or a long time.A．why B．HowC．whether D．when2．连接代词(who，whose，whom，what，which，whichever，whoever, whomever, whatever连接代词引导主语从句，在从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语或定语。
①Who will take his place is not important.谁将代替他并不重要。
英语人教版必修3课件：Unit 4 Section Ⅲ Grammar——主语从句
8．I read about it in some books or other. Does it matter which it was?
Ⅱ.补全句子 1． What impresses us most are (让我们印象最深的是) your art skills, in which you showed outstanding talent. 2． What surprises us most is (让我们最吃惊的是) that the water can remain at that temperature for about twenty hours. 3． It is reported that (据报道) 300 million people in China have eyesight trouble. 4． That she gave birth to a healthy baby (她生了一个健康 的婴儿) made the family very happy.
How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这件事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。 When we will have a meeting is an important question. 我们何时举行会议是个重要的问题。 Where I spend my summer is no business of yours. 我在哪里过暑假不关你的事。 [名师点津] who 引导的主语从句表示一件“事情”，表示 特指；而 whoever 引导的主语从句指“人”，表示泛指。
that 从句
高中英语人教版必修3 Unit4GRAMMAR
GRAMMAR名词性从句——主语从句【主语从句及引导词】主语从句在复合句中作句子的主语。
引导主语从句的词有从属连词that, whether, if；连接代词who, whoever, whom, what, whatever, whose, which；连接副词when, where, how, why等。
【例句呈现】观察下列例句，指出其中所包含的主语从句及引导词:1. What is needed for a long trip is careful preparation.该句中主语从句是______________，引导词为_____。
2. That Jay Zhou will come to my city excites everybody.该句中主语从句是______________，引导词为_____。
3. Whether we will travel abroad or not has not been decided.该句中主语从句是______________，引导词为_____。
4. Whoever knows the secret mustn’t t ell others.该句中主语从句是______________，引导词为_____。
5. It remains a puzzle why dinosaurs died out suddenly long time ago.该句中主语从句是______________，引导词为_____。
【观察总结】通过分析上面例句，同学们可能会发现上面第5句中的主语从句似乎比较隐蔽。
其实，这也是主语从句的一种呈现方式，即：当一个句子主语过长时，可以用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语或主语从句后移至句子末尾，以保持句子的平衡。
注意观察下列例句中的划线部分：It is not clear how the accident happened.It is not hard to understand why he did so at that time.It is a pity that you should have made such a careless mistake.It is reported that more than thirty deaths were caused in the accident.不难看出，虽然上面例句中都用it作形式主语，但句子结构却不尽相同。
人教版高一英语必修三unit4 grammar -主语从句 公开课(共20张ppt)
Summary
1. 如何划定主语从句？（位置） 2. That引导主语从句意义及成分 3. What引导主语从句意义及成分 4. 如何选用连接词？ ① 找到谓语，确定从句 ② 根据句意直接选择（例如whether），或者分析从句成分，不缺
成分用that，缺主要成分用连接代词，缺状语用连接副词。
1. 连词that在从句中无实际意义，但放在句首不能省略。 改错：He will win is certain.
That
常犯错误：遗漏that。 注意： 主语从句的连接词不能省略，缺什么成分 补什么成分，不缺成分用that
2. Whether可以引导主语从句，但if不能。 3. 主语从句放在句末时，句首用形式主语it代替。 改错：He is said that he has gone to America.
• It hasn’t been decided yet when the new restaurant will open. • It is still not clear how gold was found here. • It is hard to understand why there is gravity. • It is a pity that you have to leave so soon.
talk about
the use of cell phone
What they are talking about is the use of cell phone.
Step 3 It作形式主语
勾出主语从句，并完成下列句子转换 • 1）That the earth is round is true. = It is true
________________________. • 2) Whether he will come hasn’t been decided. = It hasn’t been
必修3-unit4-grammar
高一年级班组姓名：主语从句序列号：012【自主定位】一概述：在句子中起名词作用的各种从句统称为名词性从句。
根据它们在句中的语法作用，这类从句又可分为主语从句、同位语从句、表语从句和宾语从句。
【合作解疑】二.主语从句主要有三类：（1）由连词that引导的主语从句:引导词that无含义,在句中不做成分,不可以省。
例如：That she survived the accident is a miracle.她在事故中幸免于难简直是奇迹。
（2）用连词whether 引导的主语从句:whether有含义(是否),在句中不做成分,不可以省。
例如：Whether she is coming or not doesn’t matter too much.她来不来都无关紧要。
（3）用连接代词引导的主语从句(在由连接代词who, whose, whom, which, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever引导的名词性从句中，其连接代词在句中起名词性作用，担当一定成分).例如：What you need is more practice.你所需要的是更多的训练。
Whatever we do is to serve the people.我们无论做什么都是为人民服务。
（4）用连接副词when, where, why, how引导的名词性从句(其连接副词有含义,在句中作状语。
)eg:Where we should leave it is a problem.When they will come hasn’t been made pubic.他们什么时候来还不知道。
三.注意点:1.it 做形式主语,而将主语从句放在句末（尤其是当谓语较短时）。
例如：That light travels in straight lines is known to all.光沿直线传播，这是众所周知的事。
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Section Ⅲ Grammar —主语从句在主从复合句中，充当主语的从句，即为主语从句。
一、主语从句的连接词1．连接词that和whether(1)that在从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用，但不可省略。
①That Whitney Houston died upset her fans all over the world.惠特尼·休斯顿的离世令全世界的粉丝感到难过。
(2) whether在从句中不充当任何句子成分，起连接作用，意为“是否”，不可省略。
②Whether the plan will be carried out is still unknown.这个计划是否会实施还不知道。
即学即练11－1.完成句子①她能来帮助我们使我们很高兴。
_________________________ made us very happy.②他被选为(be chosen as)志愿者(volunteer)让我们感到高兴。
____________________________ made us happy.③我们明天是否举行派对取决于天气。
____________________________ depends on the weather.④(湖南高考)Everyone in the village is very friendly. It doesn't matter ________ you have lived there for a short or a long time.A．why B．HowC．whether D．when2．连接代词(who，whose，whom，what，which，whichever，whoever, whomever, whatever连接代词引导主语从句，在从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语或定语。
①Who will take his place is not important.谁将代替他并不重要。
②Whoever breaks the law should be punished. 无论是谁只要违法就应该受到惩罚。
3．连接副词(when, where, how, why等)连接副词引导主语从句并在从句中作状语。
③When we will have a meeting is an important question[点津] 主语从句中连接词的选择标准：ⅰ.根据连词在句子中所作的语法成分；ⅱ.根据连接词在从句中的意义。
2－1.用连接代词或连接副词填空并写出它们在从句中所作的语法成分①What role he will play in the film hasn't been known.______②Why John was late for the class has been unexplained._______③Which part of the country he will travel to needs discussing.____④Where cars will be parked in the future is a question.______⑤What surprises me most is that he is too proud._____⑥Whoever is interested in the activity can sign your name._______⑦(北京高考)____ makes the book so extraordinary is the creative imagination of the writer.A．That B．WhatC．Who D．Which⑧(上海高考)________ comes will be welcomed to the open-air concert.A．Whatever B．WhoeverC．No matter what D．No matter who二、主语从句中用it作形式主语的结构1．It＋be＋形容词(obvious, true, natural, strange, etc.)＋主语从句①It's obvious that they badly need help.很明显，他们急需帮助。
2．It ＋be＋名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a pity, a/no surprise, etc.)＋主语从句②It's a pity that you missed the film.你没有看那部电影真是太遗憾了。
3．It ＋be＋过去分词(said, reported，thought，expected，proved, etc.)＋主语从句③It is suggested that the meeting be put off.有人建议会议延期召开。
4．It＋不及物动词(happen, seem, appear, etc.)＋主语从句④It seems that it is going to rain.看起来好像要下雨。
5．It ＋及物动词＋宾语＋主语从句⑤It surprised him why they came to visit him suddenly.让他吃惊的是他们为什么突然都来看他。
即学即练33－1.完成句子①学生学好英语很重要。
___________________a student (should) learn English well.②我们队失掉了这场比赛真是意外。
_________________ our team lost the game.③已经得到证实，你说的是对的。
__________________ what you said is right.④碰巧那年收成不好。
__________________ the harvest was bad that year.⑤似乎他丢了什么东西。
____________________he has lost something.3－2.句型转换⑥That he suddenly fell ill last month surprised us.→________________he_suddenly_fell_ill_last_month.⑦Whether they will sell the house is not yet decided.→________________yet_whether_they_will_sell_the_house.⑧That the light travels in straight lines is known to us all.→_______________to_us_all_that_the_light_travels_in_straight_lines.⑨(陕西高考)It remains to be seen ________ the newly formed committee's policy can be put into practice.A．that B．WhichC．what D．whether⑩(江西高考)It suddenly occurred to him ________ he had left his keys in the office.A．whether B．WhereC．which D．that⑪(江苏高考)It was never clear ________ the man hadn't reported the accident sooner.A．that B．HowC．when D．why三、主语从句中应注意的问题1．从句要用陈述语序①How he succeeded is still a puzzle.他是如何成功的仍然是个谜。
2．主谓一致(1)从句作主语时，主句的谓语一般用单数形式。
②Where he will get a job after graduation has puzzled him much.毕业后到哪儿找份工作使他很困惑。
[点津]what引导主语从句时，有时主句谓语动词应与主句中作表语的名词保持一致。
③What the school needs much are books.这所学校最需要的是书。
(2)如果由and连接两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用复数；由两个或多个连接词引导一个主语从句时，谓语动词用单数。
④When they will start and where they will go have not been decided yet.他们将在什么时候动身以及要去哪里还没定下来。
即学即练4 单句改错①When will we set off is still under discussion.__________②What he needs much are money.___________③When and where the meeting will be held have not been decided.__________④What can we not get seems better than what we have.____________⑤That the coal workers are still alive are a wonder.____________Ⅰ.用适当的连接词填空1．It is a pity _____ we can't go to see the movie on the weekend.2．They lost their way in the forest and ____ made matters worse was ___ night began to fall.3．________has helped to save the people in difficulty is worth praising.4．It doesn't interest me _______you succeed or not.5．_______ Zhai Zhigang ate his food in space is _______ we want to know.6．___they will have the sports meeting is still a question, for they have so many things to do.7．____ they will talk about the matter won't make too much difference. In fact, it is the attitude not the place that matters.8．______he didn't come yesterday is unknown.9．_______ one is better will be decided by yourself.10．_______ will be our English teacher in the new term hasn't been decided yet.Ⅱ.完成句子1．____________(据报道) some people stole others' money by ATM.2．______________________(她生了一个健康的男婴) made the family very happy.3．________________ (父母是否给他买一个新的MP3) depends on his exam results.4．________________(那是谁的包) was not known at that time.5．It remains a mystery________dinosaurs_suddenly_disappeared (为什么恐龙突然消失了)．Ⅰ.单项填空1．________ the universe began with the “big bang” has bee n widely accepted.A．Whether B．WhyC．That D．What2．________ he would like to offer his help or not makes no difference to me.A．That B．WhatC．Whether D．If3．It has been proved ________ having a balanced diet helps to keep healthy.A．if B．BecauseC．when D．that4．________ was not the way the event happened.A．Which the press reportedB．That the press reportedC．What did the press reportD．What the press reported5．________ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A．There B．ThisC．That D．It6．—Mary looks down today.What is the matter?—Well，________ happened between Mary and me is none of your business.A．wherever B．WhoeverC．whatever D．whichever7．________ their flight will arrive on time is ________ they are concerned about.A．Whether; what B．Whether; thatC．When; what D．How; that8．________ matters most in learning English is enough practice.A．What B．WhyC．Where D．Which9．When and why he came here ________ yet.A．is not known B．are not knownC．has not known D．have not been known10．It is none of your business ________ other people think about you.Believe yourself.A．how B．WhatC．why D．WhenⅡ.用适当的连接词填空Everyone knew __1__ Wendy was a famous writer, but no one knew __2__ she came from and __3__ she was born in 1961 was still a mystery. __4__ they did know was __5__ she was loved by poor people because she always helped __6__ was in need of money. Wendy was generous and helpful, but some people thought she was chasing fame. Wendy said she didn't understand__7__ they were so narrow-minded, but it didn't matter __8__ others thought of her. She just wanted to do __9__ she thought was right. I think that is __10__ the meaning of life lies. 答案：1.that 2.where 3.whether 4.What 5.that 6.who(ever)7.why8.what 9.what(ever)10.where。