ArchitectureEnglish-2 建筑英语第二单元

epitomize : v. 概括； 成为 ... 的缩影； 作为典范
Ajanta Cave & Katsura Detached Palace
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The Teotihuacan culture of Mexico contained two immense pyramids embedded in what was a vast city. The Mayan civilization’s greatest building periods fall within the 4th to the 11th century. The Maya created impressive structures through extensive earth moving. Their bold architectural sculpture is either integral with the stone monuments or is added as stucco ornamentation. 墨西哥提奥帝华坎文化（公 元前100年到公元700年）拥有 两座巨型金字塔镶嵌于一座庞 大的城市当中。玛雅文明最伟 大的建筑时期是公元4世纪到公 元11世纪。通过大范围的迁徙 途中，玛雅人创造出了许多令 人印象深刻的建筑物。他们粗 犷的建筑雕刻中既有整体岩石 雕琢也有涂以灰泥为装饰。
Statue of Athena Promachos Propylaea
终产物；习惯用法仅指具有文
化重要性的设计和结构。建筑 必须要满足其使用目的，必须
技术上可靠，而且必须传达美
学意义。一些最为杰出的建筑 物通常修建巧妙，以至于已经
超出了其最初的使用目的，不
仅仅作为一件美丽的物体存在， 还记载了文化历史。
Sound: adj.有效的；合理的；可靠的
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早期的印度石建筑通过精 心的雕刻更像是雕塑而非建 筑。在诸如孟买东北部的埃 罗喇和阿謇陀景点就有大量 的人工洞穴，于峭壁的岩石 雕凿而成。中国房屋以长方 形对称的结构方式修建，反 映了以社会秩序为中心的传 统。日本的房屋设计更注重 达到与土地、水流、岩石以 及树木和谐相处的关系。桂 离宫（日本）便是这种方法 的集中体现。
Shrine : n. 圣地； 神龛； 庙 Acropolis: 雅典卫城
Temple of Nike Apteros (wingless victory)
Acropolis
Erechtheion
Parthenon
Old Templห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ of Athena
Temple of Athena Nike
masonry : n.砖石建筑；石工行业 terrain： n.地带；地形
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The building systems and forms of ancient Greece and Rome directly determined the course of Western architecture. Forms of the Greek temple, the archetypal shrine of all time, range from the tiny Temple of Nike Apteros (427-424 BC) of about 6 by 9 meter (about 20by 30 ft), on the Acropolis in Athens, to the gigantic Temple of Zeus (500? BC) at Agrigento in Sicily, which covered more than one hectare (more than two acres). 古代希腊和罗马的建筑体系 以及建筑形式直接决定了西方 建筑的进程。希腊庙宇的形式， 即所有时期的典型神殿，范围 从位于雅典卫城的小到6至9米 的胜利女神神庙，到西西里岛 阿格里琴托城里大到1公顷（相 当于2英亩）的宙斯神庙。
The Mayan Pyramid and the ancient Maya Region
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The Inca Empire was centered in the Peruvian Andes and flourished from about 1200 to 1533. Inca masonry craftsmanship is unexcelled; enormous pieces of stone were transported over mountainous terrain and fitted together with precision. 印加古国位于秘鲁安第斯山脉 中心，繁荣于1200年至1533年这 段时期。印加石匠们的技艺无可 比拟；巨大的岩石穿过崇山峻岭 被运来而且精确的被组装起来。
UNIT TWO ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY
Architecture Timeline
How did the world's great buildings evolve?
• Architecture in Prehistoric Times • Ancient Egypt (3,050 BC to 900 BC) • Classical (850 BC to 476 AD)
Map of Giza pyramid —— Pyramid of Khufu" refers to the Great Pyramid.
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Early Indian stone architecture, which was elaborately carved, was more like sculpture than building. At sites such as Ellora and Ajanta, northeast of Bombay, are great series of artificial caves, sculpted out of the solid rock of cliffs. The Chinese house, built in rectangular and symmetrical fashion, reflects a traditional focus on social order. Japanese house design is more concerned with achieving a satisfying relationship with earth, water, rocks, and trees. This approach is epitomized in the Katsura Detached Palace .
ARCHITECTURE ENGLISH
主讲：杜鹃
Architecture School of SIAS
建筑英语
The history of architecture traces the changes in architecture through various traditions, regions, overarching stylistic trends, and dates. The branches of architecture are civil, sacred, naval, military and landscape architecture..
For Western readers, the architecture
of the ancient world, of the Orient, and of the pre-Columbian Americas may be 对西方读者来说，源于
古代、东方，以及哥伦布
到达美洲以前的建筑可以 分为两类：本土建筑和古
• Byzantine (527 to 565 AD)
• Romanesque (800 to 1200 AD) • Gothic Architecture • To be continued … (1100 to 1450 AD )
World Map
The Brief History of World Architecture I
methods of Greece and Rome.
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The oldest designed environments stable enough to have left architectural traces date from the first development of cities. The Assyrian city of Khorsabad, built during the reign of Sargon II and excavated as early as 1842, became the basis for the study of Mesopotamian architecture. Over a long period, the urban culture of Egypt erected the most awesome of the world’s ancient monuments. The largest and best preserved pyramids-used for royal tombs-are those of Khufu and Khafre at Giza. 最早的人造环境相当稳定， 保留了自最早城市发展以来的 建筑痕迹。霍萨巴德的亚述城 建立于萨尔贡二世在位期间 （公元前722-705年）并于 1842年被发掘，成为了研究美 索不达米亚建筑的基础。很长 一段时间，埃及城市文明树立 起世界古代遗址最令人敬畏的 丰碑。现存最大最完整的金字 塔—皇家墓葬—分别属于胡夫 和吉萨的哈夫拉法老 (Pharaoh)。