Dissociative Identity Disorder

Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality

Disorder)

Dissociative identity disorder (previously known as multiple personality disorder) is thought to be an effect of severe trauma during early childhood, usually extreme, repetitive physical, sexual, or emotional abuse.分离性身份识别障碍（以前称为多重人格障碍）被认为是在儿童早期，通常是在极端的，重复的身体，性或精神虐待过程中受到严重创伤的影响。

Most of us have experienced mild dissociation, which is like daydreaming or getting lost in the moment while working on a project. However, dissociative identity disorder is a severe form of dissociation, a mental process which produces a lack of connection in a person's thoughts, memories, feelings, actions, or sense of identity. Dissociative identity disorder is thought to stem from trauma experienced by the person with the disorder. The dissociative aspect is thought to be a coping mechanism -- the person literally dissociates himself from a situation or experience that's too violent, traumatic, or painful to assimilate with his conscious self.我们中的大多数人都经历过轻微的分离，这就像在一个项目工作时做白日梦或是迷失了方向。然而，分离性身份障碍是一种严重的解离，是一个人的思想、记忆、感觉、行动，或者认同感缺乏产生连接的心理过程。分离性身份识别障碍被认为是由被有不正当行为的人的创伤经历引起的。游离的方面被认为是一种应对机制——人在太暴力，受伤，或痛苦的情况或经历时确实会有自我意识地分解同化他们自己。

Dissociative identity disorder is characterized by the presence of two or more distinct or split identities or personality states that continually have power over the person's behavior. With dissociative identity disorder, there's also an inability to recall key personal information that is too

far-reaching to be explained as mere forgetfulness. With dissociative identity disorder, there are also highly distinct memory variations, which fluctuate with the person's split personality.多重人格障碍的特点是存在两个或两个以上的不同或分裂的身份或人格个性,不断地支配人的行为。患有分离性身份识别障碍，无法回忆起深远的关键个人信息仅仅被解释为健忘。患有分离性身份识别障碍，也有非常明显的人格分裂波动的记忆变化。The "alters" or different identities have their own age, sex, or race. Each has his or her own postures, gestures, and distinct way of talking. Sometimes the alters are imaginary people; sometimes they are animals. As each personality reveals itself and controls the individuals' behavior and thoughts, it's called "switching." Switching can take seconds to minutes to days. When under hypnosis, the person's different "alters" or identities may be very responsive to the therapist's requests.这些“改变”或不同的身份有自己的年龄，性别，或种族。每个都有他或她自己的姿势，手势和不同的说话方式。有时候，改变是虚构的人，有时他们是动物。当每一个人的个性都显示出来，并且控制着个体的行为和思想，它被称为“转换”。切换可以用秒到几分钟的时间。在催眠状态下，人的不同的“改变”或身份对治疗师的要求可能会非常地积极回应。

While the causes of dissociative identity disorder are still vague, research indicates that it is likely a psychological response to interpersonal and environmental stresses, particularly during early childhood years when emotional neglect or abuse may interfere with personality development.

As many as 99% of individuals who develop dissociative disorders have recognized personal histories of recurring, overpowering, and often

life-threatening disturbances at a sensitive developmental stage of childhood (usually before age 9). Dissociation may also happen when there has been insistent neglect or emotional abuse, even when there has been no overt physical or sexual abuse. Findings show that in families where parents are frightening and unpredictable, the children may become dissociative.尽管分离性身份障碍的原因仍然是模糊的，但研究表明，它很

可能是一个应对人际关系和环境压力的心理反应，特别是在早期的童年时期情感受到忽视或滥用的时候可能影响了人格的发展。我们已经认识到99%的在童年发育敏感期（通常是9岁之前）有个人经历的反复的，无法抵抗的，并且经常危及生命的障碍的人会患上分离性障碍。解离也可能发生在出现了明显的忽视或精神虐待的时候，即使没有明显的身体或性虐待。研究结果表明，在父母是可怕的和变化莫测的家庭里的孩子可能患上游离。While there's no "cure" for dissociative identity disorder, long-term treatment can be helpful, if the patient stays committed. Effective treatment includes talk therapy or psychotherapy, hypnotherapy, and adjunctive therapies such as art or movement therapy. There are no

established medication treatments for dissociative identity disorder, making psychologically-based approaches the mainstay of therapy.

Because the symptoms of dissociative disorders often occur with other disorders, such as anxiety and depression, medicines to treat those

co-occurring problems, if present, are sometimes used in addition to psychotherapy.虽然没有对分离性身份识别障碍的“治愈”，但如果病人能坚持，长期治疗也是有帮助的。有效的治疗包括谈话疗法或心理疗法、催眠疗法、辅助疗法如艺术或运动疗法。对于分离性身份障碍是没有确定的