四级综合分类
大学英语4级题型分析大全
大学英语4级题型分析大全第一部分：听力长对话题型分析听力长对话（Long Conversations）的长度一般在6-20句之间，字数在120-25 0字之间。
针对每篇长对话的问题可能会有2-5个。
与短对话相比，长对话涉及的内容更深入，人物态度，语气，情感变化更复杂，一般不能简单依赖某个关键词来判断整篇对话的含义。
一人一句的短对话涉及的只是一个“点”，而长对话涉及的是一个“面”。
短对话的答案一般是“显而易见”的，而长对话有时更依赖于推断和判断。
尽管如此，长对话必然有一个中心议题，中心议题正是该“面”的凝聚点，对话双方都是围绕该中心而展开话题，对于长对话而言，做出正确选择的关键就是把握住对话的中心思想。
由于对话较多，长对话的场景就显得格外重要，准确判断对话的场景（situati on），对把握对话的中心思想是非常有帮助的。
这里所谈到的场景，是指人物，身份或职业，议论的问题，时间，地点等等的综合概念。
清晰的场景会在考生头脑中形成氛围，容易把握对话的发展脉络，使对话情节的发展更加顺理成章。
对长对话的题型分析，不易于采取诸如：“关键词，因果关系，But转折，情感，态度”等分类方法。
根据多年的实践经验，依据场景的不同，对长对话进行分类，有助于考生对“面’的把握能力的提高。
下面是对长对话经常涉及到的几种情况做了归类，主要分成三大类：学习相关类，生活相关类和工作相关类。
顾名思义，学习相关类与学习有密切联系，比如：选课，考试，论文等；生活相关类主要涉及到家庭，校院生活，娱乐，运动等；生活相关类多是找工作，面试等题材。
下面列举几个常用典型场景的题型。
学习相关类学习相关类往往是长对话的重点。
内容粗略可分为教务场景，选课场景，补课场景和论文场景等。
（1）教务场景场景人物：由教师（导师）或学监等教务人员向学生说明一些学校课程的安排情况。
场景涉及内容：学期计划，调课信息，考试安排，课程介绍等。
解题思路：教务人员总是细致地描述各项事务的细节问题，时间，地点，计划推迟或变更的原因往往是考查的重点。
[大学英语考试复习资料]大学英语四级分类模拟题95
![[大学英语考试复习资料]大学英语四级分类模拟题95](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/fe89c19402768e9950e7386e.png)
[大学英语考试复习资料]大学英语四级分类模拟题95
大学英语四级分类模拟题95
Reading Comprehension
Keep Our Seas Clean
A. By the year 2050 it is estimated that the world's population could have increased to around 12 billion. Of these, some 60 percent will live within 60 km of the sea. The agricultural and industrial activities required to support this population will increase the already significant pressures on fertile coastal areas. Death and disease caused by pollБайду номын сангаасted coastal waters costs the global economy US $12.8 billion a year. Plastic waste kills up to 1 million sea birds, 100,000 sea mammals and countless fish each year.
四级成绩的划分标准
四级成绩的划分标准
四级成绩的划分标准是根据考试成绩进行等级划分的，具体标准如下：
1. 优秀（A级）：成绩在650-710分之间，表示考生的英语水平非常高，能够流利地使用英语进行交流，且在阅读、写作、听力等方面表现出色。
2. 良好（B级）：成绩在600-649分之间，表示考生的英语水平较高，能够较好地使用英语进行交流，但在某些方面可能存在一些不足。
3. 中等（C级）：成绩在550-599分之间，表示考生的英语水平一般，能够进行基本的交流，但在某些方面可能存在较大的困难。
4. 及格（D级）：成绩在425-549分之间，表示考生的英语水平基本达标，能够进行简单的交流，但仍然存在一些问题。
5. 不及格（E级）：成绩在0-424分之间，表示考生的英语水平未达标，无法进行基本的交流。
需要注意的是，四级成绩的划分标准并不是绝对的，它只是一个相对的参考。
不同的考试机构或学校可能对四级成绩的划分标准略有不同。
此外，四级成绩并不能完全代表一个人的英语水平，它只是评价英语水平的一种方式之一。
因
此，在评价一个人的英语水平时，应该综合考虑多个方面的因素。
大学英语四级分类模拟题402
大学英语四级分类模拟题402Reading ComprehensionSection AWhen we think about the growth of human population over the last century or so, it is all too easy to imagine it merely as an increase in the number of humans. But as we 1 , so do all the things associated with us, 2 our livestock (牲畜). At present, there are about 1.5 billion cattle and domestic buffalo and about 1.7 billion sheep and goats. With pigs and poultry, they form a 3 part of our enormous biological footprint upon this planet.Just how enormous was not really apparent until the 4 of a report, called Livestock's Long Shadow, by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.Consider these numbers. Global livestock grazing (放牧) and feed production use 30 percent of the land surface of the planet. Livestock—which consume more food than they 5 —also compete directly with humans for water. And the drive to expand grazing land destroys more biologically sensitive terrain, 6 rain forests, than anything else.But what is even more striking, and alarming, is that livestock are 7 for about 18 percent of the global warming effect, more than transportation's 8 . The culprits (罪魁祸首) are methane—the natural result of bovine digestion—and the nitrogen emitted by manure. Deforestation of grazing land adds to the effect.There are no easy trade-offs when it comes to global warming—such as cutting back on cattle to make room for cars. The human 9 for meat is certainly not about to end anytime soon. As Livestock's Long Shadow makes clear, our health and the health of the planet depend on pushing livestock production in more 10 directions.A. available I. multiplyB. certainly J. passionC. concerning K. publicationD. contribution L. responsibleE. critical M. sustainableF. especially N. wasteG. including O. yieldH. liableSection BFirefighter TrainingA. To a typical American kid, the only thing cooler than a firetruck is somebody who rides in one. Firefighters drive through the city at high speeds and climb ladders to sickening heights. These highly trained specialists risk their lives every day fighting fires. It's easy to see why so many people want to become firefighters: serving as one is heroic and adventurous. But becoming a firefighter takes more than strength and courage.B. Before you can become an active-duty firefighter, you need to spend about 600 hours in training, over the course of 12 to 14 weeks. That's somewhere between 40 to 48 hours per week, which makes firefighter training a full-time job. Training typically occurs at a fire academy, which is often run by the fire department, a division of the state government or a university. Much of this training is actually in the classroom. During their academic coursework at the fire academy, students study English, Physics, Chemistry, Mathematicsand Fire Science in relation to real-life fire situations. To be effective problem solvers and keep up good communication on the job, a firefighter needs to be strong.C. Firefighting is a highly competitive field. Thousands of applicants apply every year across the country, but most are rejected. Many departments hire every two years, and typically give staff positions to about 30 applicants at a time. While some fire departments only require applicants to hold a high school diploma, many look for applicants with two years of college credits from an accredited college or university. Firefighting is so competitive, in fact, that many applicants obtain EMT or paramedic (护理人员) certification before applying to become a firefighter, making them more desirable to hiring departments. Today, more applicants than ever before have four-year degrees in Fire Science or related fields, which has made the field even more competitive.D. To enter a training program, applicants take three exams: a written test, a Candidate Physical Ability Test (CPAT) and an aptitude test. The written exam typically consists of around 100 multiple choice questions and covers spatial awareness, reading comprehension, mechanical reasoning, logic, observation and memory. The primary focus of the physical ability test is agility (机敏), upper body strength and endurance. Each task is timed and tests the applicant's capacity to endure sustained physical activity. These tasks are reflective of what students do in the fire academy throughout their training days in and out. It's unlikely that an applicant who strains to complete the tasks will survive 14 weeks of training, and so is a strong indicator of future success.E. Applicants train for the CPAT in some unusual ways. Often, applicants run up and down stairs or stadiums, lift heavy sacks of sand by rope, or jog in multi-level parking garages. Next, we'll take a look at the most exciting and dangerous aspect of firefighter training. In order to survive, firefighters must be able to think critically and clearly and solve problems quickly, under extreme stress. This can be especially difficult in an actual fire, so training instructors conduct live fire training drills: They purposely set buildings on fire to give students opportunities to develop these skills. The overall goal of this behavioral training is to instill (逐步培养) good habits in students through repeated exposure. Live fire training is conducted in burn buildings, which are structures, built or acquired, to be intentionally burned for firefighter training.F. There are three types of burn buildings: traditional, acquired structures and simulated structural fire buildings. Traditional bum buildings, built with special materials, can withstand multiple fires, although they do break down over time. Traditional burn buildings exist in communities, at fire academies and on university campuses. The fuel used to cause fires in these structures is typically straw, hay or wood things. Acquired structures are condemned houses or other abandoned buildings. Instructors locate a suitable building and begin a tedious process. First, an instructor gets written permission from the building's owner and acquires necessary permits and health clearances to proceed. They notify everyone in the surrounding community of the building, including residences and businesses. Instructors make certain there is no insurance on the property to prevent false claims and legal trouble. With the legal issues out of the way, they prepared the site for training purpose.G. Even with the preparations and precautionary measures, using an acquired structure can still be very dangerous. The fire is controlled, but that doesn't mean it's any less real. During the past 10 years, 99 firefighters were killed during training, some of these in live fire training. Statistics like these led fire instructors to adopt a new, safer method for live firetraining: simulated structural fire buildings.H. Simulated structural fire buildings are far more advanced and rely on computers to control the fire. These bum buildings' computers control built-in fire-producing devices that run on propane (丙烷) and natural gas, and use a non-flammable aerosol (气雾剂) to create real smoke. If there's an emergency, the burn building has systems to extinguish the fire and extract all of the smoke with the push of a button. The computer also lets the instructor choose how the fire will burn and at what temperature. The computers are capable of simulating fire scenarios for different things in the building, residential or otherwise. They can even simulate enflamed furniture, such as burning sofas or tables.I. Volunteer firefighters adhere to the same guidelines and requirements that career firefighters do, as outlined by the document NFPA 1001, but in many states, volunteers aren't required to become certified. Only a minority of volunteers ever make it that far. Most volunteer firefighters work other jobs and can't devote full-time hours to training. Instead, local fire departments offer weekly or monthly training events to ensure everyone develops the skills they need. Other than in the state of Florida, volunteer firefighters aren't restricted from any firefighting tasks. Some departments consist entirely of volunteers, including the truck drivers, called engineers, who often have experience driving big rigs or school buses. In addition to driving, engineers operate the hose pumps.11、 The built-in fire-producing devices controlled by burn buildings' computers rely on propane and natural gas to operate.12、 Students taking part in the firefighter training need to study several subjects at the fire academy.13、 In live fire training, instructors set fire to buildings which are prepared for training on purpose, in the hope of developing students' good habits in dangerous situations.14、 Acquiring the paramedic certification before applying for the position will make the applicants for firefighting more desirable to hiring departments.15、 To make the volunteer firefighters acquire the skills they need, local fire departments offer them training events weekly or monthly.16、 Before using the acquired structures for live fire training, an instructor is required to acquire the permission of the structures' owners in written form.17、 Advanced computer technology is adopted in the stimulated structural fire buildings.18、 Before becoming an active-duty firefighter in America, one needs to be trained 40 to 48 hours per week.19、 A new and safer method adopted by instructors for live fire training is to use simulated structural fire buildings.20、 The physical ability test will determine whether one can succeed in becoming a firefighter in the future or not.Section CPassage OneHave you ever noticed that lessons tend to repeat themselves? Does it seem as if you married or dated the same kind of person several times in different bodies with different names? Have you run into the same type of boss over and over again? If you don't deal well with authority figures at home, then you will have an opportunity to deal with them out in the world. You willcontinually draw your life into people who need to enforce authority, and you will struggle with them until you learn the lesson of obedience (服从). You will continually attract the same lesson into your life. You will also draw to your teachers to teach you that lesson until you get it right. You may try to avoid the situations, but they will eventually catch up with you. The only way you can free yourself of difficult patterns and issues that tend to repeat is by shifting your perspective so that you can recognize the patterns and learn the lessons that they offer. To face these challenges means you need to accept the fact that something within you keeps drawing you to the same kind of person or issue, though that situation or relationship may be very painful.The challenge, therefore, is to identify and release the patterns that you are repeating. This is no easy task, since it means you have to change, and change is not always easy. Staying just as you are may not help you advance spiritually, but it certainly is comfortable in its familiarity.Rising to the challenge of identifying and releasing your patterns forces you to admit that the way you have been doing things isn't working. The good news is that by identifying and releasing the pattern, you actually learn how to change. In order to facilitate your process of change, you will need to learn the lessons of willingness and patience. Once you master these, you will most likely find the challenge of identifying and releasing your patterns far less intimidating.21、 What does the author refer to by "lessons tend to repeat themselves"?A. You tend to marry and date the same person.B. There are the same authority figures inside your home and out of it.C. You tend to run into the same problems in your life.D. There are many difficult patterns and issues in your life.22、 How can you get rid of attracting the same lesson into your life?A. By trying your best to avoid those situations.B. By changing your perspective.C. By getting the courage to face those challenges.D. By changing your attitudes towards life.23、 Why do lessons tend to repeat themselves according to the author?A. Teachers haven't taught you how to deal with them.B. They are sticky enough to catch up with you eventually.C. You have been behaving in a badly-functioned way.D. You don't learn willingness and patience in the lessons.24、 What's the author's attitude towards the idea of staying just as you are?A. Intimidating.B. Disapproving.C. Supportive.D. Cautious.25、 What is the effect of mastering willingness and patience according to the passage?A. Making your change become easier.B. Helping you to identify your old patterns.C. Challenging you with difficult patterns.D. Arousing your inner desire to change.Passage TwoWhat are feelings for? Most non-scientists will find it a strange question. Feelings .justify themselves. They need serve no other purpose in order to exist. On the other hand, many evolutionary biologists, in contrast to animal behaviorists, acknowledge some emotions are primarily for their survival function. For both animals and humans, fear motivates the avoidance of danger, love is necessary to care for young, and anger prepares one to hold ground. But the fact that a behavior functions to serve survival need not mean that; that is why it is done. Other scientists have attributed the same behaviorto conditioning, to learned responses. Certain reflexes and fixed action patterns can occur without feelings or conscious thought. A gull chick pecks at a red spot above it. The parent has a red spot on its bill (喙); the chick pecks the parent's bill. The gull parent feeds its chick when pecked on the bill. The baby gets fed. The interaction need have no emotional content. At the same time, there is no reason why such actions cannot have emotional content. In mammals—including humans—that have given birth, milk is often released automatically when a new baby cries. This is not under voluntary control; it is reflex. Yet this does not mean that feeding a new baby is exclusively reflex and expresses no feeling like love. Humans have feelings about their behavior even if it is conditioned or reflexive. Yet since reflexes exist, and conditioned behavior is widespread, measurable, and observable, most scientists try to explain animal behavior using only these concepts. It is simpler.Preferring to explain behavior in ways that fit scientific methods most easily, scientists have refused to consider any causes for animal behavior other than reflexive and conditioned ones. Scientific orthodoxy (_正统观念) holds that what cannot be readily measured or tested cannot exist, or is unworthy of serious attention. But emotional explanations for animal behavior need not be impossibly complex or unstable. They are just more difficult for the scientific method to verify in the usual ways, cleverer and more sophisticated approaches are called for. Most branches of science are more willing to make successive approximations (近似值) to what may prove ultimately unknowable, rather than ignoring it altogether.26、 What do many evolutionary biologists believe?A. Some emotions do not exist.B. Emotions are helpful for people's survival.C. Emotions give meaning and depth to life.D. Only humans have emotions.27、 What can we learn from the example of a gull chick pecking the parent's bill?A. Behaviors can be learned and have no emotional content.B. It is the innate characteristic for adults to look after the young.C. It takes time for animals to be conditioned.D. Emotions are very important to survival.28、 Why does the author think most scientists explain animal behavior in terms of reflexes and conditioning?A. They are the most essential factors for animals to surviveB. They are important for animals to develop learned and emotional behaviorsC. They are convenient for scientists to explain animals' behaviorD. They will lead to a better understanding of animal emotions29、 What should scientists do to study animal emotions?A. They should set up improved and refined skillful experiments.B. They should analyze human emotions.C. They should distinguish what is emotional and what is conditioned.D. They should learn from animal behaviorists.30、 What is the author's main purpose of writing this passage?A. To make the point that emotions are worth our attention.B. To explain what reflexive behavior is.C. To compare human emotions with animal emotions.D. To discuss the importance of emotions.答案:Reading ComprehensionSection A1、[解析] 本空应填动词。
英语四级分类词汇
Smart 词汇记忆组群1 indeed ad. 真正地；确实，实在deed n. 行为，行动；功绩；契约相关单词act vi. 行为，做；起作用n. 行为ag,act=to act(行动) agency n. 代理；代理处agent n. 代理人，代理商agony n. 极度痛苦action n. 行动；作用active a. 活跃的，积极的；在活动中的activity n. 活动，活跃；行动actor n. 男演员actress n. 女演员actual a. 实际的，事实的actually ad. 实际上；竟然react vi. 起作用，反应；反对，起反作用；起化学反应reaction n. (to)反应；反作用exact a. 确切的，精确的exactly ad. 确切地；恰恰正是，确实interaction n. 相互作用，相互影响inter=between,amo nginterfere vi. 干涉，介入；阻碍，干扰interference n. 干涉，介入；阻碍，干扰interior a. 内部的；内地的，国内的n. 内部；内地intermediate a. 中间的；中级的n. 中间体，媒介物interpret vt. 解释，说明vi. 口译，翻译interpretation n. 解释，口译interpreter n. 译员，口译者interview n./v. 接见，会见；面谈，面试interval n. 间隔，间距；（幕间）休息internal a. 内的，内部的；国内的，内政的相关单词external a. 外部的，外面的ex-=fully,outexterior a. 外部的，外面的n. 外部explain v. 解释，说明example n. 例子；榜样，模范形近单词sample vt. 抽样，取样Smart词汇记忆组群2block n.街区；木块；障碍物；vt.堵塞，拦阻barrier n.屏障；障碍bar=bar(横木)embarrass vt.使窘迫，使为难bar n.酒吧间，售酒的柜台；条，杆；栅，栏；vt.阻止，阻拦barrel n.桶，筒与“容器”相关的单词basin n.盆，洗脸盆；盆地bucket n.水桶，桶drum n.鼓状的桶；鼓pail n.桶，提桶tub n.桶，盆，浴盆jar n.罐子，坛子，广口瓶kettle n.水壶pot n.壶，罐can n.罐头，听头tin n.锡；罐头container n.容器，集装箱tain,ten,tin=tohold,to keep(保持)content n.内容，目录；容量content a.满意的，满足的；vt.使满意，是满足continual a.不停的，频频的continue vt.继续，延伸continuous a.连续不断的，持续的contain vt.包含，容纳attain v.(尤指经过努力)达到，获得entertain vt.招待；是欢乐entertainment n.娱乐fountain n.喷泉maintain vt.维持，保持；赡养，负担；维修，保养；坚持，主张maintenance n.维持，保持；维修，保持obtain vt.获得，得到sustain vt.保持，使......持续不息；供养，维持（生命等）；支持rentain vt.保持，保留形近单词remain vi.剩下；留待；依然是remains n.残余，剩余；遗迹main a.主要的，总的mainly ad.主要地，大体上Smart词汇记忆组群3bio=life(生命)biography n.传记biology n.生物学；生态学log=to speak(说话)catalog(ue) n.目录（册）；vt.将（书籍，资料等）编入目录dialog(ue) n.对话，对白logical a.逻辑上的，符合逻辑的apology n.道歉，认错，谢罪apologize vi.道歉，认错psychological a.心理的，心理学的technology n.工艺，技术techn(o)=art(技艺),skill(技术)technical a.技术的，工艺的technician n.技术员，技师technique n.技术；技艺相关单词science n.科学，科学研究sci=to know(知道)scientific a.科学（上）的scientist n.（自然）科学家unconscious a.不省人事的；未意识到的consciousness n.意识，觉悟conscience n.良心，道德心conscious a.意识到的；有意的；神智清醒的相关单词aware a.知道的，意识到的recognize vt.认识，认出；承认recognition n.认出，识别；承认realize vt.认识到；实现reality n.现实；真实（性）identify vt.认出，识别；（with）把...视为相同，认为...等同于indentical a.（to,with）完全相同的相关单词equal a.（to）相等的；平等的；胜任的n.（地位）相等的人，事物vt.等于，相等；比得上equ=equal(相等)equality n.平等，同等equation n.(with)相等，均衡；方程式，等式equivalent a.相等的，相当的n.相等物，等价物Smart词汇记忆组群4fare=to go(走)welfare n.幸福，福利farewell int.再会n.告别fare n.（车，船）费用，票价相关单词charge vt.费用，价钱；控告，指控；充电v.索价，要...支付；控告，指控；充电car,char=car(车)，torun(跑)discharge vt.允许...离开，释放；排出，放出n.获准离开，释放；排出career n.生涯，职业，经历cargo n.船货，货物carry vt.携带，运载；传递，传输carriage n.四轮马车；（火车）客车厢carrier n.运载工具与“运输工具”相关的单词traffic n.交通，通行；交通量cart n.二轮运货马车coach n.长途公共汽车lorry n.运货汽车，卡车tram n.（有轨）电车van n.大篷车，运货车wagon n.四轮运货马车ambulance n.救护车；野战医院vehicle n.传播媒介，手段；（航天）运载工具；交通工具auto n.（口语）汽车auto-=selfautomatic a.自动的automation n.自动，自动化automobile n.汽车，机动车与“汽车”相关的单词brake vi.刹车，（车）被刹住n.闸，刹车tyre(tire) n.轮胎，车胎wheel n.轮，车轮garage n.车库ride n./v.（乘）车，骑（马）rider n.骑马的人；乘车的人drive vt.驾驶，开动；打人；驱，赶；迫使，驱使vi.驾驶，开车n.驾驶，驱车旅行steer v.驾驶Smart词汇记忆组群5 foreigner n.外国人foreign a.对外的；无关的相关单词local a.地方的；局部的domestic a.本国的；家庭的；驯养的native a.出生地的；本土的，本国的n.本地人，本国人nat=born(出生，天生) nature n.大自然；天性，性质natural a.自然的，正常的；出于本性的，天赋的；自然界的，天然的naturally ad.当然，自然地；天然地，天生地nation n.民族；国家national a.民族的；国家的，全国的international a.国际的，世界（性）的nationality n.国籍；民族，族相关单词world n.世界；世人；世间world-wide a.遍及全球的globe n.地球，世界；地界仪Smart词汇记忆组群6 altitude n.高度，海拔形近单词attitude n.态度，看法；姿势gratitude a.感激，感谢grat,grac,gree=to please(喜好)grateful a.感激的，感谢的agree vi.同意，赞同；相符，一致；（气候，食物等）相宜vt.同意，承认agreement n.协定，协议；同意disagree vi.有分歧；不一致congratulate v.祝贺，向...道喜congratulation n.祝贺；祝贺词grace n.优美，文雅；恩惠，恩赐graceful a.有礼貌的；仁慈的gracious a.有礼貌的；仁慈的相关单词polite a.有礼貌的；有教养的与“友好”相关的单词friendly a.友好的friendship n.友谊friend n.朋友相关单词kindness n.仁慈，好意mercy n.仁慈，宽恕，怜悯pity n.怜悯；遗憾vt.同情，惋惜enthusiasm n.热情，热诚enthusiastic a.热情的，热心的zeal n.热情，热诚zealous n.热心的，热情的goodness n.善良merit n.优点，价值v.值得，应得virtue n.优点，长处；美德moral a.道德的；合乎道德的形近单词humor n.幽默，诙谐humorous a.富于幽默的，诙谐的Smart词汇记忆组群7crazy a.疯狂的，荒唐的；狂热爱好者，着迷的mad a.发疯的；恼火的，狂怒的；狂热的，着迷的相关单词angry a.愤怒的，生气的ang,anxi=tostrangle(勒死；窒息)anger n.发怒vt.激怒anxious a.忧虑的；渴望的anxiety n.焦虑，忧虑；渴望相关单词hunger n.饿，饥饿；渴望与“饥渴”相关的单词hungry a.饥饿的；渴望的thirsty a.渴的；渴望的，渴求的famine n.饥荒starve v.挨饿，使饿死形近单词carve vt.(雕)刻，把...切碎相关单词chop v.砍，劈，斩n.排骨，肉块slit vt.切开，撕开n.裂缝，狭长的口子slice n.薄片，切片；一份，部分vt.切（片）Smart词汇记忆组群8log n.原木，木料lumber n.木材，木料timber n.木材，木料carpenter n.木匠，木工butcher n.屠夫，屠杀者barber n.理发师与“理发，毛发”相关的单词comb v.梳理（头发）；彻底搜查n.梳子razor n.剃刀blade n.刀刃，刀片；叶片shampoo vt.洗(发)n.洗发膏shave vi.修面vt.剃，刮n.刮脸haircut n.理发beard n.胡须frown vi.皱眉brow n.眉，眉毛bristle n.短而硬的毛，鬃毛feather n.羽毛；翎毛；羽状物leather n.皮革；皮革制品fur n.软毛；皮毛，裘皮Smart词汇记忆组群9bond=to bind(捆绑)bond n.联结，联系；公债，债券形近单词bound a.一定的，必然的；受约束的，有义务的；准备到...去的，开往...的v.跳；限制，束缚boundary n.分界线，边界相关单词border v.边，边缘；边界，边境frontier n.边境，边界；边疆；新领域fac,fic,front=face(面部，正面)，forehead(前额)front a.前面的，正面的n.前面，正面；前线，战线face n.脸，面孔；表面，外表superficial a.表面的，肤浅的surface n.表面，外表preface n.序言，前言pre-=before(在...之前)precaution n.预防，预备prejudice n.偏见，成见prevail vi.占优势，获胜；流行Smart词汇记忆组群10junior a.年少的；地位较低的n.晚辈形近单词senior a.年长的；地位较高的n.长辈superior a.较高的，优越的；上级的n.上级，长官prior a.在前的，优先的相关单词foremost a.最初的；第一流的ad.首先，最重要的形近单词therefore ad.因此，所以forecast n./v.预测，预报forehead n.额头，前部head=head(头)head n.头，头部；顶部，前端；首脑，领导v.主管，率领；居...之首；朝特定方向行进ad.迎面地（作状语）heading n.标题，题词headline n.大字标题，［pl.］新闻提要headquarters n.司令部，指挥部；总部headache n.头痛；令人头痛的事与“伤痛”相关的单词ache vi.痛，疼痛n.疼痛pain n.疼痛；（精神上的）痛苦；［pl.］努力，辛苦painful a.疼痛的sore a.疼痛的；令人痛心的n.痛处，伤口bruise n.青肿，伤痕；擦伤burn v.燃烧，点燃n.烧伤，灼伤Smart词汇记忆组群11cast=to throw(投掷) cast vt.投，扔，抛；浇铸broadcast n./v.广播，播音形近单词broad a.宽的，阔的；广泛的abroad ad.（在）国外；传开aboard ad./prep.在船（车）上，上船board v.上（船、车等）n.板，木板；委员会，董事会；（包饭的）伙食cupboard n.碗柜，碗碟橱；食橱keyboard n.键盘blackboard n.黑板black a.黑色的与“颜色”相关的单词color n.颜色，彩色；颜料brown n.褐色，棕色cream n.奶油色；奶油，乳酪dark a.暗的；黑色的golden a.金色的；极好的gold n.黄金a.金制的gray a.灰色的n.灰色pale a.苍白的；浅的pink n.粉红色a.粉红色的purple n.紫色a.紫的tan n.棕褐色a.棕黄色的white a.白的n.白色whitewash vt.粉刷n.粉刷水green a.绿色的n.绿色同根单词greenhouse n.温室，玻璃暖房house n.房子，住宅vt.为...提供住处；存放，收藏household n.家庭，户，全家人a.家庭的housewife n.家庭主妇Smart 词汇记忆组群12 abridge v.缩短，简写brief a.简短的，短暂的vt.向...作简要的介绍形近单词：thief n.窃贼，偷窃犯chief a.主要的，首要的n.首领，领袖handkerchief n.手帕hand=hand(手)handful n.一把，一小撮handle n.柄，把手vt.拿，触，摸；操作；处理，应付handwriting n.笔迹，手迹handy a.手边的，附近的；方便的hand n.手；人手，雇员；指针vt.交，递，给相关单词foot n.脚，足；最下部，底部；英尺football n.足球与“球”相关的单词soccer n.英式足球ball n.球，球状物；舞会balloon n.气球，玩具气球volleyball n.排球badminton n.羽毛球cricket n.板球；蟋蟀golf n.高尔夫球racket n.球拍Smart 词汇记忆组群13happen vi.发生；碰巧，恰好sudden a.突然的，意外的suddenly ad.突然地相关单词accident n.以外的事；事故cad,cid,cas=tofall(落下)accidental a.偶然发生的，意外的casual a.偶然的；随便的occasion n.场合，时刻；时机occasional a.间或发生的，偶尔的occasionally ad.偶尔地incident n.发生的事；事件相关单词case n.情况，状况；事实；实例；案例，病例；盒子，箱子形近单词staircase n.楼梯相关单词stair n.楼梯downstairs ad.在楼下a.楼下的upstairs ad.在楼上a.楼上的up-=up,aloftup ad.向上；起床，起来；变大（高，多...）；...完，...光；封闭prep.向（高处）；向...的上游upright a.竖直的，直立的ad.竖立着n.柱子，直立的支撑物upward a.向上的，上升的ad.向上，上升-ward(s)形容（副）词词尾，表示“方向”upwards ad.向上；向上游；在上部forward vt.促进；转交a.向前的，进步的ad.进步inward a.里面的ad.向内toward(s) prep.向，对于；接近downward ad.向下地a.向下的afterward ad.后来，以后backward a.向后的，倒行的；落后的；迟钝的ad.向后，朝相反方向形近单词award n.奖，奖品v.授予，奖给reward n.报答，报偿；报酬，酬金vt.报答Smart 词汇记忆组群14back vt.使后退，使倒退；支持vi.倒退a.后面的ad.在后，向后；回原处，复原状；以前n.背，背面，后面feedback n.反馈，反应background n.背景，经历ground n.地，地面；场地；原因underground a.地下的；秘密的ad.在地下；秘密地n.地铁under-=under,beneathundergo vt.经历忍受undertaking n.任务，事业；许诺undertake vt.承担；答应；着手做under prep.在...下面；少于，低于；在...情况下，在...之中understand vt.理解，懂；了解，谅解；熟悉，听说vi.理解，懂得；表示同情，给予谅解misunderstand vt.误会，曲解understanding n.理解（力）；谅解a.了解的，通情达理的underline vt.划线于...之下同根单词outline n.轮廓；轧钢，纲要vt.勾画出轮廓；列提纲，概述pipeline n.管道，管线pipe v.用管道输送n.导管，管子；烟斗；笛子line n.线，绳；一行（字等）；航线，路线；队伍；轮廓；行业v.排队相关单词queue vi.排成长队n.行列，长队row n.（一）排，行；吵嚷，口角v.划船，荡桨；争吵series n.（单复数同）连续，一系列，一连串；一套丛书，电视连续剧chain vt.（用链条）栓住，束缚n.链条；[pl.]镣铐，束缚；一连串range n.范围，领域；射程；连续v.排成行；（在某范围内）变化batter n.一组（套）；电池（组）与“小机电产品”相关的单词disk n.唱片，磁带cassette n.盒式录音机tube n.管，电子管，显象管video a.录象的n.录象torch n.手电筒；火炬，火把bulb n.电灯泡；球状物形近单词bulk n.（巨大的）物体；容积，体积；大批；主体Smart 词汇记忆组群15exit n.出口；退场vi.退出，离去entrance n.入口，门口；进入，入学entry n.入口处，河口，通道；进入enter v.进入；参加；登记相关单词access n.（to）接近的机会；通道，入口cede,ceed,cess=to go(去)，to yield(让步) exceed vt.超过，胜过；越出exceedingly ad.极端地，非常excess n.超越，超过；过量，过剩a.过量的，额外的excessive a.过多的，极度的process n.过程，进程；工序，制作法，工艺vt.加工，处理procession n.加工，处理proceed vi.进行；继续下去preceding a.在前的，在先的success n.成功，胜利successful a.成功的succession n.连续，接续；继任，接替successive a.连续的，接连的succeed vi.成功；接着发生，继承继...之后，接替suc-;sub-=under submarine a.水底的，海底的n.潜水艇subway n.地道；底下地铁submerge v.浸没，淹没submit vt.递交，程送vi.屈服，听从substance n.物质；实质；要旨，基本内容；根据，理由substantial a.可观的，大量的；牢固的，结实的；实质的substitute n.代替品，代替者vi.（for）代替，取代suburb n.郊区，市郊subject n.主题，题目；科目，科学；主语a.（to）易遭...的，受...支配的vt.（to）使遭受，是服从ject,jac=tothrow(投，掷)object n.事物，物体；目的；对象；宾语vi.（to）反对，不赞成objection n.（to）反对，异议objective a.客观的，无偏见的n.目标，目的project vi.伸出，突出vt.投射，放映；使伸出n.方案，计划；工程；项目injection n.注射，射入reject vt.拒绝，驳回；退回，舍弃相关单词deny vt.否认，不承认；拒绝给予，拒绝（某人的）要求refuse v.拒绝，谢绝fuse,found=topour(倾，倒)refusal n.拒绝confusion n.混乱，混淆confuse vt.使混乱，混淆相关单词puzzle n.难题；谜vt.使迷惑riddle n.谜，谜语Smart 词汇记忆组群16joint n.接头，接洽处；关节a.接连的，联合的join vt.参加，加入；连接，联合相关单词participate vi.参与，参加ceive,cept,cip,cipate=to take(取)anticipate vt.预料，期望accept v.接受，领受；认可pcceptable a.可接受的，合意的acceptance n.接受，接纳；承认，认可concept n.概念，观念deceit n.欺骗，欺诈行为deceive vt.欺骗，蒙骗perceive vt.察觉，感知；认识到，意识到except prep.除...之外exception n.例外，除外reception n.接待处；招待会；接待；接收，接收效果receipt n.收到；收条，收据receive vt.收到，接到；遭受，受到；接待，接见receiver n.电话听筒；收音机，电视机相关单词fridge n.电冰箱refrigerator n.冰箱，冷藏库stove n.炉，火炉furnace n.炉子，熔炉；鼓风炉oven n.炉，灶；烘箱Smart 词汇记忆组群17part=part(部分)，topart(分开)partly ad.在一定程度上，部分地partial a.部分的，不完全的；（to）偏向一方的，偏心的partially ad.部分地particle n.微粒，颗粒；极小量partner n.伙伴，合伙人；搭档，配偶apart ad.相间隔；分开，分离apartment n.公寓，住宅depart vi.离开，出发department n.部，局，处，系departure n.离开，出发，启程particular a.特殊的，特别的；特定的，某一的；（过分）讲究的，挑剔的n.详情，细目particularly ad.特别，尤其，格外part n.一部分，部分；零件；角色，作用；（争论，交易等中的）一方v.（使）分开相关单词portion n.一部分proportional a.比例的，成比例的proportion n.比，比率；部分相关单词rate n.比率，速率；等级；价格；费用vt.评级，估价；列为classify vt.把...分类，把...分级classification n.分类，分级classical a.古典的，经典的Smart 词汇记忆组群18lens n.透镜，镜头focus v.（on）使聚集，集中于n.（pl.tocuses,foci）焦点相关单词concentrate v. 集中；聚集；浓缩vi.集中，专心centr=center(中心)concentration n.集中；专注；浓缩center n.中心vt.集中相关单词amongst prep.在...之中（=among）medium n.（pl.media）媒质，传导体；中间a.中等的middle n.中部a.中部的，中级的midst n.中间形近单词midnight n.午夜，子夜fortnight n.两星期，十四天overnight ad.一夜；突然over-=above,across,beyondover prep.在...的上方，在...的上面；越过，从一边至...的另一边；关于，在...方面；高于，超过；在...期间；遍布在...上面，扩展到...全部ad.倒下，翻转过来；从一边至另一边；全部地，从头到尾；再次地，重复地；过分地，太overcome vt.战胜，克服overhead a.在头顶上的，空架的ad.在头顶上overlook vt.眺望，俯瞰；没注意到；放任overseas ad.海外a.在海外的overtake vt.追上，赶上；压倒overtime a.超时的ad.超时地，加班同根单词time n.时间，时候，时刻；时机，机会；次，回；倍，乘；（pl.）时代，时期vt.为...安排时间，为...定时；测定...时间timetable n.时间表，时刻表lifetime n.一生，终身sometime ad.在某一时间sometimes ad.不时，有时springtime n.春季，春天meantime n.其间ad.当时mean a.自私的，吝啬的；平均的v.作...解释；意指；打算，意欲n.平均值meaning n.意义，意思；意图means n.方法，手段；财富，财产（谓语用复数）meanwhile ad.同时，当时worthwhile a.值得干的（作表语，定语或宾补）worth a.值得n.价值worthy a.有价值的，值得的；可尊敬的worthless a.无价值的，无用的与“价值”相关的单词cheap a.廉价的；卑鄙的，低劣的inexpensive a.花费不多的，廉价的expense n.花费，消费，费用；（pl.）开支，业务费用cost n.价格，成本，费用；代价，损失vt.价钱为，（使）花费；使付出（代价），丧失costly a.昂贵的，价值高的costless a.无价的，珍贵的price v.标价n.价格，代价luxury n.奢侈，奢华；奢侈品valuable a.值钱的，有价值的n.（pl.）贵重物品（指首饰）val=strong(强壮的)，worth(价值)valuable n.（pl.）贵重物品（指首饰）a.贵重的，宝贵的invaluable a.无价的value vt.评价，给...估价；评价，尊重，重视n.价值，价格；有用性，重要性evaluate vt.评价，估...的价相关单词estimate vt.估计，估量，评价n.估计；评价，看法Smart 词汇记忆组群19 tribut=to pay(付),to bestow(赠与) contribute v.捐献，捐助；（to）有助于，促成；投稿distribution n.分发，分配；分布distribute vt.分发，分送；分布，分散相关单词spread n.传播，蔓延v.伸开，展开；散布，蔓延；涂，敷filter vt.过滤vi.（消息等）走漏，慢慢传开；透（过）n.过滤嘴scatter vt.撒，散播；使散开，驱散vi.分散circulate v.（使）流传，散布，传播；（使）循环，（使）流通circ,cyc=ring(环)cycle n.自行车，循环circle n.圆，圆周；圈子circular a.圆的；循环的circus n.马戏团，圆形竞技场circuit n.环行，巡回；电路，线路circumference n.圆周，周长，周围circum-=around,round aboutcircumstance n.（pl.）情况，境况相关单词environment n.环境，外界surroundings n.（pl.）周围的事物，环境round a.圆的，球形的；整整的，用整数表示的n.（一）回合，（一）局，（一）圈；巡视，循环ad.在附近；朝反方向prep. 围绕，绕过；向...各处；在...附近；大约v.环绕...而行；（使）成圆形surround vt.包围；环绕，围绕super-=above,over(变化型)sur-super a.极好的，超级的supermarket n.超级市场surname n.姓同根单词namely ad.即，也就是name n.名字，名誉vt.给...取名，为...定名；说出；提名；说出...的名字，列举与“名气”相关的单词fame n.名声，名望famous a.著名的well-known a.众所周知的，出名的know vt.知道，了解；熟悉，认识；通晓，会vi.知道，了解，懂得knowledge n.知识，熟悉，了解acquaintance n.认识，了解；熟人acquaint vt.使了解，使认识ignore vt.不顾，忽视ignorant a.无知的，愚昧的；（of）不知道的Smart 词汇记忆组群20sult=to leap(跳)insult vt.侮辱，凌辱consult vt.请教，与...商量；查阅（词典，书籍等）vi.（with）商量，商议result n.成果，结果，成绩vi.（in）导致，结果是；（from）起因于，因...而造成相关单词conclusion n.结论，推论；结尾；缔结，议定clud,clos=to shut(关闭)conclude vt.推断出，推论出；结束；缔结，议定vi.结束，终了exclude vt.把...排除在外，排斥exclusively ad.专门地，排除其他include vt.包括，包含exclude v.排除enclose vt.（用篱笆等）围住，圈起；（随函）封入close v.关，闭；结束n.结束，终止a.接近的；亲密的；严密的ad.接近地，亲密地disclose vt.揭露，透露相关单词leak vi.漏；泄露（消息等）n.泄露；漏洞，漏隙betray vt.泄露，流露；背叛，出卖reveal vt.揭示，揭露；展现，显示uncover vt.揭开，揭露cover=to cover(掩盖)discover vt.发现discovery n.发现；被发现的事物cover n.盖子，套子，（书的）封面vt.盖，覆盖；包括，涉及recovery n.收回，复得；痊愈，恢复recover vt.重新获得，重新找到；收回，挽回vi.恢复，痊愈相关单词refresh v.（使）恢复精力renew v.（使）更新，恢复；续借（图书），延长（合同）Smart 词汇记忆组群21cur,course=torun(流，跑)current n.（空气，水等的）流，潮流，流速；电流；趋势，趋向a.当前的，现时的；通用的，流行的；流通的occur vi.发生，出现，存在；（to）被想起，被想到occurence n.发生的事情，事件；发生，出现course n.课程，教程；过程，进程；一道菜excursion n.远足，短途旅行，（集体）游览相关单词travel n.旅行vi.旅行，行进，被传播tour n./vi.旅行，游历journey n.旅行，旅程vi.旅行journ=day(一日)journalist n.记者，新闻工作者journal n.日报，杂志；日记相关单词diary n.日记，日记簿形近单词dairy n.牛奶场，乳品店；乳制品daily a./ad.每日的（地）n.日报相关单词routine n.例行公事a.日常的，常规的route n.路，路线，路程road n.道路highway n.公路，大路way n.路，道路；习惯，作风；方式，方法；路线；距离sideways ad.斜着，斜向一边地Smart 词汇记忆组群22med,mend=toheal(治疗)medical a.医学的；内科的medicine n.内服药；医学mend vt.修理，修补remedy n.治疗措施，补救方法；药品vt.纠正，补救；治疗，医治相关单词heal vt.治愈；使和解cure v.治愈，治好；改正，消除n.治愈，治疗；药cure=to take care(注意，留心)accurate a.准确的，正确无误的accuracy n.准确（性），精确（性）curious a.好奇的curiosity n.好奇心security n.安全secure a.安全的，可靠的；放心的vt.得到，获得；使安全，保卫相关单词get vi.变成，变得；达到；被，受；开始，逐渐vt.获得，弄到；受到，收到；使得，把...弄得；（去）拿来；了解，明白；感染上，得（病）make vt.做，制造，建造；作出，制定，产生；使，使得；获得，挣得；总计，等于；成为，使成为；准备，整理；认为，估计gain v.获得，博得；增加；（钟、表）走快n.增加，增进；（pl.）好处，收益，利润earn vt.获得，得到；增加vi.获益，改进；增加，取得进展；（钟表）快于正确时间earnings n.工资，收入相关单词income n.收入，收益wage n.（pl.）工资，报酬vt.开始进行salary n.薪金，薪水sal=salt(盐)salad n.色拉，莴苣，生菜salt n.盐，盐类vi.加盐于与“调料”相关的单词vinegar n.醋pepper n.胡椒，胡椒粉sauce n.调味汁，酱汁形近单词saucer n.茶托，浅碟与“餐具”相关的单词bowl n.碗，体；碗状物dish n.碟，盘子，菜肴plate n.板，片，盘vt.电镀tray n.（浅）盘，托盘，碟pan n.平底锅，盘子fork n.餐叉；叉；分叉knife n.小刀，刀，餐刀spoon n.匙，调羹Smart 词汇记忆组群23duce,duct=tolead(领导)procedure n.手续，过程produce v.生产，制造；显示，出示n.农产品reproduce v.繁殖，生殖；复制product n.产品，产物；（乘）积production a.生产，产量；产品，作品productive a.生产的；丰饶的conduct v.处理，管理；指挥，引导；传导，传（热、电）n.举止，行为conductor n.售票员；（乐队）指挥；导体introduce vt.介绍；引进，传入；引言，导论reduce vt.减少，减小；简化；使成为reduction n.减少，减小deduce vt.演绎，推断educate vt.教育，培养education n.教育，培养与“教育”相关的单词academy n.私立中学；转科学院academic a.学院的；学术的campus n.校园，学校场地grade n.（学校的）年级；成绩，分数；等级，级别vt.给...分等级class n.班，班级，阶级monitor n.班长，监视器v.监听headmaster n.校长master n.男主人，雇主；师傅，名家；（Master）硕士vt.精通，掌握a.主要的bachelor n.学士doctor n.医生，医师；博士degree n.程度；度数；学位；等级pupil n.（小）学生；瞳孔scholarship n.学业成绩；奖学金scholar n.学者（尤指文学方面）learned a.有学问的，博学的learning n.学习；学问，知识semester n.半年，学期，半学年term n.（pl.）条件；术语；期限，某特定的期间；学期tuition n.教，教诲；学费tutor n.家庭教师，导师professor n.教授fess=to speak(说)profession n.职业，自由职业professional a.职业的，专业的，专门的n.专业人员，自由职业者confess vt.供认，坦白，承认Smart 词汇记忆组群24able a.有能力的；出色的ability n.能力，才能unable a.不能的，不会的disable vt.使无能，使伤残enable vt.使能够，使可能相关单词capable a.有能力的，有才能的cap=to take(取)，head(头)captive a.被俘虏的，被监禁的n.俘虏，战俘capture vt.捕获，俘获n.捕获，俘获capability n.性能，容量；能力，才能incapable a.没有能力的cap vt.覆盖于...顶端n.便帽，盖子capital n.首都；大写字母；资本a.大写的；主要的，基本的captain vt.做...的首领，指挥n.首领，队长；船长，舰长；上尉形近单词curtain n.帘，窗帘；幕（布）Britain n.不列颠，英国与“国家、地域”相关的单词British a.不列颠的，英联邦的America n.美洲，美国American a.美洲的n.美国人Africa a.非洲African a.非洲的n.非洲人Arabian a.阿拉伯的Asia n.亚洲Asian a.亚洲的n.亚洲人Atlantic a.大西洋的n.大西洋Australia n.澳大利亚Australian a.澳大利亚的n.澳大利亚人Canada n.加拿大Canadian a.加拿大的n.加拿大人China n.中国Chinese a.中国的n.中国人china n.瓷器，陶瓷England n.英格兰，英国English n.英语a.英国人的Engliashman n.英国男子Europe n.欧洲European a.欧洲的n.欧洲人France n.法国，法兰西French a.法国的n.法国人German a.德国的n.德国人Germany n.德意志，德国Greek a.希腊的n.希腊人India n.印度Indian a.印度的n.印度人Italian a.意大利的n.意大利人Japan n.日本，日本国Japanese a.日本的n.日本人Latin a.拉丁的n.拉丁语Oceania n.大洋洲pacific a.和平的n.太平洋Portuguese n.葡萄牙人；葡萄牙语Roman n.古罗马人a.罗马的Russian a.俄罗斯的n.俄国人Soviet n.苏维埃a.苏维埃的Spanish a.西班牙的n.西班牙人Swiss a.瑞士的n.瑞士人Jewish a.犹太人的Negro n.黑人race n.人种，种族；（速度上的）比赛vi.跑；（使）比速度racial a.种族的，人种的tribe n.部落，宗族Smart 词汇记忆组群25 spell vt.拼写spelling n.拼字，拼写法dictionary n.词典，字典dict,dit=to say(说) dictate v.口授；命令dictation n.口授笔录，听写condition n.状况，状态；环境，形势，条件predict v.预言，预告contradiction n.矛盾，不一致；否认contra-=against[变化形]counter-contrary a.相反的n.相反encounter vt.遭遇，遇到n.遭遇counter n.柜台；计数器a.相反的vt.反对ad.相反地count=to count(计算) account n.讲述，说明；帐，帐户；考虑，顾及count v.有价值；数，计数；算数，值得考虑n.计数，总数相关单词calculate vt.计算，核算；估计，推测；打算，计划cale=lime(石灰) calculation n.计算，计算结果calculator n.计算器，计算者Smart 词汇记忆组群26 banner n.旗，旗帜，横幅slogan n. 标语，口号flag n.旗，旗帜相关单词march vi.行军；游行示威demonstrate vt.说明；论证；表露vi.游行示威parade n.游行；检阅vi.游行par,pair=toprepare(准备)paradise n.天堂prepare v.准备，预备preparation n.准备，预备repair n.（pl.）修理，修补vt.修理，修补；补救，纠正apparatus n.器械，器具，设备separately ad.分离地separation n.分离，分开separate a.分离的，分开的v.（使）分离，（使）分开相关单词divide v.划分，分；分配；隔开；（by）除divid,divis=todivide(分割)division n.分，分开；分配，分担；除（法）；部门individual n.个人，个体a.个别的，单独的；独特的lect,leg,lig=tochoose(选择)，togather(集合)，toread(读)collect v.收集，聚集；取，接；收（帐，税等）collection n.收集；收集品recollect vt.回忆，想起lecture n./vi.演讲，讲课elect v.选举，推选；选择election n.选举，选择权；当选select v.选择，挑选selection n.选择intellectual n.知识分子a.智力的intelligence n.智力，聪明；消息，情报intelligent a.聪明的，明智的legend n.传说，传奇diligent a.勤勉的，勤奋的neglect vt.忽视，忽略；疏忽neg=deny(否认)negative a.否定的；消极的，反面的；负的，阴性的n.负片，底片；负数相关单词positive a.确定的，明确的；积极的，肯定的；正的，阳性的pos=to place,toput(置放)position n.位置；职位，职务；姿势，姿态；见解，立场composition n.构成，成分；作文，作品compose v.组成，构成；创作，为...谱曲post v.贴出，张贴；邮寄，投寄；（用布告）宣布，公告n.杆，柱；哨所；邮寄postage n.邮费deposit vt.使沉淀，使沉积；存放，寄存；储蓄n.沉积物；存款；押金dispose vt.安排，处理vi.（of）丢掉，销毁expose v.暴露；（to）使处于...作用（或影响）下；揭露exposure n.暴露；揭露；曝光impose vt.把...强加于；征（税）opposite a. 对面的；相反的，对立的n.对立物，对立面prep./ad.在对面propose vt.建议；打算vi.（to）求婚proposal n.提议，建议；求婚purpose n.目的，意图；用途；效果suppose vt.猜想，以为；（用于祈使句）让，假设oppose vt.反对，反抗相关单词offend vt.冒犯，得罪，使恼火revenge vt.替...报仇n.报仇Smart 词汇记忆组群27endless a.无止境的ending n.结尾，结局；死亡end n.端；结束；目的v.终止，结束与“结束、停止”相关的单词stop vt.停止，中断；塞住，堵塞vi.停止；逗留，歇宿n.停车站；停止，终止cease v./n.停止，终止halt n.停住，停止v.（使）停止quit v.放弃，停止；辞（职）pause vi.中止，暂停n.暂停与“打扰”相关的单词interrupt v.打断，打扰；中止，阻碍interruption n.中断，打断；障碍物bother vt.打扰，麻烦vi.烦闷；特意做...n.麻烦（的事）disturb vt. 打扰，妨碍；扰乱，弄乱vi.妨碍（睡眠，休息，工作）annoy vt.使烦恼，使生气，打扰trouble n.麻烦；困难；纷争，纠纷（常用复数）vt.烦恼，困扰，使担心；使麻烦，加以打扰vi.操心，打扰（常用否定句）；麻烦troublesome a.令人讨厌的，麻烦的nuisance n.讨厌的人/东西；麻烦事bore v.烦扰，使厌烦；钻孔，打眼n.讨厌的人，麻烦事boring a.枯燥的相关单词tedicus a.冗长的，枯燥无味的dull a.枯燥的，单调的；暗淡的；迟钝的；不锋利的Smart 词汇记忆组群28scribe,script=towrite(写)prescribe v.开（药）；规定，指定description n.描写，形容；种类describe vt.（as）形容；（to/for）描写，描绘相关单词draw n.平局v.画，描绘；拖，拉；拨出，取出draw=to draw(拉，引)drawing n.图画，素描；绘图drawer n.抽屉withdraw v.收回；撤回vi.撤退同缀单词withstand vt.抵挡，反抗同根单词stand vi.站；坐落vt.经受，容忍n.架，台standard n.标准。
特殊物品abcd四级分类标准
特殊物品abcd四级分类标准一、引言特殊物品在现代社会中日益增多，为了更好地管理和监管特殊物品的流通和使用，各国纷纷建立了相应的分类标准。
在我国，特殊物品的分类标准主要采用了abcd四级分类标准，这一分类标准旨在根据特殊物品的性质和用途将其划分为不同的等级，以便进行更加精细化的管理。
二、a级特殊物品1. 定义a级特殊物品是指具有较高危险性和敏感性的特殊物品，可能对人体健康和社会安全造成严重威胁的物品。
这些物品通常需要特殊的许可和监管，并且只能由具有特定资质的单位或个人进行生产、销售和使用。
2. 具体范围a级特殊物品包括但不限于：- 放射性物质：包括核材料、放射性同位素等放射性物质，通常用于医疗、科研和工业领域。
- 毒品和精神药品：包括各类毒品和精神药品，如海洛因、可卡因、安非他明等。
- 生物制品：包括各类病原体、毒素和疫苗等，通常用于医药领域。
3. 管理要求a级特殊物品的管理要求非常严格，生产、销售和使用这些物品的单位或个人必须取得相关的许可和资质，严格遵守相关的法律法规和标准，确保特殊物品的安全和合法性。
三、b级特殊物品1. 定义b级特殊物品是指具有一定危险性和敏感性的特殊物品，可能对人体健康和社会安全造成一定威胁的物品。
这些物品需要一定的许可和监管，但相对于a级特殊物品来说，管理要求较为灵活。
2. 具体范围b级特殊物品包括但不限于：- 爆炸物品：包括各类火药、炸药和烟花爆竹等。
- 危险化学品：包括各类易燃、易爆、腐蚀、毒害化学品等。
3. 管理要求b级特殊物品的管理要求相对宽松一些，但依然需要严格遵守相关的法律法规和标准，确保特殊物品的安全和合法性。
相关单位和个人需要经过相关部门的认可和登记，方可生产、销售和使用这些物品。
四、c级特殊物品1. 定义c级特殊物品是指具有一定特殊性质和用途的物品，需要特殊许可和监管的物品。
这些物品通常对人体健康和社会安全造成较小威胁，但仍然需要谨慎管理。
2. 具体范围c级特殊物品包括但不限于：- 各类农药和兽药：包括杀虫剂、杀菌剂、除草剂等农药，以及抗生素、疫苗等兽药。
大学英语四级综合分类模拟试卷(含答案)
大学英语四级综合分类模拟试卷Part ⅠWritingDirections: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: Being Punctual. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below.1、守时的表现，(2) 不守时的表现及危害。
Part ⅡClozeDirections: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices markedA.,B.,C. andD. on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.We usually think of pollution as a harmful waste substance that threatens the air and water. 2 some people have become 3 about another kind of pollution. It can be everywhere, depending on the time of day. 4 it is not thought of as a 5 . It is light.The idea of light pollution has 6 with the increase of 7 in cities. In many areas, this light makes it 8 to observe stars and planets in the night sky. In 1922, the International Dark-Sky Association formed. This organization wants to reduce light pollution in the 9 sky. It also 10 the effective use of electric lighting.Light pollution is the 11 of wasted energy. Bright light that shines into the sky is not being used to provide light 12 it is needed on Earth. 13 designed 14 causes a great deal of light pollution. Lights that are brighter than 15 also cause light pollution.Most people in America are 16 to find out that they are not able to see our own galaxy, The Milky Way, with their own eyes. 17 about three-fourths of Americans cannot see the Milky Way because of 18 light.Objects in the night sky are 19 that provide everyone 20 wonder. But light pollution threatens to prevent those wonderful sights 21 being seen.2、A. So B. But C. And D. Hence3、A. concerned B. careful C. considerable D. thankful4、A. If B. Therefore C. So D. And5、A. material B. thing C. matter D. substance6、A. disappeared B. developed C. evolved D. occurred7、A. lights B. noises C. pollutions D. buildings8、A. difficult B. easy C. possible D. able9、A. day B. night C. blue D. dark10、A. removes B. relieves C. discourages D. urges11、A. source B. result C. cause D. progress12、A. where B. that C. which D. that13、A. Carefully B. Purposely C. deliberately D. Poorly14、A. airing B. lights C. building D. lighting15、A. conditions B. necessary C. days D. inquired16、A. surprised B. disappointed C. unlikely D. impossible17、A. Then B. Also C. But D. Therefore18、A. moon B. star C. man-made D. natural19、A. lights B. resources C. channels D. pollutions20、A. of B. on C. with D. for21、A. to B. on C. for D. fromPart ⅢTranslationDirections: Complete the sentences on Answer Sheet 2 by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets.22、As the course becomes more difficult and demanding, there is usually ______ (出勤率相应下降)。
四级分类法
四级分类法是一种常用的层次分类方法，通常用于组织和整理大量的信息、数据或对象。
它将事物按照不同的特征或属性进行层次化划分，分为四个层级。
以下是四级分类法的常见表示方式：
第一级分类：将事物按照最大的区别或共同特征进行分类，形成一级分类。
这一级别通常是大的类别或领域。
例如，在动物分类中，第一级分类可以是动物界、植物界等。
第二级分类：在第一级分类的基础上，按照更具体的特征或属性进行分类，形成二级分类。
这一级别通常是第一级分类的子类别。
例如，在动物分类中，第二级分类可以是哺乳动物纲、鸟纲等。
第三级分类：在第二级分类的基础上，按照更具体的特征或属性进行分类，形成三级分类。
这一级别通常是第二级分类的子类别。
例如，在动物分类中，第三级分类可以是猫科、犬科等。
第四级分类：在第三级分类的基础上，按照更具体的特征或属性进行分类，形成四级分类。
这一级别通常是第三级分类的子类别或具体类别。
例如，在动物分类中，第四级分类可以是虎、狮、豹等。
四级分类法可以根据实际情况进行调整和灵活运用，具体的分类标准和层次可以根据需求和目的进行设置。
它可以帮助组织和管理信息，使得分类更加有条理和易于理解。
12月英语四级分数分配及比例「详解」优选份
12月英语四级分数分配及比例「详解」优选份12月英语四级分数分配及比例「详解」1【总分：710分】一、英语四级作文说明：写作部分占整套试卷的15% =106.5分在这部分你要达到63.9分为及格。
时间：30分钟二、听力部分=248.5分1、听力部分占整套试题的35%，每个题都是7.1分。
2 、短对话8% 8个题目每小题7.1分。
3、长对话7% 分为2段，每段3-4个题，共7小题，每小题7.1份。
4、短文理解10% 共10个小题，每小题7.1份。
5、短文听写10%共10个小题，每小题7.1份。
三、综合部分35% =248.5分说明：1、选词填空5%10个题，每小题3.55分2、长篇阅读10% 10个题，每小题7.1份。
3、仔细阅读20% 共2篇，一篇5个题，每小题7.1份。
四、翻译部分汉译英15% 30分钟=106.5分预测还是段落翻译，106.5分。
阳光大学生网祝您顺利通过英语四级考试！有时候你必须硬着头皮，朝着你坚持的东西走下去！加油！同学们！12月英语四级分数分配及比例「详解」2===总分：710分===一、英语四级作文说明：写作部分占整套试卷的15% =106.5分在这部分你要达到63.9分为及格。
时间：30分钟二、英语四级听力部分=248.5分1、听力部分占整套试题的35%，每个题都是7.1分。
2 、短对话8% 8个题目每小题7.1分。
3、长对话7%。
分为2段，每段3-4个题，共7小题，每小题7.1份。
4、短文理解10% 共10个小题，每小题7.1份。
5、短文听写10% 共10个小题，每小题7.1份。
三、英语四级综合部分35% =248.5分说明：1、选词填空5% 10个题，每小题3.55分2、长篇阅读10% 10个题，每小题7.1份。
3、仔细阅读20% 共2篇，一篇5个题，每小题7.1份。
四、英语四级翻译部分汉译英15% 30分钟=106.5分预测还是段落翻译，106.5分。
12月英语四级分数分配及比例「详解」31、学单词单词不必照单词本背，效果不好，背单词的目的是会用，不会用等于白背。
病原微生物四级分类
病原微生物四级分类
在病原微生物的四级分类中，域是最高的分类单位，包括两个域：细菌域和古菌域。
细菌域包括细菌和放线菌，古菌域包括古菌。
这两个域的生物特征和生态习性有很大的差异。
在细菌域中，又分为多个界，包括革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌、放线菌等。
革兰氏阳性菌主要是以厚壁的革兰氏阳性细胞壁为特征的菌，如葡萄球菌、链球菌等。
革兰氏阴性菌则以较薄的革兰氏阴性细胞壁为特征的菌，如大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌等。
放线菌则是一类特殊的细菌，其菌丝生长形态和生产菌素的能力成为其鲜明特征。
除了细菌域外，还有真菌界、原生动物界、寄生虫界等。
这些界中，真菌界包括了真菌和酵母菌等真核生物，原生动物界则包括了泡沫虫、锥虫、滴虫等单细胞原生动物，寄生虫界则包括了人类疾病中的原虫、蠕虫等寄生生物。
最后，在每一个界中，都有多个门，每个门中包含多个纲，每个纲中又包含多个种。
这种层次化的分类方法，既能够很好地描述病原微生物的分类关系，也能够便于分类学研究以及疾病防控中的分类鉴定。
- 1 -。
大学英语四级考试综合分类模拟试题(含答案)
大学英语四级考试综合分类模拟试题Part ⅠWritingDirections: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: Cooperation and Competition. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below.1、有人认为人生最好的准备，就是学会与他人合作。
有些人则持相反意见，认为只有竞争中有成功。
谈谈你的看法，并说明原因。
Part ⅡError correctionDirections: This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each numbered line. You may have to change a word, add a word or delete a word. Mark out the mistakes and put the corrections in the blanks provided. If you change a word, cross it and write the correct word in the corresponding blank. If you add a word, put an insertion mark (∧)in the right place and write the missing word in the blank. If you delete a word, cross it out and put a slash (—)in the blank.One of the three major commercial networks, CBS were 1. ______organized in 1928 when its founder William Paley acquiredownership of a group of radio station. 2. ______As the Columbia Broadcasting System expanded itsoperations, soon become the largest radio network in the United 3. ______States, it precociously recognized the potential for the rapidlyevolved television broadcasting technology. On July 13th, 1931, 4. ______ it began experimentally television broadcasting in New York, 5. ______ and ten years later began regular black and white week 6. ______ broadcasts over its WCBW TV station in the same city, that 7. ______ became WCBS TV in November 1946. With Television City inHollywood, CBS launched the industry's first full scaleproduction studio.Today CBS owns television stations, radio stations, andhome video productions and distribution interests. The CBSBroadcasting Group composed of six divisions: television 8. ______ network, entertainment, sports, news, local television stations,andradio.For most of commercial television history, CBS has beenthe leader in prime time ratings, having the highest ratedshows in almost every year from the mid-1950s through themid-1914s. During the late 1914s, however, CBS lost its topposition from NBC. 9. ______CBS has traditionally been strong in the TV news area. Thenetwork began the first regular TV news program in 1948 withDouglas Edwards as anchor. Journalism legends such as EdwardR. Murrow and Walter Cronkite gave CBS its reputation asquality news broadcaster. 10. ______Part ⅢTranslationDirections: Complete the sentences on Answer Sheet 2 by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets.12、The Beijing 2008 Olympics will be noted for ____________________ (注入文化、科技元素).13、Things are back to normal since we ____________________ (还清所有债务).14、The regulation will ____________________ (同样适用于) men and women except when in case of maternity leave(产假).15、The schoolmaster's smiling face ____________________(让我放松下来).16、____________________ (不论是什么建议), he will turn a deaf ear to them.答案:Part ⅠWriting1、Cooperation and CompetitionAs we proceed through life, we are faced with many types of situations. Each situation requires us to behave in different ways. We may be faced with a large project which, in order to be accomplished efficiently, demands the cooperation of each person. In this instance, we must be flexible, supportive, and be willing to compromise. Each person is only a small part of a much larger machine.Being competitive also plays a role in life. The desire for success inspires us to work harder. If there was no competition, a sports meeting will never be exciting and successful; we could never have champions.To succeed in life, we must learn to be both cooperative and competitive. The most important thing to learn in life is to know when to be cooperative and when to be competitive.Part ⅡError correction2、were→was3、station→stations4、become→becoming5、evolved→evolving6、experimentally→experimental7、week →weekly8、that→which9、Group ∧composed→is 10、from→to 11、as ∧quality→aPart ⅢTranslation12、its injection of culture and technology elements 13、paid off all our debts 14、apply equally to 15、put/made me at ease 16、whatever the suggestion is。
十级分类划分标准
十级分类划分标准摘要：一、引言二、十级分类划分标准的概念与背景三、十级分类划分标准的具体内容1.一级分类：综合2.二级分类：哲学、社会科学3.三级分类：自然科学总论4.四级分类：医药、卫生5.五级分类：农业科学6.六级分类：工业技术7.七级分类：交通运输8.八级分类：环境科学、安全科学9.九级分类：语言文字10.十级分类：艺术四、十级分类划分标准在学术研究和实际应用中的意义五、结语正文：一、引言在我国，图书资料的分类体系采用了十级分类划分标准，这一标准对于整理、归纳和研究各类知识具有重要作用。
本文将对这一划分标准进行详细解读，以期帮助大家更好地了解和应用这一标准。
二、十级分类划分标准的概念与背景十级分类划分标准，是我国在图书分类领域长期实践的基础上，总结经验，不断改进和完善而形成的一种科学的分类方法。
这一标准将图书资料分为十个层次，从综合到具体，从抽象到具象，涵盖了各个学科领域，有利于对知识进行精细化管理。
三、十级分类划分标准的具体内容1.一级分类：综合一级分类主要包括综合性图书，如字典、百科全书等。
2.二级分类：哲学、社会科学二级分类包括哲学、宗教、社会科学总论、政治、法律、军事等学科。
3.三级分类：自然科学总论三级分类涵盖自然科学的各个领域，如数学、物理学、化学、地球科学、天文学等。
4.四级分类：医药、卫生四级分类主要涉及医学、药学、卫生学等领域的图书。
5.五级分类：农业科学五级分类包括农学、林学、畜牧兽医、水产、农业工程等农业科学领域的图书。
6.六级分类：工业技术六级分类涵盖了工程技术、电子技术、通信技术、自动化技术、计算机技术等领域的图书。
7.七级分类：交通运输七级分类主要涉及铁路、公路、水路、航空等交通运输领域的图书。
8.八级分类：环境科学、安全科学八级分类包括环境科学、安全科学、灾害防治等领域的图书。
9.九级分类：语言文字九级分类涵盖语言学、文字学、语音学、修辞学等语言文字领域的图书。
四级作文分类介绍
１）有些人认为某些数字会带来好运 ２）我认为好运和数字无关，．．．
１９９９年１月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: Don’t Hesitate to Say “No”. You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline below:
１）越来越多的人喜欢过“洋节日” ２）对于中国人过“洋节日”的做法，有人 赞 同，有人反对 ３）你的观点是什么，说明理由．
２．问题解决题型
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: How to Solve the Housing Problem in Big Cities. You should write at least 120 words based on the outline given below in Chinese.
２００２年１月
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: A Letter to the University President about t he Canteen Service on Campus. You should write at least 100 words and base your composition on the outline below: 假设你是李明，请你就本校食堂的状况给校长写一 封信，内容应涉及食堂的饭菜质量、价格、环境、 服务等，可以是表扬，可以是批评建议，也可以兼 而有之。
大学英语四级分类模拟题347
大学英语四级分类模拟题347Reading ComprehensionSince early colonial times American people have shown a great concern for education. There were a very high proportion of educated men among the first settlers. In the Massachusetts colony in the early 1600s, there was an average of one university man to every 40 or 50 families—much higher than in England. Some of these men, many of whom graduated from Cambridge, came together and founded Harvard College in 1636, 140 years before American Independence. Before the Revolution in 1776, nine colleges had already been opened in the colonies, and most of them later became universities.Within thirty years of the first settlement in Massachusetts, all towns were required to hire a schoolmaster at public expense. Other colonies also prepared for flee public schools. Throughout the 17th century, for instance, free schools had been established in a number of places. In 1787 the Continental Congress asked every new township to reserve one plot of land for public schools. By 1900, there were almost a thousand institutions of higher education in the U.S. Among them were law and medical schools and hundreds of small, four-year liberal art colleges. One of the latter, Oberlin College, which was founded in 1837 in Ohio, was the first to admit women on an equal basis with men.Today, about 43 million pupils and students attend public elementary and secondary schools, which do not charge tuition but rely on local and state taxes for funding. And another 6 million attend private schools, for which their parents pay tuition. Four out of five private schools are run by religious groups, where religious instruction is part of the curriculum. There are also a small but growing number of parents who educate their children themselves at home, a practice known as home schooling. Every year, about 12 million Americans are enrolled in the over 3,000 colleges and universities of every type. Nearly 80 percent of the college students attend public institutions, while a little over 20 percent are enrolled in privately supported universities and colleges. The early emphasis given to education remains today. United Nations figures 1 show that in the amount spent on education per capita, the U.S. is in the ninth place in the world.1、 Who founded Harvard College?A. Many Cambridge graduates.B. Some men who graduated from universities.C. Some first settlers who were educated in Massachusetts.D. Many Americans with a great concern for education.2、 What was every new town required to do in the late 18th century?A. To establish flee schools in many places.B. To prepare for teachers at public expense.C. To keep one plot of land for public schools.D. To make provisions for free public schools.3、 What types of parents are small but growing in number?A. Parents who educate their children themselves at home.B. Parents rich enough to send their children to private schools.C. Parents who pay tuition for schools run by religious group.D. Parents who don't like to practice home schooling.4、 Why don't parents need to pay tuition for public elementary and secondary schools?A. The schools are run by rich religious groups.B. The schools have about 43 million pupils and students.C. The schools are free from taxes and can save a lot of money.D. The schools depend on local and state taxes for funding.5、 Which of the following statements is true?A. It was not until American Independence that the first college was founded in America.B. Oberlin College was the first law school to admit women on an equal basis with men.C. About 20 percent of the American college students are enrolled in privately supported universities and colleges every year.D. The United States is in the ninth place in amount of time spent on education a year.So long as teachers fail to distinguish between teaching and learning, they will continue to undertake to do for children that which only children can do for themselves. Teaching children to read is not passing reading on to them. It is certainly not endless hours spent in activities about reading. Douglas insists that "reading cannot be taught directly and schools should stop trying to do the impossible."Teaching and learning are two entirely different processes. They differ in kind and function. The function of teaching is to create the conditions and the climate that will make it possible for children to devise the most efficient system for teaching themselves to read. Teaching is also a public activity: It can be seen and observed.Learning to read involves all that each individual does to make sense of the word of printed language. Almost all of it is private, for learning is an occupation of the mind, and that process is not open to public scrutiny. If teacher and learner roles are not interchangeable, what then can be done through teaching that will aid the child in the quest (追求) for knowledge? Smith has one principal rule for all teaching instructions. "Make learning to read easy, which means making reading a meaningful, enjoyable and frequent experience for children."When the roles of teacher and learner are seen for what they are, and when both teacher and learner fulfill them appropriately, then much of the pressure and feeling of failure for both is eliminated. Learning to read is made easier when teachers create an environment where children are given the opportunity to solve the problem of learning to read by reading.6、 The problem with the reading course as mentioned in the first paragraph is that ______.A. it is one of the most difficult school coursesB. students spend endless hours in readingC. reading tasks are assigned with little guidanceD. too much time is spent on teaching about reading7、 The teaching of reading will be successful if ______.A. teachers can improve conditions at school for the studentsB. teachers can enable students to develop their own way of readingC. teachers can devise the most efficient system for readingD. teachers can make their teaching activities observable8、 The word "scrutiny" (Line 3, Para.3) most probably means "______".A. inquiryB. observationC. controlD. suspicion9、 According to the passage, learning to read will no longer be a difficult task when ______.A. children become highly motivatedB. teacher and learner roles are interchange ableC. teaching helps children in the search for knowledgeD. reading enriches children's experience10、 The main idea of the passage is that ______.A. teachers should do as little as possible in helping students learn to readB. teachers should encourage students to read as widely as possibleC. reading ability is something acquired rather than taughtD. reading is more complicated than generally believedThoreau said education often made straight-cut ditches out of twisting small streams. But not at the EcoDorm, which houses 36 undergraduates and is the spiritual heart of Warren Wilson College, a liberal-arts school of fewer than 1,000 students in Swannanoa, N.C.In recent years, colleges like Warren Wilson took a leading role in the sustainability movement, which seeks to develop a durable human relationship with the environment. More than 600 U.S. colleges and universities have signed up for a pledge to become carbon neutral. Ninety dorms are now LEED certified, the most widely accepted national standard for green design. The EcoDorm is one of only two student residences that have LEED's highest rating.Two Warren Wilson students first proposed the dorm a decade ago. Undergraduates on the planning committee initially suggested that it be built with corncobs or straw. The design, by Asheville-based Samsel Architects, required compromises—as well as a number of creative solutions. The wood used for building the walls was harvested from campus trees that were suffering from a certain disease. The kitchen cabinets were made from recycled fence posts. Rainwater is collected into a disused railway tanker car and pumped back into the house to clean the low-flow toilets. Two toilets, which convert decaying organic matter to fertilizer, are also available on the second floor; students shovel in wood chips after they use them. The EcoDorm consumes nearly two-thirds less electricity than would a conventional building of the same size.Margo Flood, the executive director of Warren Wilson's Environmental Leadership Center, says those who apply to live there "see an integration between their actions and their values." They pledge not to use hair dryers. Their music does not have its sound made louder electronically. The residents plant and harvest scores of fruits and vegetables in their garden.The EcoDorm's residents speak of the comfort of finding a home where their values are shared. "I didn't have to worry about paper towels being wasted or feeling bad about drying my clothes outside," Jeremy Lekich, a senior who oversees the dorm's garden, says. "Basically, it has made my life easier."11、 What is the aim of the sustainability movement?A. To persuade university to become carbon neutral.B. To develop durable dorms for undergraduates.C. To boost harmonious human-environment relationship.D. To play a leading role in protecting environment.12、 What do we learn about Warren Wilson College?A. It has ninety LEED certified student residences.B. It has one of the most sustainable dorms.C. It established the first green student residences.D. It can provide dorms for only a few students.13、 The design by Asheville-based Samsel Architects required compromises in ______.A. the electricity provided for the dormB. the means of collecting rainwaterC. the appearance design of the buildingD. the building materials of the dorm14、 What do the EcoDorm's residents have in common?A. Their desire for comfort.B. Their belief in the importance of actions.C. Their values on the environment.D. Their ways of fulfilling their ideals.15、 What is allowed to do in the EcoDorm?A. Use hair dryers.B. Dry clothes outdoors.C. Play music loudly with electronic equipment.D. Use electricity in the day time.College-bound American high school students usually have some combination of parents, teachers, guidance counselors, or peers to support them in the tough process of applying to and beginning college. Unfortunately, adults who want to go to college—particularly adults who have been out of school for a long time—generally have no such support system. "Adults have a much harder time starting out in college because, unlike regular students, they have adult obligations—raising children and working full time—that often conflict with the demands of school," says Deepa Rao, a World Education expert. "Also, adults who have been out of school for a long time may not be academically prepared for college level work. Some have little exposure to technologies like email and Internet research, which are an increasing part of college communication and courses. They may be unaware of available resources, such as financial aid, tutoring centers or mentoring programs, and may be unfamiliar with terms such as 'bursar' and 'prerequisite.' And if you don't know where to begin or what to do once you do get there, it's easy to get overwhelmed and simply give up."The challenges that working adults face when going to college inspired Deepa to develop a web page and website as part of World Education's National College Transition Network (NCTN), an online forum for technical assistance, news, and helpful resources for educators, policy makers, and others interested in adult learning. The new website is a counterpart (对应物) to the NCTN, set up to guide adults who are considering college through the process of applying to and succeeding in school. The website is arranged like a college campus, with "buildings" representing the sort of departments and classrooms housed on a college campus. Each building contains "classes" that describe the admissions process, where to look for grants and scholarships, and lists resources, where an out-of-practice student can review reading, writing, and math. There are also lists of advice and resources to help students with their college life. Another helpful aspect of this interactive, multimedia site is its audio capacity: all texts can be read to the visitor. This particular feature is especially helpful for people with visual problems or learning disabilities.The cycle of learning runs from cradle to grave, and World Education works to break down barriers to education for people of all ages, all over the world.16、 According to the passage, working adults find it difficult to start their college education because ______.A. they are too busy and academically unpreparedB. they have been out of school for quite a long timeC. tutoring resources in college are unavailable to themD. they do not have enough money for further education17、 The comparison between adult students and regular students shows that ______.A. the latter are less prepared than the formerB. the latter have more problems than the formerC. the former have more problems than the latterD. the former are no less prepared than the latter18、 The purpose of the website is to ______.A. help adult students edit web pagesB. provide adult students with guidanceC. solve financial problems of adult studentsD. enable students to repair computers by themselves19、 The newly created website provides programs ______.A. for regular college students onlyB. for students interested in websitesC. for students including the disabledD. for educators interested in adult learning20、 The last paragraph shows that learning ______.A. involves difficultiesB. starts at ones birthplaceC. requires repeated effortsD. is a lifelong processHousing officials say that lately they are noticing something different: students seem to lack the will, and skill, to address these ordinary conflicts. "We have students who are mad at each other and they text each other in the same room," says a teacher. "So many of our roommate conflicts are because kids don't know how to negotiate a problem."And as any pop psychologist will tell you, bottled emotions lead to silent seething (不满) that can boil over into frustration and anger. At the University of Florida, emotional outbursts occur about once a week, the university's director of housing and residence education says. "It used to be: 'Let's sit down and talk about it,'" he says, "Over the past five years, roommate conflicts have intensified. The students don't have theperson-to-person discussions and they don't know how to handle them." The problem is most dramatic among freshmen; housing professionals say they see improvement as students move toward graduation, but some never seem to catch on, and they worry about how such students will deal with conflicts after college.Administrators speculate that reliance on cell phones and the Internet may have made it easier for young people to avoid uncomfortable encounters. Why express anger in person when you can vent in a text? Facebook creates even more friction as complaints go public. "Things are posted on someone's wall on Facebook: 'Oh, my roommate kept me up all night studying,'" says Dana Pysz, an assistant director in the office of residential life at the University of California, Los Angeles. "It's a different way to express their conflict to each other." In recent focus groups at North Carolina State University, dorm residents said they would not even confront noisy neighbors on their floor.Administrators point to parents who have fixed their children's problems their entire lives. Now in college, the children lack the skills to attend to even modest conflicts. Some parents continue to intervene on campus.21、 What does the word "address" (Line 2, Para.1) mean?A. To speak to.B. To deal with.C. To make a formal speech.D. To mark with a destination.22、 What is the main reason of roommate conflicts?A. Students text each other in the same room.B. Students are always mad at each other.C. Director of housing is responsible for that.D. Students are not good at negotiating.23、 According to the passage, we can conclude that cell phones and theInternet ______.A. make our life more convenientB. make it easier to have person-to-person communicationsC. make it easier to take frustration outD. enable students to avoid uncomfortable meetings24、 What should parents do according to the passage?A. They should intervene in their children's life on campus.B. They should cultivate the independence of their children.C. They should deal with their children's problems their whole lives.D. They should teach their children how to deal with the smallest conflicts.25、 The best title for the passage is ______.A. Student's Life in CollegeB. Student's Failure to CommunicateC. Parent's Intervention in Their Children's LifeD. Teacher's Concern about Students答案:Reading Comprehension1、B[解析] 细节题。
初中综合素质评价思想品德四级指标
4
D
共10个关 键表现点，
9
未能达到关
键表现点要
求每点扣1 分，基本达
9
A
到要求扣
0.5分，达
到要求不扣
分。
共10个关 键表现点， 未能达到关 键表现点要 求每点扣1 分，基本达 到要求扣 0.5分，达 到要求不扣 分。
0
D
评分说明 得分
0
1
共10个关
1
键表现点， 未能达到关
1
键表现点要
0
求每点扣1
分，基本达
0
到要求扣 0.5分，达
0
到要求不扣
0
分。
1
1
总分
5
等级
D
1
共10个关
键表现点，
未能达到关
1
键表现点要
求每点扣1
1.2
分，基本达 到要求扣
0
6.2
C
0.5分，达
1
到要求不扣 分。
1
1
11
共10个关 键表现点， 未能达到关 键表现点要 求每点扣1 分，基本达 到要求扣 0.5分，达 到要求不扣 分。
10分
2.能正确认识自己，爱惜自己的身体，有 良好的生活习惯，不吸烟、不喝酒。 3.能主动向周围的同学、朋友宣传生命的 意义与价值。
1.具有基本的环保常识和意识，了解保护
保护环境 10分
环境的重要性和必要性。 2.积极参加班级、学校、社区组织的垃圾 分类及其他环保活动。
3.爱惜花草树木，自觉维护环境卫生。
1.尊老爱幼、孝敬父母，主动分担家务， 自己的事自己做。 2.宽以待人，与同学友好相处，不欺凌侮 仁爱友善 辱同学。 10分 3.心胸开阔，有正常的人格，有爱心，主 动传递善举。 4.在公共场合能主动给老弱病残孕幼让座 。
人力资源管理师四级综合复习资料
人力资源管理师(四级）综合复习资料第一章人力资源规划1、简述企业组织信息采集和处理的方法？答：信息采集的方法：1、询问法，包括当面调查询问法、电话调查法、会议调查询问法、邮寄调查询问法、问卷调查询问法。
2、观察法，包括直接观察法、行为记录法简述工作岗位写实的步骤方法？答:工作岗位写实分为三个阶段.1)根据岗位写实的目的，确定写实对象.2）进行初步岗位调查。
3)制定出写实工作计划，规定好具体的写实程序何步骤，设计出写实调查表，做好书写板、计时器等所需仪器的准备工作，明确规定划分工作事项的标准，以及各类工时消耗的代号、编码，以便于登记记录数据资料. 4）培训写实人员，使其熟练掌握岗位写实的技术和技巧。
5)写实人员要把写实的意图和要求向写实对象讲清楚，以便取得他们的积极配合.从上班开始，一直到下班结束，将整个工作日的活动情况毫无遗漏地记录下来，以保证写实的完整性。
(1)计算各活动事项消耗的时间.（2)对所有观察事项进行分类,通过汇总计算出每一类工时的合计数。
(3)编制岗位写实汇总表，在分析、研究各类人力资源规划的内容:战略规划、组织规划、制度规划、人员规划、费用规划企业信息采集和处理的基本原则：准确性、系统性、针对性、及时性、适用性、经济性简述企业组织信息采集的程序？,确定调研的主题内容和范围。
初步情况分析;非正式调研；确定调研目标。
采集资料信息的来源和方法；设计调查问卷和抽样方法;实地调查，又称现场调查。
企业组织信息的分析：可靠性分析、数理统计分析、经济学分析 (swot)。
调研报告的撰写必须坚持真实完整客观和适用的原则,应注意：必须明确说明调研资料的来源、必须说明对资料进行统计分析的方法、必须说明被调查对象的具体情况、必须对企业组织信息进行分类企业组织信息的应用：企业组织信息的传输、存储、检索2、现代企业组织结构的类型:（1)直线型：最简单的集权式组织结构形式，领导关系按垂直系统建立，不设立专门的职能机构，自上而下形成垂直领导与被领导关系.优点：结构简单、责任关系明确、横线联系少、内部协调容易、信息沟通迅速、管理效率高；缺点：组织结构缺乏弹性、组织内部缺乏横向交流、缺乏专业化分工不利于管理水平的提高、要求领导必须是经营管理人才.适用范围：只适用于那些规模较小或业务活动简单稳定的企业。
大学英语四级分类模拟题409
大学英语四级分类模拟题409Reading ComprehensionSection AGender equality is a well-defined by-product of human development. It always 1 to how to focus attention on women empowerment. Meanwhile women empowerment confronts challenges 2 in translating the responsibilities to gender equality into action. Gender discrimination is the prime 3 of endemic (地方性的) poverty leading to skyrocketing HIV prevalence. Witha 4 to making gender equality a reality as a core commitment, women empowerment has to be the stepping stone to sustainable development.HIV/AIDS epidemic is 5 in Africa and mounting all over the world mostly due to gender discrimination, stigmatization (偏见) and unsafe sex practice. To make the spread of epidemic flagged (使衰退), widening gender gaps must be 6 . Nowadays young women and girls are at a much higher risk than men. According to the findings of surveys and case studies conducted in Africa, adolescent girls are 5-6 times more likely to be 7 by HIV virus than boys. According to the social development specialist and AIDS researcher Mohammad Khairul Alam, "It should be realized that there is no alternative to develop and enhance life skills of 8 girls and women to cope with epidemic. They may be assisted on the 9 levels to become engaged in grooming their confidence and organized. At the same time, their voices should be allowed to be heard loud and clear. Thus the collective effort of women is born with the sense or purpose that they will be stirred up to share perceptions improving their 10 to reproductive health related information and services."A. abandoned I. inclinesB. access J. infectedC. breaking K. ragingD. combated L. sourceE. competitively M. variousF. conservative N. viewG. constantly O. vulnerableH. happensSection BHow to Build Team SpiritA. It is a well-known fact that an organisation can achieve a greater success if a few people get united and work towards a goal together. An ordinary team can perform better provided they are motivated. There are many instances, where a team approach has succeeded better compared to an organisation which is riddled with politics and managers who only think about themselves.B. In fact this is a basic problem among many people as they always tend to develop "Frog Syndrome." The frog syndrome does not allow other colleagues to go up the ladder, which leads the organisation to become an ordinary organisation. Today the biggest problem many companies are facing is how to develop team spirit among people. This is a very crucial point for the organisation to make difference in today's highly competitive environ ment. How can we develop such things today? Of course, there are many ways which are given below.C. The role of manager is to ensure that the people become cohesive (有凝聚力的) and feel proud to be the members of the team. It is quite possible provided the manager himself is a team leader. He has to set the right target, create enthusiasm among the people, develop a positive attitude among the people and motivate them at the right time. If done, it is nothing that succeeds like success.D. Right team spirit brings within the organisation a vibrant feeling to an insider as well as outsider. There is always willingness to walk an extra mile among people to achieve the set objective. This leads to more congenial (令人愉快的) atmosphere within the organisation. How many companies have succeeded in doing the same? Does it bring smile to an ordinary person working in the organisation? If yes, that organisation really can survive for a longer time.E. A happy employee always tends to achieve better. Many companies tend to take care of external customer but tend to forget the internal customers. Hence, companies should do retrospective (回顾的) analysis on satisfaction level of the internal employee. But how many companies bother to do that?A real smile can help the organisation to achieve better sales because SMILE = Sell More in Less Effort. How many people can bring smile on the face of a person? Therefore, there are few organisations which excel. However, this is possible provided the manager becomes a mentor.F. People always look towards a manager as mentor who can correct, guide and give constructive criticism. Manager should go where the colleagues working under him require him to go. He should help his colleagues during the need of the hour. Can a manager develop himself to be a mentor so that people can rely on his advice? A manager, if redevelop himself as a mentor, can definitely bring the team spirit among the people. But how many managers can be a mentor? Many times a manager himself is a grumbler (爱发牢骚的人) and creates a polluted environment within the organisation as his personality may not be fit to do a particular job. Therefore, a manager should analyse his own personality along with his colleagues' and ensure that his personality along with his colleagues' personality be suited to do the particular job. Application of sales grid (方格) approaches will definitely help him to understand his own personality as well as his colleagues'. This analysis can help to take corrective action and will create greater sense of responsibility and motivation among the people. We must motivate ourselves to motivate others.G. This is possible provided a manager make the job more challenging. In fact during a survey conducted by the author in India, the No. 1 motivator factor is job enrichment. How many managers try to create innovations in their job functions of their colleagues and associates? How many managers remove the fear of instability? How many managers ask themselves what new things they or their teams have done? If this is done regularly, the demotivation does not arise. Ordinary people can perform extraordinary things provided they bring the motivation and team spirit among the people. This is quite possible and a manager has a role to play. He should be proactive (主动的) in building team spirit and take action.H. There are certain people who because of the past experience can destroy the team spirit. Therefore, it is suggested that managers should identify "this grumbler" at right time and take corrective measures immediately. The cancerous cell should not be allowed to develop or proliferate (扩散). A proper counseling can help the manager to correct the situation. He should not develop a dual personality. For example, in the office the tap is leaking, however, he does not bother as he feels that it is the job of administration but when he goes home he makes sure that the leakage of the tap is corrected. The dichotomy (分裂) behavior of the person cannot help him to develop teamspirit. The manager should develop fatherhood of a spastic (痉挛的) child who is very caring, understanding his child. He has to therefore correct him, mend him with hope that the future will be bright.I. Managers must educate a colleague while working. A study among the field force revealed that the field representatives like to have a leader who is good at product knowledge and selling skills. During the visit of a leader if he ensures that he gives one or two new points to his colleagues, then the interaction between the two becomes more fruitful. Fox example, if a zonal manager visits his team, he may take up the product training in the conference or during the field work followed by a written test of the same subject. This concept was tried by the author in one of his client's companies wherein he noticed that the representative never used to respect his senior because of his lack of knowledge on the product. This process of inculcating (教授) the habit of interactions between the two brought a better team spirit and respect for each other. This activity resulted into higher productivity of the area.11、 If the manager develops himself as a team leader, it may increase the possibility of people feeling proud to be members of the team.12、 Companies devote themselves to making their employees happy because this can help them achieve better sales performance in less effort.13、 Managers shall identify people who destroy the team spirit and correct the situation by proper counseling.14、 It is difficult for many managers to become a mentor who can offer reliable advice to their colleagues at the right time.15、 According to a study, field representatives would like their manager having a good command of product knowledge and selling skills.16、 The analysis of a manager's personality and his colleagues' may make people more responsible and motivated.17、 Sometimes the managers in some companies hinder the way of other colleagues' career development.18、 A survey shows the most effective motivator factor is job enrichment.19、 A manager should not develop a dual personality because it is not good for the development of team spirit.20、 Right team spirit can create a relaxing atmosphere within the company, which will benefit the company in a long run.Section CPassage OneFuture historians will be in a unique position when they come to record the history of our own times. They will hardly know which facts to select from the great mass of evidence that steadily accumulates. What's more, they will not have to rely solely on the written words. Films, gramophone (留声机) records and magnetic tapes will provide them with a puzzling amount of information. They will be able, as it were, to see and hear us in action. But the historian attempting to reconstruct the distant past is always faced with a difficult task. He has to deduce what he can from the few scanty clues available. Even seemingly insignificant remains can shed interesting light on the history of early man.Up to now, historians have assumed that calendars came into being with the advent (来临) of agriculture, for then man was faced with a real need to understand something about the seasons. Recent scientific evidence seems to indicate that this assumption is incorrect.Historians have long been puzzled by dots, lines and symbols which havebeen engraved on walls, bones, and the ivory teeth of mammoths (猛犸象). The nomads who made these markings lived by hunting and fishing during the last Ice Age, which began about 35,000 B.C. and ended about 10,000 B.C. By correlating markings made in various parts of the world, historians have been able to read this difficult code. They have found that it is connected with the passage of days and phases of the moon. It is, in fact, a primitive type of calendar. It has long been known that the hunting scenes depicted on walls were not simply a form of artistic expression. They had a definite meaning, for they were as near as early man could get to writing. It is possible that there is a definite relation between these paintings and the markings that sometimes accompany them. It seems that man was making a real effort to understand the seasons 20,000 years earlier than has been supposed.21、 Compared with the historians investigating the distant past, future historians ______.A. have to depend only on the written words to get related informationB. may feel more puzzled facing so much informationC. have more evidence and resources to get related informationD. may have difficulty in collecting related information22、 Why did historians assume calendars came into being with the emergence of agriculture?A. The markings the nomads used to record dates had close relationship with agriculture.B. The codes depicted on the nomads' walls were all about agriculture.C. Man needed to understand something about seasons when developing agriculture.D. The passage of days and the phases of the moon were recorded according to agriculture seasons.23、 How have historians been able to read the markings made by nomads?A. By correlating paintings that accompany them.B. By studying the dots, lines and symbols made by nomads.C. By deducing what they can only from markings of the same place.D. By connecting them with other markings in various parts of the world.24、 What is the scientific research result that has recently come to light?A. Nomads traveled widely in various parts of the world.B. Calendars came into being earlier than we used to assume.C. Nomads carved the bones and teeth of the animals they killed.D. The markings nomads carved on walls had a definite meaning.25、 What do we learn about the paintings found on the walls?A. They have a definite relation with the markings.B. They contain no more meanings except their artistic merits.C. They are thought to be disconnected with ancient calendars.D. They are invariably accompanied by dots, lines and symbols. Passage TwoIncreasingly lax office culture means we have not two wardrobes (衣柜)—work and play—but one. Is anything allowed at work?When Emily Birch got dressed for work on a recent Monday morning, she didn't plug in the iron, and she didn't pull out a can of starch (淀粉类食物). She didn't even search for a lint roller. Birch, 46, hopped out of bed and donned (穿上) the first thing she could find. "An ancient old tie-dyed T-shirt and a pair of army shorts," she says, laughing. "I just sort of threw on clothes." Thusly prepped, she ate breakfast and went into the office—by walking into the next room.As a Pennsylvania-based editor for a California publishing company, Birchis one of the country's growing number of telecommuters. For her, "going into work" is walking over from her bedroom into her home office, where she sometimes checks e-mail in her pajamas. "I'm spending less money on clothes, because I'm not dressing up for other people," she says.Telecommuting is changing our culture—and so are the fields we're choosing to work in. The Department of Labor calls computer-system design and related services "among the fastest growing industries in the economy", and says sectors of software engineering and data systems are the most likely to surge over the next years—jobs you can do from anywhere, no-suit-required. Sartorial strictures have been loosening for decades. The start-up ethos (风气) of the 1990s dotcom boom meant jeans and T-shirts took the place of cuff links and pocket squares. Suits, and being a suit, were out of style. And as tech companies like Apple, Google, and Microsoft helped create a nation of mobile workers, each company helped entrench the notion that looking smart isn't as material as being smart. Google cofounder Sergey Brin, for example, describes his company's dress code as that of an "untidy student", and Google's relaxed attitude toward dress and hours (as well as its friendliness toward working remotely) is part of its allure for employees. Those same lax standards have seeped into other sectors: Centuries-old American companies like Ford, Procter & Gamble, and General Motors have allowed their employees in most departments to dress casually.26、 What is the current trend at work discussed in the passage?A. Flexible working hours. C. Working remotely.B. Dressing casually. D. Relaxed attitude towards work.27、 What does the author say about Birch?A. She opens her own company at home.B. She lives in California now.C. She does her work at home.D. She doesn't like dressing up for other people.28、 What do we learn about telecommuting from the passage?A. It influences the field we choose to work in.B. It is the fastest growing industry in the developed world.C. It will be the most potential industry over the next five years.D. It leads to the change of our work culture.29、 What's the view of the Department of Labor on sectors of software and data system?A. They are the fastest growing industry.B. They will develop steadily over the next years.C. They will see a sudden great increase in the next years.D. They provide jobs that require employees to wear suits.30、 What do we learn from the last paragraph?A. Lax office culture has just started.B. Some companies think good looking doesn't mean anything.C. Google's relaxed attitude mainly aims to attract employees.D. Old companies aren't interested in lax standards.答案:Reading ComprehensionSection A1、[解析] 本空应填动词。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
四级综合（翁华）sophia整理词汇：*为超纲词⒈场景类词汇（名词、动词、形容词）（一）经济类currency通货currency inflation通货膨胀home/foreign currency 本国／外国货币order订单，订购指示claim根据自身的条件提出要求，索赔，赔偿purchase成批，大批量地购买fare公共交通费fee 学生学费，医生出诊费，律师出庭费tip小费pay工资，支出wage一天／一周的工资salary 一月／一年的工资expense花费，日常花销，零花钱expenditure支出revenue收入，税收income收入和所得banking银行业banker银行家accounting会计学accountant会计open account开账户balance 余额deposit 存款，存折，抵押款pension 养老金bonus 红利，奖金commission 委员会，佣金，回扣，手续费（二）法律类charge sb. with doing sth.accuse sb. of sth.sue sb. for sth. 控告，起诉prosecute sb. for sth.indict* sb. for sth.indictee 被告indicter 原告be sentenced to (12 years) 被判刑commit a crime 犯罪guilty 有罪的innocent 无罪的，清白的，无辜的lawyer <美>律师attorney <美>律师，商业事务中的代理律师，法定代理人barrister <英>律师，高级法庭中的辩护律师（三）能力，能量，力量strength 力气，力量at length 最终，最后；详细，详尽人潜在的发展能力capacity 存储，包容能力交易量，交易额possibility 可能性小probability 可能性大likelihood 可能性大potential （人／物）潜在的能力和能量power权势，权力ability实际的操作能力和应用能力be (un)able to do 没有能力做某事disable (vt.) 使…失去工作能力，使…（物）停止工作，使…（人）残废inability 无能力和无才能的状况be capable of 有（融会贯通、学习、接受、理解、交流）能力做某事5（四）点、标点、标记、记号、物点、特点时间点、地点、观点、要点、小数点、指点to the point where到…的程度上feature 面部特征和特点、地貌特征mark 标记、记号signal 信号sign 迹象，象征，征兆，属相symbol 象征P74T63syndrome <医>综合症label 标签spot 大而醒目的，圆或椭圆的污点on the spot 当场，立即，马上stain 一片或好几处污点pimple （永陪选项）痘痘dimple （永陪选项）酒窝diagram （永陪选项）平面示意图symptom <医>症状track 轨道，路，跑道trace 比喻意，事物在发展过程中留下的痕迹（五）事情、问题thing 指一切事物event 重大的历史、政治事件matter vi.有关系，有所谓，重大且紧急紧迫之事，不解决会带来后果case 案例，病例，例子business 生意，商业not of your business不关你的事issue 重大的社会问题引起人们的普遍关系question 小问题，要求直接给予回答problem 抽象，综合的问题，但每个人都有的问题incident 特殊的、非凡的、不同寻常之事、蓄谋已久的事件incidence*发生的几率，比率accident 意外事故，偶然、偶发事件accidence*基础知识，词尾的变化coincidence*巧合，巧合之事it is no coincidence绝非巧合affairs 事物（国内、国外、个人风流）（六）情感、脾气、态度feeling 人的具体情怀／情感I have feelings for you. 我已经对你有了感情。
emotion 包括喜怒哀乐的抽象的词emotional 感情用事的，情绪化的（贬）attitude 人的心态，姿势mood 情绪in no mood / in a good moodpassion 激情，热情passionate 激情飞扬的，热情洋溢的compassion 同情心compassionate 富有同情心的sentimental 多愁善感的sentiment 怀旧的，温柔的，伤感的，浪漫的，细腻的，难以察觉的，高尚的，高级的情感和情操temper 脾气lose one’s temper / hold or keep one’s temper（七）看view 美丽的风景和景色，人的观点sight 看到的内容和对象look 面部表情，神色scene 场景，布景，场面vision 人的视力look at 看一眼glare at 怒目而视stare at 因为迷惑不解、好奇、惊讶而盯着或瞪着某人glance at 快速而有目标地看，而且往往看清了目标catch a glimpse of 匆匆一瞥，往往没看清（八）破坏spoil√宠坏，对氛围的破坏hurt 肉体的，心灵的，情感的伤害harm 客观事物对主体的危害（强光对皮肤，吸烟对身体）injure 皮外伤，轻伤wound 刀伤，剑伤，战争中受伤damage 部分的破坏，且往往可以修复destroy 彻底地毁坏，不可修复wreck√海难事件，船只受损crash √空难事件，飞机坠毁collide 火车相撞，两个运动物体相撞crush 揉碎，挤碎，压碎tear√撕碎，扯碎ruin 对园林，建筑物造成毁坏，以及留下的遗址smash 砸碎，粉碎，捣碎clash 刀光剑影，刀剑相碰发出的铿锵之声clash with 和…有冲突，与…有矛盾slash 猛砍，猛剁（九）坚持stick to +观点，原则hold to +观点，原则hold on to 牢牢地抓住，固守自己的原则和理念keep to +原则，理念+ oneself 不与外人交流，孤僻；不透露秘密给别人adhere to + principles 遵守，遵照comply with 遵守日常行为规范conform to 顺从，依然，不敢改革（微贬）＋风土人情，风俗习惯reform改革（十）忍受bear 精神、心灵、肉体上承受了巨大的压力而忍受着stand 不屈不挠，顽强地忍耐stand up to 勇敢地抵住，经得住，耐得住tolerate 宽容，对不喜欢的人或事的一种不予理会endure 长时间的忍耐put up with <口>忍受live with <口>同居；忍耐（十一）适应adapt oneself to 使某人适应；改编自( be adapt at ) 擅长于( adopt ) vt.收养，抚养；采纳，采取，后接建议acclimate 适应当地的气候accustom 适应当地的风俗accommodate oneself to 容纳，为某人提供住宿（十二）取消Cancel call off（十三）空bare 光秃秃的，不长草的，裸露的blank 空白处，空白纸blank face 茫然，无表情go blank 变得一片空白hollow 内部中空，人内部空虚vacant 空缺的（职位等）vacancy 空缺的职位empty 空荡荡的，屋子里没有人vast 因太大，而显得空荡荡的nothingness*虚无缥缈的状态，不存在的状态barren 贫瘠的，不肥沃的（土地）（十四）大considerable 相当大的，非凡的，值得考虑的enormous 巨大的，但不超出想象gigantic 悬殊的比例，构成的巨大，巨人一般的大titanic 巨大的，神秘的numerous 数量巨大，巨多monumental 巨大的价值，不朽的价值，具有纪念碑的价值的immense 大的无法测量，无穷无尽的（十五）永恒永久永远lasting√持久的（印象impression）permanent√长期地定居在某个地方不离开perpetual eternal everlasting 一直持久的（十六）方式方法method 有计划性，已被人规划好的，系统性的方式方法way 有特殊的个人的方法means 手段tactics 战术，具体的technique 个人化的技巧和技能⒉押头韵押尾韵词汇押头韵：trans- (12个) a+双写辅音字母-con/m/l/r- im/n/l/r- ex- re-transform 进行，演化；神秘地变化；激烈的变化，彻底的变化，往往给人以耳目一新的感觉transfuse 输血transmute （永陪选项）物质内部结构发生变化transfer 地点的转移，职位的调动，财产、账户、权力的转移transit 过渡transact 交易，贸易translate 翻译transplant 移植transport 传送transgress 跨过边境、边界，侵略transmit 声音的传播，疾病的传播，货物的传送transcend 超载transparent*透明的transcultural*跨文化的company 公司；陪伴，伴侣compel 强迫，迫使compile 编写comply with 后接法律法规押尾韵：-tion-ty-ious-ible-able-ive√（表主动意义）-erior-fy-ize√-izationintensive 精密的，强烈的，特别的或重病的护理extensive 延伸的，扩展的，覆盖的，广博的expensive 昂贵的expansive 膨胀的，肿胀的，（人）豪放的destructive 极具破坏性的descriptive 描绘性的，描述的instructive 指导性的，指示性的，具有教育意义的constructive 富有建设性的abusive 诽谤的，诋毁的altitude 海拔，高度attitude 态度，姿势amplitude 丰富，大量，宽度，振幅aptitude 天才，才能，天资⒊异形近义usual 频率高，通常ordinary 无特别之处general 普遍common 经常见到／听到average (family/height)普通⒋近形近义assure (+sb. of sth./ that从句) 向某人保证某事insure给…上保险，以免受到损失ensure接单宾语，保证某事reassure使某人放心，使某人不担心（物做主语）reserve (保护，保留，保存)preserveconserveobserve⒌词组短语句型习惯表达法at stake （木桩，赌注）利害攸关，危在旦夕at random 随机地抽取at large 在未被逮捕的过程中逍遥法外at interval 每隔一段时间at a loss 茫然不知所措，亏损at a profit 盈利at length 最后，最终call in 邀请某人进来参加call out 大声呼吁，号召call after 在某人后面大声招唤而引起注意call up 召集起来，动员起来，打电话call for√要求call off √取消call at 拜访某地call on 拜访某人break up 关系的破裂break down 抛锚；精神崩溃；物质分解和瓦解break of 关系的中断，断绝了供应的来源break away 摆脱了…的束缚break in 插嘴，插话，突然打断break out 大火或瘟疫的爆发break into 破门而入，突然…起来（tears）break through 打破，突破短文改错：名词：（一）基本问题1．单复数（主谓一致）：3000 dollars are (is) a big money for a person like me,金钱、价值、重量、距离、时间的名词形式是复数，谓语是单数。