流行病学英文总结

流行病学英文版总结（精华版）

乌衣月Email:Frnbdx@

1、Epidemiology

Epidemiology is the study that is based on distribution and factors of diseases and health-related states in populations,and then makes politicies and takes measures to control heslth problems.

2、Exposure

Exposure is a very common used term in epidemiology,it refers to the causal factors that may be associated with the disease,for example,contact with a harmful materials,or some characteristics ,such as the age which may put an individual at increased risk.

3、Outcome

Outcome is the disease or other changes in health status.It is the possible result that may be associated with the causes,risk factors or preventive measures.

4、Descriptive epidemiology

Descriptive epidemiology is concerned with the variations of morbidity and mortality in a community.It concentrates on the description of distribution of morbidity or mortality by person,place and time,and then we can pose the hyposthesis,such as case report,ecological study and cross-sectional study.

5、Ecological study

Ecological study is a type of descriptive study.It is the study of the relationship between some factors and diseases in the group level, the unit of observation and analysis is group.We describe the exposure status of disease factors and the frequency of diseases in different populations and then analyse the relationship between exposure and disease,for example, ecological comparison study and ecological trend study.

6、Experimental epidemiology

Experimental epidemiology is to identify a group of subjects with the same conditions,and randomizes the subjects into intervention and control groups,follows them up for a period of time,compares the outcome between the groups,so as to evaluate the efficacy of the intervention.It is also called the interventional study,includes clinical trial,field trial and community trial.

7、Observational study

Observational study is a kind of epidemiology.We observe and measure the occurrence of the disease or other health-related status in different groups with various characteristics and attempt to identy the causal association between the exposure and outcome,but we do not intervene in any way,so it is called the observational study,such as cross-sectional study,cohort study and so on.

8、Three levels of prevention

Primary prevention concentrates on the cause prevention or reduction of risk factors,so as to prevent the development of disease.

Secondary prevention is to diagnose and treat diseases in their early stages so as to restore or improve health,such as the screening program.

Tertiary prevention is to reduce complications of disease,improve the outcome,so as to improve the quality of life of the patients.

9、PYLL

PYLL is measure of the socio-economic impact of the premature death of an individual.It is