modal auxiliaries 情态动词
英文语法拉杂谈--情态动词
谈谈情态动词(Modal Verbs)(⼀) 我们常见的英⽂动词有:及物动词(Transtive Verbs)、不及物动词(Intranstive Verbs)、助动词(Axiliary Verbs)、联系动词(Link Verbs /Copula)和情态动词(Modal Verbs)。
其他还有:⾮谓语动词,如:动词不定式、动名词。
这回我们就来谈谈情态动词(Modal Verbs 注意Modal 不是 Model 喔)。
* 情态动词也可称为"情态助动词(Modal Auxiliaries)",因为它和基本助动词(be,do, have)都属于助动词类。
* 情态动词和其他动词连⽤,可表⽰说话⼈的语⽓。
* 情态动词可表达建议、要求、可能和意愿等。
* 情态动词没有⼈称和数的变化。
* 常⽤的情态动词有:can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would这九⼤情态动词;其他的还有ought to, need, dare 等。
其实我们这⾥谈的情态动词,它的特征⽤法,有许多⽅⾯和助动词是⼀样的(请参阅《英⽂语法拉杂谈》助动词);但为了⽅便阅读,因此即使相同的部份,这⾥也同样列出。
⼀、情态动词的变化:(情态动词could,动词 to work) 1.1 简单型(Simple):表⽰现在或将来的状态 I could work (动词不可加 to ,如:to work.下同) you could work he could work she could work it could work we could work they could work 1.2 完成式型(Perfect):表⽰过去的状态 I could have worked (动词是 have + v-ed 过去分词。
下同) you could have worked he could have worked she could have worked it could have worked we could have worked they could have worked 1.3 进⾏式型(Continuous):表⽰现在或将来还在进⾏的状态 I could be working (动词是be + v-ing 现在分词。
英语单词
动态动词和静态动词
• 根据词义特点,行为动词可分为动态动词和静态动词。动态动词 表示动作,如give, take, work, run等;静态动词表示感觉、情感、 内心世界、相互关系等,如know, live, lie, exist, be, have, mean, seem, appear, sound, prove, concerns, hate, dislike, like, love, prefer, surprise, astonish, satisfy, contain, include, matter depend on, belong to, guess, suppose, imagine, believe, doubt, admire, envy等。
情态动词练习
1.( )you tell me what’s happening over there ? A. Could B. May C. Might D. Shall 2.( ) I have a word with the manager ,sir ? A. Will B. Would C. May D. Can 3. — Something flying far away must be a hawk . — No, it( ) be a hawk . A. mustn’t B. mightn’t C. can’t D. might 4. Man ( )reach the moon or any other star in the universe now, but we get there years ago . A. can ; couldn’t B. are able to ; weren’t able to C. must ; needn’t D. can ; had to 5. Grandfather ,( ) my sister come ? A. Will B. shall C. would D. could
Chapter 7下Modal Auxiliaries情态助动词
• eg:I must pay for the bill. (必要)
• • You must finish your work before noon.(强制) You must clean up your own room.(义务)
• 3.表示推测时,must是最高强度的可能性,多用于现在 和过去时态。 • eg: It is twelve. He must be at work now.(现在) • So you know Luxun. You must have read a lot.(过去) • 4.表示推测时,must一般只用于肯定句,不用于否定和 疑问句。can表推测多用于否定句和疑问句。
• 1.— What’s the matter with you?
• — Oh, I’m not feeling well in the stomach. I ______ so much fried fish just now.
• A. shouldn’t eat • C. shouldn’t have eaten B. mustn’t have eaten D. mustn’t eat
•
You must be polite to ladies.
• 7.4.2 Need
• need是个非肯定性的助词,多用于否定句和疑问句, 希望得到否定回答。(寻求否定必要性的答案)
• 1.非推测性(必要性)
• eg:You needn't come if you don't like it.
•
•
• 3.Need更多用于实义动词,作谓语动词,有人称和数 的变化,这时可以用在肯定句中。(P179第一句) • eg: I need to finish my homework tonight.
情态动词的用法小结
情态动词的几点用法情态动词(Modal Verbs),又称为情态助动词(Modal Auxiliaries),与实义动词连用表示说话人的语气,可表达建议、要求、可能、意愿等。
常用情态动词列表如下:情态动词没有人称和数的变化,即第三人称单数后的情态动词不加s。
此外,情态动词的过去式多数情况下只表示语气,而不表示时间。
情态动词的用法很多,很繁琐。
现就其几点重要的用法进行分析总结。
一、表示猜测例如:A: (Pointing to a person standing far away) Who can / could it be?肯定回答B: It might be teacher Li. 那可能是李老师。
(语气很不肯定)或It may be teacher Li. 那可能是李老师。
(语气有点不肯定)或It must be teacher Li. 那一定是李老师。
(语气非常肯定)否定回答B: It might not be teacher Li. 那可能不是李老师。
(语气最弱)或It may not be teacher Li. Teacher Li is not so tall. 那可能不是李老师,李老师没有那么高。
(语气较弱)或It couldn’t be teacher Li. Teacher Li was in the office just now.那不可能是李老师,李老师刚才还在办公室。
(语气较强)或It can’t be teacher Li. Teacher Li has gone abroad.那不可能是李老师,李老师出国了。
(语气最强)注意:如果表示对过去发生的事情的猜测,可用以上情态动词+ have +过去分词来表示。
例如:The ground is so wet. It must have rained last night. 地这么湿。
昨晚一定是下雨了。
二、表示许可、必须和必要当用情态动词表示许可、必须和必要时,可以用may, might, can ,could, must, need。
超级全的情态动词所有整理
情态动词⏹英语助动词(auxiliaries)主要有两类,基本助动词(primary auxiliaries)和情态动词(modal auxiliaries)。
⏹基本助动词有三个,即do, have 和be。
⏹情态动词有九个,它们是:can, may, must, ought to, shall, will, need, dare, used to等等。
加上过去式共十三个,could,might,should,wouldCan 能,可能固定搭配:cannot (help) but do=can`t help doing 不得不,只能can’t/couldn't+不定式完成体”结构1. “can’t/can have done”结构表示以“现在”为出发点,推侧过去某种“动作”发生了,多用于否定句和疑问句中,意为“很可能……了’,“不太可能……”等。
如:Her interference can have done a great deal of harm. 她的干涉可能已造成巨大伤害.She can’t have written this because it is in French and she doesn't know French. 这不可能是她写的,因为这是用法文写的,而她不懂法文2.在疑问句或否定句中,”can +不定式完成体”结构表示语气很强的猜侧或推断。
如:Can he have made a mistake? 他会弄错了吗?(含义是:他不可能搞错的)比较:Could he have made a mistake?他会弄错了吗? (一般性推测)He can' t have made a mistake.他肯定不会弄错。
Can和could同样用于比较的时候,can的语气更强烈3. “could/couldn`t+不定式完成体”表示以“过去”为起点Could have done 虚拟语气用法:本来可以,本来会,本来能(事实上没有)推测:有可能Couldn`t have done 虚拟语气用法:本不会,本不能(实际上已经做了)推测:不会,不可能Tom could have broken the glass. He was the only one at home yesterday. 汤姆可能打破了这个玻璃杯Mary couldn`t have bolded the door.玛丽不可能把门闩上。
语法学案情态动词(ModalVerbs)
语法学案5:情态动词(Modal Verbs)*概说助动词(auxiliary)主要有两类:基本助动词(primary auxiliary)和情态助动词(modal auxiliary)。
基本助动词有三个: do, have 禾口be;情态助动词有十三个:may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, need, dare, usedto, ought to.上述两类助动词的共同特征是,在协助主动词构成限定动词词组时,具有作用词的功能:1)构成否定式:He didn ' t go and neither did she. The meeting might not start until 5 o ' clock.2)构成疑问式或附加疑问式:Must you leave right now? You have been learning French for 5 years, haven ' t you?3)构成修辞倒装:Nowhere can he obtai n any in formatio n about his sister. Hardly had he arrived whe n she started complai ning.4)代替限定动词词组:A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle? B: Tom can.A: Shall I write to him? B: Yes, do.1. 后面一般+动词原形2. 一般没有人称和数的变化即第三人称单数不加-s3. 一般只有现在式和过去式两种形式,但可以表示现在时间,过去时间和将来时间。
4. 情态动词没有非谓语形式,即没有t o do, doing, done等形式现代英语语法还将be able to(能够),had better(最好),would rather(宁愿),used to(过去常常)等列为情态动词。
modal verbs(2)情态动词+have done
1、should/ ought to have done 表示“本来应该做的,而实际上没有做的事情”, 其否定形式则表示“已经做了不该做的事情”, 含有责备的意思。例如: The flowers have died. I should have watered them often. 这些花儿都死了。我本来应该常给他们浇水的。 (其实没浇水) You ought not to have told them the truth. 你本不应该告诉他们真相的。
该句的意思是:他们本来可以做天完成工作的,但 是昨天雨下的太大,所以没能完成。答案选B
4Would +have done 表示“本打算做…但 没有实现”,例如: I would have wanted to learn swimming, but I was sick last month. 我本打算学游泳,可是我上个月生病了。
答案B关键词是didn’t,说明动作发生在过去,所以是 对已经发生过的情况的推测判断。
2. --- I rang your home yesterday. A man answered but I didn't recognize the voice. --- On, it ___ my brother, Peter. A. must be C. should be B. must have been D. should have been
这句话的意思是:我本来可以按时来这儿的,但是 遇到一位老朋友,说了会话,所以没能及时来这儿。 答案选D。
巩固练习
2.They ____ have finished the work yesterday, but it was raining hard. A. must B. could C. should D. might
助动词+情态动词 Auxiliary & Modal Verbs
Auxiliary Verbs & Modal Verbs
• Their Grammatical meaning • Their Common Usage • Different Usage • Application of Modal Verbs
• 助动词 助动词: 本身无词义,不表示动作, 本身无词义,不表示动作, 不能单独作谓语,仅起辅助 不能单独作谓语, 作用, 作用,与其它动词的一定形 式一起构成谓语动词, 式一起构成谓语动词,或表 示否定和疑问, 示否定和疑问,或表示时态 和语态,或表示加强语气等 或表示加强语气等。 和语态 或表示加强语气等。
4用来代替前面刚出现过的动词 用来代替前面刚出现过的动词 或动词词组,以避免重复 常用作 或动词词组 以避免重复,常用作 以避免重复 一般疑问句的简略回答,这时应 一般疑问句的简略回答 这时应 重读. 重读 --Can I use your basin? --Of course, you can. Do you like English? --Yes, I do.
24 Johnny, you ___ play with the knife; you ___ hurt yourself. A won’t; can’t B mustn’t; may C shouldn’t; must D can’t; shouldn’t
答案: 答案: 1-5 BCDCB 6-10 DDBDD 11-15 BCDBA 16-20 ACBAB 21-24 ACDB
• They shouldn’t have left so early. • You needn’t have bought it. • You needn’t have come here yesterday.
情态动词英语语法知识精讲
情态动词英语语法知识精讲情态动词(modal verb)本身有词义,表示说话人的语气或情态,但词义不完全,不能单独用作谓语动词,一般只能和动词原形一起构成谓语动词。
小编在这里整理了相关资料,希望能帮助到您。
情态动词概述特征1)情态动词(modal verb)本身有词义,表示说话人的语气或情态,但词义不完全,不能单独用作谓语动词,一般只能和动词原形一起构成谓语动词。
2)情态动词所表示的情态有:命令、允诺、请求、拒绝、愿望、愿意、义务、必要、可能、能力、敢于、需要等。
3)情态动词(ought除外)和助动词shall,will,should,would 一样,后面的动词不定式一般皆不带。
形式变化1)没有人称和数的变化,第三人称单数的现在时也无变化。
如:I can We canYou can You canHeThey canShe canIt2)有些情态动词有过去式,有少数过去式和它的原形相同。
a)有过去式的情态动词有:may -- wouldcan ―― couldmay―― nightshall -- shouldhave to -- had tob)过去式不变的情态动词有:must - must (或had to)ought to - ought toneed---needdare - dare(亦可用dared)3)大多数情态动词后面可用动词的进行式、完成式和被动形式,如:can(may,must)be doing,can(may,must) have done,can(may,must)be done等。
否定式情态动词和助动词一样,后面可直接跟否定词not。
现将情态动词的否定式及其否定式的简略式(简略式用于口语中)列举如下:shall not--shan't [FB:nt]will not---won't [wEunt]can not-can't [kB:nt]must not-mustn't [5mQsnt]should not-- shouldn'twould not-- wouldn'tcould not-- couldn'tdare not- daren't [dZEnt]need not-- needn't在疑问句中的用法情态动词在疑问句中的用法和助动词相同。
6modal verbs
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2. Possibility
但是并不牵涉到是否真会发生:都可以表示现 在和将来,只是could的语气更加不肯定。
That can/could be very awkward. Can/Could it be true? That can’t/couldn't be true. Will you answer the phone? It could be your mother. What can/could they be doing?
1. Can/could & be able to He can swim very well. He could swim very well at that time. He tried hard and was able to catch the car.
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A negative deduction about the past
She can’t have fixed the computer, it is still not working. (certainty) We’d better phone them, they might not have heard the news. (uncertainty) He couldn’t have done it; he is such a gentleman. (surprise or disbelief)
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Talk about specific possibilities in wh- questions or with adverbs such as only, hardly…
情态助动词
c)must表示”必然”,语气最为强烈,一般用于肯定 陈述句. All men must die. Tip1:推测过去事实:must + (to) have done You must have left your handbag in the theatre. T ip2:表推测的must,起否定为cty”: may/might,can/could
a)may/might 既可以表示现在的可能,也可以表示将来的可能。Might 比may的玉器更加委婉. It may/might not be true. He may/might leave tomorrow. b)may not表示”不可能”,重音落在助动词上: He ‘may not go tomorrow. 而表示”不许可”时,重音落在否定词上: He may ‘not go tomorrow. Tip:因此may not 在书面语中会引起歧义,所以表示”不可能”用 can’t c)用can/could表示现在的”可能”,could语气更加委婉. 同时,用can表示”可能”,较多地用于否定句和疑问句中,而不用may。 Could则没有限制。 Where can/could he be? --He may/might be in the the office.
f)在特定语境中,will也可以表示义务,这一用法常用于第二 人称,是一种强化的祈使句,比带有第二人称主语的祈使句语气 更为强化. Eg. Brian, close the door. Brian, you close the door. Brian!you will close the door!!!
b)表示”不许可”:may not/can’t 其中may not可以表示一般的”不许可”,也表 示一般规定的”不许可”,而非说话人的不许可. Students may not take out of library more than two books at a time. Tip1:可用be afraid not 表示委婉的不许可 Tip2:may not表示”不许可”的过去时形式并 不是might not 应为:be not allowed to do /did not permit sb to do I didn’t permit him to go.
情态助动词补充练习
Modal Auxiliaries ([情态]助动词)Choose the answer that best completes each sentence.1. We ____________ be more strict with ourselves. We should not overlook our shortcomings.A. willB. couldC. mustD. need2. You need not thank us. This is what we ____________ do.A. ought toB. mightC. should be able toD. had better3. “You _____ a bit more helpful when we arrested you.” The policeman said to the young man.A. might beB. would have beenC. could have beenD. must have been4. “You ____________ lead a horse to the water, but you _____ not make it drink.”A. can, mightB. will, mayC. can, mayD. may, can5. There are twenty minutes to go. We ___________ here so early.A. need not have comeB. could not have comeC. might not have comeD. must not have come6. Tom is not in the room now. He _____ in the library. He will have an examination next Monday.A. would studyB. must studyC. must be studyingD. could have studied7. You __________ that if you don’t want to.A. don’t need to doB. needn’t to doC. needn’t to have doneD. don’t need to8. “Must I hand in my paper now?” “No, you _________. You can hand it in tomorrow.”A. must notB. do not have toC. had not betterD. can not9. No one will eat this food; it _________ away.A. had to throwB. had better to throwC. had better to be thrownD. might as well be thrown10. Mr. Smith __________ pass an examination before he could get his promotion.A. needsB. had toC. is able toD. must11. __________ to have lunch with us today?A. Will you likeB. Would you mindC. Would you likeD. May you like12. She _________ fifty or so when I first met her at a conference.A. had beenB. must beC. has beenD. must have been13. “Did you blame him for his mistakes?” “Yes, but _____ it.”A. I’d rather not to doB. I’d rather not have doneC. I’d better not to doD. I’d better not to have done14. The room is in a terrible mess; it _____ cleaned.A. can’t have beenB. shouldn’t have beenC. mustn’t have beenD. wouldn’t have been15. You should try to speak slowly and clearly when you give your speech. If you don’t, some ofyour words ________.A. may be misunderstoodB. may have been misunderstoodC. would be misunderstoodD. would have been misunderstood。
Chapter 7上Modal Auxiliaries情态助动词
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• 5.can和could与完成时连用: • can与完成时一般用于否定句和疑问句中,表示对过去
事件的推测。
• eg: He can't have been there yesterday. • 昨天他不可能在那。 • could与完成时表示过去未能实现的事件、状态。 • eg: You could have tried the back door • 你本来应该试试后门的。(实际没有试)
B. — might —
C.
— may —
D.
— could —
E.
— can —
F. It — should —
—— be Bob.
G.
— ought to —
H.
— would —
I.
— will —
J.
— must —
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可 能 性 由 低 到 高 , 由 弱 到 强
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• 7.1 Can and may
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• 3.could可以委婉地表示礼貌或假设性的邀请、请求或 者命令。此时说话者并不指望听话者实现自己的请求, 所以避免直接表达意愿。(P165最后一段)
• eg:Could you do me a favour? 您能帮我么?(委婉请求) • Could I see your driving license, please? (委婉命令) • I wonder if I could borrow some tea.(委婉请求)
• He was able to pass the test because he studied hard. 他能通过考试,因为他学习很用功。
情态动词(modal
情态动词(modal auxiliary)助动词主要分为两种,基本助动词(do、have和be)、情态助动词(may、might、can、could、must、will、would、ought to、dare、shall、should、need、used to、had better)。
助动词主要是⽤来协助主动词构成限定动词词组,具有作⽤词的功能。
个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式,过去式可⽤于过去、现在或将来。
情态动词表推测:1.对于将来情况的推测:情态动词+动词原形can、could、may、might语⽓依次递减,其中may不能⽤于疑问句2.对现在或⼀般情况的推测:情态动词+动词原形、情态动词+be+doing、情态动词+bemust、ought to、would、will、must表推断,语⽓递增can、could、may、might⽤于否定句时can/could not 表⽰不可能may/might not 表⽰可能不不3.对过去的推测:情态动词+have+donemust have done ⼀定曾can/could not have done ⼀定不会只能⽤于否定句和疑问句 could可能性⼩于canshould/ought to have done 本该 ought to ⽐should⼝⽓强烈may/might have done 应该已经 might have done ⽤于主语是第⼆⼈称时表⽰本可以...⽽没may have done 只能⽤于肯定句或否定句疑问句⽤can两者均可⽤于现在时,过去时只能⽤mightneedn't have done 本可不必情态动词表能⼒:can表⽰现在或将来的能⼒;could表⽰过去或过去将来的能⼒;be able to 表⽰好不容易才,有时态变化,主语只能是有⽣命的物体,不能变被动式,be可以改为某些系动词(seem、turn、look)can't help doing 忍不住征求意见:can、may、could、might⽤于主语为第⼀⼈称的句⼦,can i...⾮正式⽤法 may i..正式⽤法can、could⽤于主语为第⼆⼈称的句⼦⾥,不能⽤may或mightwould、could⽐⽤will、can语⽓更委婉,更客⽓shall、should⽤于第⼀⼈称和第三⼈称,表⽰征求对⽅的意见eg:when shall we meet again?表意志:shall表⽰说话⼈的意志,will表⽰句⼦主语的意志;eg:I shan't/won't lend you the moneyshould、would⽤于表⽰委婉的愿望would rather(not)do 宁愿(不)must 表⽰必须,其否定式⽤needn't表⽰不必做某事,mustn't表⽰禁⽌做某事;have to 表⽰不得不,有时态的变化,否定式don't have toought to、should表⽰应该做某事,ought to⽐should语⽓强,否定式为ought not to、shouldn'thad better(not)do 最好(别)做某事,有⾃⼰的被动语态,had better be donedare表⽰敢过去的习惯:used to 过去经常做某事would do 含有主观的感情⾊彩,过去的不规则习惯。
英语情态动词表示可能性浅谈
英语情态动词表示可能性浅谈
周求知
【期刊名称】《教学与管理》
【年(卷),期】1990(000)001
【摘要】英语中,may,might,can,could,should,ought,will,would,must等情态动词(Modal auxiliaries)都可以用来表示对事情推测的可能性(Possibility),而它们在词义、色彩及用法等方面都有所不同。
本文按其表示可能性程度从小到大的顺序,分述如下: 一、may或might表示的可能性往往具有怀疑和把握性不大的意味。
用might时可能性比may小,但在语气上比较委婉,是表示客气的虚拟式。
may或might与动词不定式连用,表示现在或将来的可能性。
例如: He may be in the classroom now.
【总页数】5页(P35-39)
【作者】周求知
【作者单位】
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】G420
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情态动词
情态动词
总结:
could+完成式:表示能做的事情而 没有做,对过去能做而未做的事情 感到惋惜、遗憾。
1. You read that article if you don’t want to . A.haven’t B. cann’t C.mustn’t D. needn’t 2. I get this done immediately or it will be too late. A.must B. can C.may D. might 3. The house is dark. The Browns to bed A.may go B. should go C.should have gone D. must have gone
情态动词在肯定句中的用法(3)
must
必须、应当
You must finish the work before 4 o’clock. Must we go today? --Yes, you must. --No, you needn’t. 回答must引出的疑问句时, 否定式只能用needn’t. must , have to 的区别: must强调主观, “必须”, have to强调客观,“不得不” We must ask for permission if we do it. It’s raining heavily, we can’t go now, I think we’ll have to wait till the rain stop.
情态动词
第二章 情态动词(Modal Auxiliary)
情态动词的特征 本身有词义, 但不完整, 因此不能单独作谓语, 只能与 V构成谓语。 情态动词后接动词原形。 情态动词不随人称而变化。 其否定形式为:情态动词+not can------cannot
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Grammar
第二,如果所用情态助动词无过去时形式, 第二,如果所用情态助动词无过去时形式,在间接引语中 则仍采用现在时形式,不过, 则仍采用现在时形式,不过,时间关系应理解为是向过去 作了推移。例如: 作了推移。例如: ten. 你们必须10 10点钟以前 “You must reach camp by ten.”你们必须10点钟以前 到达营地。 到达营地。 ten. →They were told they must reach camp by ten. yourself. “You ought to be ashamed of yourself.”你应该为 自己感到害臊。 自己感到害臊。 myself. →He told me I ought to be ashamed of myself.
你年轻一些的时候能举起那张桌子吗? 你年轻一些的时候能举起那张桌子吗? Can/could在这两例中的时间区别是显而易见的, Can/could在这两例中的时间区别是显而易见的,前者指 在这两例中的时间区别是显而易见的 现在时间,后者指过去时间。但是,can/could在下列两 现在时间,后者指过去时间。但是,can/could在下列两 例中并不表示时间区别,而只有语气上的差异: 例中并不表示时间区别,而只有语气上的差异:
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SemiSemi-auxiliaries
Grammar
SemiSemi-auxiliaries constitute a category of verbs between auxiliaries proper and main Semiverbs. Semi-auxiliaries, such as have to to, and seem to, can help the main verb to form the complex verb phrase and express the modal meaning on the one hand, and can, when preceded by other auxiliaries, function as main verbs on the other. 半助动词指某些兼有主动词和助动词特征的语法 半助动词指某些兼有主动词和助动词特征的语法 结构, 结构,比如have to, seem to之类的结构既可与 主动词搭配构成复杂动词词组并表示情态意义。 主动词搭配构成复杂动词词组并表示情态意义。
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Grammar
如前所述,情态助动词的“ 如前所述,情态助动词的“时”的形式并不是时间区别的 主要标志,就是说, 主要标志,就是说,现在时或过去时形式有时是时间区别 的标志,有时却又不是,而且可以说多半不是。例如: 的标志,有时却又不是,而且可以说多半不是。例如:
Can you lift that table?你能举起那张桌子吗? table?你能举起那张桌子吗? Could you lift that table when you were younger? younger?
Need he study? (作情态动词用) (作情态动词用 作情态动词用) (作主动词用 作主动词用) Does he need to study? (作主动词用)
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Grammar
另有一个used to(过去经常) 另有一个used to(过去经常)虽然不能作主动词 to, 用,但其否定形式既可以是 used not to,也可 to等 因此, 以是 did not use to等。因此,有的语法学家把 上述三个情态助动词称为“边际情态助动词” 上述三个情态助动词称为“边际情态助动词” (Marginal Modal Auxiliary)。 Auxiliary)。
Can you help me, please?请你帮帮我好吗? please?请你帮帮我好吗? Could you help me, please?请你帮帮我好吗? please?请你帮帮我好吗?
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Grammar
以上是就直接引语( Speech)的通常情况而言。 以上是就直接引语(Direct Speech)的通常情况而言。 在间接引语( Speech) 在间接引语(Indirect Speech)中,如果引述动词为过 去时形式,通常的情况是: 去时形式,通常的情况是: 第一,如果所用的情态助动词有过去时形式, 第一,如果所用的情态助动词有过去时形式,根据时间向 过去推移的原则,需将现在时形式改为过去时形式。例如: 过去推移的原则,需将现在时形式改为过去时形式。例如: rain. 可能会下雨。 “It may rain.”可能会下雨。 rain. →We were afraid it might rain. cases. “You can help me carry the cases.”你们能够帮我 携带这些箱子。 携带这些箱子。 cases. →He said that we could help him carry the cases. fail. 这计划不会成功。 “The plan will fail.”这计划不会成功。 fail. →I warned them that the plan would fail. window? 我可以把窗打开吗? “Shall I open the window?”我可以把窗打开吗? window. →He wondered whether he should open the window.
Grammar
Modal Words
情态动词
CONTENT
Review: Auxiliaries 情态助动词的“ 情态助动词的“时”的形式和意义 Grammatical Features:情态动词的语法特征 Features: Differences among modals 情态动词之间的区别 Difficult Points 重点及难点 Modals Expressing Prediction and predictability 表示推测 Modals + have + past participle
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Grammar
如果在直接引语中已经用了情态助动词的过去时 形式,间接引语中情态助动词形式不变,不过, 形式,间接引语中情态助动词形式不变,不过, 时间关系应理解为是向过去作了推移。例如: 时间关系应理解为是向过去作了推移。例如: tea? 来杯茶好吗? “Would you like a cup of tea?”来杯茶好吗? tea. →He asked if I would like a cup of tea.
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Modal Auxiliaries
There are thirteen modal auxiliaries including some past tense forms. They are: can/could, may/might, will/
Grammar
would, shall/should, must, ought to, dare, need, used to.
情态助动词一共有13个 情态助动词一共有13个,其中包括一些过去时形 一共有13 它们是: 式。它们是:can/could, may/might, will/
would, shall/should, must, ought to, dare, 情态动词表示情态意义, need, used to.情态动词表示情态意义,其过去
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Primary Auxiliary
Grammar
auxiliaries: There are three primary auxiliaries: be, do, have. With no lexical meanings of their own, these auxiliaries have only grammatical functions or grammatical meanings. 基本助动词只有三个: 基本助动词只有三个:be, do, have。作为助动 have本身没有词汇意义 本身没有词汇意义, 词,be, do, have本身没有词汇意义,只在动词 词组中起语法作用或者说只表示语法意义。 词组中起语法作用或者说只表示语法意义。比如 助动词be be经常用来协助主动词构成进行体或被动 助动词be经常用来协助主动词构成进行体或被动 态。
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Grammar
must和need这两个情态助动词, must和need这两个情态助动词,根据所用人称以及是否用 这两个情态助动词 于肯定陈述句、否定陈述句、疑问句等情况, 于肯定陈述句、否定陈述句、疑问句等情况,在变为间接 引语时也可作其他变动。通常是: 引语时也可作其他变动。通常是: (I) must→ must/had to/would have to (I) must not → must not Must (I)→ had to You/He) (You/He)must→must You/He) to, (You/He) must not→must not/weren't to, wasn't to Must(you/he) Must(you/he)→ had to you/ to/ ( I/you/he )needn't→ needn't/didn't have to/ wouldn't have to Need( you/he) need/ Need(I/you/he)→ need/had to
时形式并不一定就表示过去时间。 时形式并不一定就表示过去时间。情态动词不能 重叠使用;随后的主动词无一例外地是不带to to的 重叠使用;随后的主动词无一例外地是不带to的 不定式即动词原形。 不定式即动词原形。
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情态助动词的“ 情态助动词的“时”的形式和意义
Grammar
如前所述,情态助动词共有九个,或者说总共有十三个。 如前所述,情态助动词共有九个,或者说总共有十三个。 其中四个各有现在时和过去时两种形式( 其中四个各有现在时和过去时两种形式(即may/might, ),其余的或者 can/could, will/would, shall/should),其余的或者 can/could, 只有现在时形式而无过去时形式(即must, ought to, 只有现在时形式而无过去时形式( dare),或者只有过去时形式而无现在时形式( ),或者只有过去时形式而无现在时形式 need, dare),或者只有过去时形式而无现在时形式(即 to)。 used to)。 在上述情态助动词中,dare( 在上述情态助动词中,dare(敢)和need(需要)也能作 need(需要) 主动词用。比较: 主动词用。比较: (作情态动词用 作情态动词用) He dare not come. (作情态动词用) .(作主动词用 作主动词用) He doesn’t dare to come.(作主动词用) doesn t